Metaphors and Linguistic Pictures Used in the Football Language
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„No fox in a box.“ Metaphors and linguistic pictures used in the football language. By Angelina Niederpruem A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Arts in Journalism & Media Communications (QQI) Faculty of Journalism & Media Communications Griffith College Dublin August 2018 I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of the MA Journalism & Media Communications, is my own; based on my personal study and/or research, and that I have acknowledged all material and sources used in its preparation. I also certify that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of anyone else, including other students. Signed: ___________________________ Dated: 2nd of August 2018 2 Abstract The metaphor and other linguistic images are a mental tool for dealing with abstract contexts. So they focus on an aspect of the context and appeal to the imagination of a recipient. To investigate this relationship is the aim of this work. A quantitative analysis is used to analyse football coverage in relation to the use of linguistic images in the nations Germany and England. The investigation period extends over the ten qualifying matches of both teams from September 2006 to October 2017. As a subject of investigation I was the follow-up reports in the online newspapers of Sueddeutsche, Bild newspaper (both German newspapers) and The Sun and The Telegraph (both English daily newspapers) to disposal. The following research questions could be answered during the investigation: 1.) How often are linguistic images used in the language of football and there is a difference between English and German coverage? 2.) Do we (fans and sports journalists) still need linguistic images while we are reporting for football? 3.) Is the use in the football language also creative? 4.) Are there differences between national Broadsheet and Newspaper reports? Supported by further questions regarding the use of linguistic images in sports reporting, the results should give an insight into the use of the terminology of sport, linguistics and everyday language. The result of this work suggests that the use of linguistic means is practiced beyond national boundaries, that many metaphors and recipients are no longer apparent, as their area of origin has already mingled with our everyday language. It will come as a surprise that the unconventional metaphors (also called creative) do not play such a big role. 3 Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Illustrations ......................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Appreviations ..................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 9 2. Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 12 3. Linguistic pictures ................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Metaphors after Lakoff and Johnson ............................................................................... 16 3.1.1 The essence of metaphors ........................................................................................ 18 3.1.2 Types of metaphors .................................................................................................... 19 3.1.3 Recognising and understanding of metaphors....................................................... 21 3.1.4 Metaphors and Frames .............................................................................................. 22 3.2 News-Framing ..................................................................................................................... 23 3.3 Comparisons after Ortony ................................................................................................. 25 3.3.1 Comparisons and Similes (Ortony) .......................................................................... 26 3.3.2 Types of comparisons (Ortony) ................................................................................ 26 3.3.3 What is the difference between Similes and metaphors? .................................... 27 3.4 Hyperbole and Litotes ........................................................................................................ 27 3.4.1 The essence of hyperbole ......................................................................................... 27 3.4.2 Types of hyperbole and litotes .................................................................................. 27 4. Mass media and mass communication .............................................................................. 28 5. Football coverage ..................................................................................................................... 29 5.1 Football coverage ............................................................................................................... 30 5.2 Technical terminology ........................................................................................................ 31 5.3 Categories of the sport language ..................................................................................... 33 5.3.1 Terminology ................................................................................................................. 33 5.3.2 Jargon ........................................................................................................................... 34 5.3.3 Report language ......................................................................................................... 34 6. Media types of sports coverage ........................................................................................... 35 6.1 Print media ........................................................................................................................... 35 6.2 Television ............................................................................................................................. 36 6.3 Radio .................................................................................................................................... 36 6.4 Internet ................................................................................................................................. 37 4 6.5 Text types............................................................................................................................. 37 7. Linguistic features in football coverage ............................................................................. 39 8. Empirical investigation ........................................................................................................... 41 8.1 Aim of the investigation ...................................................................................................... 41 8.2 Text corpus and study period............................................................................................ 42 8.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 45 9. Examination results ................................................................................................................. 48 9.1 Sueddeutsche Newspaper ................................................................................................ 48 9.2 Bild Newspaper ................................................................................................................... 53 9.3 The Telegraph ..................................................................................................................... 57 9.4 The Sun ................................................................................................................................ 61 9.5 Comparison: Sueddeutsche Newspaper and Bild Newspaper .................................... 65 9.6 Comparison: The Telegraph and The Sun ..................................................................... 66 9.7 Comparison: England Vs. Germany ................................................................................ 67 9.8 Creative use of linguistic images ...................................................................................... 69 10. Conclusion and Outlook ..................................................................................................... 72 Bibliography................................................................................................................................... 74 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 82 Appendix I: Linguistic Pictures Sueddeutsche.de ...................................................................... 82 Appendix II: Linguistic Pictures Bild.de ....................................................................................... 98 Appendix III: Linguistic