http://kentarchaeology.org.uk/research/archaeologia-cantiana/

Kent Archaeological Society is a registered charity number 223382 © 2017 Archaeological Society ANNUAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KENTISH ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY 2006

A bibliography of books, articles, reports, pampMets and theses relating specifically to Kent or with a sigmficant Kentish content. All entries were published in 2006 unless othenvise stated. [KAS - Kent Archaeological Society: K4R- Kent Archaeological Review.] Compilers: Prehistoric - K. Parfitt; Roman - Dr E. Swift, UKC; Anglo- Saxon - Dr A. Richardson, KCC; Medieval - Dr C. Insley, CCCU; Early Modern - Prof. J. Eales. CCCU; Modem - Dr C.W. Chalklin and Prof. D. Killingray.

GENERAL/MULTI-PERIOD Anon., 'Interim reportson recent workcarried out by Me C a n t e r b u n Archaeological JrusV, Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 295-310. S. Barson, J. Clarke, G. Franklin & J. SmiM, Queenborough, Isle of Sheppey: historic area appraisal (Swindon: English Heritage). A. Catalani and S. Pearce, '"Particular Tlianks and Obligations". ThecommuMcations made by women to die Society of Antiquaries 1776-1837 and dieir signMcance', Antiquaries Journal, 86,254-78. [Includes details of finds a t Dover and Aldington.] N.B. Cryer, Tlie Corrtwatlis Family History 1225-2006 (York: Quacks Books). A. Findlav, Wye Parish Church of St Gregory & St Martin, Kent: a historical ginde (Wye: Wye Historical Society). King, C. (<£d.),Discovering AncientLenham: a report from Lenham Archaeological Society, Vol. 1 (Lenham), Lower Medway Arcliaeological Research Group, Transactions 2005 (Rochester: LMARG). Lydden Valley Research Group, The Geology, Archaeology & History of Lydden Valley and Sandwich Bay (Lydden: LVRG). D, Leach, Dover Harbour Royal Gateway: celebrating 400 years of the Dover Harbour Board 1606-2006 (Dover: Riverdale Publications). RG. Maxwell-Stuart, The Archbishops of Canterbury: a history (Stroud: Tempus). G Nunns, A history of Deal, from prehistory to the twentieth century (Deal: Hovellers Press). T.L. Richardson, Historic Sandwich and its region 1500-1900 (Sandwich: Sandwich Local History Society). B, Short, England's landscape: South East England (: Collins for English Heritage).

509 KENTISH BIBLIOGRAPHY 2006

PREHISTORIC

V, Bunows, 'Iron Age Activity on EdMburgh Hill, Dover', KAR, 164, 78-82. R. Hoskins, 'Levallois Blade from Birling', KAR, 163, 58-59. R. James. 'Archaeological Investigations at Middle Stoke on Me Hoo Peninsula', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 71-86. S. Needham, Parfitt, K. and Vamdell, G (eds), The Ringlemere Cup. Precious Cups and the beginning of the Channel (London: BM Res. Publ, No. 163), K. Parfitt, 'A prehistoric 'burnt mound' site at Crabble Paper Mill, near Dover', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 219-37. D. Parliam, S. Needliam and M. Palmer, 'Questioning Me wrecks of time. Salcombe and Dover - Bronze Age wrecked cargoes in Devon and Kent', British Archaeology, 91. D.R.J. Perkins, 'Prehistoric Maritime Traffic M die Dover Strait and Wantsum: some Mouglits on die Vessels and Meir Crews',.Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 279-93, B. Philp, 'Late- Site at Ramsden, Orpington', KAR, 163,59-69. A.V.M. Samson, 'Offshore finds from die Bronze Age in Northwestern Europe: die shipwreck scenario revisited', Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 25/94. F.F. Wenban-SmiM et al., 'The Clactonian Elephant Butchery Site at Southfleet Road, Ebbsfleet, UK.', Journal of Quaternary Science 21(5), 471-483.

ROMAN

D Adler, 'Kent and Me Classis Britannica lor\s\KAR, 166 (Winter 2006), 121-123. N. Aldridge, 'The Roman road from Sutton Valence to Ashford: evidence for an alternative route to that proposed bv Margary', Archaeologia Cantiana. cxxvi, 171-184. G. de la Bedoyere, Roman Britain: a new history (London: Tliames & Hudson). D. C. Boden, 'A Late Iron-Age/Early Roman site at Bredgar, near Sittingboume', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 345-374. CAT Aimual Report: Canterbury s Arvhaeology 2004-5 (Canterbury: CAT). J, Creighton, Britannia: The Creation of a Roman Prwince (London: Roudedge). K. Elks, "Die Roman Settlement at Ickham'. KAR, 164 (Summer 2006), 94-95. H. Gough, 'The Source of Samian', KAR, 166 (Winter 2006), 123-124. C. Haselgrove, 'The impact of Me Roman conquest on indigenous coinages in Belgic Gaul and SouMern Britain', in P. de Jersey (ed.), Celtic Coinage: new discoveries, new discussion (Oxford: Archaeopress), 97-116, A. Herbert, 'Dartford Villa mortaria revisited', Dartford District Arch. Group Newsletter, 18,4-7. R. Kurzman, 'Roman military brick stamps: a comparison of meModology', British Archaeological Reports International Series 1543 (Oxford: Archaeopress). [pp. 177-184 on brick stamps of die Classis Britannica] D. MattMgly, An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire 54 BC-AD 409 (London: Allen Lane). K. Parfitt, 'The Roman Villa at MMster in Thanet, Part 3: die corridor house, building 4', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 115-134. A. Pearson, The Work of Giants: Stone and Quarrying in Roman Britain (Stroud: Tempus).

510 KENTISH BIBLIOGRAPHY 2006

B. Philp, 'The Roman Cemetery at Wested Lane, Eynsford', KAR, 166 (Winter 2006), 124-129. B, PMlp, Lullingstone and Shoreham: discoveries at the Roman Villa Sites 1982- 1986 (Dover: KentArchaeological Rescue UMt). J. Preston, 'The Roman Tombs at Keston', KAR, 165 (Auhmin 2006), 112-113. F. Sear, Roman theatres: an architectural study (Oxford: OUP). [pp 196-7 on Canterbury] K. SmiM, 'Guides, guards and gifts to Me gods: domesticated dogs M Me art and archaeology of Iron Age and Roman Britain', in British Archaeological Reports 422. (Oxford: Archaeopress), [pp. 22-24,29-32 on the Springhead temple] P. Warry, 'Tegulae in Roman Britain: manufacture, typology and use', British Archaeological Reports 417 (Oxford: Archaeopress).

ANGLO-SAXON

Anon., 'Exploring die origMs of Anglo-Saxon Eastry, Kent', Portable Antiquities Scheme Annual Report 2005/6,64-65. V. Birbeck, 'Prehistoric and Medieval features at Foster Road, Ashford: PrelMiinary results', KAS Newsletter 70 (Autumn 2006), 2-3. H, Geake, 'Medieval Britain and Ireland, 2003: Portable Antiquities Scheme, Kent', Medieval Archaeology 50,286-287. D, Godden. 'Cliffs End Farm Ramsgate, Kent' ( Archaeology report, April 2006). D. Hart, 'Excavations at Bradstow School, Broadstairs', KAS Newsletter 69 (Summer 2006), 14-15. S. Chadwick-Hawkes and Guy Grainger, The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Fingles- ham, Kent Monograph 64. (Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology). D. Henson, The origins of the Anglo-Saxons (Hockwold-cum-Wilton: Anglo- Saxon Books). A. Scott McKMley, 'The first two centuries of Saint Mirtin of Tours', Early Medieval Europe 14 (2006), 173-200. [Includes references to SaMt MartM's cult in 6th/7th-century Canterbury], G. A , Moody, 'Proposed development of residential accommodation at Bradstow School, Dumpton Park, Broadstairs, Kent' (Broadstairs: Tmst for Tlianet Archaeology). K. Parfitt, 'Excavations at Me Anglo-Saxon cemetery site at Guilton Mill, Ash- nexl-Sandwich', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 391-393. K. Parfitt, 'Interim report on excavations at Ringlemere Monument I, 2005 (Trench 6'f; ditto (Trenches 7 and 8) (Canterbury: CAT). B. PMlp, 'Saxon Deptford', KAR 163 (Spring 2006), 53-57. B. Philp, 'Saxon cemetery protest stops dig at Bridge'. KAR. 165 (Autumn 2006). 99-100. J.F. Potter, 'Anglo-Saxon building techniques: Quoins of twelve Kentish Churches reviewed',.Archaeologia Cantiana , cxxvi, 185-218. A. Richardson, 'Grange Brooch', KAS Newsletter 69 (Summer 2006), 13, A. Richardson, '5th century relief brooch from GillMgham', The Searcher 255 (November 2006), 26-27, W. Stevens, Early Medieval glass vessels found in Kent (Oxford: BAR British Series 424).

511 KENTISH BIBLIOGRAPHY 2006

MEDIEVAL

T. Ayers and T. Tatton-Brown (eds), Medieval art, architecture and archaeology at Rochester (Leeds: British Archaeological Association). L. Barber and G. Priestley-Bell, Medieval Adaptation, Settlement and economy of a coastal wetland: the evidence from around Lydd, Romney Marsh, Kent (Oxford: Oxbow Books). D. Brown and E, V Munay, 'Timber Fittings and fixtures in churches and secular buildings: mid fourteeiidi-century timber stairs at Braboume Church Kent', Church Archaeology 7/8/9, 45-50. B.M.S. Campbell and K. Bartley, England on the eve of the Black Death. An atlas of lay lordship, land and wealth, 1300-49 (Manchester: MUP). J. Coad, 'Warfare and defence: what next?', Post Medieval Archaeology 39, 2 224-32. [deals with Dover and Chatham], M.C.J. Davis, 'St Radegund's Abbey: a re-assessment of the Abbey Church', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 239-56. R. and F. Gameson, 'From Augustine to Parker: the changing face of Me first archbishop of Canterbury', in S. Keynes and A. SmyM (eds), Anglo-Saxons: Studies Presented to Roy Hart (Dublin: Four Courts Press), 13-38. R. James, 'Archaeological Investigations at Middle Stoke on die Hoo Peninsula', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 71-86. V. King, 'Share and Share Alike? Bishops and dieir Cadiedral Chapters: die Domesday evidence', Anglo-Norman Studies, 28 (2005), 138-52. S. Kelly, 'Lyminge minster and its early charters', in Keynes and SmyUi (eds), Anglo-Saxons, 98-113. G. Owen-Crocker, 'Reading Me Bayeux Tapestry tMough Canterbury eyes', M Keynes and Smyth (eds), Anglo-Saxons, 243-65. M. Penman, 'The Bmce Dynasty, Becket and Scottish pilgrimage to Canterbury, c.l 170-1404', Journal of Medieval History, 32 4, 346-70. K. Parfitt, Corke, B. and Cotter, J., 2006, Townwall Street Dover; Excavations 1996 (The Archaeology of Canterbury New Series III: Canterbun). B. Philp, 'The Medieval site at Well Wood, Aylesford', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 27-48. B. PMlp, 'A Medieval Site at Homcross Shaw, Eynsford', KAR, 165,102-106. J. Semple, 'The Tanners of Wrotliam Manor 1400-1600', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 1-26. S. Sweetinburgh, 'The Archangel Gabriel's Stone and oMer relics: William Haute's search for salvation in fifteendi-century Kent' .Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 311-30.

EARLY MODERN 1500-1700

A. Abbey, The Sittingboume Anomaly: being an analysis of local Plague mortality during the terrible visitations of 1665 & 1666 ... (Sittingboume: A. Abbey). M. G. Breiman, The Sidneys of Penshurst and the monarchy, 1500-1700 (Aldershot: Ashgate,). B.Barber, 'Towards a plan of Dartford Priory and die Tudor manor', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 393-8.

512 KENTISH BIBLIOGRAPHY 2006

P. Collinson, 'The persecution in Kent', in E. Duffy and D. Loades, The Church of Mary Tudor (Aldershot: Ashgate), 309-33. P. CollMson, 'What's in a name? Dudley Fenner and die peculiarities of Puritan nomenclature', in K. Fincham and P. Lake (eds), Religious politics in Post- Reformation England ... (Woodbridge: Boy d e l l Press), 113-27, J. Eales, "'So many sects and schisms": religious diversity in revolutionary Kent, 1640-1660', in C. Durston and J. Maltby (eds), Religion in Revolutionary England (Manchester, MUP), 226-248. K, Jones, Gender and Pettv Crime in Late Medieval England: the Local Courts in Kent, 1460-1560 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press). A, Legood, Robert Fludd ofBearsted(Bearsted: Bearsted & District Local History Society), [physician and writer on the occult (1574-1637)]. R. Lutton, Lollardy and Orthodox Religion in Pre-Reformation England: reconstructing piety (Woodbridge: Boydell Press). M E. Mate, Trade and Economic Developments, 1450-1550: the experience of Kent, Surrey and Sussex (Woodbridge: Boydell Press). I. Mortimer, 'A director}' of medical personnel qualified and practising M the diocese of Canterbury', c. 1560-1730, Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 135- 69. A. Poole, 'Welfare provision M seventeenth-century Kent: a look at Biddenden and neighbouring parishes',.Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 257-77. H, Vaux, 'The poor of OMam and nearby parishes: the CoxlieaM Poor house', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 49-70. P. WilkMson, The historical development of the port of Faversham 1580-1780, BAR, British Series 413 (Oxford: Archaeopress).

MODERN 1700-2006

H. Allinson, The Story of Gore Court House and Estate, Tuns tall (Sittingboume: Sittingboume Heritage Museum). H. Allinson, 'The health of children of Kent 110 vear ago: Me Countv report for 1908', The Journal of Kent History 63, September, 15, 18-19. B, Anker, Historic Kent, a photographic guide (Stroud: Sutton). P. Ashbee, 'Canterbury's 1844 Archaeological Congress',.Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 331-43. D. Bateman, Uncle Charlie comes home: Westerham and tlie Great War, 1914- 1918 (Lewes: The Book Guild). M. Bennett, The Heme Bay Records Society: the first 60 years (Heme Bay: Heme Bay Records Society). J, Bishop, The Heyday of Maidstone & District (Hersham: Ian Allen). A.G. Brown, 'Tlie Nore mutiny - sedition or ships' biscuits?', The Mariner's Mirror 92, 1,66-74. I. Bryce, The Hill Folk (Studley: History-Into-Print) [Organic Market Gardeners in Wrotham during die 1950s] D, Burfield, 'Edward Cresy, F.S.A: a Kentish architect',.Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 399-407. G Bush, Of Merlins, Mirrors and Darts: Whitstable. Yacht Club 1952-2002 (Whitstable: Whitstable Museum & Gallery).

513 KENTISH BIBLIOGRAPHY 2006

J. Chambers, Kent Machine Breakers: the story of the 1830 Riots Vol I: The Riots and Trials (Letchworth Garden City: J. Chambers). [Includes transcripts from Tl/4193atTNA] J, Chambers, Kent Machine Breakers: the story of the 1830 Riots Vol II: The Rioters (Letchworth Garden City: J. Chambers). J. C h a m b e r s , Kent Much in e Breakers Supp tern ent: Source Documen ts (Letc h w o r t h Garden City: J. Chambers). CD. J. Clancy, Cinemas of the Medway Towns (Loughborough: Mercia Cinema Society). J, Clancy, The Long-gone Cinemas of Me Medway Towns', Local History Magazine, No, 110, 15-19. J, Clancy (ed,), The Story of Brenchley House (Sittingboume: Historical Research Group of SittMgbourne). [Also an account of Me Countv Grammar School for Girls.] W.A. Claydon, WAC: a history ofMaidstone Grammar School from 1925-1941... and from 1942-1966 (Maidstone: Old Maidstonian Society). M. Connelly, Steadv the Buffs! A regiment, a region, and the Great War (Oxford: OUP). M. Criddle, Cheriton 'the wash tub of Folkestone': a study about the origins of the laundry girls of Cheriton (Folkestone: M. Criddle). N. Evans, Kentish innsignia (Whitstable: Bygone, M association with Shepherd Neame), A. Fisk, Mutual Self-HeIp in Southern England 1850-1912 (Southampton: Foresters Heritage Tmst). M. Foley, Front-line Kent (Stroud: Sutton). A. Gomme, 'ChevenMg: Die Resolutions', The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XV 121-139. D. Gore, On Kentish Chalk: a farming family of the Nortli Downs (New bur}': D, Gore). Gravesend Historical Society, Historic Gravesend 2006 (Gravesend: GHS), T. Gourvish, The official history of Britain and the Channel Tunnel (London: Taylor & Francis). Groombridge History Group, Groombridge in the 1920s and 1930s: the story of our village (Groombridge). G.J. Hall, Impressions of Kent (Chatham: Covell-Hall). DVD. H. HardMg, Farningham and its mill (Farningham: Waddard Books), T. F. Harris and S. Wilcox, Paper-making and the Art of Watercolor in Eighteenth- Century Britain: Paul Sandby and the Whatman Paper Mill (Yale Center for British Art/YUP). R. Hewlings. 'The Belvedere, Waldershare Park, Kent'. The Georgian Group Journal XV, 229-80. S. Hindle, 'Technologies of identMcation under the Old Poor Law', The Local Historian 36,4, 220-36. S. Hofmann, Thomas Highgate, his family and their Shoreham connections (Shoreham: Shoreham & District Historical Society). J. Homeshaw^ and C. Thomas, Wrotham: a century ofpictures^mthanv, WroMam Historical Society). Horton Kirby & Soudi Darent Local History Society, Images of Horton Kirbv paper mill(Horton Kirby: HK&SD Parish Council).

514 KENTISH BIBLIOGRAPHY 2006

E. James (ed.), Shoreham at war: the people of Shoreham, Kent 1939-1945 (Shoreham; Shoreham & District Historical Society). M, Jenkins, No Trollevs to Loose: Maidstone Buses and Trollev Buses on Film 1928-73 (Online Video). DVD. KCC Libraries & Archives, Kent on film: moving images of Kent 1895-1960 (Brighton: Screen Archive South East). DVD. K. Kersey, Bearsted & Thumham Remembered (Maidstone: K. Kersey). M. Langley, Kent Seaways: Hoys to Hovercraft (Midhurst: Middleton Press). D, Leach, Caring for Dover s Poor (Dover: Riverdale Publications), D, Le Faye, A Chronology of Jane Austen and her family (Cambridge: CUP). B, Macfarlane, 'Donald Maxwell's Domesday Tiles', Journal of the Tiles & Architectural Ceramics Society, Vol. 12, 9-20. [Painter and etcher of the Medway Valley (1877-1936)]. Magnox Electric Ltd. Dungeness A: 40 years of power (Dungeness: British Nuclear Group), R. Martin, Maidstone Area Paper Mills 1700-2004 (Maidstone: R. Martin). M. Matthews, Captain Swing in Sussex & Kent: rural rebellion in 1830 (Hastings: Hastings Press). B. Mollo, The Kent Yeomanry (Stroud: Tempus). A. Moss and B. Ratcliffe, Rochester (Stroud: Tempus). C. Nelson, Flames'. Fire, Camera, Action: book of photos of county fire disasters (Ashford: Headley Brodiers). L, Oppitz, Lost Tramways of Kent (Newbury: Countryside Books). A.M. Parkin, On East Hilt: Life on the North Downs as recalled by Jack Hollands (Chichester: Phillimore). R.A. Pearce, Brief History of the White Horse, Bearsted (Maidstone: Kathryn Kersey). G. Pike, Seaside story: Whitstable & Tankerton-on-Sea: a study in local history (Whitstable: Whitstable Improvement Tmst). M. Raraty, 'Blackmansbury, Braems, and Bridge Place', The Journal of Kent History 63, September, 2-5. N.B. Reid, Isle of Sheppey (Stroud: Nonsuch). Roval Tunbridge Wells' Civic Societv. 400 years of the Wells, 1606-2006 (Tunbridge Wells: RTWC 2005). M. Ryall, Kent revisited: photographic memories (Salisbury: Francis FriM). J. Rymill, The Three Sheppey Islands in the 19th and 20th centuries (Marden: Green Arrow Publishing). I. Shrub, 'Jewish life in Me Medway towns', The Journal of Kent History, 63, September, 8-12,36. B. Smidi, Who Guards the Shore? The Dover Garrison 1685-1990 (Dover: B. SmiM). E. Snell, 'Representations of criminality and victimisation in provincial newspapers: The Kentish Post 1717 to 1768'', Southern History, 27, 2005. R. Spider, The Robinson Family from 1700 until 2006 (Maidstone: R. Spider). [Die life and times of die Rev. Diomas Robinson, vicar of Chart Sutton from 1869-1892, and two of his sons] H, Stennett and K.H. Mcintosh, (eds), Broad Oak a Kentish village reconsidered (Canterbury: K.H. Mcintosh for Me Society of Starry Villages).

515 KENTISH BIBLIOGRAPHY 2006

D. Stuart, Old Kent Inns (Stroud: Tempus). Tunbridge Wells Family History Society. Memorials to the Fallen of Speldhurst 1815-1945 (Tunbridge Wells: TWFHS). CD. H. Vaux, 'The poor of Odiam and nearby parishes: Me Coxheath poor house', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 49-70. CH.K. Williams, 'Charing clocks, clockmakers and clock-keepers (Part II)', Archaeologia Cantiana, cxxvi, 87-114. CH.K. Williams, 'Die Church Clocks of Cliaring, Kent', Antiquarian Horology 29, March 2006, 371-96. D. Wood, 150 not out: the complete history of Rainham Cricket Club 1856-2006 (Rainham: Meresborough Bks). O. Wootaer, The House of Broken Fortunes, Hall Place in the Twentieth Century (Bexley: Bexley Archives).

THESES 2004-6

H.B. Basford, 'Kent V.A.D.: Me work of Voluntary Aid Detachments in Kent during die First World War'. Kent M.PHIL. 2005. C. Burt, 'The governance of Edward I, 1272-1307, with special references to SMopshire, Warwickshire and Kent', Cambridge PH.D. 2005, C. Cooper, 'The impact on Me county of Kent of Me French Revolution, 1789- 1802'. Kent PH.D. 2004. C Cordell, 'Hop cultivation and marketMg: Wealden Kent and Soutiiwark, 1744- 2000'. Leicester PH.D. 2005. PM, Donaldson, 'The memorialisation of the Great War in Folkestone, Canterbury and Dover, 1918-24', Kent PH.D. 2005. G. M. Draper, 'Literacy and its transmission in die Romney Marsh area, c.l 150', Kent PH.D. 2004. T. Finucane, 'Minitestations of national identity M 19M-century Kent'. Kent PH.D. 2004. S, Hingley, 'The Oxindens, Warlys and Elham parish library: a family library and its place in print culture in East Kent'. Kent PH.D, 2004, S, Mee, '"A mingle-mangle of apparel": clothing the people of Suffolk, Kent and LMcolnsMre, i580-1720'. Roehampton PH.D. 2004. J. B. Morgan-Evans, 'Lords and peasants in 14M-century Kent, with special reference to Wye manor and Boxley abbey'. London M.PHIL. 2003. S. Petrie, 'Sir Roger Twysden 1597-1672: a Re-appraisal of Ms Life and Writings', Kent PH.D. 2006. J.M, Rampelt, 'DistMctions of reason and reasonable distinctions: die academic life of Jolin Wallis (1616-1703)'. Cambridge PH.D. 2005. [MaMematician and cryptographer, born at Ashford.] R. Semple, 'Dover's bunker mentality: Dover, its people and its tunnels in two world wars'. Kent PH.D, 2005, J, Suarez, 'Ships' logbooks and climate studies: die case of the English Channel, 1685-1700'. Sunderland PH.D. 2005. R. Yarlett, 'The Anglo-Nonnan aristocracy of Kent and Sussex'. St Andrews M.PHIL. 2005.

516