Contents

Foreword – , of and Chair of C40 ix Foreword – , Former Mayor of and Former Chair of C40 x Foreword – James Nxumalo, Former Mayor of Durban xi Foreword – Joan Clos, Former Executive Secretary of UN-Habitat and Former Mayor of Barcelona xii Foreword – Christiana Figueres, Former Executive Secretary, UNFCCC and Vice Chair of the Global Covenant of Mayors xiii Preface xv Summary for City Leaders xvii Introduction 1 1 Pathways to Urban Transformation 3 2 Urban Climate Science 27 3 Disasters and Risk in Cities 61 Part I Cross-Cutting Themes 99 4 Integrating Mitigation and Adaptation: Opportunities and Challenges 101 5 Urban Planning and Urban Design 139 6 Equity, Environmental Justice, and Urban Climate Change 173 7 Economics, Finance, and the Private Sector 225 Part II Urban Ecosystems and Human Services 255 8 Urban Ecosystems and Biodiversity 257 9 Urban Areas in Coastal Zones 319 10 Urban Health 363 11 Housing and Informal Settlements 399 Part III Urban Infrastructure Systems 441 12 Energy Transformation in Cities 443 13 Urban Transportation 491 14 Urban Water Systems 519 15 Urban Solid Waste Management 553 Part IV Governance and Urban Futures 583 16 Governance and Policy 585

v Contents

Conclusion: Transforming Cities 607

Annexes Annex 1: UCCRN Regional Hubs 609 Annex 2: Climate Projections for ARC3.2 Cities 613 Annex 3: Case Study Docking Station: Overview and Methods 629 Annex 4: Case Studies by Category 637 Annex 5: Case Study Annex 659

Appendices Appendix A: Glossary 775 Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations 783 Appendix C: UCCRN Steering Group, ARC3.2 Authors, and Reviewers 787

Index 805

vi UCCRN ARC3.2 List of Boxes

1.1 Demographics and Climate Change 6 8.1 Urban Ecosystem Services 268 1.2 Urban Climate Change Transformation 8 8.2 Ecosystem Vulnerability 284 1.3 The Sustainable Development Goals and 8.3 Urban and Peri- and (Agro) Urban Areas 11 Forestry for Climate Change Adaptation and 1.4 Urban Climate Change Research Network Mitigation 288 Regional Hubs 14 8.4 Key Messages: Cities Biodiversity Outlook 292 2.1 NASA Monitoring of Urban Heat Islands 31 8.5 Ecosystem Disservices 293 2.2 Modes of Natural Climate Variability and Cities 40 8.6 WWF’s Earth Hour City Challenge 302 2.3 Climate Models and Representative Concentration 9.1 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Coastal Pathways 49 Cities: Findings from a World Bank Study 335 3.1 A Disasters and Social Vulnerability Index (DSVI) 69 10.1 Health and Health Systems in Cities 366 3.2 Management of Slope Stability in Communities 10.2 Stakeholder Engagement Process, Steps, (MoSSaiC) 72 Barriers, and Challenges 368 3.3 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and 10.3 Stakeholder Engagement for an Effective the UNISDR Making Cities Resilient Campaign 77 Heat Wave Early Warning and Response System 371 3.4 Climate Resilient Housing in Gorakhpur, India 10.4 Contributions of Urban and Peri-urban Selected as Lighthouse Activity 2013 by UNFCCC 82 Agriculture to Adaptation for Food Security, 3.5 Urban Climate Change Resilience Framework Nutrition and Health 380 (UCCRF) 89 11.1 Typologies of Informal Settlements 405 3.6 Incorporation of Potential Climate Change Impacts 11.2 Community Finance through Community into Disaster Risk Management in Costa Rica 93 Development Funds (CDF) and the Asia 4.1 Cities’ Commitment to Tackle Climate Change 104 Coalition for Community Action (ACCA) 4.2 Linking Adaptation and Mitigation and the Program 416 Prospects for Transformation 105 11.3 Principles of Climate Compatible in Situ 4.3 China’s Eastern Route Project: A Challenge for Development in Informal Settlements 422 South–North Water Diversion 115 11.4 Solar-Powered Shacks in Informal Settlements: 4.4 Psychological, Social, and Behavioral Challenges Toward a Financially Viable Social Enterprise and Opportunities for Climate Change Model in Enkanini (Western Cape Town, Decision-Making 130 South Africa) 430 5.1 Key Definitions for Urban Planning and Urban 12.1 Urban Production and Consumption and GHG Design 142 Footprints: Data Challenges and Action 450 5.2 Urban Form and Function 143 12.2 Managing Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Cities: The Role of Inventories and Mitigation 5.3 Multisectoral Synergies for Transit-Oriented, Actions Planning 451 Low-Carbon Districts 149 12.3 Energy Supply in Quito, Seattle, and Delhi 455 6.1 Definitions of Terms: Fairness, Justice, Equity, and Equality 176 12.4 A Framework to Evaluate Climate Vulnerability of Urban Energy Systems 460 6.2 Climate Change and Gender Inequality in Cities 181 12.5 , Lingang: An Innovative Local Energy 6.3 Mapping Exposure to Coastal Stressors, Social Concept to Cut CO Emissions by Half 464 Vulnerability, and Population Growth in West Africa 185 2 12.6 Low-Carbon Infrastructure Strategies for Cities: 6.4 Demographic Composition and Change 212 Carbon Intensity and Population Density Is Key 469 A6.1 Policy Recommendations from the Ground, 14.1 Municipal Wastewater Treatment as a Greenhouse Elicited through Stakeholders of UN Habitat 214 Gas Emission Mitigation Strategy in Mexico 545 7.1 The World Bank City Creditworthiness Initiative: 15.1 The Definition of Municipal Solid Waste 556 Innovation to Improve Cities’ Access to Funding for Low-Carbon, Resilient Infrastructure 232 15.2 Defining the 4Rs with the Waste Hierarchy 557 7.2 Information and Communications Technology 15.3 Informal Recyclers in Accra 564 and Climate Change 243 15.4 Income Generating Potential of Waste Pickers 574

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