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Shifts in Invasion Potential of Alien Ornamental Plants Under Climate

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Shifts in Invasion Potential of Alien Ornamental Plants Under Climate Shifts in invasion potential of alien ornamental plants under climate change Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences (Dr. rer. nat.) Presented by Emily Sutton Haeuser at the Faculty of Sciences Department of Biology Konstanz, 2017 Konstanzer Online-Publikations-System (KOPS) URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-2-3je37qh2axdv1 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 22.12.2017 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Mark van Kleunen 2. Referent: Dr. Wayne Dawson Summary Invasive plants have severe negative ecological and economic impacts in their introduced ranges, making invasive species management a high conservation priority worldwide. The eradication of established alien plants is notoriously costly and difficult. Therefore, the prevention of new invasions is the most effective management strategy. Among potential invaders, little focus is placed on the risk posed by alien ornamental species that are already commonly planted in parks and gardens outside their native ranges, but have not yet naturalized and become invasive. Many alien ornamental species may be currently unable to become invasive due to limited climatic suitability in their introduced ranges. However, projected climate changes may promote greater climatic suitability for many of these species, and thus remove an important barrier to invasion. This thesis endeavours to assess the risks posed by alien ornamental plants under climate change, an issue that has not adequately been explored. To unravel this issue, I conducted two experimental and two modeling studies. First, under ambient and increased temperatures in a resident grassland setting in southern Germany, I compared the colonization success of 37 frequently planted, non-naturalized alien ornamental species to that of 14 native species, and 12 species already naturalized in the region. All species groups experienced lower colonization success overall under increased temperatures. However, native species were more negatively affected than either alien species group. In the second study, I examined possible interacting impacts of different facets of climate change (i.e. increasing temperatures and reduced precipitation) simulated in a greenhouse on the performance of 10 non-naturalized alien ornamental species, grown in competition with either native or already-naturalized resident species. Non-naturalized alien species performance was stable or improved with increasing temperatures, even under a reduced precipitation regime. The ratio of non-naturalized alien ornamental to resident competitor vegetative growth increased with both increased temperature and reduced precipitation. Naturalized competitors performed better than natives overall, however both competitor groups were negatively impacted by climate change. The results of this and the previous experiment both indicate that niche availability will increase with climate change as resident performance suffers, and that many non-naturalized alien ornamental species may have the climatic tolerance to colonize those niches. iii In the first modeling study, I evaluated the naturalization potential of alien ornamentals in Europe under climate change, and specifically identified species with high future invasion risk. To do this, I first assessed the effects of numerous interacting species characteristics and traits on the current European naturalization success of 2,073 alien ornamental species. Using a model accounting for factors identified as predictors of naturalization, I then evaluated the current naturalization potential of 1,583 not-yet naturalized alien ornamental species. By incorporating climatic suitability predictions for the year 2050, I also projected these species’ future naturalization risk. I found that climatic suitability increased with time for some species but decreased for others, making the average change in naturalization likelihood rather small. Most species with high current naturalization risk will remain risky in 2050. Some other species with low current naturalization potential however will become riskier under future climates, and should also be considered for possible regulation. Finally, I present a case study assessing the future naturalization risk from 954 non- naturalized alien ornamental species found growing in public and private green spaces in a small municipality in southern Germany. Species planting intensity, local status (i.e. naturalized alien, non-naturalized alien) and global naturalization history were assessed, and climatic suitability was determined using climatic suitability models. I examined the effects of climatic suitability, naturalization success elsewhere and planting intensity on local naturalization success. I found that climatic suitability and naturalization success elsewhere were strongly associated with local naturalization success, but planting intensity was not. I then incorporated future climatic suitability projections to assess the overall naturalization risk from local alien ornamental species, and to identify the species likeliest to naturalize in that municipality under future climates. Naturalization risk again did not appear to increase overall, but I identified those species which would remain or would become risky there in the future. This thesis provides evidence that non-naturalized alien ornamental plant species will in many cases have more opportunities and higher probabilities for naturalization under climate change. This may result from increased climatic suitability, increased niche availability, or some combination of the two. I used applied methods to identify species that pose high risks for naturalization under future climates that should be considered further for potential restrictive measures, at both at a local scale as well as across Europe. Overall, this thesis highlights the invasion risk posed by commonly-planted alien ornamental plants under changing climates. iv Zusammenfassung Invasive Pflanzen haben schwerwiegende, negative ökologische und ökonomische Auswirkungen in den Gebieten in die sie eingeschleppt werden, was folglich weltweit das Management von invasiven Arten zu einem Kernpunkt im Naturschutz macht. Die Bekämpfung von etablierten nichtheimischen Pflanzen ist bekanntlich teuer und schwierig, was letztlich das Verhindern von Neuansiedlungen zur effektivsten Management Strategie macht. Bezüglich potentieller invasiver Arten wurde bisher dem Ausbreitungsrisiko von Zierpflanzen, welche bereits in Parks und Gärten außerhalb ihrer Herkunftsregion gepflanzt wurden, welche aber noch nicht eingebürgert oder invasiv geworden sind, wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Viele nichtheimische Zierpflanzen mögen im Moment auf Grund mangelnder klimatischer Eignung in den eingeschleppten Gebieten (noch) nicht in der Lage sein sich stark zu verbreiten. Allerdings könnten sich durch den prognostizierten Klimawandel die klimatischen Bedingungen für diese Arten verbessern, wodurch eine der wesentlichen Beschränkungen für eine starke Ausbreitung dieser Arten entfällt. In dieser Arbeit soll das Risiko der Ausbreitung von nichtheimischen Zierpflanzen im Zusammenhang mit dem Klimawandel beleuchtet werden, ein Thema welches bisher noch nicht tiefgehend untersucht wurde. Um dieses Thema zu untersuchen, wurden zwei Experimentelle- und zwei Modellierungsstudien durchgeführt. In der ersten experimentelle Studie wurde der Ansiedlungserfolg in einem für Süddeutschland typischen Grasland von 37 häufig gepflanzten, nicht eingebürgerten nichtheimischen Arten, mit dem Ansiedlungserfolg von 14 heimischen und 12 bereits etablierten nichtheimischen Arten unter normalen und erhöhten Temperaturen verglichen. Alle untersuchten Artengruppen zeigten einen verminderten (Ansiedlungs) erfolg unter erhöhten Temperaturen. Jedoch schnitten die heimischen Arten schlechter ab als die nichtheimischen Artengruppen. In der zweiten Studie wurde die mögliche Interaktion von interagierenden Klimaaspekten (d.h. erhöte Temperaturen und verringerter Niederschlag) in einem Gewächshaus simuliert um das Wachstum von 10 nicht eingebürgerten nichtheimischen Zierpflanzen, welche in Konkurrenz mit heimischen und nichtheimischen, aber eingebürgerten Arten gezogen wurden, zu vergleichen. Das Wachstum von nicht eingebürgerten nichtheimischen Arten war entweder gleichbleibend oder größer mit steigenden Temperaturen, selbst unter verringerter v Wasserverfügbarkeit. Das Verhältnis im Bezug auf vegetatives Pflanzenwachstum zwischen nicht eingebürgerten, nichtheimischen Zierpflanzen und heimischen Konkurrenzpflanzen vergrößerte sich sowohl mit steigenden Temperaturen, als auch mit geringerer Wasserverfügbarkeit. Eingebürgerte nichtheimische Pflanzen schnitten insgesamt besser ab als heimische Pflanzen, allerdings wurden beide Konkurrenzgruppen durch die den Klimawandel simulierenden Bedingungen, negativ beeinträchtigt. Die Ergebnisse dieser beiden Studien zeigen das sich die Verfügbarkeit von Nischen erhöhen wird, da die heimischen Pflanzen unter den klimatischen Veränderungen schlechter abschneiden und das viele nicht eingebürgerte, nichtheimische Zierpflanzen eine entsprechende klimatische Toleranz aufweisen, die ihnen die Besetzung dieser Nischen ermöglicht. In der ersten Modellierungsstudie wurde das Einbürgerungspotential von nichtheimischen Zierpflanzen in Europa im Bezug auf den Klimawandel untersucht und explizit potentielle Arten mit hohem Risiko für eine invasive Ausbreitung identifiziert. Dazu wurde der Einfluss von zahlreichen interagierenden Charakteristika und Merkmale von 2073, in Europa nichtheimischen
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