Reducing the Genetic Code Induces Massive Rearrangement of the Proteome
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Addressing Evolutionary Questions with Synthetic Biology
Addressing evolutionary questions with synthetic biology Florian Baier and Yolanda Schaerli Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Synthetic biology emerged as an engineering discipline to design and construct artificial biological systems. Synthetic biological designs aim to achieve specific biological behavior, which can be exploited for biotechnological, medical and industrial purposes. In addition, mimicking natural systems using well-characterized biological parts also provides powerful experimental systems to study evolution at the molecular and systems level. A strength of synthetic biology is to go beyond nature’s toolkit, to test alternative versions and to study a particular biological system and its phenotype in isolation and in a quantitative manner. Here, we review recent work that implemented synthetic systems, ranging from simple regulatory circuits, rewired cellular networks to artificial genomes and viruses, to study fundamental evolutionary concepts. In particular, engineering, perturbing or subjecting these synthetic systems to experimental laboratory evolution provides a mechanistic understanding on important evolutionary questions, such as: Why did particular regulatory networks topologies evolve and not others? What happens if we rewire regulatory networks? Could an expanded genetic code provide an evolutionary advantage? How important is the structure of genome and number of chromosomes? Although the field of evolutionary synthetic biology is still in its teens, further advances in synthetic biology provide exciting technologies and novel systems that promise to yield fundamental insights into evolutionary principles in the near future. 1 1. Introduction Evolutionary biology traditionally studies past or present organisms to reconstruct past evolutionary events with the aim to explain and predict their evolution. -
And Chemical-Activated Nucleosides and Unnatural Amino Acids. (Under the Direction of Dr
ABSTRACT LIU, QINGYANG. Synthesis of Photo- and Chemical-Activated Nucleosides and Unnatural Amino Acids. (Under the direction of Dr. Alexander Deiters). Synthetic oligonucleotides coupled with photolabile caging groups have been developed to regulate a variety of biological processes in a spatial and temporal fashion. A UV-cleavable caging group was installed on deoxyadenosine and two morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) monomers of which the morpholino core synthesis was also investigated. The synthesis of a two-photon caging group was optimized and two chromophores with > 400 nm absorption maximum were applied to cage thymidine. These caged monomers can serve as light-triggers of oligonucleotide function upon incorporation. Two phosphine-labile azido thymidine derivatives were synthesized as orthogonal small molecule-triggers to the above light-triggers. Additionally, two coumarin linkers were synthesized, which can cyclize a linear MO so as to inactivate MO activity until > 400 nm light irradiation. These two linkers have been applied to the wavelength-selective regulation of zebrafish embryo development. An azide linker was also synthesized to control MOs using phosphines, as well as a UV-cleavable phosphoramidite to regulate DNA oligonucleotide activities. On the regulation of proteins, a two-photon caged lysine, four azido lysines and an azido tyrosine were synthesized to control protein function with either light or small molecules. The phosphine-induced cleavage of the azido groups were investigated on a coumarin reporter. A fluorescent lysine and an isotope labeled lysine were also synthesized as additional biophysical probes to label protein. These unnatural amino acids have been or will be incorporated into proteins through exogenous tRNA-aaRSs pairs. -
Secretariat of the CBD Technical Series No. 82 Convention on Biological Diversity
Secretariat of the CBD Technical Series No. 82 Convention on Biological Diversity 82 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY FOREWORD To be added by SCBD at a later stage. 1 BACKGROUND 2 In decision X/13, the Conference of the Parties invited Parties, other Governments and relevant 3 organizations to submit information on, inter alia, synthetic biology for consideration by the Subsidiary 4 Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA), in accordance with the procedures 5 outlined in decision IX/29, while applying the precautionary approach to the field release of synthetic 6 life, cell or genome into the environment. 7 Following the consideration of information on synthetic biology during the sixteenth meeting of the 8 SBSTTA, the Conference of the Parties, in decision XI/11, noting the need to consider the potential 9 positive and negative impacts of components, organisms and products resulting from synthetic biology 10 techniques on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, requested the Executive Secretary 11 to invite the submission of additional relevant information on this matter in a compiled and synthesised 12 manner. The Secretariat was also requested to consider possible gaps and overlaps with the applicable 13 provisions of the Convention, its Protocols and other relevant agreements. A synthesis of this 14 information was thus prepared, peer-reviewed and subsequently considered by the eighteenth meeting 15 of the SBSTTA. The documents were then further revised on the basis of comments from the SBSTTA 16 and peer review process, and submitted for consideration by the twelfth meeting of the Conference of 17 the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE an Expanded Genetic Code
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE An expanded genetic code for the characterization and directed evolution of tyrosine-sulfated proteins DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILSOPHY in Biomedical Engineering by Xiang Li Dissertation Committee: Assistant Professor Chang C. Liu, Chair Associate Professor Wendy Liu Associate Professor Jennifer A. Prescher 2018 Portion of Chapter 2 © John Wiley and Sons Portion of Chapter 3 © Springer Portion of Chapter 4 © Royal Society of Chemistry All other materials © 2018 Xiang Li i Dedication To My parents Audrey Bai and Yong Li and My brother Joshua Li ii Table of Content LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................VI LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. VIII CURRICULUM VITAE ...........................................................................................................IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... XII ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... XIII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. -
Bio 102 Practice Problems Genetic Code and Mutation
Bio 102 Practice Problems Genetic Code and Mutation Multiple choice: Unless otherwise directed, circle the one best answer: 1. Choose the one best answer: Beadle and Tatum mutagenized Neurospora to find strains that required arginine to live. Based on the classification of their mutants, they concluded that: A. one gene corresponds to one protein. B. DNA is the genetic material. C. "inborn errors of metabolism" were responsible for many diseases. D. DNA replication is semi-conservative. E. protein cannot be the genetic material. 2. Choose the one best answer. Which one of the following is NOT part of the definition of a gene? A. A physical unit of heredity B. Encodes a protein C. Segement of a chromosome D. Responsible for an inherited characteristic E. May be linked to other genes 3. A mutation converts an AGA codon to a TGA codon (in DNA). This mutation is a: A. Termination mutation B. Missense mutation C. Frameshift mutation D. Nonsense mutation E. Non-coding mutation 4. Beadle and Tatum performed a series of complex experiments that led to the idea that one gene encodes one enzyme. Which one of the following statements does not describe their experiments? A. They deduced the metabolic pathway for the synthesis of an amino acid. B. Many different auxotrophic mutants of Neurospora were isolated. C. Cells unable to make arginine cannot survive on minimal media. D. Some mutant cells could survive on minimal media if they were provided with citrulline or ornithine. E. Homogentisic acid accumulates and is excreted in the urine of diseased individuals. 5. -
Direct Charging of Trnacua with Pyrrolysine in Vitro and in Vivo
letters to nature .............................................................. gene product (see Supplementary Fig. S1). The tRNA pool extracted from Methanosarcina acetivorans or tRNACUA transcribed in vitro Direct charging of tRNACUA with was used in charging experiments. Charged and uncharged tRNA species were separated by electrophoresis in a denaturing acid-urea pyrrolysine in vitro and in vivo 10,11 polyacrylamide gel and tRNACUA was specifically detected by northern blotting with an oligonucleotide probe. The oligonucleo- Sherry K. Blight1*, Ross C. Larue1*, Anirban Mahapatra1*, tide complementary to tRNA could hybridize to a tRNA in the David G. Longstaff1, Edward Chang1, Gang Zhao2†, Patrick T. Kang4, CUA Kari B. Green-Church5, Michael K. Chan2,3,4 & Joseph A. Krzycki1,4 pool of tRNAs isolated from wild-type M. acetivorans but not to the tRNA pool from a pylT deletion mutant of M. acetivorans (A.M., 1Department of Microbiology, 484 West 12th Avenue, 2Department of Chemistry, A. Patel, J. Soares, R.L. and J.A.K., unpublished observations). 3 100 West 18th Avenue, Department of Biochemistry, 484 West 12th Avenue, Both tRNACUA and aminoacyl-tRNACUA were detectable in the The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA isolated cellular tRNA pool (Fig. 1). Alkaline hydrolysis deacylated 4Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, 484 West 12th Avenue, The Ohio the cellular charged species, but subsequent incubation with pyrro- State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA lysine, ATP and PylS-His6 resulted in maximal conversion of 50% of 5CCIC/Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, deacylated tRNACUA to a species that migrated with the same 116 W 19th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA electrophoretic mobility as the aminoacyl-tRNACUA present in the * These authors contributed equally to this work. -
Expanding the Genetic Code Lei Wang and Peter G
Reviews P. G. Schultz and L. Wang Protein Science Expanding the Genetic Code Lei Wang and Peter G. Schultz* Keywords: amino acids · genetic code · protein chemistry Angewandte Chemie 34 2005 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460627 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44,34–66 Angewandte Protein Science Chemie Although chemists can synthesize virtually any small organic molecule, our From the Contents ability to rationally manipulate the structures of proteins is quite limited, despite their involvement in virtually every life process. For most proteins, 1. Introduction 35 modifications are largely restricted to substitutions among the common 20 2. Chemical Approaches 35 amino acids. Herein we describe recent advances that make it possible to add new building blocks to the genetic codes of both prokaryotic and 3. In Vitro Biosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Over 30 novel amino acids have been genetically Approaches to Protein encoded in response to unique triplet and quadruplet codons including Mutagenesis 39 fluorescent, photoreactive, and redox-active amino acids, glycosylated 4. In Vivo Protein amino acids, and amino acids with keto, azido, acetylenic, and heavy-atom- Mutagenesis 43 containing side chains. By removing the limitations imposed by the existing 20 amino acid code, it should be possible to generate proteins and perhaps 5. An Expanded Code 46 entire organisms with new or enhanced properties. 6. Outlook 61 1. Introduction The genetic codes of all known organisms specify the same functional roles to amino acid residues in proteins. Selectivity 20 amino acid building blocks. These building blocks contain a depends on the number and reactivity (dependent on both limited number of functional groups including carboxylic steric and electronic factors) of a particular amino acid side acids and amides, a thiol and thiol ether, alcohols, basic chain. -
Synthetic Life Synthetic Life SL3-4
15.11.2018 Aptamers Synthetic life SL3SL3SL3-SL3 ---4444 Aptamers (from the Latin aptus – fit, and Greek meros – part) are oligonucleotide or peptide molecules that bind to a specific target molecule. Aptamers are usually created by selecting them from a large random sequence pool, but natural aptamers also exist in riboswitches. •DNA or RNA or XNA aptamers – oligonucleotide strands (usually short) •Peptide aptamers - one (or more) short variable peptide domains, attached at both ends to a protein scaffold. Photo credit: Jenny Mottar, NASA NaturalNews.com WiSe 2018/19 Structure of an RNA aptamer specific for biotin. The aptamer surface and backbone Variety of target molecules Zbigniew Pianowski are shown in yellow. Biotin (spheres) fits snugly into a cavity of the RNA surface Fdardel Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment - SELEX Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment - SELEX In vitro selection begins with the generation 1990 – Gold et al. – selection of RNA ligands against T4 DNA polymerase of a diverse library of DNA or RNA molecules. 1990 – J. Szostak et al. – selecting RNA ligands towards organic dyes Multiple rounds are performed until The library is then the library converges on to a introduced to a target ligand collection of sequences with affinity for the target molecule. The bound sequences are then collected and PCR amplified for subsequent rounds of enrichment. A general overview of in vitro selection protocol. NA stands for Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) which Sequences demonstrating affinity start as a random pool, and are enriched through the selection process towards the target molecule are isolated from any unbound sequences. -
Biomolecule, Pathway, and Circuit Engineering (Biomolecular Engineering)
June 2019 Biomolecule, Pathway, and Circuit Engineering (Biomolecular Engineering) Engineering Biology: A Research Roadmap for the Next-Generation Bioeconomy 27 5885 Hollis Street, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608 Phone: +1.510.871.3272 Fax: +1.510.245.2223 This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1818248. © 2019 Engineering Biology Research Consortium June 2019 Biomolecule, Pathway, and Circuit Engineering Summary Biomolecule, Pathway, and Circuit Engineering focuses on the importance, challenges, and goals of engineering individual biomolecules themselves to have expanded or new functions. Successful progress would be demonstrated by production of functional macromolecules on- demand from both natural and non-natural building blocks, targeted design of complex circuits and pathways, and control over the dynamics of regulatory systems. Introduction and Impact At the molecular level, the functional richness, complexity, and diversity of biology can be localized predominantly to large “macro”-molecules (nucleic acids and proteins) and secondary metabolites. Indeed, evolution has produced and leveraged biomolecules and their assemblies to achieve extraordinarily sophisticated natural functions far surpassing our current engineering capabilities. If researchers are able to efficiently design, generate, synthesize, assemble, and regulate biomolecules in ways that rival the functional complexity of natural counterparts, but with user-defined functions, then all areas of bioengineering and synthetic biology should benefit. The challenge of crafting biomolecules, pathways, and circuits that carry out user-defined functions has historically been an exercise in building out from what exists in nature to what doesn’t. Certainly, this mode of bioengineering will be important going forward and will see transformations as our knowledge of and ability to harvest what exists in nature increases. -
Translational Control Using an Expanded Genetic Code
Review Translational Control using an Expanded Genetic Code Yusuke Kato Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Oowashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan; [email protected]; Tel.: +81-29-838-6059 Received: 19 December 2018; Accepted: 15 February 2019; Published: 18 February 2019 Abstract: A bio-orthogonal and unnatural substance, such as an unnatural amino acid (Uaa), is an ideal regulator to control target gene expression in a synthetic gene circuit. Genetic code expansion technology has achieved Uaa incorporation into ribosomal synthesized proteins in vivo at specific sites designated by UAG stop codons. This site-specific Uaa incorporation can be used as a controller of target gene expression at the translational level by conditional read-through of internal UAG stop codons. Recent advances in optimization of site-specific Uaa incorporation for translational regulation have enabled more precise control over a wide range of novel important applications, such as Uaa-auxotrophy-based biological containment, live-attenuated vaccine, and high-yield zero-leakage expression systems, in which Uaa translational control is exclusively used as an essential genetic element. This review summarizes the history and recent advance of the translational control by conditional stop codon read-through, especially focusing on the methods using the site-specific Uaa incorporation. Keywords: genetic switch; synthetic biology; unnatural amino acids; translational regulation; biological containment; stop codon read-through 1. Introduction Conditional induction of gene expression is one of the most important technologies for constructing synthetic gene circuits, and such regulation has applications from basic research to industrial use. -
Hydrogenases of Methanogens
ANRV413-BI79-18 ARI 27 April 2010 21:0 Hydrogenases from Methanogenic Archaea, Nickel, a Novel Cofactor, and H2 Storage Rudolf K. Thauer, Anne-Kristin Kaster, Meike Goenrich, Michael Schick, Takeshi Hiromoto, and Seigo Shima Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2010. 79:507–36 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on H2 activation, energy-converting hydrogenase, complex I of the March 17, 2010 respiratory chain, chemiosmotic coupling, electron bifurcation, The Annual Review of Biochemistry is online at reversed electron transfer biochem.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev.biochem.030508.152103 Most methanogenic archaea reduce CO2 with H2 to CH4. For the Copyright c 2010 by Annual Reviews. activation of H2, they use different [NiFe]-hydrogenases, namely All rights reserved energy-converting [NiFe]-hydrogenases, heterodisulfide reductase- 0066-4154/10/0707-0507$20.00 associated [NiFe]-hydrogenase or methanophenazine-reducing by University of Texas - Austin on 06/10/13. For personal use only. [NiFe]-hydrogenase, and F420-reducing [NiFe]-hydrogenase. The energy-converting [NiFe]-hydrogenases are phylogenetically related Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2010.79:507-536. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org to complex I of the respiratory chain. Under conditions of nickel limitation, some methanogens synthesize a nickel-independent [Fe]- hydrogenase (instead of F420-reducing [NiFe]-hydrogenase) and by that reduce their nickel requirement. The [Fe]-hydrogenase harbors a unique iron-guanylylpyridinol cofactor (FeGP cofactor), in which a low-spin iron is ligated by two CO, one C(O)CH2-, one S-CH2-, and a sp2-hybridized pyridinol nitrogen. -
Characterization of Methanosarcina Barkeri MST and 227, Methanosarcina Mazei S-6T, and Methanosarcina Vacuolata Z-76IT GLORIA M
INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 1991, p. 267-274 Vol. 41, No. 2 0020-7713/91/020267-08$02.OO/O Copyright 0 1991, International Union of Microbiological Societies Characterization of Methanosarcina barkeri MST and 227, Methanosarcina mazei S-6T, and Methanosarcina vacuolata Z-76IT GLORIA M. MAESTROJUAN' AND DAVID R. BOONE172* Departments of Environmental Science and Engineering' and Chemical and Biological Science,2 Oregon Graduate Institute, 19600 N.W. von Neumann Drive, Beaverton, Oregon 97006-1999 Members of the genus Methanosarcina are recognized as major aceticlastic methanogens, and several species which thrive in low-salt, pH-neutral culture medium at mesophilic temperatures have been described. However, the environmental conditions which support the fastest growth of these species (Methanosarcina barkeri MST [T = type strain] and 227, Methanosarcina mazei S-6T, and Methanosarcina vacuolata Z-761T) have not been reported previously. Although the members of the genus Methanosarcina are widely assumed to grow best at pH values near neutrality, we found that some strains prefer acidic pH values. M. vacuolata and the two strains of M. barkeri which we tested were acidophilic when they were grown on H, plus methanol, growing most rapidly at pH 5 and growing at pH values as low as 4.3. M. mazei grew best at pH values near neutrality. We found that all of the strains tested grew most rapidly at 37 to 42°C on all of the growth substrates which we tested. None of the strains was strongly halophilic, although the growth of some strains was slightly stimulated by small amounts of added NaCI.