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Neuroscience for Psychologists and Other Mental Health Professionals LITTRELL NEUROSCIENCE for PSYCHOLOGISTS and OTHER MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS Promoting Well-Being and Treating Mental Illness NEUROSCIENCE for JILL LITTRELL, PhD, LCSW PSYCHOLOGISTS and This book presents the latest neuroscience and physiological explanations behind the major diagnostic categories of mental illness—including schizophrenia, depres- OTHER sion, anxiety, and addiction—and explains the physiological bases that underlie OTHER NEUROSCIENCE traditional pharmaceutical treatment interventions. Crucially, it integrates current information about brain function with new research on immunology, offering a re- MENTAL HEALTH search-based rationale for viewing the mind and the body as an integrated system. The new information on the physiological bases for behavior explains how lifestyle interventions related to diet, exercise, and interpersonal relationships can have dra- MENTAL HEALTH MENTAL PROFESSIONALS matic therapeutic effects on mental health. Promoting Well-Being and Treating Mental Illness Of particular note in this book is cutting-edge information on fast-spiking GABA interneurons and the role of NMDA receptors in psychosis, the role of inflammatory processes in mood disorders, and gut microbiota’s influence on inflammation. Be- yond the physiology undergirding distress, the book also explores the physiological bases for health and resilience. Students and mental health professionals in social work, counseling, and psychology will learn how the same mechanisms available for for overcoming mental anguish can be utilized for achieving life satisfaction. PSYCHOLOGISTS KEY FEATURES: n Discusses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, pediatric PROFESSIONALS bipolar disorder, issues for children in the child welfare system, and advocacy efforts n Presents the latest information on the efficacy and side effects of anti- depressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and stimulants n Explains the mechanisms through which diet and exercise can influence mood disorders and psychosis n Prepares mental health professionals to provide services in primary care and settings in the role of the behavioral health professional ISBN 978-0-8261-2278-0 JILL LITTRELL 11 W. 42nd Street New York, NY 10036-8002 www.springerpub.com 9 780826 122780 Neuroscience for Psychologists and Other Mental Health Professionals Jill Littrell, PhD, LCSW, is an associate professor at Georgia State University, where she teaches psychopathology, drug and alcohol addictions, and research methods to social work students. After 8 years as a social worker, she obtained a doctorate in clinical psychology from Arizona State University. Following a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs internship in alcohol and drug abuse, she worked as a psychologist in the Alcohol and Drug Dependency Department at Cigna. During her time at Cigna, she completed a two-volume work on alcoholism. This endeavor further acquainted her with the neuroscience literature and the proliferating research on how stress influences the immune system and mood. Having been intrigued by the connections between mind and body, she pursued a master's degree in biology (molecular genetics and biochemistry) while on faculty at Georgia State. Much of her class work and laboratory experience was focused on immunology and neuroscience. She continues to work in the immu- nology lab of Dr. Yuan Liu. In recent years, she has published various papers on the links among behavior, disease, and immune system function, as well as on the efficacy of antidepressants. Neuroscience for Psychologists and Other Mental Health Professionals Promoting Well-Being and Treating Mental Illness Jill Littrell, PhD, LCSW Copyright © 2015 Springer Publishing Company, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit- ted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, LLC, or autho- rization through payment of the appropriate fees to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, info@copyright .com or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Springer Publishing Company, LLC 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036 www.springerpub.com Acquisitions Editor: Stephanie Drew Composition: Newgen KnowledgeWorks ISBN: 978-0-8261-2278-0 e-book ISBN: 978-0-8261-2279-7 15 16 17 18 19 / 5 4 3 2 1 The author and the publisher of this Work have made every effort to use sources believed to be reliable to provide information that is accurate and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of publication. The author and publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this book. The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Littrell, Jill, author. Neuroscience for psychologists and other mental health professionals : promoting well- being and treating mental illness / Jill Littrell. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8261-2278-0 — ISBN 978-0-8261-2279-7 (e-book) I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Mental Disorders—physiopathology. 2. Mental Disorders—therapy. 3. Brain— physiopathology. 4. Brain Chemistry—immunology. 5. Mental Disorders—etiology. 6. Psychophysiology. WM 140] RC454.4 616.89—dc23 2015000573 Special discounts on bulk quantities of our books are available to corporations, profes- sional associations, pharmaceutical companies, health care organizations, and other qualifying groups. If you are interested in a custom book, including chapters from more than one of our titles, we can provide that service as well. For details, please contact: Special Sales Department, Springer Publishing Company, LLC 11 West 42nd Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10036-8002 Phone: 877-687-7476 or 212-431-4370; Fax: 212-941-7842 E-mail: [email protected] Printed in the United States of America by McNaughton & Gunn. This work is dedicated to my husband, Gus Levine, who makes everything I do better. Contents Prefaceâxv Share Neuroscience for Psychologists and Other Mental Health Professionals: Promoting Well-Being and Treating Mental Illness 1 . Ways of Thinking About Behavioral Syndromesâ 1 The Current Paradigm and How We Got Thereâ 1 History of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of the â American Psychiatric Associationâ 2 Major Depression and Anxiety Used to Be Neurosisâ 6 The DSM-IV Continues the Tradition of Medicalizing More of Usâ 6 Controversy Over the DSM-5â7 The Limitations of Current Diagnostic Categoriesâ 9 Abandonment of the DSM-5â11 Extensive Nature of the Mind–Body Connectionâ 11 Are Diagnoses Needed?â 13 What Should Be the Criteria for Disorder?â 17 Has Labeling Ordinary Behavior as Mental Illness Resulted in Better Outcomes?â 17 The Approach in This Bookâ 18 2 . Physiologyâ 25 SectionÂ1: Genes and Epigeneticsâ 26 The Two-Step Process of Making a Proteinâ 26 How the Cell Decides Whether to Make a Proteinâ 28 Epigeneticsâ 29 Telomeresâ 31 SectionÂ2: Neurons and Neurotransmittersâ 32 The Life Cycle of a Neurotransmitterâ 34 vii viii contents How Are the Functions of Neurotransmitters Investigated?â 34 Specific Neurotransmittersâ 35 Section 3: The Immune Systemâ 48 Two Major Divisions: Innate and Adaptive Immunityâ 49 The Glial Cellsâ 51 Section 4: Circuitsâ 52 Appetitive Signalingâ 52 Creating Learned Helplessnessâ 54 Regulation of Impulses, Motor Activity, and Emotionsâ 58 Putting It All Together: BAS and BISâ 62 Section 5: Emotionsâ 64 Emotions in Generalâ 64 Autonomic Nervous Systemâ 66 Hormonal Activityâ 70 Specific Emotionsâ 74 Section 6: The Human Brain Is Socialâ 77 Exercises to Rehearse the Vocabulary Used in Subsequent Chaptersâ 93 3 . Psychopharmacologyâ 97 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamicsâ 98 Ways to Ingest Drugsâ 98 Ways in Which Drugs Are Eliminated From the Bodyâ 99 Drug Dependenceâ 101 General Conceptsâ 102 Major Classes of Psychotropic Drugsâ 102 Stimulantsâ 103 Antipsychoticsâ 103 Antidepressantsâ 105 Sedative-Hypnotic Agentsâ 106 Mood Stabilizersâ 107 Major Classes of Drugs of Abuseâ 107 Marijuanaâ 108 Opioidsâ 108 contents ix Nicotineâ 110 Alcoholâ 111 Marketing of Drugs in the United Statesâ 115 Concerns About Threats to Healthâ 117 Concerns Over Costâ 119 Where Does the Pharmaceutical Industry Spend Its Money?â 121 Mechanisms for Controlling Medical Practiceâ 122 Psychiatric Medicationsâ 125 The Role of Behavioral Health Clinicians With Regard to Pharmaceuticalsâ 127 Obligations in Assuming Responsibilities for Monitoring Side Effectsâ 128 Clinicians Functioning Independentlyâ 129 Informed-Consent Duties of Clinicians in Clear Mental Health Professional Rolesâ 130 What Can Nonmedical Clinicians Say About Medications?â 131 Websites for Information Regarding Drugsâ 132 4 . Depressionâ 143 The Syndrome of Depressive Behaviorsâ 143 Prevalence Over Time and Culturesâ 143 Findings in Those With Major Depressionâ 144 Brain Imaging and EEG Findingsâ 144 Hormonal Findingsâ 146 Thinking Stylesâ 146 Emotional Control or Regulationâ 147 Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factorâ 148 Theoriesâ 148 Learned Helplessnessâ 148 Inflammationâ 149 Heritabilityâ 153 Drug
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