RRNI:NI: DDELENG/2005/15153ELENG/2005/15153 NNo:o: DDL(E)-01/5079/14-16L(E)-01/5079/14-16 PPublication:ublication: 1515tthh ooff everyevery mmonthonth L Licensedicensed ttoo ppostost wwithoutithout ppre-paymentre-payment UU(E)(E) 228/2014-168/2014-16 PPosting:osting: 1919tthh//2020tthh ooff everyevery mmonthonth aatt NNDPSODPSO RRs.150s.150 6 3 1 2 - 3 7 9 0

N S S I ISSN 0973-2136

Volume XII, Issue 09, September 2016 THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE ON POSITIONING, NAVIGATION AND BEYOND

GNSS to SAVE WATER

CADASTRE • SDI • IMAGING

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 1 112/09/162/09/16 6:556:55 PMPM SD58_CMPL_GEOMAX_Sept16_Ad.inddSSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 21 06/09/16111/09/161/09/16 7:509:249:24 PMAMAM NEW RIEGL VZ-400i High Performance 3D Laser Scanner

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In this issue CCoordinatesoordinates Volume 12, Issue 09, September 2016

Articles

GNSS to save water LAURA VAN DE VYVERE AND OLIVIER DESENFANS 8 Brazil towards an Effective Cadastre with

SIGEF THIAGO MARRA, KILDER BARBOSA AND EDUARDO OLIVEIRA 12 An SDI Model to Spatially Enable Peri-Urban Areas

in Mozambique ANA PRISCILA PEDROFRANCISCO AND ABBAS RAJABIFARD 19 GNSS interference and signal degradation

events assessment ANA BODERO, FRANCISCO JIMÉNEZ, ALFREDO GARCÍA DE FERNANDO, ÁNGEL MARÍN, VICTOR ARRIBAS AND PILAR GÓMEZ 35

Point clouds and orthomosaics from photographs MARIA JOÃO HENRIQUES, DORA ROQUE AND NÁDIA BRAZ 42

Columns

My Coordinates EDITORIAL 6 News GIS 50 LBS 51 GNSS 52 UAV 54 INDUSTRY 56 Mark your calendar SEPTEMBER 2016

TO APRIL 2017 58

This issue has been made possible by the support and good wishes of the following individuals and companies Abbas Rajabifard, Alfredo García de Fernando, Ana Bodero, Ana Priscila PedroFrancisco, Ángel Marín, Dora Roque, Eduardo Oliveira, Francisco Jiménez, Kilder Barbosa, Laura Van de Vyvere, Maria João Henriques, Nádia Braz, Olivier Desenfans, Pilar Gómez, Thiago Marra and Victor Arribas; Accord, CHC, Effi gis, Geomax, HiTarget, iFEN, IP Solutions, Javad, Micorsurvey, Navcom, Pentax, Riegl, Trimble and many others.

Mailing Address Coordinates is an initiative of CMPL that aims to broaden the Printed and published by Sanjay Malaviya on behalf of A 002, Mansara Apartments scope of positioning, navigation and related technologies. Coordinates Media Pvt Ltd C 9, Vasundhara Enclave CMPL does not neccesarily subscribe to the views expressed Published at A 002 Mansara Apartments, Vasundhara Delhi 110 096, India. by the authors in this magazine and may not be held Enclave, Delhi 110096, India. Phones +91 11 22632607, 98102 33422, 98107 24567 liable for any losses caused directly or indirectly due to the Printed at Thomson Press (India) Ltd, Mathura Road, Fax +91 11 22632607 information provided herein. © CMPL, 2016. Reprinting with Faridabad, India permission is encouraged; contact the editor for details. Email Editor Bal Krishna [information] [email protected] Annual subscription (12 issues) Owner Coordinates Media Pvt Ltd (CMPL) [editorial] [email protected] [India] Rs.1,800 [Overseas] US$100 Designed at Spring Design ([email protected]) [advertising] [email protected] [subscriptions] [email protected] This issue of Coordinates is of 60 pages, including cover.

Web www.mycoordinates.org

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Save water

When the challenge is

to produce ‘more crop per drop’,

emergence of innovative applications

appear promising.

GNSS-Refl ectometry sensor

Embedded on the drone

Using GPS and Galileo signals

Flying over a given fi eld

To provide soil moisture maps…

Technologies are converging,

As highlighted appropriately in

‘GNSS to save water’ (read page 8).

Bal Krishna, Editor [email protected]

ADVISORS Naser El-Sheimy PEng, CRC Professor, Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary Canada, George Cho Professor in GIS and the Law, University of Canberra, Australia, Professor Abbas Rajabifard Director, Centre for SDI and Land Administration, University of Melbourne, Australia, Luiz Paulo Souto Fortes PhD Associate Professor, University of State of Rio Janeiro (UERJ), Brazil, John Hannah Professor, School of Surveying, University of Otago, New Zealand

6 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

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For additional information, contact us www.ifen.com

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Laura Van de Vyvere etter management of water resources soil moisture spatial variability Project Engineer, Bis one of today’s biggest challenges. within the fi eld. As a consequence, M3 Systems, Belgium soil water content might be under or At present, 70 percent of freshwater over evaluated for part of the fi eld. worldwide is used by agriculture. To feed an addition 2 billion people by 2050, On the other side, satellite imagery can the Food and Agriculture Organization provide humidity indicators at global Olivier Desenfans of the United Nations (FAO) predicts a scale. Unfortunately, these images Project Manager, 300 percent rise in food production. As come with a low spatial resolution M3 Systems, Belgium a result, water demand is expected to and with a consequent latency. For increase tremendously in the next few instance, SMAP mission (Soil Moisture years. Farmers are challenged to produce Active Passive, NASA) fi nal products, “more crop per drop” (on the one hand, including soil moisture at 9km resolution, to reduce water consumption, and on the are available within 7 days after data other hand, because of the increasing fuel acquisition. Another limitation of satellite price). In 2003, FAO reported that only measurements is that their periodicity 20 percent of arable lands are irrigated, is not fl exible. For the ongoing soil but they almost produce half of global moisture-dedicated satellites missions harvest, which means that irrigation (such as SMAP or SMOS – Soil Moisture more than doubles land productivity. and Ocean Salinity, ESA), global earth coverage is achieved every three days. To face these upcoming challenges, it is key to raise water awareness To complement fi eld measurements and use this highly valuable and satellite data, the objective of resource in a more effi cient way. MISTRALE project (Monitoring soIl moiSture and waTeR-fl ooded Area for In order to optimize irrigation and avoid agricuLture and Environment) is to wastage, farmers have to provide the offer high resolution and on-demand right amount of water at the right time, in soil moisture maps, based on a RPAS the right place. To do so, better insights (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System)- in the spatial and temporal patterns of embedded GNSS refl ectometry sensor. soil moisture content (i.e., the water contained in the soil) are essential. If soil moisture maps are an invaluable tool for farmers, monitoring the humidity Although solutions for soil moisture content is also of prime importance to measurements exist, they do not understand when excess rainfall will completely fulfi l the agriculture cause water logging and fl ooding. needs: they either lack in spatial or temporal aspects (sometimes both). MISTRALE Principle When they don’t rely on the nearest hydrological or meteorological station (that MISTRALE sensor relies on an innovative can be too far away to be representative), use of the GNSS (Global Navigation farmers use information from a single Satellite System) signals, which were point sensor within the fi eld. Even if initially designed for localization purpose. continuous measurements (from a temporal The well-known American GPS and point of view) can be performed, a single European GALILEO systems are examples point does not allow to characterize of GNSS that will be used to compute

8 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 8 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM soil moisture. The sensing technique is Since GNSS signals lies in L-band, the GNSS-R techniques named refl ectometry (GNSS-R). It consists GNSS-R is operational under cloud cover in comparing the direct signals (i.e. the and during the night. In addition, it is less Among the existing GNSS-R approaches, signals directly travelling from the satellite infl uenced by variation on the thermal the two following have been considered: to the receiver) with those refl ected by background. Yet, it is worth noting that The waveform one (also called classical the ground. The comparison between GNSS-R measurements are affected GNSS-R or cGNSS-R), which consists the properties of the direct and refl ected by soil roughness and by vegetation. in comparing the amplitude of the direct signals provides estimations of the soil Roughness impact can be mitigated and refl ected GNSS complex waveforms water content. Thanks to the large fl ight using polarimetric measurements and (i.e. the correlator’s output), and the envelope of the RPAS (low speed and computing the apparent refl ectivity for SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) method, low altitude), high spatial resolution of both left-hand and right-hand circular based on the comparison of the SNR the soil moisture maps can be achieved. polarizations refl ected signals. Next of the direct and refl ected signal. to this, the attenuation of the refl ected Sensor signal due to vegetation can be taken The advantage of the latter is that it does into account by using a corrective not require a refl ectometry-dedicated GNSS-Refl ectometry technique term (based on Normalized Difference GNSS receiver, since SNR is an output of is especially appropriate for soil Vegetation Index measurements). classical GNSS receivers. Nevertheless, moisture monitoring. Indeed, at GNSS a strong specular refl ection is needed signals frequency (near 1.5 GHz), the Platform to track the refl ected component, characteristics of the refl ection mainly which is hardly compatible with the depends on the Fresnel refl ection RPAS platforms have been chosen to high dynamics of RPAS fl ights. coeffi cient, which is itself related to carry the GNSS-R sensor above target soil moisture content. Therefore, the fi elds. With respect to MISTRALE goal, If waveform technique suits MISTRALE computation the ratio between the ground- the expected advantages of an RPAS concept best, one main limitation is refl ected GNSS signals and the direct compared to manned aircrafts is the encountered at present time: the size and one provides measurements of the soil’s reduction of operational costs as well as a weight of this kind of sensors. Therefore, refl ectivity, which can then be translated high fl exibility to fl y at the proper time. MISTRALE aims at developing a to humidity content. The direct GNSS dedicated waveform receiver with a signal is right-hand circular polarized Due to the high disparities between form factor that makes the fi nal product (RHCP) by design. When refl ected, the MISTRALE potential users and missions, easy to install on a RPAS. This GNSS-R polarization is mostly inverted. The up- two types of RPAS have been identifi ed: receiver uses both GPS and GALILEO looking GNSS antenna is therefore RHCP, (i) a one-hour-endurance short-range signals, which improves the system while the down-looking one is LHCP. RPAS, mainly for agriculture fi elds, and performances. Thanks to a higher number (ii) a long-range one, to monitor wider of available satellites and to the GALILEO When it comes to soil moisture, using areas (required for fl ood-prone area signals characteristics, the sensor’s GNSS-R technique has several advantages surveillance or scientifi c purpose). The measurements accuracy is enhanced. compared to the other usual techniques latter is able to fl y continuously for 10 such as visible/Near Infra-Red imagery. hours and has a range of 1000 km. MISTRALE Processing chain

MISTRALE processing chain is divided in onboard and ground parts. Coarse GNSS data processing is performed onboard in order to reduce the amount of data to be stored during the fl ight, then the soil moisture content computation is performed on the ground.

The different processing steps are gathered in Figure 2.

At fi rst, inside the GNSS receiver, both direct and refl ected Radio Frequency (RF) signals are down-converted to Intermediate Frequency (IF). Then, Figure 1: MISTRALE Principle based on the IF signals, time stamped

CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016 | 9

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 9 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Dobson one [3] expresses the soil moisture as a function of frequency, soil temperature, soil composition, bulk soil density, and soil particle density (in addition to the dielectric constant). The more ancillary data available, the more effi cient the model.

Finally, the soil moisture maps are constructed using measurements of each specular point. The fi nal map resolution depends on a high number of parameters (some being mutually dependent): the RPAS altitude and speed, the data sampling rate, the distance between two parallel tracks, and the GNSS constellation geometry (number of satellites and their altitude and elevation) together with the elevation mask. Last but not least, all these parameters have to be related to the RPAS endurance and the size and shape of the target area.

Test fl ights and preliminary results

Fi gure 2: MISTRALE processing chain At present, the MISTRALE-dedicated sensor is being integrated and initial complex cross-correlations waveforms on the ground where the GNSS signal test have been performed. It is worth and Doppler measurements are is refl ected is called a “specular point”. mentioning that several experimental extracted (L0 data). In a third step, the The specular position of each refl ectivity fl ights have already been carried out. direct and refl ected complex cross- value is determined using both the position correlations waveforms are computed of the satellite and that of the GNSS-R The fi rst ones took place in the South of using the L0 data. These waveforms receiver, coupled with Digital Elevation France (Camargue & Pech Rouge) in July are the data stored during the fl ight. Map (DEM) of the area. The position of 2015 and aimed at validating the technical the receiver is computed based on the feasibility of MISTRALE concept. To Once back to the ground, the amplitude embedded GNSS/IMU hybridized receiver this end, a high-end bit grabber was waveforms are obtained from the complex in order to account for the RPAS attitude. embedded on an ultra-light aircraft, its waveforms. After coherent and/or form factor not allowing integration on an incoherent averaging (in order to reduce the By comparing the refl ectivity values RPAS. Two antennas were screwed into thermal and speckle noise), the apparent computed with theoretical model, the the plane (see Figure 3): one on the top, refl ectivity can be expressed as [1]: surface dielectric constant is determined. which receives the direct GNSS signal, and one on the bottom, which receives (1) Then, depending on the additional the refl ected GNSS signal. The top information available, different models antenna is Right Hand Circular Polarized where refers to the refl ected can be applied to waveform at RHCP polarization, translate surface and refers to the direct dielectric constant waveform at LHCP polarization. The into soil moisture. apparent refl ectivity ranges between For instance, Topp 0 and 1. The higher the refl ectivity, model [2] consists the higher soil moisture content. in translating empirically Each refl ectivity measurement has then one into the Fig ure 3: Antennas on the top (left) and on to be geo-referenced. The exact position other, whereas the bottom (right) side of the plane

10 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 1010 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Figu re 4: Surface refl ectivity Figure 5: Comparison between MISTRALE refl ectivity and Copernicus Data

(RHCP) whereas that of the bottom is Left The second fl ight campaign was conducted Conclusion Hand Circular Polarized (LHCP) (signal in Toulouse area in January 2016 using the polarization changes when refl ected). Boreal RPAS (long-range RPAS from AJS, First airborne campaigns demonstrated see Figure 6). This experiment aims at the feasibility of measuring soil moisture Both direct and refl ected signal testing the other GNSS-R technique (SNR- content using a GNSS refl ectometry sensor have been recorded and a GNSS-R based) with a low-cost setup: classical embedded in a RPAS, and produced valuable waveform software receiver was then UBlox 6T GNSS receiver and low-cost data for the development and calibration used in post processing to compute GNSS antennas (both RHCP). This of the GNSS-R algorithm. MISTRALE- the GNSS waveforms. Then, part of approach suffered from strong limitations dedicated subsystems have been developed MISTRALE processing chain has then due to the use of low cost antennas (both and their integration in the RPAS is been performed to provide preliminary RCHP), making the refl ected signal ongoing. Field testing of MISTRALE results. Figure 4 displays the estimated (which is mainly LHCP) hard to retrieve. prototype is scheduled for end 2016. surface refl ectivity for one satellite (PRN 26). High and low refl ectivity A thi rd test campaign was scheduled areas can be distinguished. After cross in July 2016, using the same low-cost Acknowledgments validating with aerial photography as receiver as in the previous one, but this well as satellite imagery (see Figure time with dual-polarized antenna, enabling The MISTRALE project has received 5), it appears they indeed corresponds to receive both RHCP and LHCP refl ected funding from the European GNSS Agency to high and low humidity areas, which signal. The data are under processing. under the European Union’s Horizon validates MISTRALE approach, i.e. 2020 research and innovation programme performing soil moisture measurements Finally, by end 2016, MISTRALE- under grant agreement no. 641606. with a waveform GNSS-Refl ectometry dedicated refl ectometry receiver will be sensor onboard fl ying platform. ready for test fl ights on the Boreal RPAS. References

[1] A. Egido, GNSS Refl ectometry for Land Remote Sensing Applications, PhD dissertation. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.

[2] G. C. Topp, J. L. Davies, A. P. Annan, “Electromagnetic determination of soil water content : Measurements in coaxial transmission lines,“ Water Resour. Res., vol. 16, pp. 574-582, 1980.

[3] M. C. Dobson, F. T. Ulaby, M. T. Hallikainem, M. A. Elrayes, “Microwave Dielectric behaviour of wet soils- Part 2 : Dielectric mixing models,“IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Figure 6: Boreal RPAS Sensing, vol.23, no.1, pp. 35 –46, 1985. x

CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016 | 11

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 1111 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM x CADASTRE Brazil towards an effective cadastre with SIGEF Brazil has developed the Land Management System - SIGEF: a cadastral digital platform for public and private lands, based on the Brazilian Public Records Act

Thiago Batista Marra fundamental problem for the papers. In addition, INCRA, responsible Analyst, Agricultural A agrarian question in Brazil was and agency for operate certifi cation process, Development and Land has been the lack of clear information of did not have suffi cient operational capacity Reform, INCRA Brazilian rural properties. The lack of Cadastre, to answer the demand. The institute federal agency, Brazil according to international standards, is also did not have suffi cient number of a notorious fragility over the time. specialized professionals to be allocated in this exhaustive process created, regarded The description of rural properties, to manual information conference. Kilder José Barbosa due to different interpretations of the Analyst, Agricultural object, is one of several reasons for land To streamline the certifi cation process Development and Land issues. In this situation is common the of rural properties, some actions should Reform, INCRA Brazilian occurrence of differences between the be taken to tackle the above problems, federal agency, Brazil current situation on the ground, and what focusing on the construction of a land is documented and formalized on Registry. cadastre to identify, clearly and precisely, the domain boundaries and allow the In this uncertainty scenario, over time, sharing of such information to perform Eduardo Aguilar some situations occur such as: land management. In this way, is was de Oliveira - agrarian confl icts; developed a tool called Land Management Analyst, Agricultural - misappropriation of public land; System (Sistema de Gestão Fundiária Development and - threats of territorial rights of - SIGEF), to manage the certifi cation Land Reform, traditional populations; process with a full digital approach. Ministry of Agrarian - environmental irregularity Development, Brazil associated with criminal exploitation of natural resources Objective and inability of accountability; - reduction of productive potential. The purpose of this article is to show the approach applied to the cadastral However, this situation began to be surveyed data in Land Management changed with the advent the Law System (SIGEF), in particular with 10,267/2001, based on a solid concept respect to statement 3 of Cadastre 2014, of Cadastre. It established, at a glance: regarding to the role of maps in Cadastre georeferencing as the method to (Kaufmann and Steudler, 1998). represent land parcels; responsibilities of professionals and institutions for accountability; cadastral validation, Cadastre 2014 called certifi cation; the connection between the land institute and Registry Cadastre 2014 was a FIG activity report, for data exchange and mutual updates. published in 1998, that, over the years, has been translated into 28 languages The certifi cation process adopted and and was a topic in many forums, controlled by land institute, INCRA, panel discussions, roundtables and established by Law 10,267/2001 and journal articles. It became a reference Decree 4,449/2002, consisted of a lengthy publication in many teaching and research process that demanded the delivery of institutions, triggered researches, promoted

12 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 1212 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM additional considerations on issues locate the land objects and draw them From now on, we will show how we related to cadastral systems, including on a map. Looking to the future, based proposed to achieve this goal, at the developments such as the “Cadastral on available technology, (Kaufmann same time, abolishing the use of paper, Template” and in the fi eld of “Spatial and Steudler, 1998) proposed that: implementing a digital cadastral data Data Infrastructures” (Steudler, 2014). model and generating products form it. The modern method of creating maps The document brought, also, and documents out of data models would an updated concept of Cadastre correspond to the fl ow: localization The problem of reference (Kaufmann and Steudler, 1998): of objects by surveying, calculation of coordinates, modelling of objects Following the concept of Cadastre seen Cadastre 2014 is a methodically arranged according to data model, storage of previously, the purpose of a cadastral public inventory of data concerning all objects in an information system, plotting system is to identify legal land objects legal land objects in a certain country of maps and creation of other products in a systematic way, with unique or district, based on a survey of their such as statistics, reports, documents, etc. ID, and show, for each one, features boundaries. Such legal land objects are like nature, size, value, associated systematically identifi ed by means of some In this vision, the surveying is the way to rights and restrictions (Kaufmann and separate designation. They are defi ned product data that is formated in a model Steudler, 1998). This means, at a glance, either by private or by public law. The and stored in a land information system, representing these objects, aggregate outlines of the property, the identifi er from which the documents, statistics information to them and report the result. together with descriptive data, may show and other information are provided to for each separate land object the nature, society, according to its different needs: To represent this legal territorial object, size, value and legal rights or restrictions maps are traditionally used. In this associated with the land object. Maps are created out of this model by paradigm, as shown in the previous using representation functions, operating section, the measured objects are drawn The visionary publication made plotters and drafting machines. on a map. In cartographic terms, this six statements about the Cadastre, means that the data is collected in the fi eld presenting a clear vision for cadastral The distribution of information and converted to a plane of reference. systems in the future as well as being increasingly takes place with the an excellent review of the strengths and help of data transfer possibilities. From this plane are obtained position and weaknesses of cadastral systems of that Geographic information is sent over form (angles and distances) informations, time (Kaufmann and Steudler, 1998). the data highways. The Internet and for one or more parcels, considering its ability to facilitate worldwide data their individual and relative situations. In this paper, we will focus on the networks is playing an important While we understand that the coordinates Statement 3, that regards to The Changing role in the exchange of cadastral of the vertices that defi ne the limits are Role of Maps, defi ned by the following data. The exchange of data models the most important data, is easier to concept (Kaufmann and Steudler, 1998): will become common practice in the “end users” that measures of angles and distribution of cadastral information. distances be available, as them deals If future cadastral systems are to meet the with the physical measures of the land requirements, the function of maps must This new procedure has and are not specialists in topography. be re- defi ned. Maps will lose the function several advantages: So, the plane of reference is important of information storage. They will serve • Flexibility in the representation of for cadastral mapping to generate these in future simply to represent information information of the data model. Type, measures. If a very general reference derived from data stored in databases. scale, and content of a representation plane is used, distortion can be generated can be chosen according to the needs. compromising the cadastral purpose. The new possibilities of information • The information is stored once technology will change the work of and different products are Since 2003, when the georeferencing of surveyors signifi cantly. In the past, the derived from the same data. rural properties was regulated (In Brazil, ability to survey objects and to represent • The digital model is easy to handle, the Cadastre is not unique: there are urban them in a reference system needed very and data representing the model cadastres, controlled by municipalities, and special skills. One of the most important cannot be destroyed physically one rural land tenure Cadastre, regulated things was the craft to represent measured as can traditional maps. by Federal Government.), the projection objects in a comprehensible map. • Distribution and publication of used to represent the property was the cadastral information is easily UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator). Then, the traditional Cadastral possible with the help of the The UTM projection has a longitudinal Cartography method consists in exchange of digital data models. range of about 800 km (on equator). Ss surveying and mapping. It is focused to (Kaufmann and Steudler, 1998) any other projection, it is more suitable

CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016 | 13

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 1313 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM to represent areas compatible with its (plant and Legal Description), with we will discuss only the geometrical extent. In general, the greater compatibility the possibility of online authenticity characteristics of these objects. between the reference plane and the spatial check (via QR code or URL); object, the greater proximity to surface - Electronic management of requests The defi nition of these land cadastral measurements, due to distribution of the concerning parts: certifi cation, objects are described in regulations for the distortion by the extension. In UTM case registration, dismemberment, merge, execution of the rural land survey. They are: there is a 1:2,500 reduction (0.9996) in rectifi cation and cancellation; Norma Técnica de Georreferenciamento the central meridian and the variation - Possibility of including updated de Imóveis Rurais - Technical Standard for reaches 1 part in 1,000 from true scale at information from the Land Registry Georeferencing of Rural Property (MDA, the Equator (SNYDER, 1987). For cases (registration and owner) via the 2013c), Manual Técnico de Limites e of rural properties that are located in Internet, allowing an effective Confrontações - Technical Manual for central and extreme regions of projection, and fast synchronization; Limits Identifi cation (MDA, 2013a) and this is particularly harmful to obtain area - Management georeferencing service Manual Técnico de Posicionamento - and distances, so important to Cadastre. contracts with the government, with Technical Manual for Positioning (MDA, dedicated access to government 2013b). The fi rst one regards to defi nitions Thus, one of the concerns when reviewing agencies, companies, and tax offi cials; and general parameters, as reference the cadastral data production process - Public search of georeferenced system, professional accreditation, in Brazil, was the need to apply a new parcels, requirements and positioning precisions among others. The projection feature for territorial parcels, credentialed surveyors; second one discusses in more detail how that was as close to reality as possible. - History of the parcels: access the professional identifi es the boundaries It should allow to represent them to requirements for each parcel, in the fi eld, from legal defi nitions. individually, providing values compatible including dismemberment and merge The third one addresses techniques with the fi eld and, at the same time, possibility (not implemented yet). used to determine the coordinates of maintain such consistency considering identifi ed limits, composing parcels. neighbourhood. This should also lead to produce more intelligible information The cadastral model of SIGEF Another regulation, the SIGEF Manual, for the general public. This procedure considers how to format, present and was only possible, however, with an To provide measures with values closest submit the data to the system, using electronic tool capable to implement it. as possible to the cadastral territorial its web interface (INCRA, 2015c). object, it was proposed to use a Local Topographical Plane (PTL) for each Vertices SIGEF parcel, obtained from a Local Geodetic System (SGL) (MDA, 2013c). The third edition of Technical Standard The Land Management System - SIGEF for Georeferencing of Rural Property was, according to the regulations, Although it is closer to the form (MDA, 2013c) defi ne vertex as: developed to make the reception, of land object, the use of PTL has validation, organization, regulation the inconvenience of not providing the point where the rural property and availability of geo-referenced homogeneous measures in neighborhood boundary line changes direction or where information limits of rural, public situations. As each parcel has its there is intersection of this line with any and private properties. Despite “Land own plane of reference, for the other boundary line of adjoining property. Management” could be related to same boundary (shared between several applications, the focus of the two parcels) we would have two Presenting the results of the survey, system is to deal with land tenure. different angle and distance values. the credentialed surveyor must describe it using geodetic coordinates At a glance, the system comprises the Thus, to meet the goals of consistent (φ, λ, h), referenced to the Brazilian following features (INCRA, 2015b): representation of cadastral land objects, Geodetic System (MDA, 2013c). - Professional Accreditation to be considered individually and together, able to submit cadastral data; a new model was built, based not Upon receiving the data, after system - System user authentication with digital only in one reference, but in three: validation and confi rmation of the certifi cation, following patterns of one for each required measure. surveyor, the system stores the data Public Key Infrastructure (ICP-Brasil); in the database. At the vertex model, - Reception of standardized geo- The Representation Model the geometry of the point is recorded referenced data via internet; using two different references: latitude, - Fast, impersonal and automated According to the model applied, the land longitude and altitude (φ, λ, h), the validation, in accordance with the cadastral object would be represented same as the inserted data; and also established technical parameters; by three elements: vertex, limit and converted into Geocentric Cartesian - Automatic generation of technical parts parcel. For the purposes of this paper, Coordinates, as defi ned (MDA, 2013c):

14 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

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SD42_CMPL_Pentax-Scanning_May_Ad_AS.inddSSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 1515 1 4/28/2015111/09/161/0 9 11:44:30/16 9:259: 2AM5 AMAM Geocentric Cartesian Coordinates are three mutually orthogonal axes (e, n, Distances referenced to three orthogonal axes u), where “n” axis points toward the with origin at the center of mass of the north geodesic, the “e” axis points to The base formula for obtaining the earth, the “Z” axis oriented toward the the east direction and is perpendicular distance is as follows (MDA, 2013b): Conventional Terrestrial Pole, the axis to the axis “n”, both contained in “X” in the mean direction of Greenwich the topographical surface and the (2) meridian and the axis “Y” so as to axis “u” coincides with the normal make the system dextrorotatory. to the ellipsoid passing through the wh ere: vertex selected as the system origin. All geometries are referenced to dh = horizontal distance; the GRS80 ellipsoid, used by the From this reference system are calculated Geocentric Reference System for the plane coordinates on the Local X, Y, Z = geocentric Cartesian the Americas, in its 2000 realization Topographical Plane (MDA, 2013b): coordinates; h = ellipsoidal height. - SIRGAS 2000 (IBGE, 2005). Local Cartesian coordinates are Using the data model of limit, the Limits Cartesian coordinates defi ned in a Local straight line information corresponding Topographical Plane, perpendicular to the horizontal distance has been The limits indicate the change of rights in to the ellipsoidal normal and tangent already recorded. The value of the territory. Geometrically, according to to the Earth’s surface at the point of distance is obtained using the st_length MDA (2013c), the limits are described by origin Local Geodetic System (SGL). function (Postgis, 2015a), provided line segments. Thus are not allowed curved by PostGIS (PostGIS, 2015b), the elements, such as circular arcs, elliptical (1) spatial extension of PostgreSQL arcs, and others, in the description (POSTGRESQL, 2015), the database of boundaries of rural properties. where: manager system used in SIGEF.

The limit is modeled with line geometry. e , n, u = local Cartesian coordinates Angles The representation is also recorded of the vertex of interest; with two different references: one- To calculate angles (azimuth) was dimensional latitude and longitude X , Y, Z, = geocentric Cartesian applied the inverse problem of Puissant, coordinates and another which corresponds coordinates of the vertex of interest; which uses the given position of two

to the calculated horizontal distance in φ 0, λ0 = latitude and longitude vertices (φ, λ and φ ‘, λ’) and ellipsoidal space, from the geocentric Cartesian adopted as system origin; parameters to determine ellipsoidal coordinates of the vertices (X, Y, Z). distance and its azimuth (MDA, 2013c).

X0 , Y0, Z0 = geocentric Cartesian Parcels coordinates adopted as the Area source of the system. According to MDA (2013b), the To obtain the value of area, the geometry rural property to be considered in The coordinate values e, n, u are used is that recorded in plane coordinates georeferencing is that object of the used to write the second geometry (e, n, u), over which is applied the domain title, that origins the registration. of the parcel on the database. st_area function, provided by Postgis A certifi cate will be awarded to each land database extension (POSTGIS, 2015a). parcel and this will be described in a This function implements the Gauss separate registration in the land registry. System outputs formula, the same set by georeferencing regulations (MDA, 2013c): For land parcel model, are also used two Using the geospatial data presented, geospatial references. The geometric calculations are performed to obtain the Th e area calculation must be performed type used to represent it is the polygon. data of area, angle (azimuth) and distance. by the Gauss formula, based on One geometry is recorded with geodetic Each calculation is performed using a local Cartesian coordinates (e, n, longitude and latitude coordinates and particular reference, not the same for u) and expressed in hectares. another one in plane coordinates. the three objects. Is important to note that the option to write the geospatial To obtain the plane coordinates, two data using different spatial reference Showing results steps are performed. First is calculated a systems was made in implementation local geodetic system (MDA, 2013c): level. It would be possible to obtain the To provide the data, either individually or outputs with calculations on demand, together, the different client applications The Local Geodetic System (SGL) is but was considered that this could (including SIGEF itself) use the geometries a Cartesian system that consists of reduce performance over the time. written in longitude and latitude. The use of

16 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 1616 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM the same reference system for all datasets is high, precisions and method used; codes of the vertices, the numerical what allows direct access to the database and - limits: vertices linked, type, azymuth, values of geodetic coordinates, heights, overlay them on the map (Figure 1), using length and neighbour description; distances, azimuths and description of softwares like QGIS (QGIS Development - applications opened by surveyors, neighbours, informed by surveyor. Team, 2014). The data follow the Simple like cancelling or Registry Features Specifi cation (SFS) standard of information updates; In both documents is generated a Quick the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). - data download: shapefi le, Response Code (QR code), with the kml and csv formats; parcel unique code and the URL of your Another example of data providing is - credentialed surveyor’s name and code, details page on the web, as shown above. available in http://acervofundiario.incra. ART (code of technical responsibility This code may be used by optical readers gov.br (INCRA, 2015a) which allows the document), link for parcel’s submission connected to the internet, common in overview of the surveyd parcels with other web page and date of the submission. mobile devices such as smartphones. This geospatial data themes, via WEB, available functionality allows any user to check for public consultation (Figure 2). Documents the documents and the current situation of the parcel without the need to enter The parcel’s details webpage (Figure 3) The functionality of document generation codes manually, avoiding mistakes. provides its geometric characteristics, was developed to meet the need for nature, legal situation (with or without communication with the end user. confi rmation of Registry), holder (one Also caters to the Registry, which still Conclusion or many) and other information: does not fully work in digital media. - parcel code, area, input date and status; The aim of this paper was to show some - georeferenced area: other parcels The map provides geographical characteristics of Land Management related to the same property are linked; information of the - holder/owner; parcels. The target - registry: Registry Offi ce parcel is shown with name, municipality, code, darker gray fi ll. The property id and status; neighboring parcels - map, with imagery on background; are shown in light - vertices: code, geodetic coordinates, gray. The limits of

Figure 3: Partial visualization of land parcel webpage on SIGEF interface

the target parcel are represented in different line colors and thicknesses, according to Figure 1: Land parcels visualized on desktop with QGIS the standard classifi cation. The use of this symbology is aims to facilitate the interpretation of the map by the user.

The Legal Description (called Memorial Descritivo, in portuguese) document Figure 4: Map downloaded from SIGEF, Figure 2: Land parcels visualized on the webmap interface called i3Geo contains the in Portable Document Format (PDF)

CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016 | 17

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 1717 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM to manage cadastral norma_tecnica_georreferenciamento_ data, it is not possible imoveis_rurais_3ed.pdf to go further without facing and overwhelm POSTGIS. (2015a). Postgis references. some big challenges, Retrieved from http://postgis.net/docs/ like establish synergy manual-1.5/ reference.html# Spatial_ among governmental Relationships_Measurements. agencies to perform, together, land governance POSTGIS. (2015b). Retrieved using complementary from http://postgis.net/ cadastral concepts. POSTGRESQL. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.postgresql.org/ References QGIS Development Team. (2014). QGIS IBGE. (2005). Resolução Geographic Information System. Open 01/2005. Retrieved Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Figure 5: Memorial Descritivo document, downloaded from SIGEF from ftp://geoftp.ibge. Retrieved from http://qgis.osgeo.org. gov.br/documentos/ System (SIGEF) regarding to the geodesia/ projeto_ Santos Jr, G. (2002). Utilizaçã o da statement 3 of Cadastre 2014 (Kaufmann mudanca_referencial_geodesico/ Integral Elíptica para a Soluçã o and Steudler, 1998): that in future legislacao/rpr_01_25fev2005.pdf dos Problemas Direto e Inverso da cadastral systems, with the utilization Geodésia.165 p. Master’s thesis. of information technologies, the direct INCRA. (2015a). Acervo Postgraduate Course in Geodetic drafting of objects on a map would Fundiário. Retrieved from http:// Sciences, Federal University of be superseded by the creation of acervofundiario.incra.gov.br Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. objects in an information system and, then, the data should be provided to INCRA. (2015b). Apresentaçao Snyder, John P. (1987). Map different needs in different formats. de Sistema de Gestão Fundiária, Projections – A Working Manual. SIGEF. Retrieved from https://sigef. U.S. Geological Survey Professional It was shown that, with the conceptual incra.gov.br/sobre/apresentacao/ Paper 1395. United States Government model implemented with SIGEF, was Printing Offi ce, Washington, D.C. possible to receive cadastral surveyed INCRA. (2015c). SIGEF user manual. data in one geospatial reference system Retrieved from https://sigef.incra. Steudler, D. (2014). CADASTRE and, using information technological gov.br/documentos/ manual/ 2014 and beyond. Frederiksberg: resources, to transform and provide The International Federation them to end users, according to their Kaufmann, J. ve Steudler, D. of Surveyors (FIG). needs. These products include web (1998). Cadastre 2014 - A Vision pages, dynamic maps and documents. for a Future Cadastral System, FIG At the same time, due to the spatial Publication,44s, Berne, switzerland Acknowledgments references used, the measuring data provided are more accurate than if MDA. (2013a). Manual Técnico de The authors wish to thank Luiz Fernando were used a conventional reference Limites e Confrontações. Retrieved Barbosa Vital, Carlos Leite and George system for cadastral cartography. from https://sigef.incra.gov.br/ Silva, from ZNC Sistemas, and Luiz static/documentos/manual_tecnico_ Pacheco Motta, Environmental Analyst Therefore, we conclude that the limites_confrontacoes_1ed.pdf on IBAMA. Also, the great group of treatment given to cadastral data, Cadastral Surveyors of INCRA, that implemented via SIGEF, accomplishes MDA. (2013b). Manual Técnico supported the georeferencing regulations the statement number 3 of Cadastre de Posicionamento. 1ª Edição. deep review, required for implementing 2014. This represents a breakthrough Retrieved from https://sigef.incra. the digital process, and tested the for Brazil in cadastral management. gov.br/static/documentos/manual_ system to guarantee its effectiveness. tecnico_posicionamento_1ed.pdf. SIGEF could only become true with However, we treated here of only one aspect their knowledge and dedication. of Brazilian Cadastre. Despite this and MDA. (2013c). Norma té cnica para some other achievements, Brazil has big georreferenciamento de imó veis rurais. 2a The paper was presented at challenges to establish an effective Cadastre ediç ã o revisada. Retrieved from https:// FIG Working Week 2015, Sofi a, of its lands. Even using a tool like SIGEF sigef.incra.gov.br/static/documentos/ Bulgaria, 17-21 May 2015 x

18 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 1818 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM x SDI An SDI model to spatially enable peri-urban areas in Mozambique The City of Maputo lacks accessible telecommunications spatial datasets and databases for its planning community, local governmental agencies, local businesses, utilities and telecommunications companies, and the general public

Ana Priscila he majority of telephony service were used to allow manipulating, visualizing PedroFrancisco Tsubscribers in the City of Maputo – and analysing INCM captured data in 2013, Engineer Offi cer Mozambique’s capital and largest city used to visualize the full distribution of at the Mozambican – are from mobile networks. However, 3G cell towers across Maputo. The results National Institute the level of Quality of Service (QoS) were linked to the census data provided by of Communications and mobile coverage offered by current the National Institute of Statistics (INE) (INCM), Mozambique, licensed carriers remains a challenge in to evaluate the appropriateness of the Masters in Spatial Information Science, peri-urban areas, which are areas with current allocation of telecommunications The University of Melbourne, Australia mixed rural and urban features with a lack resources. This is where the focus of the of urban attributes such as accessibility, data analysis relied: evaluating how the services, infrastructure, etc., (Allen, 2003). distribution of current 3G cell towers accommodates the fi ve urban zones from Professor Abbas The current spatial distribution of 3G Maputo, and how the visualization could Rajabifard mobile cell towers is not in accordance support decision-making to INCM as Head of the Department to the dynamics caused by the population a regulatory authority, to improve QoS of Infrastructure, growth since the last national census. and mobile network performance. Engineering and It requires improvement, achieved by Director, SDIs the formulation of spatial planning The fi ndings from the case study served as and Land Administration, University frameworks. The National Institute an input to develop a specifi c Spatial Data of Melbourne, Australia of Communications of Mozambique Infrastructure (SDI) model for Maputo (INCM) – the telecommunications to help respond to the research problem regulatory authority – lacks an appropriate of this study – the non-existence of a framework to monitor QoS in a common common platform for data sharing and environment to spatially evaluate the exchange to facilitate decision-making coverage of licensed carriers and protect for infrastructure planning (especially the interests of mobile subscribers. in the context of telecommunications) – using three-tier architecture, to offer In this context, open source tools such as holistic and more coordinated planning in QGIS and paid software from Esri (ArcGIS) peri-urban areas in the City of Maputo.

Table 1: Summary of spatial development initiatives in Mozambique (1995 – 2013)

1995 1999 2011 2012 2013 Institute of Ministry of Planning The Catholic Ministry Jurisdiction or Agricultural and Development & Ministry of Agriculture University of of Mineral Organization Research of Ministry of Transport Mozambique Resources Mozambique and Communications Centre of CENACARTA (National National Spatial Mozambique Initiative Geographical WEB-GIS Cartography and Development Mining Cadastre Program Information Moçambique Remote Sensing Centre) Program (SDP) Portal (CIG) Status Operational Operational Unknown Unknown Operational

CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016 | 19

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 1919 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Introduction licensed carriers are required to submit kilometres and a population of 26,423,623 statistical reports to INCM on a regular million people (INE, 2014). The major The need is growing for data to be basis. One of the things being reported is cities are Maputo in the south, Nampula organized across different organizations and the complete inventory of cell towers, also in the north, and Beira in the centre. As a jurisdictional levels for planning purposes. used to evaluate the level of QoS and mobile previous Portuguese colony, Mozambique The City of Maputo lacks accessible coverage over a certain area. The reports are adopted Portuguese as its offi cial language. telecommunications spatial datasets and submitted on a previously agreed template, Metical is the national currency and the databases for its planning community, local in Excel format. Proximity patterns however, greatest contributors to the economy governmental agencies, local businesses, are hard to see in spreadsheets. These are are agriculture, fi sheries and exports. utilities and telecommunications companies, not effective to support decision-making. and the general public. There are SDI Study area: the city of maputo and spatial development initiatives in Mozambique (shown in Table 1), however, About the study area The City of Maputo has an area of 347 neither of them established a common square kilometres (INE, 2011) divided into platform with shared access to integrate Mozambique is located in the South-East telecommunications spatial data and part of Africa (Figure 1). It has boundaries services for infrastructure planning. with six countries: Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the north-west, Further, INCM’s current framework Zimbabwe to the west, South Africa to the does not provide spatial visualization to south and Swaziland to the South-West. It allow effective decision-making over has a coastline on the Indian Ocean to the current issues associated with public east of approximately 2500 kilometres. The telecommunications services. For instance, country has an overall area of 799,380 square

Figure 1: The geographic location of Mozambique. Source: Operation-World (2016)

Figure 3: Visualization of the population trends and dynamics in Maputo, between 1997 and 2013. Six classes were used to map the suburbanisation process that Figure 2: The study area: the fi ve administrative zones of the City of Maputo occurred. Data source: INE (2010a)

20 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

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SD51_CMPL_Navcom_Feb16_Ad_AS.inddSSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 212 1 1 10/03/16111/09/161/09/16 5:119:259:25 pmAMAM SDI and latest trends in The model proved to be useful, particularly development models in reducing the time response by a third. This was achieved by having the required The literature revealed that the effective information available and accessible, as well use of general infrastructure for as conducting appropriate planning prior developmental purposes (whether for to operational responses, crucial in disaster telecommunications, water systems, and emergency situations. This relates to transportation, strategic planning, etc.), is what the problem is in Maputo, although in dependent on the availability of Spatial a different context – that is, resolving spatial Information (Isa (2016). This is supported data issues within the telecommunications by SDI as a strong decision-making tool. sector for proper resource allocation to The concept of SDI, however, has evolved serve the growing demand in a timely over the past decade. Its evolution divides and effective manner. Recent models SDI into three generations as suggested by from Coutinho-Rodrigues et al. (2011), Sadeghi-Niaraki et al. (2010): data-centric Barik and Samaddar (2014) and Painho SDI, process-centric SDI, and user-centric et al. (2015), showed that trends in SDI SDI. In the fi rst two generations, SDI users conceptual models and architectures used were passive recipients of the spatial data for planning applications are oriented to: Figure 4: Visualization of the projected being shared, whereas in the user-centric 1. SDI as a Spatial Decision population between 2007 and 2040. generation, the users are active receivers Support System (SDSS) Data source: INE (2010b) as their interests are taken into account. • Specifi cally, SDI as a decision- making tool for investment options seven administrative zones: KaMpfumo Several ways were found to defi ne SDI as a for infrastructure planning; (zone 1), KaNhlamankulu (zone 2), tool to improve decision-making. Toomanian • Using multi-criteria decision KaMaxakeni (zone 3), KaMavota (zone 4), (2012) defi ned SDI as a mechanism to support methods (MCDA). KaMubukwana (zone 5), KaTembe (zone facilitate spatial data by providing an 2. SDI models with 3-tier architecture, 6) and KaNyaca (zone 7). Figure 2 shows environment for essential collaboration and consisting of client/presentation the selected study area. Zones 6 and 7 were cooperation among different organizations. layer, application/service layer not considered for being geographically SDI pioneers Rajabifard and Williamson and data storage layer based displaced from the mainland. (2001), defi ned it as an initiative intended on open source software. to create an environment in which 3. SDI third generation: process-centric Since the late 1990s, Maputo population stakeholders are able to cooperate and to user-centric models, supported has been migrating from dense interact with technology to better achieve by questionnaires and interviews metropolitan areas to adjacent and their spatial information objectives at methodology, to better consider accessible peri-urban areas in search different political and administrative levels. the interests of stakeholders. of better residential and lifestyle 4. Naming SDI models and initiatives opportunities while continuing to work Also from the literature, Roche (2014) with a suggestive acronym based in the city. KaMavota (zone 4) and proposed that for a society to be regarded on context and applicability. KaMubukwana (zone 5), were the urban as spatially enabled, citizens must be zones which registered the greatest spatially literate followed by the existence These four points summarize the impact on population growth. These are of an environment to open and share contributions of the literature to this considered peri-urban regions, which are spatial data. Therefore, Maputo should research. Specifi cally, The Modelo Digital areas with mixed rural and urban features be able to support critical spatial thinking – the name of Painho et al. (2015) system with a lack of urban attributes such as if it considers the adoption of certain – was of relevance as it is a complete accessibility, services, infrastructure, components to facilitate the coordination SDI for managing and sharing spatial etc.,(Allen, 2003). The result of the of comprehensive strategic spatial policies. data for partnerships, developed in the suburbanisation process occurred is Zambezi Valley in the Central-North of presented in Figure 3, as mapped in Various SDI models and architectures were Mozambique. Finally, frustrated SDI ArcGIS using six distinct classes. reviewed in different contexts of planning, initiatives in Western Africa inspired including telecommunications. Mansourian Dekolo and Oduwaye (2014) to develop According to INE data, Maputo will be et al. (2005) model, initially developed a generic roadmap for SDI development experiencing further suburbanization to facilitate disaster response, presented in African cities in the context of urban until 2040. Figure 4 maps the a high level of detail clarifying the fi ve and spatial planning. This was used in this projected population for the 2007- SDI components originally proposed by study, supported by a case study approach 2040 period , according to INE Rajabifard and Williamson (2001), making it in the telecommunications sector, to (2010b), also produced in ArcGIS. almost a classic template for SDI modelling. benefi t the planning community in Maputo.

22 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 2222 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Case study: Mobile Movitel is the country’s third licensed 4) and KaMubukwana (zone 5), however, telecommunications operators carrier, established in 2012. It is owned are of 108 and 53 square kilometres, by Vietnam’s Viettel and holds about respectively. Yet, the higher density of According to INCM’s 2013 annual report, 22% of the market, corresponding to tower distribution is in zones 1 and 2. Mozambique had 71 telecommunications 2,490,310 subscribers (INCM, 2013). service providers. This included 1 fi xed operator, 3 mobile operators, 3 Figures 5 visualises the complete 3G The SDI development model broadband operators for national access, cellular antenna distribution for each 2 broadband operators for international mobile operator, as produced in QGIS Recent trends in SDI development access, 25 internet service providers, using the INCM collected data and INE models suggest the adoption of three-tier 3 cable TV operators, 3 satellite TV projected population until 2013. During architecture with: database, application/ operators, 1 global mobile operator, and this period, half of the city population lived service and presentation/client tier 30 value-added services operators. in KaMubukwana (zone 5) and KaMavota layers. As stated by Roche (2014), the (zone 4). According to the last census, unifi cation of geospatial standards is one The current mobile licensed carriers are these were also the peri-urban areas with of the requirements to achieve spatial summarized in Table 2. They operate the greatest impact on population growth, enablement. Therefore, Open Geospatial in both 2G and 3G technologies with and are darkly shaded. KaMaxakeni Consortium (OGC) standards along with fairly good coverage in metropolitan (zone 3) followed in population growth e-Government interoperability framework areas. Moçambique Cellular (MCEL) and is shaded with neutral gray. The city for Mozambique (eGIF4M) are proposed was the country’s very fi rst mobile metropolitan centre – KaMpfumo (zone 1) in the SDI model to freely open and share service provider, established in 1997. and KaNhlamankulu (zone 2) – registered spatial data. Based on the fi ndings and It is owned by TDM and holds about little impact on population growth and results in the context of the literature, the 48% of the market, corresponding to are mapped in lighter grey tones. following SDI model was proposed. 5,884,808 subscribers. In 2003, Vodacom Moçambique (VODACOM) was The maps show that, except for Movitel, In the database layer, QGIS is proposed established – the country’s second mobile the current allocation of 3G cell towers to create the geospatial database of the service operator. It is owned by Vodafone is inappropriate particularly for Mcel and telecommunications resources and other South Africa and holds about 30% of Vodacom, in zones 4 and 5. This will not fundamental datasets. PostgreSQL is to the market, or 3,729,549 subscribers. allow for acceptable QoS levels if mobile be implemented as a DBMS with the subscribers in the affected areas aid of PostGIS to support geometry, Table 2: Mozambique’s major mobile telecommunications wish to use media services topology, data validation, coordinate licensed carriers. Data Source: INCM (2013) apart from web browsing. In transformation and network analysis addition, the allocation of the (Painho et al., 2015). MySQL is proposed telecommunication antennas to store security aspects as well as non- is not in accordance to the spatial data for decision-making, as area size of each urban zone in suggested by Barik and Samaddar (2014). Maputo. KaMpfumo (zone 1), KaNhlamankulu (zone 2) and Following Barik and Samadar’s modular KaMaxakeni (zone 3), have an concept to allow for (1) publishing web area as small as 12, 8 and 12 service descriptions, and (2) submitting square kilometres, respectively. requests to discover web services of The areas of KaMavota (zone relevance to SDI users, the application

Figure 5: Complete MCEL (in green), VODACOM (in red) and MOVITEL (in orange) 3G cellular antenna distribution across Maputo. On the fourth image, the layers from each mobile operator were overlayed into a single image

CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016 | 23

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 2323 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Finally, for the presentation layer, programming languages that allow the development of GIS tools for the internet should be identifi ed accordingly. PHP (Hypertext Pre-Processor), JSP (Java Server Pages) and GeoExt (GeoExtension) languages can be used to allow for scripting and integration with Open Layers. As suggested by Coutinho-Rodrigues et al. (2011), a human interface such as a user friendly web portal should support visualization alternatives and spatial analysis. To enhance mobility and data access at anytime and anywhere, it is proposed that the SDI web portal be accessible Figure 6: Proposed SDI development model to enable spatial planning in Maputo from mobile devices and thin clients.

layer is suggested to handle one allow for data discovery and access to the application server and one GIS server. metadata and clearinghouse using OGC Leassons learnt and Web Map Service (WMS), Web Features standards for Geographical Catalogues. recommendations to INCM Service (WFS), Web Coverage Services Protocol Z39.50 allows searching and (WCS), Web Catalogue Service (CS- retrieving data from the database. Urbanization triggered by W) and Web Processing Services (WPS) suburbanization has been reforming are proposed for impairing geospatial The authors of the SDI Cookbook Maputo. The results revealed that urban web capabilities through GeoServer, recommended organizations use zones 1, 2 and 3 will notice minimal GeoNetwork, GeoWebCache and WAMP. OpenGIS Consortium Catalogue variance while zones 4 and 5 are For alphanumeric and GIS data sharing, Services Specifi cation – version 2.0.2 expected to increase by 62% and 92%, exchange and manipulation, Apache HTTP – for metadata publishing. They also respectively. This means that by 2040, Server, Apache Tomcat and Mapserver recommended SDI participants to at least 65% of Maputo’s population are proposed. Mapfi sh Print is suggested register the catalogue servers with is expected to be living in the current to facilitate map print reports in various GEOSS Component and Service peri-urban regions of KaMavota and formats such as PDF, PNG and JPG Registry (CSR) for easy data discovery KaMubukwana. In addition, these are (Painho et al. (2015). PHP is proposed (Infrastructures, 2004). As well, this Maputo’s largest urban zones with areas as a programming language for its wide can be used to discover relevant spatial of 53 and 108 km2, respectively. Yet, compatibility with most web servers and data for telecommunications network Mcel and Vodacom lack 3G cellular operating systems. The data registry is to propagation planning purposes. antennas within these locations.

Current SDI initiatives in Mozambique do not have telecommunications layers to support future development planning in the sector, and there is no metadata information in most of the layers available. Overall, current GIS projects and SDIs are private and corporate. They are not connected to a common platform to be shared with other corporations and jurisdictions, targeting investment and development in the same region, or to promote reuse of the data. Hence, some of the current SDI and spatial development initiatives do not provide a holistic approach to maximising the interconnectivity and Figure 7: How SDI can facilitate data sharing and exchange. shareability of spatial information Source: Adapted from Oduwaye (2014) between government institutions.

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 2424 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM ® MicroSurvey is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office by MicroSurvey Software Inc. MicroSurvey is part of Hexagon.

SD58_CMPL_MicroSurvey_Sept16_Ad.inddSSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 252 5 1 16/08/16111/09/161/09/16 7:119:259:25 PMAMAM Two government agencies in Mozambique across multiple disciplines (including INFRASTRUCTURES , D. S. D. 2004. with interests in telecommunications telecommunications), encouraging the SDI Cookbook. GSDI/Nebert. policies were found from the case study: creativity and the development of new the ICT National Institute (INTIC) and products and services. The foundation of INTIC. 2016. In stituto Nacional INCM. INTIC is responsible for all an SDI to support infrastructure planning de Tecnologias de Informação e Internet and ICT policies, including the through SDFs will aid addressing these Comunicação [Online]. INTIC. implementation of the e-Government and more, including the dataset’s high Available: http://www.intic.gov.mz/ Strategy approved in 2006 (INTIC, 2016). cost and the need for consistent, well- [Accessed 28 May 2016 2016]. In 2010 it developed the e-Government documented and accurate data. interoperability framework for Mozambique ISA, M. Z. 2016 . SPATIAL DATA (eGIF4M) to enable interoperability References INFRASTRUCTURE (SDI) FOR access in the public sector where a total SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT of 125 standards were considered: 39 for ALLEN, A. 2003. Environmental IN AFRICA. Development, 4. Networks and Infrastructure, 19 for Process planning and management of the Interoperability, and 67 for Semantic Data peri-urban interface: perspectives MANSOURIAN, A., RAJABIFARD, A. Interoperability. The second agency with on an emerging fi eld. Environment & ZOEJ, M. J. V. 2005. Development interests in telecommunications policies and urbanization, 15, 135-148. of a web-based GIS using SDI for is INCM, responsible for regulating the disaster management. Geo-information telecommunications and postal sectors. BARIK, R. K. & SAMADDAR, A. B. for disaster management. Springer. Due to bureaucracy, the licencing process Service Oriented Architecture Based becomes a long process as opposed SDI Model for Education Sector in ODUWAYE, S. D. A. L. 2014. to if the information was strategically India. 2014. Springer, 555-562. Building Spatial Data Infrastructure shared and exchanged on a common for Spatial Planning in African enabling platform, easily accessible COUTINHO-RODRIG UES, J., SIMÃO, Cities: The Lagos Experience. to every stakeholder (Figure 7). A. & ANTUNES, C. H. 2011. A GIS- based multicriteria spatial decision support OPERATION-WORLD . 2016. Operation Governments need to leverage the current system for planning urban infrastructures. World - Mozambique Republic of spatial information technologies to enable Decision Support Systems, 51, 720-726. Mozambique - Africa [Online]. Available: informed decision-making on social, http://www.operationworld.org/moza economic, and environmental issues. As DEKOLO, S. & OD UWAYE, L. [Accessed May 03 2016 2016]. a governmental agency, the demonstrated Building Spatial Data Infrastructures spatial visualization will support INCM in: for Spatial Planning in African PAINHO, M., ALM EIDA, L. M., • Assessing licensed carriers’ network Cities: the Lagos Experience. MARTINS, H., ADELINO, A. & performance and respective QoS; OLIVEIRA, P. 2015. {SPATIAL DATA • Evaluating how mobile operators INCM 2013. Info rmação Sobre o Sector INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE can improve their network planning. das Comunicações em Moçambique. ZAMBEZI VALLEY (MOZAMBIQUE)}. This can be achieved by spatially Maputo: INCM - Instituto Nacional allocating future antennas in a more de Comunicações de Moçambique. RAJABIFARD, A. & coordinated manner to accommodate WILLIAMSON, I. P. 2001. Spatial the growing demand, particularly in INE 2010a. III Recenseamento Geral da data infrastructures: concept, SDI KaMubukwana and KaMavota areas; População e Habitação, 2007 Indicadores hierarchy and future directions. • Monitoring if 2G antennas should Socio-Demográfi cos Distritais - MAPUTO be replaced by 3G antennas at CIDADE. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. ROCHE, S. 2014. Geographic certain sites. As per International Information Science I Why does Telecommunications Unit (ITU) INE 2010b. Proj ecções Anuais da a smart city need to be spatially reports, mobile data usage is População Total, Urbana e Rural, dos enabled? Progress in Human increasing. Data services should be Distritos da Cidade de Maputo 2007 – Geography, 38, 703-711. provided at acceptable speeds; and 2040. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. • Creating new products to generate more SADEGHI-NIARAKI , A., revenue, if implemented accordingly. INE 2011. Estat ísticas do Distrito RAJABIFARD, A., KIM, K. & SEO, de Cidade De Maputo. Instituto J. Ontology based SDI to facilitate A planning framework is thus required Nacional de Estatística. spatially enabled society. 2010. 19-22. to bring together a divided sprawling city and achieve effective city planning. INE 2014. Mozam bique in Figures. TOOMANIAN, A. 2 012. Methods Maputo needs a framework that In: ESTATÍSTICA, I. N. D. (ed.). to improve and evaluate spatial accommodates data sharing and exchange Instituto Nacional de Estatística. data infrastructures. x

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberSD58_CMPL_Javad_Sept16_Ad.inddD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.in d d7 3333 29/08/16111/09/161/09/16 2:16 9:259:25 PM AMAM SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberSD58_CMPL_Javad_Sept16_Ad.inddD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.in d d8 3434 29/08/16111/09/161/09/16 2:16 9:259:25 PM AMAM x GNSS GNSS interference and signal degradation events assessment This paper compiles all the events (interference or signal degradation) detected by ENAIRE in several Spanish Airports during 2015 in order to provide a snapshot of how these threats are affecting GNSS performances

NAIRE, as the Spanish Air Navigation The GNSS Intentional Interference Interference detection EService Provider (ANSP), contributes and Spoofi ng Study Team (GIIST) process in ENAIRE to the PBN policy and its implementation stated [2] some fi ndings that are in Spain. PBN makes use of GNSS confi rmed in this paper: For the reasons presented in the systems, such as GPS, as a primary • Civil aviation use of GNSS introduction, ENAIRE has built a wide source for position and navigation. One is vulnerable to intentional network of GNSS receivers and interference of the steps included in a PBN GNSS interference/spoofi ng. detectors, among other capabilities, in many (both GPS/RAIM and SBAS) and GBAS • Threat of interference and airports in Spain. The interference detection based procedure implementation is an spoofi ng is likely to increase. capability is part of the ENAIRE GNSS assessment of the GNSS interference Lab. As it can be seen in the following in the vicinity of the airport. This paper is aimed to present a summary sections, a very simple approach to GNSS of all the interference degradation interference detection has been established GNSS interference detection and events registered in different Spanish based on two different methodologies. mitigation has become a topic of utmost Airports during 2015, focusing on for all the stakeholders in aviation. jamming events. Additionally, other GPS L1 band spectrum monitoring GNSS systems are increasingly being objective is to open a debate in the used to perform Instrument Flight navigation community about the risks srx-10i/DINTEL [3] is a complete GPS/ Procedures, and interference may lead of GNSS interference in aviation Galileo spectrum monitoring, interference to a loss of navigation capabilities and study if further measurements detection and analysis system in the when a procedure is being fl own. or regulation could be introduced. L1/E1 bands fully developed by GMV [4] following the ICAO Annex 10 [5] and Doc 8071 [6] recommendations. Ana Bodero Ángel Marín Valencia Head of the ENAIRE’s Consultant to ENAIRE’s The system has been designed to fulfi l the Satellite Navigation Satellite Navigation need of spectrum monitoring whenever Department, GNSS Department, GNSS GPS (and Galileo in the future) is used Department, ENAIRE Department, ENAIRE in support of the operation of critical [1], Madrid, Spain [1], Madrid, Spain infrastructures such as airports.

Francisco Jiménez Victor Arribas The system offers the following benefi ts: ENAIRE GNSS Consultant to ENAIRE’s • Uninterrupted, automatic operation Development Manager, Satellite Navigation for continuous monitoring of GNSS Department, Department, GNSS disruption events due to interference ENAIRE [1], Madrid, Spain Department, ENAIRE in the GPS/Galileo L1/E1 bands [1], Madrid, Spain • Identifi cation and characterization of interference sources Alfredo García Pilar Gómez (spectrum, power and time) de Fernando Doing an internship Consultant, ENAIRE at ENAIRE, GNSS The srx-10i/DINTEL records raw digital Satellite Department, Department, ENAIRE samples whenever an interference GNSS Department, [1], Madrid, Spain event is detected, and includes a ENAIRE [1], Madrid, Spain built-in analysis tool for later post- processing and detailed assessments.

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 3535 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM The system can be easily integrated Once the degradation events are identifi ed, With a total of ten receivers, nine are in already existing GNSS monitoring they are crosschecked against srx-10i/ located in the control towers of Almería, networks (e.g. GPS or EGNOS DINTEL and against some GNSS Gerona, Jerez, La Palma, Lanzarote, monitoring systems) and with existing parameters such as tracked satellites, Menorca, San Sebastián, Santander and alert management systems. used satellites, position accuracy Vigo, while the remaining two are set or EGNOS Protection Levels. in the Valencia TACC and the RIMS Finally some of the main shelter in Málaga Airport (This station features of this system are: It has to be remarked that the events was not operative in 2015 and no results • Supported bands: GPS detected using this technique are only have been included in this paper). The L1 and Galileo E1 treated as signal degradation. If there is network of GPS and EGNOS receivers • Bandwidth: 16 MHz (1575.42 no spectrum recorded the interference and GPS L1 interference detectors stores ± 8 MHz) @ 1 bit cannot be confi rmed. It could be provoked data 24h/7d which is later on analyzed • Confi gurable interference by an out of band interference or any by GNSS performance experts. mask. Default mask is other issue that could not be defi ned. defi ned as Annex 10 [5] Each station is composed by a GNSS • Confi gurable spectrum resolution These two techniques have led to a antenna, a GNSS receiver and a GPS (100 Hz to 50 KHz) surprisingly high rate of interference L1 interference detector. All the stations • Outputs: and potential signal degradation are installed on the rooftop of control - Power Spectral Density detected. All the background obtained towers of the airports mentioned above. (PSD) in the L1/E1 bands from this analysis, represents just - Detected interference fi rst milestone if real and effective ENAIRE lab is concerned about the features: central frequency, GNSS spectrum protection wants to intentional or unintentional use of bandwidth, power. be achieved. Interference localisation, L1 jammers in the proximity of civil GNSS spectrum protection, mitigation or aeronautics receivers. Certifi ed receivers GPS Signal to Noise ratio analysis transnational regulations are topics that are not specifi cally designed to track will need further efforts in the future. GNSS in an environment with interfering With the objective of completing the detection of any degradation in GPS signals, a recurrent study of behaviour En aire GNSS Laboratory of GPS Signal to Noise ratio was Capabilities [7] introduced. Signal to noise ratio is one of the Interferences parameters defi ned ENAIRE GNSS lab was established as in ICAO 8071 Document [6]. This an independent way of analyzing GNSS checking uses all the data stored by the performances, detection and fi rst analysis ENAIRE Receivers Network (RECNET) of GNSS interference. Lab objectives help (See section III for more information). to demonstrate GPS and SBAS can meet In consequence, 24h/7d data from all the required navigation performances the receivers is taken into account. and to verify Service Level Agreements Figure 1: GNSS Receiver Network Locations (SLA). This functionality will be increased The process consists of a C/N0 trend with the capacity to analyse periodically analysis of each GPS and EGNOS GBAS CAT I performances and possible satellite in an individual manner. Some interference in Málaga Airport. previous parameters must be confi gured before launching the analysis. These Performance monitoring is also needed parameters are the following: to warn users about any service gap • Signal to Noise drop threshold. or degradation to take appropriate • Time window in which the recovery actions. In this context, the drop is produced. lab is responsible of issuing EGNOS • Number of GPS satellites affected. performance weekly reports in the Spanish airports, GPS monthly reports in Spain Previous experience has demonstrated and identifying and characterizing GNSS that low restrictive conditions on these L1 interference in Spanish airfi elds. parameters could lead to a vast number of events to be analyzed while high The foundations of ENAIRE GNSS lab are restrictive conditions could lead to its network of GNSS stations distributed Figure 2: GNSS Antenna location some degradation misdetections. throughout the Spanish geography. at La Palma Control Tower

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 3636 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Figure 3: GNSS Receiver and GPS L1 Interference Detector Figure 4: V igo Airport. Number of interference events vs. Day of the week (Year 2015) signals. ICAO clearly defi nes what Every kind of signals and level of received interference event power can be considered a threat [6]. has been classifi ed Through the commercial front-end by airport, day of srx-10i/DINTEL [3] (see section II), week, hour, and the GNSS lab identifi es GNSS L1 frequency as a interference according to ICAO. The fi rst step to obtain front-end installed at the GNSS stations a pattern leading automatically analyzes GPS L1 spectrum to a better future and sends alarms every time interference identifi cation and appears. Data is logged and analyzed by localisation. Table DINTEL software. Interference events are 1 summarises characterized by the frequency of each all the events peak [MHz], power of the peak [dBm], detected in every Figure 5: Vigo Airport. Number of interference events vs. Hour (Year 2015) estimated bandwidth [KHz], and total airport and the interference power. The monitor of GPS most common measurable in which station registered 169 interference spectrum is done automatically 24h/7d. the events were classifi ed. events with a total duration of 15197 seconds. It represents a medium A second analysis is performed in order to Table 1 shows very different results duration of 90 seconds each event. ensure that all possible signal degradation depending on the location. La Palma or potential interference events are Airport (GCLA) is the only one without In order to better characterize the actually affecting navigation and GNSS any event detected during 2015. This repeatability of the events, all of them performances. Signal to noise ratio analysis behaviour is completely different to have been classifi ed by day of week of the GPS and EGNOS signals could the other station located in the Canary and hour of occurrence. The results lead to a second GNSS signal degradation Islands (Lanzarote (GCRR)) where are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. detection. ENAIRE studies C/N0 for all interference events where detected the the data stored from the GNSS receivers 0.2% of the total time in the year. Vigo Airport hours of operation are and analyses the effect of any deviation comprised between 06:30 to 00:30 of a nominal behaviour of this ratio. On the other hand, there are some aspects UTC [9]. 155 of the 169 interference that are common to all the locations. The events registered took place during most common day of the week and hour the hours of operation in the airport. Interference events when interferences were detected, were In addition, Thursday is the day when detected with DINTEL labour hours and days. If a location is more regular operations are scheduled. studied in detail, it can be easily found This section of the paper is intended the repeatability in the occurrence of the The frequency of the events has also to present the main statistics of all interference events. One of these scenarios been classifi ed depending on the season the interference events detected by is Vigo Airport, where 9580 aircraft of the year. In Table 2, it is shown a srx-10i/DINTEL during 2015 in the movements were registered during 2015[8]. comparison between the number of airports where GNSS receivers and interference events and the number of interference detectors are installed. In 2015, Vigo interference detector operations according to AENA Air Traffi c

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 3737 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Table 1: Interference detected during 2015 with srx-10i/DINTEL GNSS signal degradation detected with C/N0 analysis Station Total Most Most common Number Most common (ICAO duration common day frequency of events hour (UTC) Derived from the analysis of the Code) (seconds) of week (MHz) signal to noise ratio of the GPS and GCLA 1 538 Monday 07:00-08:00 - EGNOS satellites, a wide number GCRR 147 62933 Tuesday 13:00-14:00 1574-1575 of events has been categorised LEAM 106 10777 Thursday 18:00-19:00 1573-1574 as possible interference. LECL1 400 12372 Friday 10:00-11:00 1579-1580 LEGE 78 2995 Wednesday 07:00-08:00 1571-1572 Due to the amount of data obtained in LEJR 69 3425 Wednesday 20:00-21:00 1580-1581 2015, no statistics have been obtained. LEMH 9 216 Sunday 17:00-18:00 1579-1580 In next section, it will be shown all Tuesday LESO 288 13644 15:00-16:00 1570-1571 the interference events that actually and Friday have affected GNSS performances. It 15:00-16:00 and LEVX 169 15197 Thursday 1575-1576 includes all the events either detected 18:00-19:00 by DINTEL or by C/N0 analysis. LEXJ 210 20239 Wednesday 05:00-06:00 1575-1576 Regarding the C/N0, other possible statistics [8] separated by season. repeatability is detected. Nevertheless, affections of GNSS signals have frequency will be observed in each been detected. These events have It can be also seen how the seasons airport to fl ag any interference whose helped to better understand and with the highest number of operations rate of occurrence were remarkable. explain some misbehaviour of GNSS (spring and summer) have also the performances. Scintillation, mainly highest number of interferences events. In Almería and Lanzarote airports a clear located at south Iberian Peninsula and pattern can be found, regarding frequency Canary Islands, and EGNOS GEO Finally, all the events were classifi ed by of occurrence. In Almería 44 of 106 malfunction are some of these events. the frequency in which a peak exceeding events affected ICAO mask was detected. It was used a at 1573 MHz and step of 1MHz from 1567 to 1584 MHz. in Lanzarote 99 of 147 events In this case, no conclusions can be affected at 1574 derived from the results since no clear or 1575 MHz.

Table 2: Number of operations per season. Vigo Airport 2015

Number of Season Number of operations interference events Winter 20 1989 Spring 56 2475 Summer 52 2877 Figure 7: Almería Airport. Number of interference Autumn 41 2239 events vs. Frequency (Year 2015)

Figure 6: Vigo Airport. Number of interference Figure 8: Lanzarote Airport. Number of interference events vs. Frequency (Year 2015) events vs. Frequency (Year 2015)

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 3838 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Table 3: Interferences affecting GNSS performances during 2015 (This table includes all the interference events or GNSS signal degradation (C/N0) detected.)

Station (ICAO Number of Total duration Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Code) events (seconds) GCLA 1 538 1 1 0 GCRR 3 1709 3 0 0 LEAM 24 10994 24 9 5 LECL* 14 4569 14 7 2 LEGE 5 4554 5 5 2 LEJR 5 1934 5 4 1 Figure 9: Scintillation in La Palma receiver. LEMH 0 0 0 0 0 EGNOS GEO Satellites (Canary Islands) LESO 10 3238 10 4 0 LEVX 10 5045 10 7 1 Affection to GNSS LEXJ 10 2350 10 8 2 Performances TOTAL 105 52379 105 64 20 * This station was operative from March 2015 onwards The second step after the detection and identifi cation of the anomaly is to an example of interference detected by srx-10i/DINTEL detected this analyse whether the events have had srx-10i/DINTEL and by the recurrent interference in two different impact on GNSS Performances (GPS analysis of the signal to noise ratio. frequencies that exceeded the limit of and SBAS solution). Depending on the the ICAO Mask for the Continuous severity of the interference events, these One of the interference was detected Wave Interference (-120.5 dBm). are classifi ed in three different types in Almeria Airport (LEAM) on The frequencies, peaks values and from the least to the most severe: November 23rd 2015 from 18:42:19 to bandwidth of each interference spectrum • Disruption of APV-I EGNOS 18:49:13 UTC. It has to be remarked components are shown in Table 4. capabilities. (Type 1). that in Almería Airport there are • Denial of EGNOS service. (Type 2) published RNP APCH procedures The plot of the spectrum recorded • Denial of GPS service. (Type 3) down to LPV, LNAV and LNAV/ and its comparison with the ICAO VNAV minima to THR 25[10] & [11]. Mask is shown in the Figure 10. The fi rst type means that the EGNOS Protection Levels have been affected Table 4: Interference Spectrum Components in Almería Airport. November 23rd 2015 to the point of exceeding the APV-I alert limits (All the interference events Frequency (MHz) Peak Power (dBm) Bandwidth (KHz) in this document have been compared 1575.59 -96.4 60.75 against APV-I requirements (HAL=40 1574.95 -113.8 44.49 m and VAL=50m)). The second type means that the track of GEO EGNOS satellites has been lost or the necessary number of satellites to compute EGNOS solution is not reached. Finally, the third type means that the receiver tracks less than four usable satellites necessary to compute GPS Solution and consequently the navigation and positioning capacity.

The total number of events affecting GNSS performances detected in the ten sites was 105 with a medium length of approximately 500 seconds each event. All these events affected to the APV-I EGNOS availability, 64 disabled the EGNOS capabilities and 20 of them completely denied the GPS navigation solution. In the next paragraphs, it will be described Figure 10: GPS L1 Spectrum. Almería Airport. November 23rd 2015

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 3939 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Figure 13: TMA Galicia Figure 12: EGNOS Performances (Vertical Interference events locations Component). Almería Airport. November 23rd 2015 Figure 11: GPS Satellites Signal to Noise Conclusions and future steps Ratio. Almería Airport. November 23rd 2015 there were eight GPS loss of navigation events reported from 30th November Interference events caused by jamming, In parallel, and making use of the GNSS 2015 to 14th December 2015. The whether if it is intentional or unintentional, raw data stored by the GNSS receiver, altitudes of the fl ights were comprised has been demonstrated as an important the C/N0 of each satellite was analyzed between 5000 ft to 12000 ft. All these threat which endanger GNSS signals. in order to confi rm if this event had events were classifi ed as jamming This degradation has an impact on the affected any GNSS observable or if there due to the fact of the unavailability of availability of maneuvers relying on was another undetected degradation. the GPS constellation instead of false GNSS that ENAIRE has published or it The C/N0 of all the GPS Satellites positions which would mean spoofi ng. is aimed to publish in the near future. in view is shown in Figure 11. Following the notifi cation of these This paper has shown the process The maximum power measured was events, ENAIRE GNSS department performed by ENAIRE to detect GNSS detected at 18:45:11 when it is observed performed a study, in which, some interference. It represents only the that the receiver lost the track of all the ground receivers data were assessed. fi rst step in terms of detection given GPS satellites. It was due to the drastic In this study, the GPS raw data that further actions are being studied. drop of the signal to noise ratio in all was analyzed in order to confi rm Some of these activities comprise the satellites that GPS Solution was lost if any degradation was recorded at interference localization and inclusion for a few seconds. At the same time, ground level. The GPS stations used of interference events in the ATC the receiver lost EGNOS capabilities to perform the study belong to the Interface, along with GNSS NOTAMs which took some minutes to recover the GNSS receiver’s network, from IGN publication using the interference detectors track of EGNOS GEO corrections. [12] and from GALNET [13]. network presented in this paper.

Data from two hours before and two The number of interference events Interference events and its hours after each aircraft report were should be negligible due to the fact impact in real operations analyzed from the closest GNSS ground that mitigation activities are being stations of the mentioned networks. The developed to deal with this issue. This The previous sections were focused results did not show any degradation subject has been discussed in the ICAO on the interference events registered that confi rmed affection at ground level. Navigation Systems Panel (NSP) during using receivers located on the rooftop In addition, any GPS constellation the last years within a dedicated item of the control towers, which can be issue was discarded since the geometry in the agenda. This panel is involved in considered at ground level. According remained optimal during those days. developing guidance on radiofrequency to [6] this scenario is suitable for interference to GNSS and on potential interference detection during take- These kinds of events demonstrate mitigations [14]. Mitigations activities offs and landings at airports; however that interference is an issue that can imply three different perspectives: there are other events that cannot have hazardous effects at every fl ight • Include standardized protection be covered by this confi guration. level. For some PBN applications mechanisms against the threats from where only GNSS can support its repeaters/pseudolites/jammers within One of these examples is the loss of implementation, this kind of interference commercial GNSS receivers. GPS capabilities reported by several could jeopardize the nominal operation • Taking advantage of conventional aircraft on December 2015 in TMA and put at risk the safety operation, navigation aids and radar, or Galicia (north-west of Spain). In total, if no mitigations are considered. alternative position, navigation

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 4040 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM and timing systems (APNT). to reduce the impact of GNSS interference, References • States should implement adequate as it is stated in the GNSS Manual [15] [1] ENAIRE – http://www.enaire.es/ policies and procedures to regulate GNSS frequencies are protected for [2] Interna tional Civil Aviation and protect GNSS spectrum. aviation use and coordinated actions Conference, ‘Navigation System Panel- and regulations should be considered Update on FAA GNSS Interference The regulation should be the primary way at International or European level. Mitigation Activities”-NSP/2-IP/23. [3] GMV Aer ospace and Defence, Acronym Expansion srx-10i, http://www.gmv.com/ ACC: Air Control Center en/space/products/srx-10i AENA: Aeropuertos Españoles [4] GMV - h ttp://www.gmv.com/ ANSP: Air Navigation Service Provider [5] Interna tional Civil Aviation APCH: Approach Conference, ‘ICAO Annex 10 – APV: Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance Aeronautical Telecommunications” ATC: Air Traffi c Control – Volume I – Sixth Edition C/N0: Signal to Noise Ratio amendment 89, November 2014. EGNOS: European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service [6] Interna tional Civil Aviation ENAIRE: Spanish Air Navigation Service Provider Conference, ‘ICAO Doc 8071 – ESA European Space Agency Manual on Testing Radio Navigation GALNET Galician GNSS Network Aids” – Volume II– Fifth Edition GBAS: Ground Based Augmentation System amendment 1, April 2008 GCLA: ICAO code for La Palma Airport [7] ENC 201 3 – ENAIRE - GNSS GCRR: ICAO code for Lanzarote Airport Performance Based Navigation GEO: Geostationary Procedures Validation. GIIST: GNSS Intentional Interference and Spoofi ng Study Team [8] AENA- “ 2015 Air Traffi c GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite System Statistics”- http://www.aena.es/ GPS: Global Positioning System csee/ccurl/483/1011/Copia%20 HAL: Horizontal Alert Limit de%2012.Estadisticas_ ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization Diciembre_2015.pdf IGN: Instituto Geográfi co Nacional [9] AENA – “AIP Spain” - http://www. LEAM: ICAO code for Almería Airport enaire.es/csee/Satellite/navegacion- LECL: ICAO code for Valencia TACC aerea/es/Page/1078418725020/ LECM: ICAO code for Madrid ACC [10] ENAIRE, ‘Instrument approach LEGE: ICAO code for Girona Airport chart-OACI Almería RNAV LEJR: ICAO code for Jerez Airport (GNSS) Z RWY 25’ 2015. LEMH: ICAO code for Menorca Airport [11] ENAIRE, ‘Instrument approach LESO: ICAO code for San Sebastián Airport chart-OACI Almería RNAV LEVX: ICAO code for Vigo Airport (GNSS) Y RWY 25’ 2015. LEXJ: ICAO code for Santander Airport [12] IGN Recei vers Network, http:// LNAV: Lateral Navigation www.ign.es/ign/layoutIn/ LPV: Localizer Performance with Vertical guidance geodesiaEstacionesPermanentes.do NOTAM Notice To AirMen [13] GALNET Re ceivers Network, PBN: Performance Based Navigation http://www.topcadingenieria. PSD: Power Spectral Density com/index.php/investigacion- RAIM: Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring desarrollo-uav/red-gnss-galnet RECNET: ENAIRE Receiver Network [14] Internati onal Civil Aviation RNP: Required Navigation Performance Conference “Increased protection RWY: Runway of aviation GNSS receivers SBAS: Satellite-Based Augmentation System from harmful effects from TACC: Terminal Area Control Center ground radiators (repeaters/ THR: Threshold pseudolites). NSP 2014 October. TMA: Terminal Management Area [15] Internati onal Civil Aviation UTC: Coordinated Universal Time Conference, ‘ICAO Doc 9849 – GNSS VAL: Vertical Alert Limit Manual”– Second Edition, 2013. VNAV: Vertical Navigation VPE: Vertical Position Error The paper was presented at ENC 2016, 30 VPL: Vertical Protection Level May - 2 June 2016, Helsinki, Finland x

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 4141 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM x IMAGING Point clouds and orthomosaics from photographs This paper presents the fi rst examples where point clouds and orthomosaics, generated from close range photographs, can help civil engineers on their studies

Maria João he three authors of this paper work which started in the summer of 2014, HENRIQUES Tat the Applied Geodetic Division looks very promising and we, the authors, Senior Research Offi cer, of the National Laboratory for Civil are identifying possible areas where the Applied Geodesy Unit, Engineering (LNEC), in Lisbon, Portugal. use of point clouds and orthomosaics Laboratório Nacional LNEC is a state owned research and that can be of interest to our colleagues de Engenharia Civil, development institution founded in of LNEC, civil engineers mostly. Lisbon, Portugal 1946. It works in the various domains of civil engineering (structures, hydraulic, This paper presents the fi rst examples geotechnics, environment, materials, where point clouds and orthomosaics, among others), giving it a unique generated from close range photographs, Dora ROQUE multidisciplinary perspective in this can help civil engineers on their studies. Doctoral Research Fellow, fi eld. The main goals of the LNEC are The photogrammetic products were Applied Geodesy Unit, to carry out innovative research and all generated using the free open- laboratório Nacional development and to contribute to the source software Micmac (Multi- de Engenharia Civil, best practices in civil engineering. Image Correspondances, Méthodes Lisbon, Portugal Automatiques de Corrélation) from The Applied Geodetic Division nowadays IGN (Institut National de l’Information develops works in two domains: the Géographique et Forestière, France). geodetic surveying of large dams and other Nádia BRAZ engineering structures for monitoring Technical Fellow, Applied purposes, and the processing of digital First study case. The Geodesy Unit, Laboratório images with applications in several “introduction to point clouds” Nacional de Engenharia domains, which includes the study of the Civil, Lisbon, Portugal evolution of pathologies in engineering Although many colleagues, civil engineers, works. Originally the processing of digital know the concept of “point clouds” we felt images made use mostly of the chromatic that we should generate a small point cloud information included in the images example, light to manipulate: we called it (from satellite images to close range “introduction to point clouds”. We were photographs). But recently it has evolved to not innovative with the object chosen: extract information of the geometry of the we reproduced the example “Gravillon” objects by the generation of point clouds. of Micmac (Pierrot-Deseilligny, 2014): This use of close range photographs (from it creates a point cloud from a small pile distances of decimetres to a few meters), of sand. Our example has a difference to

Figure 1: Photos of the pile of gravel “with” and “without” a highlighting pen on the top

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 4242 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM “Gravillon” example: we embedded a Taking the photos coordinates of three GCP well identifi ed highlighting pen on the top of the pile that in the photos (points “A”, “B” and was removed to study how differences We used the digital camera Nikon “C”, seen in Figure 1), either absolute between point clouds and orthomosaics D200, mounted on a tripod, with a lens coordinates in the 3D referential chosen can be detected. We created the fi rst point with fi xed focal length. The camera and image coordinates in the photos; cloud, the “with” point cloud, from a set was set to manual mode (to keep focal v) fi nal computation of the external and of nine photos. Then, after, the pen was length and aperture constants) and internal orientations with data generated carefully removed and we took a second we took nine photos (Figure 2), JPG previously; vi) computation of the group of nine photos to generate the format, all about 1 meter of distance: digital surface model, point cloud and second point cloud: the “without” point one from the top, eight from the ortomosaic (see Figures 3 and 5). cloud. In Figure 1 one can see two of the side. After this session we took other photos taken. Using these two clouds we photos for calibration purposes. Building the point cloud “without”. could not only present the concept of point cloud but also we demonstrated that it was Building the “with” point cloud. After taken the “with” photos we possible to detect differences between the removed carefully the pen in order clouds using (open-source) software. To build the cloud we followed the steps to keep the pile of gravel unchanged. used in Micmac’s “Gravillon” example. We placed the tripod near the tray The steps of the work, including These include (as presented by Pierrot- and took a new group of nine photos. the cloud comparison were: Deseilligny, 2011, and Samaan, 2013): We processed the information using i) common points search on pairs of the same software and following Preparation of the sample photos; ii) computation of calibration the same steps and we created the parameters and geometric correction “without” cloud (see Figure 4). Inside a small tray we placed a paper of the photos, determination of the with some straight lines drawn. As we position of the photos in a relative (not know their length we established our absolute) referential; iii) visualization “Ground Control Points” (GCP) in the of the positions and orientations of intersection of the lines. On it we put some the camera in the relative referential small dimension size gravel borrowed establish previously (see Figure 6); by the Geotechnique Department of iv) geo-reference of the data, to transform LNEC. On the top we embedded a pen. the relative orientation using the

Figure 5: Point cloud “with” seen from one side

Figure 2: The nine “with” photos (image created with PanelIm). The tripod moved around the tray (step 45°) to take the “side” photos.

Figure 6: Relative positions of the Figure 3: Point cloud “with” seen Figure 4: Point cloud “without” seen photos (red rectangles) and the cameras from above (1373494 vertices) from above (1430990 vertices) (apex of the green pyramids)

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 4343 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM To visualize the point clouds we used or the clouds. Before this computation this, in its Rock Mechanics laboratory, Meshlab or CloudCompare (both open- CloudCompare presents some data, as it conducts tests to obtain values to source softwares). The background seen in Figure 7. The point cloud chosen the parameters that characterize the color (light cian) seen in Figures 3 as reference was the cloud “without”. deformability and the strength of rock to 5 was chosen to make the “holes” The largest distance between the clouds specimens and joints. The case presented (= areas without points) more visible. is 0. 0164 m (as seen in the form on the in this paper is one specimen of a rock These holes appear because is diffi cult left side) and the majority of the points joint (see in Figure 9 the point cloud for the software to fi nd homologous are at a distance lower than 0.002 m, seen from above, and in Figure 9 the points in surfaces too homogeneous according to the graph on the right and vertical photo of the specimen) that had (like the paper, the pen or its cap). the colorized distances at the centre. undergone a shear test to evaluate the infl uence of the normal and shear loads Comparing the clouds. Selecting only the distances larger than on the variation of surface roughness (in 0.002 m a new image is obtained (Figure the case of rock joints, the roughness has By comparing the clouds we expect that 8) that covers a smaller area since it a large infl uence on the shear strength). the depression, left by the pen when we is limited to the area near the pen (the took it out from the top of the pile, was distances in the majority of the circle were This specimen (a granite sample, visible (and could be somehow measured) smaller than 0.002 m and for that reason 12×8 cm2) has been scanned with a by using software that compares the not represented when the new image was three-dimensional scanner, as described clouds. In this example is very obvious the created). On the left side of the Figure 8 is by Resende and al. (2014), so we had change between the clouds. To perform the presented the frequency chart of the image. 3D coordinates of its surface. The scan comparison we choose CloudCompare. As was made by the 3D needle-tip contact the clouds don’t cover exactly the same scanner Roland MDX-20 Figure 11) areas (for instance, the areas without points Second study case. which allows the three-dimensional near GCP “A” and “B” have different Natural rock joints scan of solids (Figure 12). It was shapes) we select, in both clouds and using adopted a horizontal resolution of 0.5 Meshlab, circular areas in the XY plane The Foundations and Underground mm. The scanning of the surface of the with the same centre and radius. All the Works Division (Concrete Dams points whose location didn’t fulfi l that Department) of LNEC carries out condition were deleted. The new clouds research studies that include the were imported by CloudCompare and characterisation of the mechanical there we calculated the distance between properties of rock masses and rocks. For

Figure 9: Point cloud

Figure 7: Software Cloudcompare: distance computation, graph with the distances colored according to their length and frequency chart of the distances

Figure 8: Software Cloudcompare: frequency chart of the distances and graph with the distances colored according to their length (distances larger than 2 mm) Figure 10: Vertical photo of the specimen

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 4444 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM SD58_CMPL_Hi-Target_Sept16_Ad.inddSSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 14545 29/08/16111/09/161/09/16 2:329:259:25 PMAMAM Figure 11: 3D scanner Roland MDX-20 during Figure 13: Rendering the point cloud height grid the measurements of a rock joint sample those of the scanner) and, in Figure 15, two profi les lines, from the intersection Figure 14: Contour lines: point cloud of the vertical planes A and B (see their in black; scanner coordinates in location in Figure 13) with the surface. red. Zooms of the three areas Comparing the contour lines and the profi les small differences are noticeable. or weeks long, there is a succession of periods of generation of waves Figure 12: Digital image of a specimen followed by periods of pause, used to get rendered by the scanner control software Third study case. The information about the structure, namely model of a breakwater the changes that affect its surface. rock joint sample took eight hours. Breakwaters in seaside areas are good The aim of our study is to get answers We took nine photos of the specimen, examples of structures that can be to three questions: i) point clouds following the methodology of the fi rst monitored using the products derived and orthomosaics can give accurate case, with an innovation: the specimen from photographs taken by cameras information on the behaviour of the was placed on a turning stand. This simple mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles models? ii) the generation of these set decreased a lot the time that was spent (UAV). The authors have presented in products is time consuming? iii) how to on taking the photographs. With the nine FIG Congress of 2014 an evaluation of get vertical pictures when the model is photos it was created a point cloud and an the surface model of the breakwater of surrounded by water? At this moment orthomosaic. This one will allow studies Ericeira (Henriques et al, 2014). The good we can answer to the fi rst question never done before related with variations results, especially if one takes into account with a “yes”. Concerning the other two of the surface hue as a result of the shear the windy conditions during the fl ight, we know for sure that is impossible, test. As we didn’t have GCP, we defi ned give us a good motivation to test the use without the development of software, a local reference frame by choosing a of photogrammetry indoors, to help the to perform a full automatic processing point to be the origin of the frame, and studies of physical models of breakwaters of photos because is necessary to get two lines to establish, one, the orientation belonging to the Harbours and Maritime the coordinates of GCP on the photos, of the frame and, the other, the scale. Structures Division of the Department a phase that now demands the direct of Hydraulics and Environment. intervention of the user. Concerning The surface of the specimen (the area with vertical photos, we tested the use of an brown colors) was represented by 1647999 Some of the studies of this division are unmanned aerial vehicle (a small four points with 3D coordinates. These can’t be on the structural behaviour of coastal rotors helicopter) that included a low directly compared with the 3D coordinates protection structures, like breakwaters, quality camera. Despite its low quality, of the 38290 3D points surveyed by the under the action of waves. In tanks, the photos were good enough to realize scanner. So the fi rst stage was to align different types the point cloud with the scanned data, of waves are Profi le A done by the software Cloudcompare, reproduced, being which employs the algorithm Iterative that their height Closest Point to minimize the difference and period are between two clouds of points. The second set to reproduce Profi le B was to generate a height grid. The third the natural was to import this data by QGIS and conditions of the explore the raster tools. In Figure 13 is sea that hits the presented the rendering of the point cloud structures. During height grid, in Figure 14 the contour the tests, that Figure 15: Profi les of the specimen: point cloud in black; lines (from the point cloud overlaid on are several days scanner coordinates in red/pink. Unit: millimetres

46 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 4646 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Figure 19: Average of the bands of the ortho AD Figure 21: Drone octocopter SKY II. Figure 16: Model of a breakwater The support of the camera is under the drone, between the landing gears

Figure 17: Blocks of concrete

Figure 22: One remote controller Figure 20: Image “negative of the modulus of the differences between Fourth study case. Visual the averages AD and BD” inspection of wall of a dam

photographs automatically every 10 sec Some signals of deterioration and during 10 minutes. In each position cracking of dams can only be identifi ed Figure 18: Ortho BD two photos were taken. After the fi rst by visual inspections. For this reason, survey we moved some blocks manually these are irreplaceable in the control that helicopters is not the solution and we made a second photo survey. of the safety of dams. Concerning the because the rotation of the propellers exterior walls, and sometimes also generated wind that produced agitation By applying Micmac we produced two the crest, as there is no direct access on the water surface and that affected orthomosaics (Figure 18), with a pixel to most of these areas, cameras and/ the vision of blocks located under size 0.32 mm in average, and two point or binoculars are used to perform the water. The solution must be different. clouds: a “before displacements”, BD, inspection work, which is usually and an “after displacements”, AD. The done from the banks of the river. In To get data to answer to the fi rst question orthos (raster images) were processed by our test we used photos taken by a we chose a model of a rubble mound QGIS. We used the “Raster Calculator” digital camera carried by an unmanned breakwater (2 m long, 1.3 m width and to: i) average the three RBG bands to aerial vehicle (UAV) helicopter of a 0.3 m height, see Figures 16 and 17). The generate two single band raster images small area on the downstream face surface was covered with cubic blocks (BD and AD, Figure 19); ii) to calculate and of the spillway on the crest of of concrete, painted in different colours, the difference between these images; Bouçã dam (Figures 24 and 25). reused from other breakwaters models. iii) to calculate the “square root of the The eight lower rows of blocks were square of the difference” (mathematical The photo survey was done by a digital covered with water. The photographs operation used when the function camera Sony Nex-7, mounted under were shot vertically. The camera was at “modulus” is not available), operations an eight-rotor mini helicopter (Figure 3m high, fi xed to a horizontal rod that that highlight the differences (see in 21, photo taken before the camera was was attached to a column. This column Figure 20 the negative of the image mounted). The fl ight was remotely was supported on a structure with four created). The areas with differences controlled by a pilot on the ground wheels. The set moved on a platform that are presented with darker grey. A more and there was a second technician who belongs to the model. The camera, the detailed description of the work can controlled the camera (its orientation Nikon D200, was programmed to take be found in Henriques et al., 2016. and when to trigger). Each one had a

CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016 | 47

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 4747 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Figure 25: Inclined photograph of the Figure 27: Flight A. Central crack spillway on the crest of Bouça dam photographed with a focal length of 50 mm

Figure 23: Remotely commanding the drone and the camera

Figure 28: Flight B. Central crack photographed with a focal length of 16 mm Figure 26: Point cloud of a section of the spillway The fi rst step of software Micmac is to detect common points in each pair of The change of the focal length allowed, photos. In Figure 29 is presented the without changing much the distance location of common points as detected drone-wall, to have a group of images by the software: one can see that it was Figure 24: Horizontal photograph of more global, better to produce an diffi cult for the software to identify points the downstream wall of Bouça dam orthomosaic of the dam. On Figures in the white areas and in the wet areas. 27 and 28 one can see the differences remote control (Figures 22 and 23) that between the photographs taken with the An orthomosaic is created by gathering communicated with the drone. There focal length of 50 mm (fl ight A) and selected areas of images, photos that were were made three fl ights. Table 1 has a a focal length of 16 mm (fl ight B). corrected from distortions of the camera resume of the info of each fl ight. The fi rst fl ight had to be interrupted due to a short shower, during which the heli was on land, protected from the rain.

The dam has three major horizontal cracks, which are under surveillance since they were noticed. Two appear during the fi rst fi lling, by 1956, the third in January of 2007. Due to the colour of the deposits of carbonates under the cracks, one can easily see their location. Figure 29: Common points in a pair of photographs

Table 1: Some data about the fl ights

Distance to Nº blurry Flight Area Flight length N.º photos Focal lenght Size pixel the dam photos

A cracks 4m-9m 4min 45s 99 9 50 mm 1.3 mm B cracks 8m-12m 2min 52s 83 7 16 mm 5.0 mm C spillway 2m-4m 53s 26 1 16 mm 5.6 mm

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 4848 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Figure 30: A section of orthomosaic generated with photos of fl ight B - white areas - “red” areas - wet concrete Figure 33: Object-based image classifi cation: original image; segmentation; classifi cation

The main purpose of the fl ights was classifi cation of the wet areas, besides to collect data to support aided visual the radiometry, also considered the inspections. To evidence anomalies on proximity between the objects to be the surface, digital image classifi cation classifi ed and those previously classifi ed techniques were used to show the areas as carbonates. One can notice that that shared the same characteristics. It some of the areas of the concrete that was applied the technique known as are darker were not classifi ed as wet “object-based image classifi cation” to because its colour is not dark enough. classify the anomalies represented in Figure 31: Information generated by Micmac: the orthomosaics and used the software areas covered with the same photo eCognition from Trimble. The steps of Conclusions classifi cation were: i) segmentation: neighbour pixels were aggregated Point clouds and orthomosaics forming objects based on colour and generated from photographs taken at shape (parameters defi ned by the short distances, less than 10 meters, user); ii) selection of variables and can be helpful tools to experts like respective thresholds that provide an civil engineers that must made small effi cient identifi cation of the features scale studies. The examples presented that are going to be classifi ed; iii) were the first attempts and more automatic classifi cation of the image. studies on the accuracy must be performed. As a complement to the The result of the classifi cation is point clouds and orthomosaics, digital presented in Figure 33. One can see image processing techniques were that three themes were chosen: i) white verified to be great, providing useful Figure 32: Relating the areas with the photos areas: deposits of calcium carbonate information for Civil Engineering below the cracks where the water applications. In the presented examples, and from the geometry of acquisition. has leaked/is leaking; ii) red areas: contributions to the identification In Figure 30 is presented a section of areas where the calcium presents a of pathologies, detection of changes the orthomosaic generated by Micmac redish colour; iii) wet concrete. caused by natural elements and with the photos of fl ight B and, in Figure displacement evaluation were given. 31, information that helps to understand During the segmentation process, large how the orthomosaic is built: an area and compact objects were formed with the same colour means that in that respecting the radiometric borders visible References area of the orthomosaic it was used the in the image. Instead of performing same image (see Figure 32). In Figure the analysis of each individual pixel, Henriques,M.J. ; Braz,N. ; Roque,D. 30 one can notice the frontiers between the classifi cation was applied over ; Lemos,R. ; Fortes,C.J.E.M. (2016). some areas; changing the value of a the objects. The objects representing Controlling the damages of physical parameter of Micmac the fi nal image areas with carbonates were identifi ed models of rubble-mound breakwaters could become more homogeneous. through radiometric variables. The by photogrammetric products -

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SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 4949 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM x NEWS - GIS

Orthomosaics and point clouds, SAP Enterprise Asset Management “The UN General Assembly urges the Proceedings of the 3rd Joint International Data for Integrity Engineers sharing of geospatial data to benefi t Symposium on Deformation Monitoring, people and the planet,” explains Vienna. URL: http://www.fi g.net/ AssetWise APM helps integrity and GRF-Europe Working Group Leader, resources/proceedings/2016/2016_03_ reliability engineers working with SAP Markku Poutanen from Finland. jisdm_pdf/reviewed/JISDM_2016_ Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) submission_50.pdf to develop programs that support risk- The GGRF aims to change from the based inspections (RBI) processes. current system, where contributions to Pierrot-Deseilligny,M. ; Luca,L. ; With a view to the SAP Portal in real- the development of the global geodetic Remondino,F.. 2011. Automated time, inspectors and maintenance reference frame are undertaken on a ‘best image-based procedures for accurate technicians are empowered with the efforts’ basis, to one where they are made artifacts 3d modeling and orthoimage information they need, when they through a multilateral collaboration under generation. XXIIIrd International need it in the fi eld. With access to a UN mandate. www.un-ggim-europe.org CIPA Symposium. International SAP EAM asset and work history, Committee for Documentation users can navigate assets geospatially Hydrographic Production of Cultural Heritage (CIPA). and get immediate feedback when Database (HPD)™ 3.2 condition readings are out of allowable https://www.conferencepartners.cz/cipa/ tolerances. The asset health dashboard Teledyne CARIS™ have announced proceedings/pdfs/B-2/Remondino2.pdf consolidates and analyzes all the release of Hydrographic Production condition data from inspections and Database (HPD)™ 3.2. As part of the Pierrot-Deseilligny,M.. 2014. MicMac, real-time monitoring devices, which CARIS Ping-to-Chart™ solution, HPD Apero, Pastis and Other Beverages in a facilitates more timely and accurate offers an integrated suite of products Nutshell! (Micmac manual). IGN. http:// decisions on corrective actions. for managing data in a seamless logiciels.ign.fr/IMG/pdf/docmicmac.pdf database, providing simultaneous Intermap Chooses Global Mapper data compilation by multiple users. Resende,R.; Ramos,A.L.; Muralha,J.; Fortunato,E.; Lamas,L.. 2014. Blue Marble Geographics has This release offers exciting features Characterisation and Numerical announced that Intermap Technologies which will allow HPD users to Modelling of the Geometry of has signed an Enterprise License implement new workfl ows, create new Rock Joints. The 8th Asian Rock Agreement (ELA) providing products, and obtain even more value Mechanics Symposium. unrestricted access to Global Mapper from their database. www.caris.com and the Global Mapper LiDAR Samaan, M. ; Héno,R. ; Pierrot- Module throughout the company’s USGS and ISRO cooperation Deseilligny,M.. 2013. Close- data management and processing range photogrammetric tools operations. www.bluemarblegeo.com The U.S. Geological Survey and the for small 3D archeological Indian Space Research Organization objects. XXIVrd International UN-GGIM: Europe announces (ISRO) have fi nalized an agreement for CIPA Symposium. International creation of GRF-Europe new levels of cooperation in the exchange Committee for Documentation and use of Earth observation data. The of Cultural Heritage (CIPA). Europe is contributing to the UN’s memorandum of understanding was Global Geodetic Reference Frame recently signed by Dr. Suzette Kimball, http://www.int-arch-photogramm- (GGRF) by developing a platform for USGS Director, and Dr. V. K. Dadhwal, remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/ exchanging information and expertise. previous Director of the National Remote XL-5-W2/549/2013/isprsarchives- The creation of a new UN-GGIM: Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO. XL-5-W2-549-2013.pdf Europe working group, GRF- Europe will connect a range of stakeholders and The agreement will allow USGS to Rosu,A.M.; Pierrot-Deseilligny,M.; act as an intergovernmental link whilst receive data of full U.S. coverage Delorme,A.; Binet,R.; Klinger,Y.. also promoting the sharing of open (including Alaska & Hawaii) from 2014. Measurement of ground geodetic data and common standards two of the sensors onboard ISRO’s displacement from optical satellite image as well as fostering capacity building Resourcesat-2 satellite. These data correlation using the free opensource where needed. In doing so, it will include the Advanced Wide-Field software MicMac. ISPRS Journal of provide a link between the geospatial Sensor (AWiFS) with a ground sample Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. community, including EUREF the distance of 56 meters and the Linear International Association of Geodesy Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor III (LISS- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. Reference Frame Sub-Commission for III) with a ground sample distance of isprsjprs.2014.03.002 x Europe, scientists and policy makers. 23.5 meters. https://www.usgs.gov x

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TomTom Inaugurates its Hub in Pune location information, fast time-to-fi rst- Government of Ghana, for the provision fi x, improved robustness and seamless of Satellite AIS data services as well as TomTom (TOM2) has inaugurated its fi rst transition for both outdoor and indoor a small vessel tracking solution. Along global state-of-the-art Innovation Hub in environments, and lower power for users with a comprehensive Satellite AIS data Pune. With this facility, it aims to develop of location-based applications and services feed, exactEarth will provide MOFAD a deeper culture of innovation in the across smartphones. www.qualcomm.com with 450 Class B AIS transceivers to be company with a free-fl ow of information installed on inshore fi shing vessels which and ideas across the globe, allowing Verizon buys Fleetmatics will be tracked via satellite utilising experimentation and cross-boundary co- exactEarth’s exactTraxTM small vessel operation to drive change throughout the Verizon will buy Fleetmatics for $2.4 tracking technology. exactearth.com. organization. http://corporate.tomtom.com billion. Fleetmatics specializes in software that allows fl eet managers to keep Pakistan’s fi rst indigenous digital Qualcomm and Baidu announce track of location, fuel usage, mileage mapping solution launched commercialization of IZat and more. While there’s no word what Fleetmatics’ assets will be used for, TPL Trakker Ltd, a tracking solutions Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. (QTI), it’s likely that the company will utilize provider, launched country’s fi rst is working closely with Baidu in the its new acquisition to help bolster its indigenously developed digital mapping implementation of the Qualcomm® connected-car offerings. www.cnet.com solution. With close to a million housing IZat™ Integrated Hardware Location addresses, TPL Maps claims to have Platform, which will be available in Small Vessel Tracking Contract approximately 1,000 3D building models the latest generation of Qualcomm® and 300,000 kilometers of road network Snapdragon™ chipsets across all tiers. exactEarth Ltd. has announced that mapped across the country. Created using The IZat Location Platform uses a it has been selected by the Fisheries state-of-the-art technology, the TPL Maps combination of signals from various Commission (West Africa Regional app provides real-time intelligent routing, location sources, including GNSS and Fisheries Programme), an agency of the live traffi c updates, turn-by-turn navigation sensors. This integration at a hardware Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture options and smart search, among other level is designed to result in accurate Development (MOFAD) of the features. http://tribune.com.pk x Creation BigFish-cp.be

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Improving Satellite Navigation software will deliver map-based views entire areas and making them impregnable in the Far North of calls, events and units in the fi eld to satellite navigation systems. Besides to 246 call takers and 114 dispatchers. being powered by a tower’s circuit, the The Norwegian research ship Gunnerus, www.hexagonsafetyinfrastructure.com Pole-21 modules also use their GSM part of the Norwegian University of Science antennas as a backup channel for signal and Technology, is seeking to emulate the Ingrid Daubechies receives control and transmission. All the four technology used by Europe’s Geostationary Simons grant GNSS whose signals are effectively Navigation Overlay System, or EGNOS. defl ected by Pole-21 work within the EGNOS is currently in use in Europe Ingrid Daubechies, a prominent 1176.45 and 1575.42 MHz range. Even and contains about 40 ground monitoring mathematician whose pioneering work a 20 watt transmitter is enough for Pole- stations that measure GPS signals, on wavelets is the foundation for various 21 to jam all signals in this range within a creating a more precise map for users to consumer products and GNSS applications, radius of 80 kilometers. Pole-21 has interact with when they are on the go. has received a $1.5 million grant from one downside though. While generating the Simons Foundation. Daubechies is the radio interference against the enemy The ionosphere is particularly active James B. Duke Professor of Mathematics using the GPS satellite navigation in polar areas, creating a more diffi cult and Electrical and Computer Engineering at systems, it does the same to domestic environment to get a satellite signal. Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. users of GPS and its Russian analogue The researchers hope to gain more – GLONASS. https://sputniknews.com knowledge as to how the ionosphere Status updates to GPS-Aided more specifi cally affects satellites, and Collision Avoidance System Unmanned Harvester using Glonass how to move around these obstacles to create satellite augmentation in this area. The Federal Railroad Administration Russia is set to develop unmanned (FRA) last week released a status update agricultural machinery running on the The Norwegian vessel is testing potential that calls for railroads to roll out Positive Russian Glonass navigation system by improvements to the Satellite-Based Train Control (PTC) technologies, which 2018. The technology will be developed Augmentation System, or SBAS, for incorporates GNSS technology, as soon by the Ruselectronics holding, represented these northern regions. This project as possible. The update also underscores by the Progress Microelectronic Research would utilize ground monitoring stations the Obama administration’s calls to Institute (JSC Progress MRI) design in Russia and combine them with the provide more funding to assist commuter center, for the Rostselmash agricultural northernmost ground monitoring stations railroads in implementing PTC. equipment company. “After the for EGNOS. The research crew hopes completion of development work in two that their new information will help PTC uses GNSS, but mostly GPS, to years’ time, we will be able to provide expand GPS in the Polar Regions to prevent train-to-train collisions, high- unmanned machinery [for the agricultural overlap with Europe, Russia, and the speed derailments, and the unauthorized sector] – an operator may be present, United States. www.gislounge.com/ movement of trains into work zones. The but rather for control in case of unforeseen FRA’s status update includes railroad-by- situations. There seem to be no particular Uttar Pradesh Police, India railroad quarterly data as of June 30, 2016. dangers in an open fi eld,” according selects Hexagon The report also includes on-track segments to fi rst deputy CEO for development completed, employees trained, radio towers and researches at JSC Progress Igor Uttar Pradesh Police, the largest police installed, route miles in PTC operation, Korneyev. https://sputniknews.com force in India, has selected an integrated and other key implementation data. suite of public safety software from Galileo satellites to start Hexagon Safety & Infrastructure to Russia develops Hi-Tech jammer broadcasting navigation messages enhance call handling, offi cer dispatching to block enemy electronics and agency-wide reporting in India’s According to two Notice Advisories to most populous state. Hexagon’s industry- An integrated jamming system to screen Galileo Users (NAGUs), the two Galileo leading Intergraph Computer-Aided strategic facilities from cruise missiles, satellites launched into elliptical orbits Dispatch (I/CAD) will form the basis for smart bombs and drones using GPS, in August 2014, GSAT0201 using PRN the largest police emergency response GLONASS, Galileo and Beidou GNSS code E18 and GSAT0202 using PRN code system in India, and possibly the largest for homing has entered service with the E14, will start transmitting navigation in the world, serving 220 million people. Russian armed forces. Russian Airborne messages for test purposes. The Signal Troops to Include Drone, Electronic Health Status (SHS) fl ags will be set Uttar Pradesh Police will be the fi rst Warfare Units by 2017 Dubbed as POLE- to “Test” and the Data Validity Status Indian state police force to implement an 21, the system consists of jamming (DVS) fl ags will be set to WWG (working integrated emergency operation center modules installed on mobile phone towers without guarantee). The satellites will not (EOC) at its capital city of Lucknow. The and working as a single whole to cover be included in the broadcast almanacs.

52 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 5252 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Users are requested to provide “Because it’s a medium of charged Breaking barriers for people feedback on usage of GSAT0201 particles, when you pass radio waves living with vision loss and GSAT0202 by contacting the through it, radio waves are affected help desk on the European GNSS by electrons inside the plasma.” Researchers at McGill University have Service Centre web portal. developed an innovative technology These pockets of different atmospheric so Canadians living with vision loss Space weather forecasts to density slow down radio waves as can better navigate the world around eliminate GPS mistakes they pass through between orbiting them. After successfully testing its satellites and GPS-enabled devices on Autour application in Montréal, and Researchers from RMIT are borrowing the the ground. These disturbances – also with funding from the Canadian Internet Bureau of Meteorology’s supercomputer known as GPS interpolation events or Registration Authority’s Community capacity at NCI to crunch through plasma bubbles – happen almost every Investment Program, the McGill team calculations they hope will predict how day somewhere around the world. In has launched an expanded version of the ‘disturbances’ in the earth’s atmosphere areas close to the equator, from June to app to include cities across Canada. could be putting GPS off track. Brett September, there is around a 50 percent Carter, a research fellow in space weather chance of a disturbance happening The app overlays GPS, Google Maps, and physics, is leading a team studying on any given day. This can alter GPS public transit and other data to provide how the layer of charged particles location calculations which are based on audible instructions and descriptions to surrounding the earth, known as the the assumption that all radio waves are help guide users’ movements. Usability ‘ionosphere’, affects GPS readings - travelling at the same speed, he said. is a key factor making Autour the app of and how this knowledge could make choice for the blind and visually impaired the technology more accurate. The researchers will attempt to generate community. The expanded Autour features forecasts based on data gathered from a new tutorial to give users a clear “Any disturbance that start at sun and GPS ground stations, along with the understanding of how the app works. arrive at the Earth through the solar wind US COSMIC-2 low Earth orbit satellite The tutorial can even be used indoors, and the magnetosphere affects the plasma constellation, which is set to launch over and in other environments where GPS in the upper atmosphere,” Carter said. the next 12 months. www.itnews.com.au may not be available. https://cira.ca/ x POWER AND PRECISION

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Operational trials of DAA and they had invested and Safety Program. BVLOS display software around US 6,000 for NASA is entering this home grown research. the next phase of a plan Kongsberg Geospatial and the Federal “CIC has been pioneering in to draw up rules of the Aviation Administration’s (FAAs) ASSURE agriculture and research and this road for small drones that UAS Center of Excellence, lead by is a result of that effort that this fl y under 500 feet. The NASA Mississippi State University has announced ‘Precision Agriculture Practices’ (Smart project is meant to develop performance that the Alaska Center for Unmanned farming) are being implemented,” he said. standards for drones that would be used for Aircraft Systems Integration (ACUASI) commercial purposes. www.dailymail.co.uk at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and He said that through aerial photography the University of North Dakota Center for obtained from the drone surveillance Report on how to legally operate Unmanned Aircraft Systems Research, they can identify weeds and create a drones under new FAA regulation Education and Training will both be GPS map and then program the drone adopting and integrating the Kongsberg to spray chemicals to that particular To coincide with the new Small UAS Geospatial IRIS UAS display application area via GPS. www.dailynews.lk Rule, aka Part 107, Commercial UAV into their fl ight operations as part of Detect News has announced the release of a And Avoid (DAA) and beyond visual Drone to monitor illegal quarrying free online report that helps defi ne what line-of-sight (BVLOS) operations. it means to legally fl y drones under In the fi rst initiative of its kind, the the new FAA regulation that went into The Alliance for System Safety of UAS Uttarakhand government in India has effect recently. The ruling represents a Through Research Excellence, or ASSURE, decided to use a drone to check illegal critical moment that will forever change team is comprised of 22 universities and quarrying on the Gaula riverbed. The the commercial drone industry, and over 100 industry partners, providing the unmanned aerial vehicle, which will take the report is an accessible article that FAA with access to a team of scientists in fl ight from Haldwani, has been procured outlines the essential guidelines for non- the UAS community and coordination of by the state’s forest department. Its primary hobbyist small unmanned aircraft (UAS) activities to achieve common UAS research purpose is to check areas like swamps and operators looking to understand the goals. www.kongsberggeospatial.com. forested areas that are not easily accessible impact of Part 107 and the stipulations for to regular staffers. Conservator (western fl ying commercial UAVs under the new Propeller Aero launches AeroPoints division) Parag Madhukar Dhakate said they legislation. The report helps to clarify have long felt the need for a drone because what is required, spells out operations that Australian technology company Propeller many places in the state are inaccessible by are enabled and restricted, outlines what Aero has launched AeroPoints: smart foot due to the treacherous terrain. “But, the process entails, and reveals what Part ground control points that make it easy at present, we will focus only on illegal 107 covers. It also clarifi es what Part 107 for anyone to capture survey-accurate quarrying activities on the Gaula riverbed,” means for those previously cleared by mapping using drones. Its patent-pending he added. www.hindustantimes.com the FAA to legally operate commercial technology provides a simple solution to drones under Section 333 Exemptions. one of the major roadblocks to widespread Feds turn to space experts NASA commercial drone adoption: accuracy. It’s for small-drone traffi c plan CNN To Gather News Using Drones another step forward for Propeller Aero on its mission to transform the way different As the unmanned aircraft industry Two full-time drone operators will help the industries can use drones and other camera continues to evolve, the United States is network integrate the unmanned aircraft devices. propelleraero.com/aeropoints depending on its space agency to help systems into its ongoing news coverage. manage small drone traffi c close to the CNN will now use unmanned aerial drones GPS drone weedkiller Earth. NASA is currently entering the to help it gather news in a wide range technology from CIC second phase of a four-step plan to draw of situations as part of the company’s up rules of the skies for drones that weigh newly created CNN Aerial Imagery CIC Holdings PLC, Sri Lanka, for the 55 pounds or less and fl y no higher than and Reporting (AIR) unit. The news fi rst time in the world has developed a 500 feet. The project is meant to develop broadcasting company unveiled the CNN technology to scan weeds in large paddy performance standards for drones that AIR efforts in an Aug. 18 announcement fi elds using battery powered drones would be used for commercial purposes by that also revealed that the company has (planes) and spray chemicals to them companies such as Amazon and Google. hired two full-time drone operators to using the drone. The company’s research fl y the devices. CNN has been working and development team has used studies The agency is hoping to present its research with the Federal Aviation Administration and research for the past 8 years to to the Federal Aviation Administration since 2015 on research to safely use introduce this novel technology. Samantha before 2020, John Cavolowsky, according drones for newsgathering, according to Ranatunge, MD, CIC Holdings said that to director of NASA’s Airspace Operations the company. www.techweekeurope.co.uk

54 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 5454 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Iran unveils VTOL drone has been hit with Russia where it will This new strategy comes from seeing for aerial photography cooperate with Iran in developing Iran’s the need in the agriculture industry for National Remote-Sensing Satellite. more fl exible processing options to Iran’s Defense Ministry has unveiled facilitate competitive operations. With ‘Roham’ - a homegrown Unmanned Aerial He said that among his visit’s the hybrid approach, users are able to Vehicle (UAV) with vertical take-off and achievement was an initial agreement choose where to process: whether they landing (VTOL) capabilities used for aerial with Russian to work with Iranian prefer to process data right after landing photography. Roham has been developed industries to build the remote-sensing and are in an area with bad connectivity, for taking aerial photographs over diffi cult satellite, under the title of National or want to upload to the cloud and not terrains, where landing and take-off is Remote-Sensing Satellite; “as the project involve processing hardware. Because impossible for other types of aircraft. The is very critical, we predict building the powerful Pix4D engine powers drone, manufactured jointly by the Defense of the satellite to last two years,” said both options, the results will be equally Ministry and local academic and research Mr. Vaezi. http://en.mehrnews.com geometric and radiometrically accurate, centers, can receive photogrammetry regardless of where they were processed. (mapping from aerial photographs) data, Pix4D Elevates Agriculture Software fl y and hover over sea or mountainous to Desktop & Cloud Solution Jamaica introduces drones to farmers and forested areas, land on and take off from any location, monitor a specifi c Today Pix4D announces its fi rst hybrid The Ministry of Industry, Commerce, target at low altitudes and patrol an area processing solution. Users of Sequoia Agriculture and Fisheries, is collaborating at a high speed. www.tasnimnews.com with a license of Pix4Dmapper Ag with local company D&C Drones to will be able to process both locally in revolutionise the agriculture sector Iran, Russia to cooperate in Pix4Dmapper Ag and on the Pix4Dcloud. through the introduction of drone building remote-sensing satellite Together with this announcement, Pix4D technology. Recently, the Ministry took also introduces very fl exible monthly the technology to farmers in Lowe According to Mahmoud Vaezi, minister (149 USD) and yearly (1490 USD) plans River, Trelawny, to demonstrate its use of IT, Iran has said that an agreement for its Pix4Dmapper Ag solutions. and applicability. http://jis.gov.jm x

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Sensonor supplies IMUs for NASA Based on the company’s wide frequencies in one antenna makes Raven and Near Earth Orbit Scout pinwheel technology, the antennas the new device more cost effective. offer multi-constellation reception of Sensonor AS fi rst began supplying its L1, L2 and L5 GPS; L1, L2 and L3 Fugro, US Army Corps of standard Inertial Measurement Unit GLONASS; B1 and B2 BeiDou; as well Engineers ink mapping deal (IMU) and Gyroscope Modules for Low as E1 and E5 a/b Galileo frequencies. Earth Orbit (LEO) space applications in The agreement is a fi ve-year indefi nite 2012, beginning with the launch of the The GPS-713-GGGL-N also supports delivery indefi nite quantity (IDIQ) contract NASA sponsored AeroCube-4 satellite. L-Band from 1525 to 1560 megahertz. with a ceiling value of $12.5 million. It The same antenna can be used for marks Fugro’s third consecutive mapping Recently Sensonor is a supplier for GPS-only, dual or triple constellation contract with the Corps, making this a NASA’s current and future Low and applications, resulting in increased partnership that has spanned more than Near Earth Orbit space applications. fl exibility and reduced equipment costs, 30 years. Mapping completed under this Sensonor’s STIM300 and STIM210 the company said in a news release. contract will support the Corps’ Center of inertial products are now a standard Expertise for Photogrammetric Mapping part in many spacecraft’s similar to the The phase center of the antennas remain in their endeavours to provide full service, AeroCube-4. Current NASA projects constant as the azimuth and elevation rapid response photogrammetric mapping. using STIM inertial systems include angle of the satellites change. Signal Task orders from the contract will span the Raven technology demonstration reception is unaffected by the rotation the range of geospatial services that and Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) of the antenna or satellite elevation, Fugro offers, including photogrammetry, Scout. Raven, which launches to according to NovAtel. With the phase LIDAR elevation mapping, oblique the International Space Station in center in the same location for the GNSS imagery solutions, remote sensing, 2016, will test key elements of an signals, and with minimal phase center topographic and planimetric mapping, autonomous relative navigation system. variation between antennas, the antenna land use/land cover analysis and disaster Its technologies may one day help is suitable for baselines of any length. response services. www.marinelink.com future robotic spacecraft autonomously and seamlessly rendezvous with Septentrio PolaRx5 GNSS Spectracom Introduces GSG- other objects in motion, such as a 6 Series GNSS Simulators satellite in need of fuel, or a tumbling Septentrio has announced that the asteroid. The NEA Scout is a robotic expansion of the PolaRx5 GNSS receiver Spectracom has introduced two timing- reconnaissance mission that will be family with the introduction of its newest related products, the GSG 6-Series GPS/ deployed to fl y by and return data from ionospheric scintillation monitoring GNSS simulator for testing receivers’ an asteroid representative of NEAs. product. The PolaRx5S is powered by timing capabilities and the SecureSync Septentrio’s AsteRx4 next-generation Timing Reference with enhanced Loran NASA, in conjunction with the Aerospace multi-frequency engine. It offers 544 (eLoran) backup capability for GNSS. Corp, spearheaded the use of STIM hardware channels and supports all products in space, and many other major satellite signals including GPS, The company’s off-the-shelf GSG 6 units commercial launch and satellite companies GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou for all- support supports dual-frequency (L1/L2) have since followed NASA’s lead. in-view ionospheric monitoring. The GPS receivers and military secure SAASM increased number of pierce points provided modules with pseudo P(Y) code as well as The STIM Gyroscope Modules are often by the highest possible satellites creates the new GPS civil signals, L2C and L5; used in combination with GPS or a Star a more comprehensive opportunity for legacy GNSS L1 (GLONASS, BeiDou, Tracker and Kalman Filter to orient and mapping anomalies. www.septentrio.com and Galileo) signals and other new stabilize the satellite, as well as to provide GNSS signals: GLONASS L2, Galileo feedback on satellite motion induced by Harxon antenna aimed at E5, BeiDou B2; and Indian Regional its reaction wheels. In some applications, marine positioning Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) L5. the gyroscopes are used to stabilize satellite-to-satellite communications. Harxon has released a utility beacon Hemisphere GNSS Launches antenna — HX-CS7615A — to OEM Boards NovAtel releases 2 triple- professionally solve marine satellite frequency marine GNSS antennas positioning challenges. The HX-CS7615A Hemisphere GNSS has introduced two supports GPS L1/L2, GLONASS L1/L2 new OEM boards, the Eclipse P326 and NovAtel Inc. has introduced the GPS- BDS B1/B2/B3 and beacon frequencies P327, designed for machine control, 713-GGG-N and GPS-713-GGGL-N (282.6 to 326 KHz), which greatly land or marine survey, and agriculture ATEX-qualifi ed triple-frequency GNSS overcomes the defects of long-distance applications. The boards support GPS, antennas with an Inmarsat rejection fi lter. transmission limits. In addition, combining GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, and

56 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 5656 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM Japan’s QZSS. The boards are the fi rst INS/GNSS Inertial Navigation billion in funding available. Grant within the Eclipse product line to have System for Maritime Applications recipients, including IndoorAtlas, refreshed low-power capability, reduced were selected based on technological size, cost, and weight, the company said. With iMAR Navigation’s iNAT-RQT-4003, breakthroughs with the potential to P326 and P327 offer centimeter-level an RLG-based highly accurate INS/GNSS drive economic growth by taking great accuracy in single or multi-frequencies, system is launched which is not affected ideas from the lab to the market. using signals from multiple GNSS by any ITAR regulations and which is constellations and Atlas-capable modes. handled under standard dual-use export IndoorAtlas’ researchers originally control only. The system is designed for discovered that each modern building Because of its small size (41 x 71 navigation and guidance applications has a unique magnetic fi ngerprint. millimeters), P326 is a drop-in as well as for most accurate surveying They went on to develop software that upgrade for Hemisphere’s existing applications with interface capabilities enables the magnetic sensor within products. The P327 module, larger to external sensors like USBL or DVL. any smartphone to accurately pinpoint at 41 x 72 millimeters, is a drop-in and track a person’s location indoors. upgrade for standard 20-pin modules The iNAT-RQT (‘iNAT’ stands for Developers can now integrate indoor manufactured by other companies. ‘iMAR Navigation & Timing’) is the location-based services into their mobile successor of the iNAV-RQH system, applications. www.indooratlas.com. UK Firm develops GPS- which has now been on the market for free positioning system more than 15 years. The new version EANA S.E. Becomes Argentina’s has lower power consumption, smaller Air Navigation Service Provider Defense contractors Polaris Consulting size, less weight and extended interface have developed a software system to capabilities including Ethernet (UDP, Empresa Argentina de Navegación use visual and radar data to compute TCP/IP), UART RS422/RS232, CAN, Aérea S.E. (EANA), a Ministry of a vessel’s position in littoral waters ARINC429, ARINC825, HDLC and Transport company, has taken over – independent of GPS. USB. The system supports GPS, full management of Argentina’s GLONASS, Beidou, GALILEO and air traffi c services. The company The research was funded by the TerraStar, provides RTK and optionally says it plans to invest US$121M in UK Ministry of Defence’s Centre SAASM capability and contains infrastructure and technology. for Defence Enterprise for use in 32GB of internal memory for online autonomous applications, allowing data storage. The system is qualifi ed “We are very excited to take this self-navigating vehicles to get a fi x on to MIL-STD-810G, MIL-STD-416F, defi nitive step as part of EANA’s their location in coastal areas where MIL-STD-704F and DO-160G. development by fully taking over the an adversary is jamming GPS signals ANS. We are fi rmly committed to (“GPS denied environments”). The iNAT-RQT-4003 has gyro-compassing service quality and we shall make our capability and is used for AUV navigation contribution to the overall effi ciency of The common option for automated, GPS- as well as for surface-vessel navigation, the air transport system. That includes free navigation is the inertial guidance surveying and motion control. our own effi ciency and that of our system, long used in aerospace and customers”, said Agustín Rodríguez defense applications. However, an inertial Trimble acquires AXIO-NET Grellet, General Manager of EANA S.E. system’s estimate is based on dead “We want to proudly play a key part in reckoning from one initial position, and Trimble has announced the acquisition of the deep changes ahead and put EANA it degrades over time until the next fi x. AXIO-NET GmbH from Airbus Defence on a par with the world leaders in the It must be very sensitive in order to and Space. Based in Hannover, Germany, industry” www.airportsinternational.com deliver an accurate estimated position, AXIO-NET is a prominent provider of and the equipment is expensive. GNSS corrections and professional data SXPad 800H released by Geneq services serving Germany, the United Instead, Polaris’ software uses an algorithm Kingdom and Benelux. www.trimble.com Geneq Inc. has released the SXPad for integrating input from optical and 800H, which the company describes as radar sources, analogous to a mariner’s IndoorAtlas Awarded 2.2 Million a feature-packed, rugged handheld GPS triangulations in terrestrial navigation. Grant from the European Commission data collector at an affordable price. It It calculates a position based on what is specifi cally designed for mobile GIS each input “sees” and then adjusts how IndoorAtlas Ltd has received €2.2 users in applications ranging from water, much it trusts the data based on current million from the European Commission electric and gas utilities, transportation, conditions. If it’s foggy, the algorithm Horizon 2020 grants program. Horizon mining, agriculture and forestry. The treats the camera-based position as less 2020 is the biggest EU Research and high-performance 800-MHz device is accurate. www.maritime-executive.com Innovation program, with nearly €80 designed to give users all the power

CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016 | 57

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 5757 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM x MARK YOUR CALENDAR

needed to work with maps and large September 2016 336th6th IINCANCA IInternationalnternational CCongressongress data sets in the fi eld. It is designed IINSPIRENSPIRE 22016016 9 -11 November for rugged outdoor use, the company 20 - 30 September Santiniketan, West Bengal, India http://incaindia.org says, with a waterproof seal (IP65) Barcelona, Spain http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/events/ and ability to survive a 5-foot conferences/inspire_2016/page/home FFROMROM IIMAGERYMAGERY TTOO MMAP:AP: DDigitaligital (1.5-meter) drop to concrete. Its 3.7- PPhotogrammetrichotogrammetric TTechnologiesechnologies 13 - 17 of November inch color touchscreen (full VGA) EEUROGEOUROGEO 22016016 Agra, India is sharp and is sunlight readable. 29 - 30 September University of Malaga,Spain http://conf.racurs.ru/conf2016/eng/ www.eurogeography.eu/conference-2016-malaga/ senseFly & Air Navigation Pro to 113th3th IInternationalnternational CConferenceonference oonn LLBSBS reduce the risk of mid-air collision October 2016 14-16 November Vienna, Austria IINTERGEONTERGEO 20162016 http://lbs2016.org senseFly, has teamed up with the 11 - 13 October Hamberg, Germany popular aviation navigation app, IInternationalnternational ttechnicalechnical ssymposiumymposium www.intergeo.de Air Navigation Pro, to launch Safer oonn nnavigationavigation aandnd ttimingiming 15-16 Nov Together. This joint initiative has been 337th7th AAsiansian CConferenceonference oonn Toulouse, France designed to address one of the biggest RRemoteemote SensingSensing ((ACRS)ACRS) http://itsnt.recherche.enac.fr/index.php issues facing the General Aviation (GA) 17 - 21 October Colombo, Sri Lanka and unmanned aircraft communities: www.acrs2016.org GGSDISDI 22015015 WWorldorld CConferenceonference the risk of mid-air collision. 28 November - 2 December Taipei, Taiwan IINGEONGEO 22017017 http://gsdiassociation.org/index.php/ Safer Together will make the skies 18 - 20 October homepage/gsdi-15-world-conference.html a safer place by providing GA pilots Lisbon, Portugal ingeo2017.inec.pt and drone operators with awareness of December 2016 each other’s airborne activities, giving 33DD AAthensthens CConferenceonference IISGNSSSGNSS 22016016 them the knowledge they need to take 18-21 October 5 - 7 Dec any actions necessary to avoid mid-air Athens, Greece Tainan, Taiwan http://3dathens2016.gr/site/ http://isgnss2016.ncku.edu.tw/ incidents around 200 – 400 feet (60 – 120 m) above ground level, where 33rdrd CCommercialommercial UUAVAV SShowhow IIGNSSGNSS 22016016 most light-weight drones currently 19-20 October 6 - 8 December fl y. This initiative is fully in-line ExCel, London, UK UNSW Australia http://www.terrapinn.com/exhibition/ ignss2016.unsw.edu.au with senseFly’s recent involvement the-commercial-uav-show/ in Global UTM (UAS Traffi c UUnitednited NNations/Nepalations/Nepal WWorkshoporkshop Management) and JARUS discussions. CCommercialommercial UAVUAV EExpoxpo 22016016 oonn tthehe AApplicationspplications ooff GGNSSNSS 31 October - 2 November 12 - 16 December Kathmandu, Nepal Intuicom offering enhanced Las Vegas, USA www.expouav.com http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2016/ connectivity solution for GNSS nepal-workshop/InfoNote.pdf BBentleyentley YIIYII CConferenceonference NNavitecavitec 20162016 Intuicom Incorporated has released October 31 - November 3 14 - 16 December the Intuicom 4G LTE RTK Bridge-X London, UK Noordwijk, Netherlands www.bentley.com http://navitec.esa.int Communication Hub. Increasing the communication capabilities of the November 2016 February 2017 standard-setting RTK Bridge product IICG-11:CG-11: IInternationalnternational CCommitteeommittee oonn GGNSSNSS 117th7th aannualnnual IInternationalnternational LLiDARiDAR line, the 4G LTE RTK Bridge-X 6 - 11 November MMappingapping FForumorum ((ILMF)ILMF) lets users leverage the faster upload/ Sochi, Russia 13-15 February http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/ Denver, Colorado, USA download speeds, the expanded en/ourwork/icg/icg.html www.lidarmap.org coverage and enhanced connectivity offered by 4G LTE providers including TTrimblerimble DimensionDimension 22016016 March 2017 Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile. The 7-9 November 22017017 GGISIS //CAMACAMA TTechnologiesechnologies CConference,onference, 4G LTE RTK Bridge-X supports all Las Vegas, USA 6 - 9, March http://www.trimbledimensions.com/ leading precision guidance systems Chattanooga, Tennessee www.urisa.org and GNSS manufacturers. It allows IINCNC 2016:2016: RRININ IInternationalnternational users to access confi gure and manage NNavigationavigation ConferenceConference April 2017 8 - 10 November their device from their smart phone, GGISTAMISTAM 22017017 Glasgow, Scotland tablet or laptop without being 27 - 28 April http://www.rin.org.uk/Events/4131/INC16 connected by a physical cable. x Porto, Portugal http://gistam.org/

58 | CCoordinatesoordinates September 2016

SSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.indd 5858 111/09/161/09/16 9:259:25 AMAM SD58_CMPL_CHCnav_Sept16_Ad.inddSSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.ind d 1 5959 16/08/16111/09/161/09/16 7:129:259:25 PMAMAM © 2016. Trimble Navigation Limited. All rights reserved. PN GEO-111 (08/16)

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SD58_CMPL_Trimble_Sept16_Ad.inddSSD58_CMPL_SeptemberD58_CMPL_September 20162016 Final.inddFinal.ind d 1 6060 06/09/16111/09/161/09/16 12:15 9:259:25 AMAPMM