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Neotropical Primates 17(1), June 2010 ISSN 1413-4703 NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES A Journal of the Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Volume 26 Number 1 September 2020 Editors Erwin Palacios Jessica Ward Lynch Bruna Bezerra Liliana Cortés-Ortiz Júlio César Bicca-Marques Eckhard Heymann Anita Stone News and Book Reviews Brenda Solórzano Ernesto Rodríguez-Luna PSG Chairman Russell A. Mittermeier PSG Deputy Chairman Anthony B. Rylands Christoph Schwitzer Neotropical Primates A Journal of the Neotropical Section of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA ISSN 1413-4703 Abbreviation: Neotrop. Primates Editors-In-Chief: Erwin Palacios, Conservación Internacional Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia Jessica Ward Lynch, Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Co-editors: Bruna Bezerra, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA Liliana Cortés Ortiz, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Júlio César Bicca-Marques, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil Eckhard Heymann, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Göttingen, Germany Anita Stone, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA Founding Editors Anthony B. Rylands, Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, TX, USA Ernesto Rodríguez-Luna, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, México Editorial Board Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK Carolyn M. Crockett, Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Stephen F. Ferrari, Universidade Federal do Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil Russell A. Mittermeier, Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, TX, USA Marta D. Mudry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Anthony Rylands, Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, TX, USA Karen B. Strier, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA Maria Emília Yamamoto, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil Primate Specialist Group Chairman: Russell A. Mittermeier Deputy Chairs: Anthony B. Rylands and Christoph Schwitzer Executive Secretary: Ella M. Outlaw Vice Chairs, Section on Great Apes: Dirck Byler and Serge Wich Vice Chair, Section on Small Apes: Susan Cheyne Vice Chairs, Section on Human-Primate Interactions: Siân Waters and Susan Cheyne Regional Vice Chairs—Neotropics Mesoamerica: Liliana Cortés-Ortiz Andean Countries: Erwin Palacios, Eckhard W. Heymann, Fanny M. Cornejo, Stella de la Torre, and Diana C. Guzmán Brazil and the Guianas: M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo, Maurício Talebi, and Leandro Jerusalinsky Southern Cone: Martin Kowalewski Regional Vice Chairs —Africa Rachel Ashegbofe Ikemeh, Inza Koné, David Osei, and Janette Wallis Regional Vice Chairs —Madagascar Christoph Schwitzer, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, and Steig Johnson Regional Vice Chairs — Asia China: Baoguo Li South-east Asia/Indochina:Jatna Supriatna, Arif Setiawan, Christian Roos, Benjamin M. Rawson, Ramesh Boonratana, Le Khac Quyet, and Duc Hoang Minh South Asia: Sanjay Molur and Dilip Chetry Red List Authority: Sanjay Molur, Christoph Schwitzer, and Liz Williamson Layout: Patricia Salinas Garzón, Bogotá, DC <[email protected]> IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group logo courtesy of Stephen D. Nash, 2002. Front cover: Varied white-fronted capuchin (Cebus versicolor). Photo taken at San Juan de Carare, Santander, Colombia. Jessica W. Lynch. This issue of Neotropical Primates was kindly sponsored by the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation, 432 Walker Road, Great Falls, Virginia 22066, USA, and the Los Angeles Zoo, Director John R. Lewis, 5333 Zoo Drive, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA. Impreso en Colombia - Printed in Colombia por Panamericana Formas e Impresos S.A. Neotropical Primates 26(1), September 2020 1 Articles HUMAN-MONKEY INTERACTION DYNAMICS AND THEIR DIETARY IMPACTS ON CENTRAL AMERICAN WHITE-FACED CAPUCHINS (CEBUS IMITATOR) AT MANUEL ANTONIO NATIO- NAL PARK, COSTA RICA Meredith Schulte1, Gustavo Gutiérrez-Espeleta2 and Jessica W. Lynch1,3 1Anthropology Department, Washington State University, Pullman WA, USA, e-mail: <[email protected]> 2Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2060, San José, Costa Rica, e-mail: <[email protected]> 3Institute for Society and Genetics and Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, e-mail: <[email protected]> Abstract Wild capuchin monkeys are highly adaptable to anthropogenic environments. We assessed how the interaction dynamics between humans and three groups of Panamanian white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus imitator) in Manuel Antonio National Park, the most visited national park of Costa Rica, affected the feeding behavior and diet of these animals in 2008- 2009. On average, individual monkeys acquired 2.4 human food items per focal hour during peak hours of park visitation by humans. Although human visitors directly and indirectly provisioned monkeys in the park, 71 % of monkeys’ acquisition of human food items were a result of monkey-initiated interactions (MIIs) rather than human-initiated interactions (HIIs), and adult male monkeys were the most frequent initiators (with 157 adult male MIIs in the study period, compared to 33 initiated by adult females and 84 by juveniles). Adult male monkeys were also the most likely to make direct contact with humans to grab food (35 of 50 direct grabs of food from humans were by adult male monkeys). Adult females acquired food from humans through HIIs at about the same rate as adult males in their group. Secondary acquisition of human food from other monkeys accounted for about one-third of all events of monkey acquisition of human food, and juvenile monkeys had higher median hourly rates than adults in their group to acquire human food through secondary acquisition. Humans frequently offered fruit when provisioning (61.4 % of provisioning events), but monkeys actively acquired fruit, meat, candy, condiments, chips, crackers and dairy items, and only 36.5 % of MIIs were to acquire fruit. Our results suggest that in parks where humans have frequent contact with capuchin monkeys, park regulations should not only prohibit direct provisioning, but require visitors not to bring food into parks. Stronger measures such as fines or park expulsion for those interacting with monkeys might be more effective, and environmental education is necessary as a strategy to inform visitors what to expect from the monkeys and how to avoid accidental provisioning. Keywords: Ethnoprimatology, tourism, anthropogenic diet, Cebus capucinus, gracile capuchin monkeys Resumen Los monos capuchinos silvestres son altamente adaptables a los ambientes antropogénicos. Evaluamos cómo la dinámica de interacción entre los humanos y tres grupos de monos capuchinos cariblancos panameños (Cebus imitator) en el Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, el parque nacional más visitado de Costa Rica, afectó el comportamiento alimentario y la dieta de estos animales en 2008-2009. En promedio, los monos individuales adquirieron 2.4 alimentos de humanos por hora focal durante las horas pico de la visita de humanos al parque. Aunque los visitantes humanos aprovisionaron directa e in- directamente a los monos en el parque, el 71 % de la adquisición de ítems alimentarios de humanos por parte de los monos fue el resultado de interacciones iniciadas por los monos (MII) más que de interacciones iniciadas por los humanos (HII), y los monos machos adultos fueron los iniciadores más frecuentes (con 157 MII machos adultos en el período de estudio, en comparación con 33 iniciados por hembras adultas y 84 por juveniles). Los monos machos adultos fueron también los que más probabilidades tenían de entrar en contacto directo con los seres humanos para tomar alimentos (35 de las 50 tomas directas de alimentos de los seres humanos fueron realizadas por monos machos adultos). Las hembras adultas adquirieron comida de los humanos a través de las HIIs en aproximadamente la misma proporción que los machos adultos de su grupo. La adquisición secundaria de alimentos de otros monos representó alrededor de un tercio de todos los casos de adquisición de alimentos de humanos por parte de los monos, y los monos jóvenes tuvieron tasas horarias medias más altas que los adul- tos de su grupo para adquirir alimentos de humanos a través de la adquisición secundaria. Los humanos frecuentemente ofrecían fruta al aprovisionarles (61,4 % de los eventos de aprovisionamiento), pero los monos adquirían activamente fruta, 2 Neotropical Primates 26(1), September 2020 carne, dulces, condimentos, patatas fritas, galletas y productos lácteos, y sólo el 36,5 % de los MII fueron para adquirir fruta. Nuestros resultados sugieren que en los parques donde los humanos tienen contacto frecuente con los monos capuchinos, las regulaciones de los parques no sólo deberían prohibir el aprovisionamiento directo, sino también exigir a los visitantes que no traigan comida a los parques. Medidas más estrictas, como multas o expulsión del parque para quienes interactúen con monos, podrían ser más eficaces, y la educación ambiental es necesaria como unaestrategia para informar a los visitantes sobre lo que deben esperar de los monos y cómo evitar el aprovisionamiento accidental. Palabras Clave: Etnoprimatología, turismo, dieta antropogénica, Cebus capucinus, monos capuchinos gráciles Introduction While there is an increasing amount of research on the impact of anthropogenic disturbances
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