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MATTERSLTAP Montana's Answers To Technical Education of Roads & Streets Montana Local Technical Assistance Program 1-800-541-6671 LTAP

Montana College of Engineering Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717-3910

Spring 2007 April May June Vol.25, No.2

INSIDE Rulon Gardner’s 2 Spring Developments

3 Innovations from MDT Research Seven Steps to Success By Michele Beck, Montana LTAP 4-5 Ten Esssentials of a Good Road Rulon Gardner, two- 2. Turn 6-7 Cell Phones and Driving time Olympic Greco- Negative into Roman Wrestling Positive 8 Annual Calendar 2007 medalist (Gold and Think about Bronze) and three-time long-term, 9 Calendar of Events National Champion, not short- spoke to an enthusiastic term. There 10-11 Stress Management crowd at Montana State were some University Thursday people who 12-15 LTAP Library night, January 24, 2007. told Gardner Publications Gardner, originally he couldn’t DVD’s from Wyoming, was possibly Software in Bozeman fi lming attend the re-enactment of his college and snowmobile incident the train for for a winter survival the Olympics training video for at the same Montana LTAP. Having time, but he almost lost his life due turned the to severe hypothermia, “couldn’t” he was determined to into “could.” wrestle once again in He did the Olympic games. receive his teaching Gardner explained degree to the audience his during PASS IT ON seven-point leadership this time. After you have read this program on how to Gardner also newsletter, copy what you keep reaching for mentioned need for your fi les and pass personal potential by not having limitations that he had the opportunity to go to a Garth it on to other interested and exceeding the dream: Brooks concert or study for a test. He chose readers in your department: to study and later, through his Olympic 1. Go Back to the Basics fame, became a good friend of Garth’s. Do your best every day. Gardner had a school teacher who helped him with his reading 3. Enlist Those Around You disabilities and told him he would succeed In order to reach his goals, Gardner talked if he just gave his best every day. His family with his coach and they set up a team to also gave him the same support. help him train. He used wrestling opponents Continued on Page 2 . . .

Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 ADVISORY Spring Developments COMMITTEE from Montana LTAP MEMBERS Director Steve Jenkins Debbie Arkell City of Bozeman I wanted to develop a winter survival Bob Burkhardt movie for several years. Living in the Federal Highway west has given me the opportunity to Administration develop my winter survival training skills and teach them to city and county Kelly Elser road crews. I felt that a training video Town of Sheridan about winter survival would supplement my Sam Gianfrancisco training program. Montana LTAP Montana LTAP Director Steve Jenkins It all came together this spring after months Eric Griffi n Lewis and Clark County of hard work and many hours of planning. I Work Force Development Training Week wrote a script for the winter survival movie. Another new spring training change we have Alec Hansen I also encouraged the right people to join the decided to try is offering local road crews Montana League of team and share their knowledge, skills and a variety of training for one week. Three Cities & Towns experience. I contacted Rulon Gardner who locations across Montana were selected to Fred Hansen agreed to re-enact his snowmobile incident. host these workforce training “camps.” Two MACo goals we have set are: As with all new endeavors, I found the help Russ Huotari of others invaluable. Rulon, in his leadership • Offer a concentration of courses during a Richland County specifi ed time period at a given destination presentation, commented on gathering an to reach more of the work force. Jack Knorr experienced team around you. This team Sweetgrass County involved myself; fi lm artist - Jeff Hill; stunt • Cut down on my miles traveled across the men - Rulon Gardner and J.D. Clark. The state for individual requests. Lynn Miller movie is well on its way to becoming a Montana Dept of Transportation We will monitor the success of this “one reality due to the team I gathered to assist location” in-depth training. Jim Rearden with the movie. City of Great Falls Travel safe, Steve Sue Sillick Montana Dept of Transportation

The Advisory Board meets annually Rulon Gardner (Cont’d from Page 1) to make recommendations and evaluate the effectiveness of the as learning tools on how to become better participants partied, Gardner continued to Montana LTAP program. prepared for the duration of Olympic stay in peak condition each day. competition. 6. Aim High When You’re Feeling Low 4. Train Hard Every Day Even though Gardner had lost some of Gardner set new wrestling practices into his toes in his snowmobiling incident, he place for mind, body and soul. For two continued to train and became stronger hours straight, he wrestled four training physically. By 2004, his weight lifting partners individually. He did not take a training had him benching 450 pounds break. If he felt he did not do his best, he and 500 pounds doing squats. He won the would run sprints. In 2000, he had become bronze medal in the Olympic games in 2004 more focused, built his confi dence, and and did his personal best, reaching his goal made the Olympic team. He went to a of representing the United States for two wrestling meet in Russia and was defeated, Olympic seasons. but used their techniques to train to reach his potential. 7. Don’t Rest On Your Laurels After fulfi lling his Olympic commitment, 5. Take Care of Business he made the decision to help others by To reach his potential, he continued to train becoming a motivational speaker. while in Sidney at the Olympic games. He had to win fi ve matches and felt he won For information regarding Rulon Gardner matches due to his conditioning. While some go to: http://www.rulongardner.com 2 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 LTAP Matters is published by the Local Technical Assistance Program at Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.

Innovations from MDT Research Phone: (800) 541-6671 (406) 994-6100 FAX: (406) 994-5333 Permission granted to reprint this article from Solutions, Spring/Summer 2006 Newsletter from E-Mail (Internet): Montana Department of Transportation Research [email protected] Programs. •Allows for hands-free operation of total station and data collector while still taking Web Site: www.coe.montana.edu/ltap Some of the best innovations come fi eld notes; and from those people in the “trenches”. They see a problem and they fi x it. • Director Steven Jenkins [email protected]

• Administrative Associate/ Conference Coordinator Lois Evans [email protected]

• Graphic Designer/Librarian Michele Beck [email protected]

• Student Assistant Joseph Mitchell

The age old surveying problem: How do you effi ciently take surveying notes, while operating the total station and data collector, •Clips prevent fl y away papers. The device and taking fi eld notes, often in inclement was tested in 50 mph winds. weather? The Data Desk keeps fi eld notes off the ground, dry, clean, organized, and out of The solution: The Data Desk. The data desk snow in winter. It increases surveying effi - was invented by Matt Lowe of the Bozeman ciency and cost-effectiveness, and decreases construction crew. He designed the Data frustration. Desk and had White Sulphur Springs High School students build his invention with Perhaps there are other applications that you salvaged materials. Features of the Data might see for your area. The desk can be set desk include: up anywhere a lot of fi eld data needs to be NACE Has Moved to collected. The post hanger could be modifi ed New Address – Located just a •Lightweight due to aluminum material to fi t 4X4 posts, chain link fence, guardrail, few blocks from their present construction, but still large enough to hold etc. location. They are co-located notebook, data collector, calculator, pencil, with the National Association and eraser; Contact Sue Sillick at 406-444-7693 or of Counties. Their new address •Versatile post mounts to witness post or [email protected] for the Data Desk is 25 Massachusetts Avenue N. drive in sign post, with adjustable mounting specifi cations or to discuss your invention. W. Suite 580 Washington D. height to reduce the amount of bending; C. 20001. Telephone numbers will remain the same. •Portable desk top can be set up anywhere total station and data collector are used; 3 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 Ten Essentials of a Good Road

The following information was approved for reprinting from NACE, at www.naco.org 3. USE THE BEST SOILS AVAILABLE. The supply of natural, good quality soils and Here are 10 basic tips to help maintain aggregates is beginning to disappear. Blended and keep your roads in good condition. or crushed gravel is a more expensive alterna- 1. KEEP WATER AWAY FROM THE ROAD. tive. The quality of soils used by a road man- Drainage cannot be overemphasized in road construction and maintenance. Water ager of-ten depends on local availability and affects the entire serviceability of a road. Too much water in the base material budget. In deciding what is available, consider weakens the road. Water allowed to remain on top of a gravel or black topped road the long-term consequences of using lower weakens the surface and, combined with traffi c, causes potholes and cracking. If quality material. Using inferior base material improperly channeled, water causes soil erosion and a breakdown of pavement may require excessive maintenance during the edges. Whether it is mud in the spring or frost heaves in the winter, the presence road’s life and, perhaps, expensive rehabilita- of water in roads is nothing but trouble. tion. The adage “pay me now or pay me later” applies to road building. A good surface drainage system is the best way to lessen water damage on a road. 4. COMPACT SOILS WELL. Proper surface drainage prevents water from infi ltrating the pavement surface and The more dense the material is, the stronger it removes water from the driving lanes in a constant thin sheet to the side ditches, is. When soil is improperly compacted, future which carries the water away from the roadway. A surface drainage system has traffi c loads or changes in moisture content can four main components: road crown, shoulders, ditches, and culverts. cause settling and failure of the roadway. The road crown, or superelevation of the road surface, drains water off the road surface. Compaction is achieved by pressing soil particles together, which expels some of the Shoulders are an extension of the road surface and allow for the continued fl ow of air from the mass, making the material more water to the ditches. dense. Well-graded soils having a fairly even distribution of particle sizes will compact Ditches are used to carry water away from the roadway. They need to be kept more easily than poorly graded soils that have clean and protected from erosion. Water left in the ditch can sometimes leak back mostly one particle size. Crushed or angular into the base. particles will compact to a more stable condi- tion than rounded particles of similar size. A Water collected and carried in the ditch has to be directed away from the roadway certain amount of moisture is necessary for at frequent intervals, sometimes using culvert pipe. good compaction.

Culverts usually channel water from one side of the road to the other, helping to control the fl ow of water and slowing it down to reduce erosion.

Road managers are guided by the principles that water runs downhill, that water needs outlets at the bottom of all grades, and that puddles mean problems.

2. BUILD ON A FIRM FOUNDATION. A highway wears out from the top, but it falls apart from the bottom. This is 5. DESIGN FOR WINTER another way of saying that the road base determines the service-life of a road. The MAINTENANCE. base supports everything above it, including traffi c. In areas that receive substantial snowfalls, roads that are designed for winter maintenance Without adequate support, the road will deteriorate rapidly. A good road requires a should be adequate for the rest of the year. suitable foundation composed of stable material. A road material is stable if it has Consider the following: if the traveled way negligible soil settlement with a change in moisture content and does not deform is wide enough to allow a snowplow and a excessively under repeated loads whether the material is wet or dry. school bus to meet, it should be wide enough for the rest of the year. If ditches and roadside areas are wide enough to store snow, chances are they will accommo- date spring thaws and heavy water fl ows. 4 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 Ten Essentials (Cont’d from page 4)

Grades should be a minimum of 1% for 8. BUILD FROM THE BOTTOM UP. drainage purposes and should not be A road that has a poor base and poor drainage cannot be adequately improved greater than 10% if at all possible. If the with a top dressing of gravel or new pavement. It may be necessary, in some cas- road is steeper, it is diffi cult for heavy es, to dig out the old road, put in new materials, and build up the road in layers. equipment to maneuver, especially in the Before doing anything to correct a road surface problem, road managers should wintertime. take into consideration what is causing the problem underneath. Improper drain- age, insuffi cient depth of base, or poor quality gravel may be the culprit. These Sight distance should be considered in design- should be corrected before spending money on the surface. ing a road. For safety’s sake, a driver should be able to see 75 to 100 ft. up the road for every 9. PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENT. 10 miles per hour driving speed. Roads and bridges need regular maintenance to keep them from deteriorating. 6. BUILD FOR TRAFFIC LOADS AND The increased weight and frequency of traffi c on roads, combined with adverse TRAFFIC VOLUMES. weather conditions, means an increased rate of road and street deterioration. Thin ice on a pond may support a young Regular road and bridge maintenance preserves our road investment and prevents skater, but it will crack and break apart under costly major rehabilitation later on. the weight of an automobile. Similarly, a road built to serve residential traffi c will break Maintenance activities includes: down when it starts carrying a number of large Roadway surfaces: blading and shaping, patching, resurfacing; dust control; snow trucks. Road managers know that roads, like and ice removal. bridges, should be designed with the expected Drainage: cleaning and repairing culverts and ditches. traffi c type and volume in mind. A rule of thumb is to design a road to accommodate the Roadside: cutting bushes, trees, and largest vehicles that will use the road under grass; repair and prevention of roadside normal operation. If in doubt, design the road erosion. for the largest piece of equipment that main- tains it in all kinds of weather. Bridges: clearing channels; repair of rails, decks, and structure; cleaning and Road managers can get information and guid- painting. ance from their State transportation agencies about the type and thickness of pavement mix- Traffi c services: sign maintenance; es to apply to a gravel road. Generally speak- cutting vegetation to maintain visibility. ing, a low volume road with some truck traffi c Special projects: restoration or improvements; emergency work such as removing may provide good services with a “chip seal” slides, repairing washouts, and repairing retaining walls. or “sand seal.” As traffi c volumes and weights increase, cold-mix asphalt and hot-mix asphalt 10. KEEP GOOD RECORDS. pavement may be better alternatives. Road managers know their roads like the back of their hands. Most of them are 7. PAVE ONLY ROADS THAT ARE walking history books when it comes to the roads they manage every day. This READY. knowledge is of little use, however, when the road manager is ill, moves, or Some agencies make the mistake of paving retires. over a road that is not properly prepared in Good record keeping makes roadwork much easier for everybody. It is easier to their haste to get rid of another dusty gravel formulate budgets and to show the citizens a plan for roadwork. Recording which road. The result may be a complete waste of type of work was done on roads or bridges, when, and what materials were used money. Paving will not cure the other prob- can help a lot in making decisions later on. lems that the gravel road may have. It still must be built of well com- Agencies can start by doing an inventory of all roads and pacted layers of free draining soil, bridges, listing length, width, surface types, culverts, be able to carry expected traffi c problem areas, and other items. Placing these items on loads, and be able to drain well. The a map helps. Next comes listing and prioritizing needed cost of rebuilding a mistake is much improvements, putting a price tag on them, and taking care higher than not making the mistake of a few problems each year. and doing it right the fi rst time.

5 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 Cell Phones and Driving

Permission was granted from the Insurance In- formation Institute, to reprint from their article found that driver inattention was respon- “Cell Phones and Driving” February 2007, at sible for 25 to 30 percent of crashes.) The www.iii.org new study found that the most common dis- traction is the use of cell phones, followed by drowsiness. However, cell-phone use is far less likely to be the cause of a crash or In the United States over 231 million people subscribed to such wireless commu- near-miss than other distractions, according nication devices as cell phones as of January 2007, compared with approximately to the study. For example, while reaching 4.3 million in 1990, according to the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet for a moving object such as a falling cup Association. increased the risk of a crash or near-crash by 9 times, talking or listening on a hand- Increased reliance on cell phones has led to a rise in the number of people who held cell phone only increased the risk by use the devices while driving. There are two dangers associated with driving and 1.3 times. The study tracked the behavior cell-phone use. First, drivers must take their eyes off the road while dialing. Sec- of the 241 drivers of 100 vehicles for more ond, people can become so absorbed in their conversations that their ability to than one year. The drivers were involved in concentrate on the act of driving is severely impaired, jeopardizing the safety of 82 crashes, 761 near crashes and 8,295 criti- vehicle occupants and pedestrians. Since the fi rst law was passed in New York in cal incidents. 2001 banning hand-held cell-phone use while driving, there has been debate as to the exact nature and degree of hazard. The latest research shows that while using These fi ndings confi rm an August 2003 a cell phone when driving may not be the most dangerous distraction, because it report from the AAA Foundation for Traffi c is so prevalent it is by far the most common cause of this type of crash and near Safety that concluded that drivers are far crash. less distracted by their cell phones than by

other common activities, such as reaching RECENT DEVELOPMENTS for items on the seat or glove compartment Studies: Studies about cell-phone use while driving have focused on several dif- or talking to passengers. That study was ferent aspects of the problem. Some have looked at its prevalence as the leading based on the analysis of videotapes from cause of driver distraction. Others have looked at the different risks associated cameras installed in the vehicles of 70 driv- with hand-held and hands-free devices. Still others have focused on the serious- ers in North Carolina and Pennsylvania. ness of injuries in crashes involving cell-phone users and the demographics of drivers who use cell phones. Below is a summary of some recent research on the In December 2005 the NHTSA and the issue. National Center for Statistics and Analysis released the results of their National Oc- The most recent survey of dangerous driver behavior was released in January cupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), 2007 by Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. The survey of 1,200 drivers found which found that in 2005, 6 percent of that 73 percent talk on cell phones while driving. Cell phone use was highest drivers used hand-held cell phones, up from among young drivers. 5 percent in 2004. The survey also found Text messaging, or “texting” by teens, a driving distraction related to cell phone that the jump was most noticeable among use, was the subject of an August 2006 Teens Today survey conducted by the women (up to 8 percent from 6 percent in Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety and Students Against Destruc- 2004) and young drivers ages 16 to 24 (up tive Decisions (SADD). The survey showed that teens considered sending text to 10 percent from 8 percent in 2004). The messages via cell phones to be their biggest distraction. Of the teens surveyed, percentage of men using cell phones rose 37 percent said that text messaging was extremely or very distracting, while 20 from 4 to 5 percent over the same period. percent said that they were distracted by their emotional states and 19 percent Finally, the survey found that the number said that having friends in the car was distracting. The January 2007 survey by of drivers using headsets rose from 0.4 the insurer Nationwide found that 19 percent of motorists say they text message percent in 2004 to 0.8 percent in 2005. The while driving. NOPUS is a probability-based observational survey. Data on driver cell-phone use were A study released in April 2006 found that almost 80 percent of crashes and 65 collected at random stop signs or stoplights percent of near-crashes involved some form of driver inattention within three only while vehicles were stopped and only seconds of the event. The study, The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study, con- during daylight hours. ducted by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute and the National Highway Traffi c Safety Administration (NHTSA), breaks new ground. (Earlier research Motorists who use cell phones while driving are four times as likely to get into crashes 6 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 In October 2005 a Connecticut law banning the use of hand-held cell phones while Cell Phones driving went into effect. The measure goes further than some similar laws in other (cont’d from Page 6) states and municipalities. Drivers in Connecticut can be fi ned $100 not only for using a cell phone, but those pulled over for speeding or other moving violations Permission was granted from the Insurance In- formation Institute, to reprint from their article can be fi ned for other driving distractions such as putting on makeup or turning “Cell Phones and Driving” February 2007, at to discipline children in the back seat. In January 2004 New Jersey passed a bill www.iii.org prohibiting the use of cell phones while driving and in April of that year the Dis- serious enough to injure themselves, ac- trict of Columbia (DC) followed suit. In New Jersey fi nes range between $100 and cording to a study of drivers in Perth, Aus- $250; in DC fi nes are $100. New York was the fi rst state to enact such legislation tralia, conducted by the Insurance Institute in 2001. Drivers there face fi nes of $100 for the fi rst violation, $200 for the second for Highway Safety. The results, published and $500 thereafter. in July, 2005, suggest that banning hand- held phone use won’t necessarily improve The number of state legislatures debating measures that address the problem of safety if drivers simply switch to hand- cell-phone use while driving and other driver distractions continues to rise. Ac- free phones. The study found that injury cording to the National Conference of State Legislatures, as of November 2006 crash risk didn’t vary with type of phone. 14 states had passed laws banning or restricting young drivers from using cell phones. Many studies have shown that using hand- held cell phones while driving can constitute a In June 2003 federal and state highway safety agencies issued new guidelines for hazardous distraction. However, the theory that reporting crashes caused by distracted drivers. The authorities are asking police hands-free sets are safer has been challenged across the nation to note whether a driver was distracted and the source of the by the fi ndings of several studies. A study from distraction, such as cell phone, radio, passenger, or another vehicle. researchers at the University of Utah, published in the summer 2006 issue of Human Factors, Businesses: Businesses are increasingly prohibiting workers from using cell the quarterly journal of the Human Factors and phones while driving to conduct business. In July 2004, the California Associa- Ergonomics Society, concludes that talking on tion of Employers recommended that employers develop a cell phone policy that a cell phone while driving is as dangerous as requires employees to pull off the road before conducting business by cell phone. driving drunk, even if the phone is a hands-free model. An earlier study by researchers at the Court Decisions: In December 2004 a civil case involving a car crash caused by university found that motorists who talked on a driver using a cell phone for business reasons was dismissed when the driver’s hands-free cell phones were 18 percent slower employer, Beers Skanska Inc., agreed to pay the plaintiff $5 million. The plaintiff in braking and took 17 percent longer to regain in the case being heard in Georgia’s Fulton County Superior Court was severely the speed they lost when they braked. injured in the crash. The suit is among the most recent of several cases where an employer has been held liable for an accident caused by a driver using a cell A September 2004 study from the NHTSA phone. See background section on Employer and Manufacturer Liability. found that drivers using hand-free cell phones had to redial calls 40 percent of the time, com- In mid-October 2004 in the case of Yoon v. Wagner a Virginia jury awarded $2 pared with 18 percent for drivers using hand- million in damages to the family of a young girl who was killed by a driver using held sets, suggesting that hands-free sets may a cell phone at the time of the accident. The plaintiff also fi led a suit against the provide drivers with a false sense of ease. driver’s employer after it became clear through an examination of phone records that the driver had been talking to a client when she hit the girl. State and Federal Initiatives: In January 2007 the Center for Auto Safety fi led a petition with BACKGROUND the National Highway Traffi c Safety Adminis- Cell phones play an integral role in our society. However, the convenience they tration asking the agency to restrict the use of offer must be judged against the hazards they pose. Inattentive driving accounted systems that allow motorists to have wireless for 6.4 percent of crash fatalities in 2003 — the latest data available — accord- access for telephoning and entertainment pur- ing to the U.S. Department of Transportation. Inattentive driving includes talking, poses as well as access to navigational aids and eating, putting on make up and attending to children. Using cell phones and other security features. The petition calls for regula- wireless or electronic units are also considered distractions. tors to draft rules prohibiting the use of built-in systems while the vehicle is moving. The group As many as 40 countries may restrict or prohibit the use of cell phones while driv- expressed concerns that allowing motorists to ing. Countries reported to have laws related to cell phone use include Australia, handle personal affairs while driving would Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Botswana, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, lead to more traffi c accidents. Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, In September 2006 California Gov.Schwar- Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South zenegger signed a bill (SB 1613) prohibiting Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, people from driving while using a hand-held the United Kingdom and Zimbabwe. Most countries prohibit the use of hand-held cell phone. When the law goes into effect in phones while driving. Drivers in the Czech Republic, France, the Netherlands and July 2008, California will be the fourth state to ...... Continued on Page 9 have such a ban. The District of Columbia also has such a law in force. 7 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 The Show for Snow! 2007 APWA North American Snow Conference April 22-25, 2007 RiverCentre Saint Paul, Minnesota Annual Calendar 2007 For more info: www.apwa.net/snow January 2007 February 2007 March 2007 S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Michigan Transportation 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Asset Management Conference: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 April 11, 2007 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Kellogg Center East Lansing, Michigan 16-18: MACO - Loss Control 20-23: LTAP Safety Congress 26-29: MACRS Spring Conference 1-800-875-5090 Conference, Billings, MT Helena, MT Kalispell, MT 20: Safety Design May 2, 2007 19: Ray Barnicoat’s Retirement 21-22: Traffi c Control Supervisor Upfront & Company Party - Helena, MT 23: Train the Trainer Marquette, Michigan 1-906-228-5200 April 2007 May 2007 June 2007 S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Sheridan County Surplus Auction 29 30 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 2, 2007 April 30 - May 4: Butte: MACRS Wednesday 9-13: Glendive: MACRS Workforce Development Training Training on Request: 11:00 AM Workforce Development Training *Work Zone Training 7-11: Kalispell: MACRS Workforce *Gravel Roads & Location: Development Training 30 - May 4: Butte: MACRS Maintenance County Shop on Hwy 5 East in Workforce Development Training Plentywood, Montana Work Zone Flagging: 21-Bozeman; 22-Helena; 23-Great Falls; 24- Billings Details on Equipment: 406-765-1221 or 406-765-8258 July 2007 August 2007 September 2007 S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 National Work Zone Awareness Week: Training on Request: Training on Request 5-6: 18th Annual APWA Equpment Training & April 2 - 6, 2007 Summer Survival; Snow Rodeo, Great Falls, MT Forklift; Mowing 23-27: MACo Annual Conference, Great Falls, MT

National County Government Week: October 2007 November 2007 December 2007 April 22-28, 2007 S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S S M T W Th F S For more info: www.naco.org 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 National Public Works Week: 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 May 20-26, 2007 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 For more info: www.apwa. 3: League of Cities & Towns - Bozeman, MT MACRS Planning Meeting, 30 31 net/npww Lewistown, MT MACRS District Meetings - Road Law: Training on Request 10: Glendive 11: Billings Training on Request: Winter *Winter Travel-Survival 16: Butte Maintenance & Winter Survival *Winter Maintenance 17: Missoula *Leadership 18: Great Falls

Some dates & locations subject to change. Call Lois Evans, LTAP, 1-800-541-6671 or 406-994-6100 to confi rm. 8 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 Calendar of Events Spring 2007

MACRS Workforce Spring Training Week Montana LTAP -Work Zone Flagging • Glendive April 9-13, 2007 May 21, 2007 Bozeman, Montana • Butte April 30 - May 4, 2007 Comfort Inn - 1370 N 7th Ave

• Kalispell May 7 - 11, 2007 May 22, 2007 Helena, Montana Training Week: Montana Contractors Association Monday: 8am - 4 pm Gravel Road Training 1717 11th Avenue Tuesday: 8am- Noon Gravel Road Training May 23, 2007 Great Falls, Montana 1pm - 4 pm Loader & Forklift Training LaQuinta - 600 River Drive South Wednesday: 8am - 4 pm Safety Engineering Thursday: 8 am - Noon Leadership May 24, 2007 Billings, Montana 1 pm - 4 pm Summer Survival LaQuinta - 3040 King Ave W Friday: 8am - 4 pm Rural Safety Audits You must register with Lois Evans, LTAP Contact Lois Evans, LTAP Conference Coordinator, 1-800-541-6671 Conference Coordinator, 1-800-541-6671 regarding registrations or inquiries. Brochures were mailed in February.

Cell Phones (cont’d from Page 6) Permission was granted from the Insurance Information Institute, to reprint their article “Cell Phones and Driving” February 2007, at www.iii.org the United Kingdom may use cell phones but can Employers may also be found be fi ned if they are involved in crashes while us- negligent if they fail to put in place a ing the phone. Drivers in the United Kingdom and policy for the safe use of cell phones. In response, Germany also can lose insurance coverage if they many companies have established cell phone usage are involved in a crash while talking on the phone. policies. Some allow employees to conduct busi- ness over the phone as long as they pull over to the Supporters of restrictions on driving while using side of the road or into a parking lot. Others have a cell phone say that the distractions associated completely banned the use of all wireless devices. with cell phone use while driving are far greater than other distractions. Conversations using a cell In an article published in the June 2003 edition of phone demand greater continuous concentration, the North Dakota Law Review, attorney Jordan which diverts the driver’s eyes from the road and Michael proposed a theory of cell phone manu- his mind from driving. Opponents of cell phone facturer liability for auto accidents if they fail to restrictions say drivers should be educated about warn users of the dangers of driving and talking on the effects of all driver distractions. They also say the phone at the same time. The theory holds that that existing laws that regulate driving should be maker liability would be similar to the liability of more strictly enforced. employers who encourage or demand cell phone use on the road. Holding manufacturers liable Employer and Manufacturer Liability: Although would cover all persons who drive and use cell only a handful of high-profi le cases have gone phones for personal calls. Michael notes that some to court, employers are still concerned that they car rental agencies have already placed warnings might be held liable for accidents caused by their on embedded cell phones in their cars. employees while driving and conducting work- © Insurance Information Institute, Inc. - ALL related conversations on cell phones. Under the RIGHTS RESERVED doctrine of vicarious responsibility, employers may be held legally accountable for the negligent acts of employees committed in the course of employment. 9 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 From NTOC (National Transportation Operations Coalition) Talks Newsletter: March 28, 2007 at: http://www.ntoctalks.com/ NADO Launches New Rural Stress Management Transportation.org Web Site: The National Association of De- velopment Organizations (NADO) Information provided by Counseling and •Labeling: “I’m stupid” instead of “I didn’t Psychological Services, Montana State University and NADO Research Foundation complete the whole project.” Labeling tends have released the new Rural Trans- Why Do We “Stress Out”? to be a shorthand way to judge a situation, portation.org Web site as part of Essentially, we stress out for two main but again doesn’t accurately describe what the association’s efforts to promote reasons.... actually happened. effective transportation planning and 1. We perceive a situation as dangerous, its connection to economic develop- diffi cult, or painful. •Assumptions: “I have to be perfect!” We ment in rural and small metropolitan 2. We don’t believe we have the resources all have assumptions and beliefs that impact regions. to cope. how we see ourselves in a particular situ- ation. The key is to begin to increase our The Web site, http://www.ruraltrans- The source of stress can come from negative awareness of them and start to counteract portation.org/, which is funded in part events (accidents, fi nancial strain) AND pos- them. under a cooperative agreement with itive events (visits from family the Federal Highway Administration, friends, promotion, having provides resources on a variety of is- a child). The stress response sues affecting transportation systems, is the same regardless of the including planning resources, eco- particular event. So whether nomic impact, highways, public trans- it’s a car accident or a con- portation, rural intelligent transporta- frontation with a supervisor, tion systems (ITS), safety and more. it’s the same set of reactions. It also features successful practices, The following are three areas models and work samples of rural of our functioning that can be planning organizations (RPOs), a di- impacted by stress. rectory of regional rural transportation planners and access to the new Rural 1. Physical - comes out of Transportation.org Newsletter. our “fl ight or fi ght” response. Also from NTOC (National Trans- When confronted with stress, portation Operations Coalition) Talks the body instinctively prepares Newsletter: March 28, 2007 at: for quick, intense action. You http://www.ntoctalks.com/ might notice disturbed sleep, a Recording and Presentations from lump in your throat, headache/stomach ache. 3. Emotional - there are many individual the Work Zone Rule Implementa- Muscular tension is also a common physical emotional reactions to stress. Some common tion Webinar Now Available manifestation of stress. ones are: http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/ •Anxiety resources/fi nal_rule/presentations. 2. Mental - the thoughts, beliefs, and as- htm sumptions about the stressor. We may have internal messages playing in our heads •Fear On March 19, 2007, NTOC hosted without even noticing them. a Webinar on Work Zone Rule •Irritability Implementation as part of the Some examples are: Talking Operations seminar series. •Overgeneralization: “I screwed up...I •Frustration The presentations, transcript of always screw up.” This is a tendency to at- the chat discussion and recording tribute one event to ALL events. It’s not an When we’re stressed, a small event which of the Webinar are now available accurate description of what happened. typically does not cause a strong emotional online. This Webinar focused on reaction may now trigger a much stronger sharing examples from states that •Polarization: “I have to do everything be- reaction. This increased emotional sensitiv- are in the advanced stages of their fore I leave or I’m a total failure.” This tends ity is a sign that you might be experiencing efforts to implement the rule. to occur when we see things as all or noth- signifi cant stress. Representatives from Washington ing. Of course there is a middle ground to State, Maryland and Virginia dis- most situations, but when we tend to ignore We tend to pay a lot of attention to things in cussed their overall rule imple- and focus on the extremes, we can actually the outer world that are related to stress such mentation process and their work increase our stress. as fi nancial diffi culties, confl icts in relation- on specifi c aspects of the rule. ships, and overwhelming responsibilities. 10 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 From NTOC (National Transportation Operations Coalition) Talks Newslet- ter: March 28, 2007 at: http://www.ntoctalks.com/

Stress Management (Cont’d from Page 10) New Publication: Best Practices in Emergency Transportation Opera- We tend NOT to pay enough attention •First, get comfortable in a seated position, tions Preparedness and Response: to our inner worlds, the signals that just noticing your body. Notice how your feet The Results of the FHWA Work- stress is starting to take its toll on us. feel on the ground, how you feel sitting in a shop Series Interestingly, we are often quite good chair, your hands. Just tune into your body http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/pub- at ignoring those internal sig- and your breath for a few minutes. lications/etopr/best_practices/etop_ nals and pushing ourselves workshop.htm even harder. One Next, turn your attention to someone you appreciate in From 2002 to 2005, FHWA spon- How to interrupt the major your life. Just be present sored a series of workshops in 30 cycle? with the thoughts and regions around the country. These •Relax - engage in cause of stress feelings that come up, events brought together transpor- activities that allow not trying to change tation professionals, emergency physical and psy- in our lives is not them in anyway, just managers and fi rst responders to chological renewal, noticing them as they identify issues and best practices meditation, imagery, being present with are. Keep your atten- in the area of emergency trans- and deep breathing. tion on appreciation for portation operations; to clarify our current a few minutes. roles in emergency preparedness •Nutrition and Wellness and response; and to foster better - meet those basic needs experience. Finally, think of the people working relationships among these which will help you cope that appreciate you. Don’t try vital partners. As a result of these with stress more effectively. Eat to change your reactions to that, workshops, FHWA developed a healthy foods, exercise regularly, but notice how you feel with the report titled Best Practices in Emer- and get enough sleep. idea that others appreciate you. gency Transportation Operations Preparedness and Response: The •Corrective Thinking - the idea that life Results of the FHWA Workshop events don’t cause our stress, it’s our Series. reaction to the events. Focus on catching This document identifi es best prac- negative self-talk and come up with a more tices that were highlighted during accurate description of yourself and the the workshops and is available at situation. http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/pub- lications/etopr/best_practices/etop_ •Community - utilize the supports you have! workshop.htm. We know that when people isolate or keep things in when stressed, it actually makes A companion report, released on things worse and we can start to catastroph- March 12, 2007 and titled Com- ize or even feel depressed. mon Issues in Emergency Trans- portation Operations Prepared- Mindfulness ness and Response: The Results One way to deal with stress, other than the of the FHWA Workshop Series, things listed above is through mindfulness. consolidates common issues One major cause of stress in our lives is identifi ed at the workshops in the not being present with our current experi- areas of interagency coordination ence. Think of a time you sat down to do a Mindfulness is something you can practice and communication; emergency task, and before you know it you’re worried at any time, just by stepping back within operations; equipment; intelligent about something that happened yesterday, or yourself and noticing your reactions. When transportation systems; mutual aid; thinking about all the things you have to do you’re stressed, you can always go to a threat notifi cation, awareness and later in the day. Western culture has taught calm, mindful state of mind to help you information sharing; and policy. us to be great multi-taskers! However, we gain some perspective and get a break from (Publication Number: FHWA- often have a harder time doing one thing the stress. Taking care of yourself through HOP-07-076) It is available at fully in the present moment. This is the idea the coping skills and techniques described http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/pub- of mindfulness. The following is a brief above can help you deal with the stress we lications/etopr/common_issues/ mindfulness practice that you can do on all experience. etop_compliance.htm. your own. 11 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 Welcome to the LTAP Lend- ing Library where publications, videos, and software may be borrowed for two weeks and then returned to the Library. Up to three videotapes may be borrowed Montana LTAP Lending Library from the LTAP Lending Library rent-free for two weeks. Some out the United States. In addition, other publications are free or for a Publications States have implemented the use of HPC in nominal charge upon request. p-28 Structural Behavior of various bridge elements. The construction of Ultra-High Performance Concrete these bridges has provided a large amount For information or checkout Prestressed I-Girders (FHWA August of data on the use of HPC. This report is procedures, call Lois Evans or 2006) This report discusses a series of divided into four parts. (178 pages) Michele Beck, LTAP tests that were completed on prestressed 1-800-541-6671 concrete I-girders composed of ultra-high p-32 Compilation and Evaluation of performance concrete (UHPC). Although Results from High-Performance Concrete If you have computer access, not structurally optimized to take advantage Bridge Projects, Volume II: Appendixes please e-mail us at: of the high compressive strength of UHPC, (FHWA October 2006) This Appendixes [email protected] these girders did make use of UHPC’s sig- is associated with the fi nal report (p-31). nifi cant tensile capacity through the elimina- This report should also assist designers and You will fi nd the total library tion of all mild steel reinforcement. These owners in recognizing that the use of high- publications, videos, DVDs, and results should aid bridge owners in their performance concrete in bridges has advan- software lists at this web site: initial foray into the use of UHPC within the tages beyond those of improving durability. www.coe.montana.edu/ltap. You bridge inventory. (104 pages) (303 pages) can also keep track of upcoming workshops, our newsletter, and p-29 Material Property Char- “What’s New” items that change acterization of Ultra-High Perfor- periodically. mance Concrete (FHWA August 2006) This report characterizes the material behaviors of one UHPC in terms of accepted concrete testing methodologies. This study focused on strength-based behaviors (e.g., compressive and tensile strength), long-term stability behaviors (3.g., creep and shrinkage), and durability From NACE County News at: behaviors (e.g., chloride ion penetra- www.naco.org tions and freeze-thaw). (186 pages) In Maryland, Montgomery County has become the fi rst jurisdiction in p-30 Optimized Sections for the state to use cameras to catch High-Strength Concrete Bridge speeding motorists in residential Girders—Effect of Deck concrete neighborhoods and near schools. Strength (FHWA October 2006) The Safe Speed program will install This report contains an evaluation of cameras in mobile vans at sites the effect of high-performance concrete around the county where the speed on the cost and structural performance limit is 35 miles per hour or less, of bridges constructed with high-per- according to The Washington Post. formance concrete bridge decks and During the program’s 30-day trial high-strength concrete girders. Bridge run, motorists caught on camera will designers and owners are the main audi- p-269 Guide to Risk Assessment and receive a warning as well as a photo ence. (93 pages) Allocation for Highway Construction of their vehicle and license tag. Management (FHWA October 2006) After the trial, police will begin is- p-31 Compilation and Evaluation of The purpose of this International Tech- suing $40 tickets and civil citations. Results from High-Performance Concrete nology Scanning Program study was to The Post reports that county offi cials Bridge Projects, Volume I: Final Report identify practices that might be evaluated hope the program will pay for itself. (FHWA October 2006) In 1993, FHWA and applied in the United States to improve initiated a national program to implement construction management. (72 pages) the use of high-performance concrete (HPC) in bridges. The program included the con- struction of demonstration bridges through- 12 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 Montana LTAP Lending Library

p-341 Advanced Quality systems: Guidelines for Establishing and Publications (Cont’d) Maintaining construction Quality Databases (FHWA November 2006) The main objective of this study was to develop and present guidelines for State highway agencies (SHAs) in establishing and maintaining data base systems geared towards construction quality issues for asphalt and con- crete paving projects. (106 pages)

p-394 Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Data Analysis Support: National Pooled fund Study TPF-5(013) (FHWA Nov 2006) This report documents a study conducted to evaluate pavement adapta- tions currently in use to mitigate frost-related damage along with the cost differences associated with constructing and maintaining pavements in the various climates. (262 pages)

p-305 Long-Term Pavement Performance Program – Falling Weight Defl ectometer Mainte- nance Manual (FHWA December 2006) This document provides FWD owners, operators, and technicians information as a supplement to the Dynatest 8000 owner’s manual. Maintenance guide- lines are based on continuous operation of FWDs. (88 pages) p-2656 Are We There Yet? Building America’s Transportation Infra- structure Network (By John Yow, ARTBA 2002) As it celebrates is p-306 Long-Term Pavement Performance Pro- 100th anniversary, the American Road and Transportation Builders As- gram – Falling Weight Defl ectometer Measure- sociation (ARTBA) is uniquely qualifi ed to present this remarkable history ments, Version 4.1 (FHWA December 2006) of the transportation revolution that powered the progress of 20th century This document provides background information America. (176 pages) and fi eld operations guidelines for the collection of Falling Weight Defl ectometer (FWD) data on Long p-3121 National Highway Institute 2007 Training Catalog: Transpor- Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) test sections. tation Training Catalog (FHWA) Lists all of NHI courses, length, costs, It includes equipment setup, equipment calibration, class size, and instructor for 2007. (239 pages) test locations, and test procedures. (79 pages)

13 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 BASE MAP INPUTS FOR FLOOD- PLAIN MAPPING http://gulliver.trb.org/news/blurb_ detail.asp?id=7325 The Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, part of the National Montana LTAP Lending Library Academies’ Division on Earth and Life Studies, has released a report that recommends that new, high- DVD’s accuracy digital elevation data be DVD610 Stormwater Runoff – I collected nationwide using laser Can Make a Difference (Coastal 2005) measurements from aircraft (lidar Oil, grease, harmful bacteria, pesticides technology). The new data should and fertilizers are just a few of the con- be input into the National Eleva- taminants found in stormwater runoff. tion Dataset that the U.S. Geo- This video describes these and other logical Survey maintains for use in devastating effects of stormwater runoff, support of fl ood map moderniza- and shows how the government and private tion and other applications. industry can work together to clean it up – before the problems set in. (15 minutes)

DVD850 Electri- cal Safety for the Qualifi ed Worker (Coastal 2004) This cutting-edge program will teach employees the proper methods and precau- tions to avoid DVD862 Emer- electrical shock, gency Response Driving (Coastal 2004) serious burns There are risks involved anytime you get and arc fl ash behind the wheel of a vehicle, but when accidents. (15 you’re driving an emergency vehicle -- with minutes) lights and sirens blaring -- those risks are multiplied. This new program covers what it means to drive in emergency response situa- tions and includes driving tips to make sure your trip is a safe one. It covers: •Driving basics -- stop signs, red lights and school zones; speed limits, traffi c fl ow and turn lanes; and stopping, parking and stand- DVD861 De- ing fensive Driving •Passing other vehicles – A Crash Course •Highway driving (Coastal 2004) •Police chases Teach your employees •Accidents how practical driving •Planning ahead procedures and exhibit- •Communication ing a defensive attitude •Maintenance make getting behind the (20 minutes) wheel safer, both on and off the job. This program reviews basic defensive driving techniques from planning and preparing before pulling out to practi- cal driving procedures in the city, on the freeway and in rural areas. (16 minutes) 14 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 Work Zone Impacts Assessment Guide Available On Line: FHWA has published a Guide to serve as a resource for work zone impacts assessment. “Work Zone Montana LTAP Lending Library Impacts Assessment: An Approach to Assess and Manage Work Zone Safety and Mobility Impacts including Road Safety Audits (RSA), low of Road Projects” is available cost safety improvements (LCSI), Strate- online at http://www.ops.fhwa. gic Highway Safety Plans, and the use of dot.gov/wz/resources/fi nal_rule/ sound engineering judgment. wzi_guide/index.htm. Work zone impacts assessment is the process Case studies include a long tangent, sharp of understanding and managing turns and curves, a short tangent, curves, the safety and mobility impacts of turns, curve, curve left, curve right, high a road construction, maintenance, speed curve, winding road, narrow bridge, or rehabilitation project. Assess- object marker, stop signs, and a local chal- ing WZ impacts is important for lenge. Instructors ONLY developing effective Transporta- tion Management Plans (TMPs) that provide for safety, mobility, DVD2510 The Second Interna- and quality while maintaining, tional Symposium on Transportation rehabilitating, and rebuilding our Technology Transfer (FHWA August highways. 2006) The Symposium objective was to

bring together technology transfer offi cials The Guide presents a general ap- and managers to share best practices for proach for WZ impacts assessment, exchanging transportation technology. The mirroring the typical program DVD870 Welding: Safe Work event included fi ve plenary and over 60 delivery process of transporta- With Hotwork (Coastal 2004) Hotwork breakout sessions which drew nearly 400 tion agencies. It also provides operations play a big part in many opera- participants from 18 countries. Disc 1: 4 examples of how agencies are cur- tions. This important dvd program details hours; Disc 2: 4 ½ hours rently assessing and managing WZ various types of welding and discusses vital impacts, as well as an overview safety precautions. It covers: of different traffi c analysis tools •Personal hazards that can be used for analysis of •Hazardous fumes and substances WZ impacts. Section 1.5 provides •Equipment safety some key points on “How To Use (18 minutes) Software this Guide.” DVD950 Road System Traffi c SW2010 Guidelines for Safety Review (FHWA January 2007) the Selection of W-Beam This training course on Road System Traffi c Barrier Terminals Safety Reviews was developed through the (FHWA December 2006) cooperative efforts of the Federal Highway This CD has been pre- Administration (FHWA); Collier County, pared to provide informa- Florida; Mendocino County, California; and tion to designers and to the Idaho Local Technology Transfer Center. construction/maintenance This training builds on the Product Demon- personnel responsible for stration Showcase held in Ukiah California selecting and prop- in September, 2004. erly installing the most appropriate terminal The course describes a method of system- design at any site. In atically reviewing roads throughout a local addition to show- jurisdiction to make annual road safety ing the actual crash improvements, primarily related to con- performance of each sistent application of signs and markings. terminal type, this CD This method is particularly attractive to provides guidance on rural local governments, and compliments proper site grading and other recommended practices and courses, presents real-world examples of both appropriate and inappropriate installations. 15 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007 Presort Standard Local Technical Assistance Program U.S. Postage Faculty Court Unit 22 PO Box 173910 PAID Montana State University-Bozeman Permit No. 69 Bozeman, MT 59717-3910 Bozeman, MT 59715

Approximately 1530 copies of this The Local Technical Assistance Editorial Contributions public document were published at an Program Newsletter, LTAP MATTERS, Welcome estimated cost of $1.37 per copy for is published quarterly. Funding for this a total cost of $2,100 which includes LTAP welcomes contributions to LTAP program is provided by the Federal $1,500 for printing and $600 for MATTERS. Those wishing to submit Highway Administration through the distribution. relevant materal to be published in the Montana Department of Transportation, next newsletter can submit their ideas and Montana State University and a portion LTAP attempts to provide accommo- articles to: dations for any known disability that of Montana’s gas tax revenues. may interfere with a person participat- Michele Beck ing in any service, program or activity. This newsletter is designed to keep Alternative accessible formats of you informed about new publications, Local Technical Assistance Program this document will be provided upon techniques, and new training Faculty Court Unit 22 request. opportunities that may be helpful PO Box 173910 to you and your community. Montana State University-Bozeman Please send us any comments or Bozeman, M 59717-3910 concerns you may have regarding Present and past issues are available at this newsletter with your name and www.coe.montana.edu/ltap or by calling (800) 541-6671 or (406) 994-6100 address in order that we may respond 1-800-541-6671. Fax: (406) 994-5333 in a timely manner. email: [email protected]

16 Montana LTAP • Matters • Spring 2007