CZECHOSLOVAK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

PROGRESS IN ZOOLOGY CZECHOSLOVAK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Scientific Editor: lng. Jan Van~k, CSc.

Scientific Advisers: Doc. dr. Miroslav Kunst, CSc. Dr. Josef Rusek, CSc.

Graphic Design by Miroslav Houska PROGRESS IN SOIL ZOOLOGY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE S'h INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON SOIL ZOOLOGY HELD IN PRAGUE SEPTEMBER 17-22, 1973

Organized by the Soil Zoology Committee of the International Society of and by the Czechoslovak Academy of Science.~ - Institute of Landscape

Edited by JAN VAN£K ISBN 978-94-010-1935-4 ISBN 978-94-010-1933-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-1933-0

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1975 Originally published by ACADEMIA, Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague in 1975 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1975 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or any other means, withoulwithout written permission from the publishers. Progress in soil zoologg 5

Introduction

Ladies a n d g e n t 1 e m e n ,

I have the pleasure to welcome you here in Prague in the name of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and to open the Fifth Inter• national Colloquium on Soil Zoology. We are very glad that Czecho• slovakia was chosen for this important meeting. It is clear to all of us that the soil plays and will play a de• cisive part in providing food for the explosive increase of human pop• ulation. For this reason we watch with great anxiety the negative influence of human activities on the environment accompanied also by the other destructive intervention into the soil ecosystem, its devas• tation by inefficient management, application of herbicides and pesti• cides pollution by the waste products of industry and human settlements. The basis for solving these accumulating and now sometimes latent prob• lems is among others a good knowledge of the role of soil organisms in the cycles of materials and in the energy flow. Soil zoology as a part of is still at the beginning of this trend The lack of in• formation about life in soil is obvious when compared with the results of a related biological science dealing with the water ecosystem. In spite of the fact that hydrobiology and soil zoology are almost of the same age as ecological disciplines if we take into considerati0n the publication of Darwin's famous work on the formating of the vegetable mould through the action of worms, hydrobiology grew up into a more advanced stage of causal analysis and modelling of biological processes. Slower development of the soil biology and especially of soil zoology was influenced by methodical difficulties coming from the heterogeneity and daunting complexity of investigated environment and last but not least by the predominance of the structural, physical and chemical approach to soil science. But nevertheless we can observe in the past years a certain qualitative growth of our knowledge of the edaphon. We have at our disposal data about its composition, num- 6 Progress in Soil Zoology bers, biomass, relations to different soil types, plant associations, about internal and external forces working in or on soil animal com• munities as well as data on food chains and energy flow. The first practical applications of results of soil zoology appear also in agri• culture, forestry and in nature conservation. We suppose that the pos• itive contribution is given here, among others, by the quicker exchange of information, the presentation of experiences from the more advanced laboratories to the starting ones and other stimulating impulses gained in symposia on soil zoology. We hope this jubilee meeting held fifteen years after the first colloquium in Herpenden will also contribute to the more rapid development of our investigations, to higher quality o{ our approach to the problems and to establishing new productive con• nections between single workers or institutions. It seems to us that this last aspect is particularly important. Regarding the rather limit• ed number of soil zoologists I belive we can achieve a thorough accel• eration of the research in long-term .and far-ranging programs above all through a close international cooperation. I wish this meeting much succes especially in this point and all participiants an agreeable stay in our country.

MirosZ~v Kunst Progress in Soil Zoology 7

Contents

INTRODUCTION 5

F r a n z H.: Die Geschichte der Bodenzoologie und ihre Ein- beziehung in die bodenkundliche Forschung 13 F r a n z H.: Wandel der Bodenfauna unter dem Einfluss men-

schlicher Aktivit~ten 25 G hi 1 a r o v, M.S.: General trends of changes in soil animal population of arable land 31

SECTION A: STABILITY AND DIVERSITY OF COMMUNITIES OF SOIL ORGANISMS

Dung e r , W.: On the delimitation of soil microarthropod coenoses in time and space 43 Anderson , J.M.: The enigma of soil animal species di- versity 51 K u b i k ova , J. and Ruse k , J.: Ecalogical character- istics of xerothermic rendzinas 59 S t e b a y e v a S.K.: Phytogenic microstructure of Collem- bola associations in steppes and forests of Siberia 77 Babe 1 , U.: Distribution of dropping fabrics in central European humus forms 85 K a j a k , A.: Energy flow through a mountainous pasture ecosystem 95 w a u t h y , G. and Lebrun , P.: Comparaison des com- munautes d'Oribates de litieres de ch~naies 103 G r e e n s 1 a d e P.J.M.: The role of soil fauna in arid shrubland in South Australia 113 K organ ova , G.A. and G e 1 t z e r , J.G.: Testacida in two types of soil in the Leningrad region 121 8 Progress in Soil Zoology

c 0 u tea u x , M.M.: Ecologie des Thecamoebiens dans quelques humus bruts 125 was i 1 e w s k a , L.: Quantitative distribution and respira• tory metabolisms with suggestion on production of nematodes on mountain pastures 133 Per e 1 , T.S.: Die Verbreitung von RegenwUrmen in verschiede• nen Waldtypen der Mischwald - Zone des europaischen Teiles der UdSSR 141 K u d r j ashe v a, I.V.: Die Bodenfauna der Waldsteppen-Ei- chenwalder 151 Berth e t , P.: The weight structure and oxygen consumption of oribatid communities 157 z a 1 e s k a j a , N.T.: Distribution patterns of lithobio- morpha on the territory of the USSR 163 s trig an ova , B.R.: Dispersion patterns of diplopods and their activity in the litter decomposition in the Carpathian foothills 167 w i b 0 C.G.: Evolution spatio-temporelle d'une population de Folsomia quadrioculata (Tullberg) (Insecta: Collembola) 175 c y k 0 w s k i R.K.: Dominante Coleoptera auf der Bodenober- flache der Wiesen- und Wald6kotone 183 s e k u 1 i c , R.: Rapport des populations de Carabidae et d'Elateridae dans les terres labourables de du nord - est de Yougoslavie 191 Rusek,J., U 1 e h 1 ova' , B., Una r , J.: Soil bio- logical features of some alpine grasslands in Czechoslo- vakia 199

K r i v o 1 u t sky , D.A.: Oribatid mite compl~xes as the bioindicator 217 T;s u r u, S.: Seasonal variations of number and biomass of earthworms in grassland 223

SECTION B: INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS ON COMMUNITIES OF SOIL ORGANISMS

W a 1 1 w o r k J.A.: Calorimetric studies on soil inverte- brates and their ecological significance 2 31 P o i n s o t , N.: Influence d'une irradiation gamma chronique sur la microfaune d'un ecosysteme mediterran~en a Caradache 241 Po k a r z he v sky , A.D. and K r i v o 1 u t sky , D.A.: The role of pedobionts in biogeochemical cycles of calcium and strontium-90 in the ecosystem 249 Progress in Soi~ Zoology 9

K o z 1 o v s k a j a L.S.: Decomposition processes of swampy plants in 255 M i g n o 1 e t , R. and Lebrun , P.H.: Colonisation par les Microarthropodes du sol de cinq types de litiere en decomposition 261 R e i c h l e , D.E. et al.: Ecological energetics of decem-

poser invertebrates in a deciduo~s forest and total res- piration budget 283 V a n d e r Drift, J.: The significance of the milli- pede Glomeris marginata (Villers) for oak-litter decom• position and an approach of its part in energy flow 293

Lave 1 1 e , P.: Consommation annuelle d 1 une population na• turelle de vers de terre (Millsonia anomala Omodeo, Acan• thodrilidae: Oligochetes) dans la savane de Lamto (COte

d 1 Ivoire) 299 At hi as-Henri o t , C.: Contribution Ala definition

d 1 une zone prairiale ecotone du domaine du Pin-au-Haras (Normandie) par la gamasofaune edaphique (Arachnides, Pa- rasitiformes) 305 J o 6 sse , E.N.G. Feeding activity and availability of food in Collembola 315 S z u j e c k i , A. Influence of brushwood and undergrowth upon distribution of litter beetles in poor pine forests 325

K & c z mare k , M.: Influence of humidity and specific in• teractions on collembolan populations in a pine forest 333 Reinecke , A.J.: The influence of acclimation and on the temperature preference of Eisenia rosea (Lumbricidae) 341

SECTION C: INFLUENCE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON COMMUNITIES OF SOIL ORGANISMS

c h 0 i k 0 E. I., s t r i g a n o v a B.R.: Influence of soil conditions on the distribution of diplopods in southern Polesje (Byelorusia, USSR) ...•.•.••••.•••.•••••.•••••• •• • 353 G 6 r n y , M.: Studies on the influence of industrial pollution s on soil animals in pine stands; aims and methods of the soil-block model experiment 3 57 Pet a 1 J., J a k u b c z y k , H., C h m i e 1 e w s k i K., Tat u r , A.: Response of ants to environment pol- lution 363 At hi as , F. et al.: Traits generaux du peuplement animal

endoge de la savane de Lamto (Cote d 1 Ivoire) ...•...... 375 10 Progress in Soil zoology

At hi as , F. et al.: Influence du feu de brousse annt.el sur le peuplement endoge de la savane de Lamto (Cdte d'Ivoire) 389 E d w a r d's , C.A. and Lofty , J.R.: The influence of cultivations on soil animal populations 399 wood , T.G.: The effects of clearing and grazing on the termite fauna (Isoptera) of tropical savannas and woodlands 409 Din d a 1 , D.L. et al.: Effects of sewage effluent disposal on community structure of soil invertebrates 419 A 1 e in i k ova , M.M. and U t robin a , N.M.: Changes in the structure of animal populations in soil under the influence of farm crops 429 Me j s t f i k , V.K.: The deterioration of Fagus sylvatica stands and the development of ectophytic mycorrhizas 437 V a n R he e , J.A.: Copper contamination effects on earth- worms by disposal of pig waste in pastures •.•••••.•••.•... 451 Same do v , N.G. and B a babe k ova , L.A.: Comparative analysis of faunal changes in soils of the south-east part of Aserbaidjan as result of man's economic activity 459

Art em j eva, T•I. and Gat i 1 ova , F.G.: Soil micro• fauna changes under the influence of various fertilizers 463 P r ass e , J.: The effect of the herbicides 2,4-D and Simazin on the eoenosis of Collembola and Acari in arable soil 469 E i j sackers , H.: Effects of the herbicide 2,4,5-T on Onychiurus quadriocellatus Gisin (Coll.) 481 Pugh, G.J.F. et al.: The effects of fungicides on microbial activities in the soil 489 Z a jon c , I.i Variations in meadow associations of earth• worms caused by the influence of nitrogen fertilizers and liquid-manure irrigation ...... •'• ...... 497 Din d a 1 , D.L. et al.: Effect of DDT on community structure of soil microarthropods in an old field 505 At 1 a vi n y t e , 0.: The effect of chemical substances on the activity of Lumbricidae in the process of straw disintegratLon ...... 515

Van~ k , J.: Ver«nderungen der Moosmilbenz6nosen (Acarina, Oribatoidea) im Verlaufe von 45 Jahre nach Bodensterili• sation durch Kohlenfl6zbrand ...... 521 Lase b i k an, B.A.: The effect of clearing on the soil arthropods of a Nigerian rain forests ...... 533 Progress in Soil Zoology 11

SECTION D: MODERN METHODS OF INVESTIGATING SOIL ORGANISMS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON SOIL PROPERTIES

a n d e Y.D.: Scope of the gelatin-embedding technique for studying soil arthropod fauna, with particular reference to Oribatei ...... • . • • . . . . • • . • . • • . • • . . • • . • . • . . • • . • • • • • • . . • . 547 B y z o v a J .B.: Specific haemoglobin content as an ecological characteristic in earthworms (Lumbricidae) ....••••..•••• 559 Mitch e 1 1 , M.J.: Microrespirometry of oribatid mites (Acari: Cryptostigmata) using gas chromatography 563 Bouch~ , M.B.: Fonctions des lombriciens IV. Corrections et utilisations des distorsions causdas par les mAthodes de capture ...... •.••..••.•.•••••.••••. 571 Bouche , M.B.: Fonctions des lombriciens v. Essais de codification des approximations successives 583 Marc u z z i , G., T u r c he t to La fisc a , M.: Observations on the digestive enzymes of some litter-feed- ing animals . . . . . • . . . . . • . • ...... • . . . . • ...... 593 sing h , J.: The efficiency of collecting soil arthropods from the froth by flotation method at different intervals of counting 599 S a t c h e 1 1 J.E.: Soil biology and the doctoral syndrome 603