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Female Suicide Bombers: Performativity and the Gendered Body in Terrorism

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Female Suicide Bombers: Performativity and the Gendered Body in Terrorism Master’s Thesis Female Suicide Bombers: Performativity and the Gendered Body in Terrorism Student: Priscyll Anctil Avoine Supervisors: Dr. Aurélie Campana Dr. María José Gámez Fuentes Castellón, September 2013 ii À ma mère et José, avec tout mon amour … iii “Is there a way in which the place of the body, and the way in which it disposes us outside ourselves or sets us beside ourselves, opens up another kind of normative aspiration within the field of politics? The body implies mortality, vulnerability, agency: the skin and the flesh expose us to the gaze of others, but also to touch, and to violence, and bodies put us at risk of becoming the agency and instrument of all these as well. Although we struggle for rights over our own bodies, the very bodies for which we struggle are not quite ever only our own. The body has its invariably public dimension. Constituted as a social phenomenon in the public sphere, my body is and is not mine.” -Judith Butler; Violence, Mourning, Politics (2003) iv Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and love to my family, which has always been there to assist me through my biggest fears and my craziest dreams. Mom and Dad, I sincerely wish I can pay back this beautiful debt I have with you. Alain, thank you for your smile and positivity; they always accompany me and you are always in my heart. Thank you for teaching me hard work. Brigitte, if only I knew how to thank you, but what you bring to my life is just too much. I am the happiest daughter in the world, without any doubts. I have a mother, a best friend and an empirical model of success and the power of women. Rafaël, you and I know how you are connected to this Thesis. I want to express to you my true gratefulness for your critical and amazing points of view. Thank you for being so profound, for being in this world, I love you so much. Thank you very much to Marlyn and Mamy, you are so precious to me. This Thesis would not have been possible without the continuous, generous and truly sincere support of my boyfriend. I have been redacting this Thesis between two adventures, between Castellón and Bucaramanga; here we are, stronger than before, with a head full of ideas. Thank you for being my friend, for loving me so hard, supporting my intense character; I hope we will undertake a long road together. Te amo. Then, I wish to express my deep gratitude to my many adorable friends, who are always there when I go through an “academic crisis”. To my many life-long friends, I am constantly thinking about you, even from afar: Josée, Vicky, Josiane, Vanessa L., Vanessa R., Stéphanie, and a particular thanks to Dominique for constantly thinking about me wherever I am. To my international friends: Arely, for your fascinating philosophical intelligence and our many conversations; Allison, for the wonderful experience in the Pueblo Mágico; Juan Carlos, for being such a good human; Lida, because of your unconditional love and infinite strengths; Gaby V., for incredible kindness and generosity; Toni, for your comprehension and humor, and above all; Marissa Pothen, for your never-ending sensibility, for letting me enter in your life and for your vibrant funny personality and finally; Iris Mushitsi for your true friendship, for the long, deep and fabulous conversations we had, I admire your brilliance. Thanks also to my friends of Castellón: Javier F., Sonia, Ana, Olga, Javier T., Ángel, Sergio, Carmen, Chus, Blas, Jorge, María, Victoria, Miguel. Sharing a classroom with you guys was a fantastic journey. I hope we will see each other again. I would like to thank the staff members of Jaume I University, especially all the teachers and personnel of the Master for their support, especially Adela. I also want to express my gratitude to the staff of JEFCAS at University of Bradford for the academic enrichment during my internship. To Sidi O., Fabricio, Paco C., Alberto G., Maximiliano, Stephen Z., and Michael F. for being such good teachers. Thank you Margo for your devoting work in proofreading my Thesis; you are so patient and so quick, despite my “rushing” times. Constantin, thank you for kindly revising my work, I admire your uncommon intelligence and you will always be an academic model to me. Last, but not least, I wish to thank my supervisors María José Gámez Fuentes and Aurélie Campana. María José, I am very grateful for your comprehension regarding my redaction and for your numerous assertive comments as well as your quick answers. Thank you for your constant feedback regarding my topics of interest. Mme Campana, I wish to thank you for your academic rigor, but also for your constant availability to help me; with you as a mentor, I always feel a constant learning process. v Table of Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 1 1. Presentation of the Thesis……………………………………………………….. 1 2. Personal motivations…………………………………………………………….. 2 3. Project relevance and justification………………………………………………. 4 4. Hypothesis and guiding questions………………………………………………. 5 5. Objectives ………………………………………………………………………. 5 6. Methodology and theoretical framework ………………………………………. 6 7. Limitations of the research and conceptual precisions …………………………. 8 8. Historical and geographical context of the investigation ………………………. 11 8.1 Iraq ………………………………………………………………………….. 13 8.2 Israel-Palestine ……………………………………………………………… 14 8.3 North Caucasus ……………………………………………………………... 15 8.3.1 Russia-Chechnya …………………………………………………… 15 8.3.2 Russia-Dagestan …………………………………………………….. 15 9. Outline of the Thesis ……………………………………………………………. 18 Chapter 1 – Gender and Terrorism within Peace Studies: Where Do We Stand? State of the Art ………………………………………………………………………… 19 1. Philosophy for Peace …………………………………………………………… 21 1.1 Philosophy for Peace: What are we talking about? ………………………… 21 1.2 “Epistemological Shift”: Gender as an analytical category ………………… 24 1.2.1 Performativity, body and emotions ………………………………… 26 1.2.1.1 Performativity …………………………………………………... 27 1.2.1.2 The body as socially bounded ………………………………….. 30 1.2.1.3 Considering emotions in global politics ………………………... 32 1.3 Violent women and war …………………………………………………….. 34 2. Studies on Terrorism ……………………………………………………………. 37 2.1 Preliminary remarks ………………………………………………………… 38 2.2 Conceptualizing terrorism ………………………………………………….. 39 2.2.1 Definitional problems ………………………………………………. 39 2.2.2 Critical understanding of terrorism …………………………………. 41 2.3 Gender and Terrorism ………………………………………………………. 43 2.3.1 Understanding gender ………………………………………………. 44 2.3.2 The failure and necessity to include gender (and women) in Terrorism Studies …………………………………………………… 46 2.4 Female suicide bombings …………………………………………………… 49 2.4.1 What is it? …………………………………………………………... 50 2.4.2 FSB: interaction of socio-political and personal driving-forces ……. 51 3. Summary of the chapter ………………………………………………………… 53 Chapter 2 – Violent Narratives, Women’s Narratives, Body Narratives: The Image of FSB ………………………………………………………………………….. 57 1. On discursive meanings: why does it matter? ………………………………….. 60 vi 1.1 On why and how ………………………………………………………......... 60 1.2 On narratives and their consequences …………………………………......... 62 2. Hegemonic narratives …………………………………………………………... 67 2.1 Female body narratives ……………………………………………………... 68 2.1.1 Beauty: attractiveness of violence ……………………………… 69 2.1.2 Emotions and irrationality: acting solely for personal reasons …. 73 2.1.3 Motherhood …………………………………………………….. 75 2.1.4 The abject: the monster …………………………………………. 79 2.2 Status-related narratives …………………………………………………….. 81 2.2.1 Domestic narratives …………………………………………….. 82 2.2.2 Victimhood: male domination ………………………………….. 85 2.2.3 The unfeminine: the deviated gender …………………………… 88 2.3 Muslim female body: narratives of cultural fatality ………………………… 90 2.3.1. “Othering” the body of Muslim FSB …………………………….. 91 2.3.2. FSB: representations of a cultural fatality ………………………... 93 2.4 Gender emancipation narratives …………………………………………….. 95 3. Summary of the chapter ………………………………………………………… 98 Chapter 3 – On Bodily Vulnerability, Precariousness and Frames of War: A Philosophical Perspective on FSB ……………………………………………………. 101 1. Philosophical framework of the chapter ………………………………………... 103 1.1 The core: Butler’s perspective ……………………………………………... 104 2. On considering the body of FSB ………………………………………………… 109 2.1 The body ……………………………………………………………………. 110 2.1.1 On the body ……………………………………………………….. 111 2.1.2 On vulnerability …………………………………………………... 114 2.1.2.1 Vulnerable bodies ………………………………………… 116 2.2 Performativity of the body of FSB …………………………………………. 119 2.2.1 FSB’s performativity ……………………………………………… 119 2.2.2 FSB’s body performances under occupation ……………………... 123 2.3 Which forms takes the body of a FSB? …………………………………….. 126 2.3.1 Veiled and abject body ……………………………………………. 126 2.3.2 Perversion of the body: disguised and concealed …………………. 128 2.3.3 Human bomb, exploded body and body reclaiming ……………… 130 2.3.4 On horror and body dismemberment through suicide attack ……... 132 2.4 Body as political statement? ………………………………………………... 135 2.5 Concluding thoughts ………………………………………………………... 139 3. On precariousness, frames of war and collective responsibility ………………… 140 3.1 Frames of war: the formation of precarious and ungrievable lives …………. 141 3.2 Collective responsibility toward FSB ………………………………………. 146 4. Further thoughts and critiques …………………………………………………... 148 4.1 On subversivness ……………………………………………………………. 148 4.2 Critical thoughts on Butler’s framework ……………………………………. 149 5. Summary of the chapter ………………………………………………………….
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