Title White Paper on DVB-S2 For CCSDS

Authors Kuang Tsai, Milton Sue, Don Olsen

Date October 2008

Justification

Frequency spectrum is becoming more and more congested as more and more wireless and other radio based services are created. A few of the more recent ones include HDTV, cellular phones, and various satellite services, such as communications, navigation, and remote sensing, including weather and other modes of Earth observation. Data accuracy is becoming a driver as finer Earth sensor resolution and more spectral observation bands are needed. All of this is driving the data rates and hence the bandwidth needed to support data transfer.

Frequency management agencies such as the ITU, NTIA, FCC, etc., are being asked to allocate more commercial use of highly desirable, formerly government-only bands. Such services in many cases are leasing these bands at considerable cost and thus providing significant revenue to governments.

These demands are forcing the frequency management agencies to require better bandwidth- efficient use of what in many cases is a nonrenewable use of radio spectrum.

In the wake of the above pressure, the European TV broadcasting and equipment- manufacturing community headed by the Joint Technical Committee (JTC) of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), and European Broadcasting Union (EBU) has developed a series of more spectrally efficient standards for video transmission called Digital Video Broadcasting for satellite television (DVB-S). The latest of these is the Second Generation DVB-S, or DVB-S2.

Programs that Plan to or Could Benefit from the Use of DVB-S2 Spectral Efficiency

Several space programs that are significantly increasing their communication link data rates include:

NASA Constellation GOES-R US Air Force AFSCN CNES Pleiades Spot Demeter Parasol Others

The US Air Force has been directed to upgrade the L band and added S-band AFSCN links to use more Spectrally Efficient Waveforms. DVB-S2 is currently being considered.

Existing Hardware

Several modem manufactures have developed modems that support DVB-S and DVB-S2. They include Comtech ef, Raydyne, RT Logic/In-Snec, Alcatel-Lucent, etc. Most of these support the full range of DVB signaling modes.

Analysis

This white paper documents our support to the AFSCN Program Office pertaining to the development of a Spectral Efficient Waveform (SEW). It provides a set of power spectral density (PSD) and bit error rate (BER) graphs for DVB-S2. These include the DVB-S2 standard block sizes as well as WiMax small-block LDPC-coded waveforms. The paper also details the technical intricacies associated with the development of a set of DVB-S2-compliant simulation tools, and provides the set of full-fledged DVB-S2 BER simulation data specifically called for on behalf of a prospective hardware emulation effort.

The AFSCN/SEW development, starting in March 2008, has been a fast-track tool development effort with the dual goals of developing Monte Carlo PSD/BER simulation tools for a collection of LDPC-coded waveform candidates (GMSK, RRC/BPSK, RRC/QPSK, RRC/OQPSK, RRC/8PSK, RRC/16APSK, RRC/32APSK), and generating corresponding simulation data in the presence of a high-power amplifier (HPA) with multiple output back-off (OBO) settings. In a broader context, the square root raised-cosine (RRC) waveform shaping is brought in to provide the desired spectral efficiency over the conventional rectangular- shaped PSK waveforms, and the low-density parity check (LDPC) forward error-correction (FEC) code is brought in to provide further power efficiency by way of coding gain. Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), on the other hand, requires no RRC-shaping and is a intrinsically spectrally efficient waveform by virtue of being constant-envelope; it is included in the SEW waveform candidate list due to its proven technology maturity in commercial and military applications such as GSM and AEHF.

To ensure sufficient coverage of coding gain assessment over a 7-waveform 3-OBO-setting trade space in a 13-week turnaround time, a judicious decision was made to initially confine the scope of the task deliverables to PSD/BER simulation data associated with small-block LDPC codes (i.e., those with a block size around 3K or 4K coded bits) in exchange for a broader range of FEC code rates. Three different LDPC codes, all designed using a well- established progressive-edge-growth (PEG) technique, of three archetypical code rates (0.5, 0.67, 0.75) and block sizes (3456, 4600, 4608) were treated along with three HPA OBO settings. Table 1 summarizes these small-block LDPC cases in terms of the power and bandwidth efficiencies of the underlying coded waveforms. Figure A depicts the classic power-versus-bandwidth efficiency tradeoff for the Table 1 entries associated with OBO = 3dB.

Table 1. Power/Bandwidth Efficiency of small-block LDPC-coded Waveforms

Family Modulation Chip/Symbol Required Eb/No for BER=1e-6 (dB) 30dB-Bandwidth Efficiency (bps/Hz) Linear OBO=3dB OBO=0dB OBO=PAR Linear OBO=3dB OBO=0dB OBO=PAR LDPC Code Rate GSM GMSK(L=3=1/BT) 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 na 0.39 0.39 0.39 na r=2304/4608= 0.50 AEHF GMSK(L=6=1/BT) 1 2.1 2.1 2.1 na 0.48 0.48 0.48 na r=2304/4608= 0.50 TSAT RRC/BPSK 1 1.5 1.6 2.7 na 0.37 0.36 0.15 na r=2304/4608= 0.50 DVB-S2 RRC/QPSK 2 1.5 1.6 2.2 na 0.74 0.74 0.31 na r=2304/4608= 0.50 NASA RRC/OQPSK 2 1.5 1.6 2.0 na 0.74 0.74 0.33 na r=2304/4608= 0.50 DVB-S2 RRC/8PSK 3 4.3 4.5 5.2 na 1.47 1.47 0.62 na r=2304/3456= 0.67 DVB-S2 RRC/16APSK(12+4) 4 5.5 5.7 8.4 6.9 1.93 1.93 0.83 0.87 r=2304/3456= 0.67 DVB-S2 RRC/32APSK(16+12+4) 5 8.0 9.4 ∞ ∞ 2.72 2.64 1.16 1.29 r=3450/4600= 0.75

Power/Bandwidth Efficiency Tradeoff, Small-block LDPC

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LTWTA (OBO = 3 dB)

1 Bandwidth Efficiency, bps/Hz

0.1 -2-10123456789101112131415 Eb/No for BER = 1e -6, dB

Shannon GMSK(L=6=1/BT) RRC/BPSK RRC/(O)QPSK RRC/8PSK RRC/16APSK(12+4) RRC/32APSK(16+12+4) GMSK(L=3=1/BT)

Figure A. Power/Bandwidth Efficiency Trade-off of small-block LDPC-coded Waveforms (OBO = 3dB)

While the bandwidth efficiency entries in Table 1 are based on the emblematic 99%-power bandwidth, two alternative bandwidth efficiency entries based on the atypical 30dB and 40dB down bandwidth are given in Table 2 for reference purposes. The bandwidth efficiency entries in both Table 1 and Table 2 reflect the code rates of the underlying LDPC codes.

Table 2. Alternative Bandwidth Efficiency of small-block LDPC-coded Waveforms

Family Modulation Chip/Symbol 30dB-Bandwidth Efficiency (bps/Hz) 40dB-Bandwidth Efficiency (bps/Hz) Linear OBO=3dB OBO=0dB OBO=PAR Linear OBO=3dB OBO=0dB OBO=PAR LDPC Code Rate GSM GMSK(L=3=1/BT) 1 0.39 0.39 0.39 na 0.26 0.26 0.26 na r=2304/4608= 0.50 AEHF GMSK(L=6=1/BT) 1 0.48 0.48 0.48 na 0.39 0.39 0.39 na r=2304/4608= 0.50 TSAT RRC/BPSK 1 0.37 0.36 0.15 na 0.33 0.10 0.07 na r=2304/4608= 0.50 DVB-S2 RRC/QPSK 2 0.74 0.74 0.31 na 0.67 0.38 0.20 na r=2304/4608= 0.50 NASA RRC/OQPSK 2 0.74 0.74 0.33 na 0.67 0.54 0.28 na r=2304/4608= 0.50 DVB-S2 RRC/8PSK 3 1.47 1.47 0.62 na 1.33 0.74 0.53 na r=2304/3456= 0.67 DVB-S2 RRC/16APSK(12+4) 4 1.93 1.93 0.83 0.87 1.61 0.84 0.52 0.56 r=2304/3456= 0.67 DVB-S2 RRC/32APSK(16+12+4) 5 2.72 2.64 1.16 1.29 2.11 0.88 0.70 0.84 r=3450/4600= 0.75

Fueled by the prospect of conducting a hardware emulation effort using a commercial-off-the- shelf (COTS) DVB-S2 modem, an expansion of task scope occurred mid-way through our small-block LDPC development effort, escalating the SEW task deliverables to also include BER simulation data associated with the DVB-S2 standard blocks. The expanded SEW task scope necessitated the development of a separate set of DVB-S2-specific simulation tools within the same 13-week task time frame, in addition to the ongoing small-block LDPC tool development. Developing tools to perform DVB-S2 simulations in the time allotted was a major undertaking, not to mention the inherently lengthy simulation time needed to generate a single set of full-fledged DVB-S2 BER data with three different HPA OBO settings. This is because, for physical layer simulations, a full DVB-S2 capability dictates a BCH outer codec, an LDPC inner codec, a bit interleaver, a bit-to-symbol mapping, physical layer framing, physical layer scrambling, and filtering. Not only are there a multitude of components, but each component has many options interrelated with those of other components. The BCH outer codec is a high-rate code with a correction capability ranging from 8 to 12 bits, with the code rate and block size dependent upon those of the LDPC inner codec. The LDPC inner codec itself consists of a "normal" block size of 64800 coded bits, as well as a "short" block size of 16200 coded bits. Associated with the two LDPC block sizes are 11 code rates for the normal block size and 10 code rates for the short block size; a distinct parity check matrix is specified for each possible combination of block size and code rate. A separate bit interleaving pattern was specified for 8PSK, 16APSK, and 32APSK waveforms. Bit-to-symbol mappings were specified for QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, and 32APSK waveforms, with the underlying symbol constellation for 16APSK and 32APSK intricately tied to the LDPC code rate used. Physical layer framing consists of inserting a header frame, with the amount of added headers depending on both the LDPC block size and the underlying modulation type. After the physical layer framing, everything except the physical layer header needs to be scrambled in terms of its in-phase and quadrature components. The filtering consists of a square root raised-cosine filter with three distinct roll-off factors of 0.35, 0.25, and 0.20.

Although we succeeded in developing a complete set of full DVB-S2-compliant simulation tools in our phase 1 effort, the vast trade space encompassing fifteen sets of full-fledged DVB-S2 simulation data with three OBO settings each proved to be a strain for pure software BER simulation in a task time frame of 13 weeks. However, we did manage to generate four sets of full-fledged DVB-S2 BER simulation data covering all four modulation waveforms called for in the DVB-S2 standard on behalf of the prospective COTS hardware emulation effort: RRC/QPSK(2/3), RRC/8PSK(3/4), RRC/16APSK(8/9), and RRC/32APSK(8/9). The remaining 11 sets of full-fledged DVB-S2 BER simulation data were subsequently completed and reported herein. Table 3 summarizes these DVB-S2-specific results in terms of the power and bandwidth efficiencies of the underlying BCH/LDPC-coded waveforms. Figure B depicts the power-versus-bandwidth efficiency tradeoff for the Table 3 entries associated with OBO = 3dB. The bandwidth efficiency entries in Table 3 are based on 99%-power bandwidths, and reflect the combined code rate of the outer BCH and inner LDPC codes.

Table 3. Power/Bandwidth Efficiency of DVB-S2-Specific Waveforms

DVB-S2 Modulation Chip/Symbol Required Eb/No for BER=1e-6 (dB) Bandwidth Efficiency (bps/Hz) Linear OBO=3dB OBO=0dB OBO=PAR Linear OBO=3dB OBO=0dB OBO=PAR LDPC Code Rate BCH Code Rate RRC/QPSK(2/5) 2 0.5 0.6 1.1 na 0.68 0.68 0.49 na r=2/5= 0.40 r=25728/25920= 0.992593 RRC/QPSK(2/3) 2 1.8 1.9 2.5 na 1.15 1.15 0.82 na r=2/3= 0.67 r=43040/43200= 0.996296 RRC/QPSK(4/5) 2 2.6 2.7 3.3 na 1.37 1.37 0.98 na r=4/5= 0.80 r=51648/51840= 0.996296 RRC/QPSK(8/9) 2 3.7 3.8 4.4 na 1.53 1.53 1.09 na r=8/9= 0.89 r=57472/57600= 0.997778 RRC/8PSK(3/5) 3 3.2 3.3 3.9 na 1.54 1.54 1.09 na r=3/5= 0.60 r=38688/38880= 0.995062 RRC/8PSK(2/3) 3 3.7 3.8 4.3 na 1.72 1.72 1.21 na r=2/3= 0.67 r=43040/43200= 0.996296 RRC/8PSK(3/4) 3 4.4 4.5 5.2 na 1.93 1.93 1.37 na r=3/4= 0.75 r=48408/48600= 0.996049 RRC/8PSK(5/6) 3 5.4 5.5 6.2 na 2.15 2.15 1.52 na r=5/6= 0.83 r=53840/54000= 0.997037 RRC/8PSK(8/9) 3 6.4 6.5 7.3 na 2.29 2.29 1.62 na r=8/9= 0.89 r =57472/57600= 0.997778 RRC/16APSK(2/3) 4 4.7 5.0 6.8 5.8 2.29 2.29 1.34 2.18 r=2/3= 0.67 r =43040/43200= 0.996296 RRC/16APSK(8/9) 4 7.4 7.6 10.4 8.8 3.06 3.06 1.79 2.91 r=8/9= 0.89 r=57472/57600= 0.997778 RRC/16APSK(9/10) 4 7.6 7.8 10.8 9.0 3.10 3.10 1.81 2.94 r=9/10= 0.90 r =58192/58320= 0.997805 RRC/32APSK(3/4) 5 7.2 7.7 ∞ 8.3 3.22 3.22 1.95 3.11 r=3/4= 0.75 r=48408/48600= 0.996049 RRC/32APSK(8/9) 5 9.2 9.7 ∞ 10.6 3.82 3.82 2.31 3.70 r=8/9= 0.89 r=57472/57600= 0.997778 RRC/32APSK(9/10) 5 9.3 9.9 ∞ 11.2 3.87 3.87 2.34 3.74 r=9/10= 0.90 r=58192/58320= 0.997805

Power/Bandwidth Bandwidth Tradeoff, 68400-block DVB-S2

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1 Bandwidth Efficiency, bps/Hz Efficiency, Bandwidth

0.1 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Eb/No for BER = 1e -6, dB

Shannon RRC/QPSK(2/3) RRC/8PSK(3/4) RRC/16A PSK(8/9) RRC/32A PSK(8/9) RRC/QPSK(2/5) RRC/QPSK(4/5) RRC/QPSK(8/9) RRC/8PSK(3/5) RRC/8PSK(2/3) RRC/8PSK(5/6) RRC/8PSK(8/9) RRC/16A PSK(2/3) RRC/16A PSK(9/10) RRC/32A PSK(3/4) RRC/32A PSK(9/10)

Figure B. Power/Bandwidth Efficiency Tradeoff of DVB-S2-Specific Waveforms (OBO = 3dB)

A few cautionary notes regarding any hardware emulation effort being contemplated are in order. First, it should be noted that all the LDPC codes defined in the DVB-S2 standard are of the quasi-cyclic (QC) type. Although the power performance of a QC-type LDPC code is typically inferior —albeit only slightly—to a PEG-type LDPC code of the same block size, these QC-type LDPC codes are readily designed with the specific goal of permitting efficient hardware implementation. Therefore, since the power performance of any large-block LDPC code—be it of QC-type or PEG-type—can be assessed only using software with lengthy turnaround time. Any ensuing hardware emulation effort is most beneficial to the AFSCN/SEW task if focused on the DVB-S2-specific QC-type LDPC codes with large block size. Secondly, it cannot be overemphasized that all the power and bandwidth efficiencies reported here are highly dependent on the underlying HPA except for the “linear” cases, in which an amplifier is not involved. The implication of this HPA-dependency on any ensuing hardware emulation effort is uncompromising: either we confine the emulation effort to the linear cases, or we must ensure that the same HPA is being used by both the hardware and the software. Since the HPA model used in all the software simulations is based on the measured AM/AM/PM characteristics of an L-band TWTA readily accessible to our engineers, it would be most efficient from a rapid turnaround point of view to leverage this particular HPA in any ensuing hardware emulation effort. Lastly, irrespective of which HPA is being used, one must realize that the most crucial added value brought forth by hardware emulation lies in employing the actual HPA, along with all the surrounding RF components, in the hardware setup: any compromise in these particular regards will render the hardware emulation effort a near- duplication run of software simulation. Assessing finite word-length degradation effect alone should not be the only impetus for conducting intricate hardware emulation because such an effect is rarely the major contributor to the overall implementation loss in the presence of an HPA.

Simulated PSD/BER curves substantiating the data summarized in Tables 1 through 3 follow. List of attached figures: Figure 1-1. Empirical PSD over LTWTA(OBO = 0dB): GMSK(L = 1/BT = 3 or 6) Figure 1-2. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/BPSK Figure 1-3. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK Figure 1-4. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/OQPSK Figure 1-5. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK Figure 1-6. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK Figure 1-7. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK

Figure 2-1. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA(OBO = 0dB): GMSK(L = 1/BT = 3 or 6) Figure 2-2. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/BPSK Figure 2-3. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK Figure 2-4. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/OQPSK Figure 2-5. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK Figure 2-6. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK Figure 2-7. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK

Figure 3-1. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: GMSK(L = 1/BT = 3 or 6) Figure 3-2. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/BPSK Figure 3-3. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK Figure 3-4. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/OQPSK Figure 3-5. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK Figure 3-6. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK Figure 3-7. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK

Figure 4-1a. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK(rLDPC = 2/5) Figure 4-1b. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK(rLDPC = 2/3) Figure 4-1c. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK(rLDPC = 4/5) Figure 4-1d. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK(rLDPC = 8/9)

Figure 4-2a. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK(rLDPC = 3/5) Figure 4-2b. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK(rLDPC = 2/3) Figure 4-2c. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK(rLDPC = 3/4) Figure 4-2d. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK(rLDPC = 5/6) Figure 4-2e. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK(rLDPC = 8/9)

Figure 4-3a. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK(rLDPC = 2/3) Figure 4-3b. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK(rLDPC = 8/9) Figure 4-3c. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK(rLDPC = 9/10)

Figure 4-4a. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK(rLDPC = 3/4) Figure 4-4b. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK(rLDPC = 8/9) Figure 4-4c. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK(rLDPC = 9/10)

Notes on attached figures: Figures 1-1 through 1-7 are the genesis of all bandwidth efficiency entries in Tables 1, 2, and 3. These so-called power spectral densities (PSDs) allow one to directly “read off” the single-sided 30dB- and 40dB-down bandwidth from which all the bandwidth efficiency entries of Table 2 can be easily computed using the chip-per-symbol count and error correction code rate of the underlying waveform. The SFCG/21-2R2 mask is overlaid for reference purposes only. All PSDs are obtained by generating empirical waveform samples using the developed simulation tool and applying the well-known “periodogram” spectrum estimation technique on the collected waveform samples. Each PSD requires a 16-sample-per-symbol simulation run to generate sufficient numbers of waveform samples that allow spectrum averaging over 400 non-overlapped Hann-windowed 4096- point FFT segments.

Figures 2-1 through 2-7 are simply a different way of visualizing the PSDs in Figures 1-1 through 1- 7. They allow one to directly read off the single-sided 99%-power bandwidth (at the –20dB out-of- band power fraction level) from which all the bandwidth efficiency entries of Tables 1 and 3 can be easily computed using the chip-per-symbol count and error correction code rate of the underlying waveform.

Figures 3-1 through 3-7 are the basis of the power efficiency entries in Table 1 for the small-block LDPC-coded waveforms treated. The target BER level is 10–6. Each BER curve requires a multiple number of 16-sample-per-symbol simulation runs corresponding to the underlying signal-to-noise ratios (Eb/No) settings, with each simulation run terminated upon collecting 10,000 bit errors. The seemingly excessive per-run bit error termination count is in fact necessary in order to establish a reliable BER estimate in an FEC-coded simulation due to the intrinsic “bursty error” nature at the decoder output. The well-established sum-product algorithm (SPA) underlies all LDPC iterative decoding processing with the maximum iteration count set at 100.

Figures 4-1 through 4-4 are the basis of the power efficiency entries in Table 3 for full-ledged DVB- S2 waveform treated. As with the BER curves in Figures 3-1 through 3-7, the target BER level in Figures 4-1 through 4-4 is also 10–6 with the per-run bit error termination count set at 10,000; the maximum SPA iteration count is also set at 100.

Empirical PSD over LTWTA(OBO=0dB): GMSK(L=1/BT=3 or 6)

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Figure 1-1. Empirical PSD over LTWTA(OBO=0dB): GMSK(L = 1/BT = 3 or 6)

Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/BPSK

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Figure 1-2. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/BPSK Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/QPSK

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Figure 1-3. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/OQPSK

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Figure 1-4. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/OQPSK Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/8PSK

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Figure 1-5. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/16APSK(12+4,γ =2.73)

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12+4QAM No_Amp 12+4QAM OBO=0dB 12+4QAM OBO=3dB SFCG(21-2R2)_Mask 12+4QAM OBO=APR=1.059dB

Figure 1-6. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/32APSK(16+12+4,γ =5.27/2.84)

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32APSK No_Amp 32APSK OBO=0dB 32APSK OBO=3dB SFCG(21-2R2)_Mask 32APSK OBO=PAR=2.123dB

Figure 1-7. Empirical PSD over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK Out of Band Power Fraction over LTWTA(OBO=0dB): GMSK(L=1/BT=3 or 6)

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Figure 2-1. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA(OBO=0dB): GMSK(L = 1/BT = 3 or 6)

Out of Band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/BPSK

0

-10

-20 B OBP, d OBP,

-30

-40

-50 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 v=|f-fc|, Rs

BPSK No_Amp BPSK OBO=0dB BPSK OBO=3dB

Figure 2-2. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/BPSK Out of Band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/QPSK

0

-10

-20 B OBP, d OBP,

-30

-40

-50 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 v=|f-fc|, Rs

QPSK No_Amp QPSK OBO=0dB QPSK OBO=3dB

Figure 2-3. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK Out of Band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/OQPSK

0

-10

-20 B OBP, d OBP,

-30

-40

-50 00.511.52 v=|f-fc|, Rs

OQPSK No_Amp OQPSK OBO=0dB OQPSK OBO=3dB

Figure 2-4. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/OQPSK Out of Band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/8PSK

0

-10

-20 B OBP, d OBP,

-30

-40

-50 00.511.52 v=|f-fc|, Rs

8PSK No_Amp 8PSK OBO=0dB 8PSK OBO=3dB

Figure 2-5. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK Out of Band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/16APSK(12+4,γ =2.73)

0

-10

-20 B OBP, d OBP,

-30

-40

-50 00.511.52 v=|f-fc|, Rs

12+4QAM No_Amp 12+4QAM OBO=0dB 12+4QAM OBO=3dB 12+4QAM OBO=APR=1.059dB

Figure 2-6. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK Out of Band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/32APSK(16+12+4,γ =5.27/2.84)

0

-10

-20 B OBP, d OBP,

-30

-40

-50 00.511.52 v=|f-fc|, Rs

32APSK No_Amp 32APSK OBO=0dB 32APSK OBO=3dB 32APSK OBO=APR=2.123dB

Figure 2-7. Out-of-band Power Fraction over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK BER Performance: LDPC(4608,2304)-coded GMSK(M=2=1/h,L=1/BT=3 or 6)

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 Bit ErrorRate

1.E-04

1.E-05

1.E-06 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Eb/No, dB

GMSK(L=1/BT=3) GMSK(L=1/BT=6)

Figure 3-1. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: GMSK(L = 1/BT = 3 or 6)

BER Performance: LDPC(4608,2304)-coded RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/BPSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 Bit Error Rate

1.E-04

1.E-05

1.E-06 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Eb/No, dB

RRC/BPSK No_Amp RRC/BPSK OBO=0dB RRC/BPSK OBO=3dB

Figure 3-2. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/BPSK BER Perform ance: LDPC(4608,2304)-coded RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/QPSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 Bit Error Rate

1.E-04

1.E-05

1.E-06 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Eb/No, dB

RRC/QPSK No_A mp RRC/QPSK OBO=0dB RRC/QPSK OBO=3dB

Figure 3-3. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK BER Performance: LDPC(4608,2304)-coded RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/OQPSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 Bit Error Rate

1.E-04

1.E-05

1.E-06 00.511.522.53 Eb/No, dB

RRC/OQPSK No_A mp RRC/OQPSK OBO=0dB RRC/OQPSK OBO=3dB

Figure 3-4. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/OQPSK BER Performance: LDPC(3456,2304)-coded RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/8PSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 Bit Error Rate

1.E-04

1.E-05

1.E-06 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 Eb/No, dB

RRC/8PSK No_A mp RRC/8PSK OBO=0dB RRC/8PSK OBO=3dB

Figure 3-5. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK BER Performance: LDPC(3456,2304)-coded RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/16APSK(12+4,γ =2.73)

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 Bit Error Rate

1.E-04

1.E-05

1.E-06 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 Eb/No, dB

RRC/16APSK(12+4) No_Amp RRC/16APSK(12+4) OBO=0dB RRC/16APSK(12+4) OBO=3dB RRC/16APSK(12+4) OBO=1.06dB

Figure 3-6. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK BER Performance: LDPC(4600,3450)-coded RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/32APSK(16+12+4,γ =5.27/2.84)

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 Bit Error Rate

1.E-04

1.E-05

1.E-06 66.577.588.599.51010.511 Eb/No, dB

RRC/32APSK(16+12+4) No_Amp RRC/32APSK(16+12+4) OBO=0dB RRC/32APSK(16+12+4) OBO=3dB RRC/32A PSK(16+12+4) OBO=2.12dB

Figure 3-7. Small-block LDPC-coded BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK DVB-S2/QPSK(2/5) BER Performance: BCH(25920,25728)+LDPC(64800,25920)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/QPSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Eb /No ,d B

DVB-S2/QPSK(2/5), NO_Amp DVB-S2/QPSK(2/5), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/QPSK(2/5), OBO=0dB

Figure 4-1a. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK(rLDPC = 2/5) DVB-S2/QPSK(2/3) BER Performance: BCH(43200,43040)+LDPC(64800,43200)-coded RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/QPSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 11.522.53 Eb /No , d B

DVB-S2/QPSK(2/3), No_Amp DVB-S2/QPSK(2/3), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/QPSK(2/3), OBO=0dB

Figure 4-1b. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK(rLDPC = 2/3) DVB-S2/QPSK(4/5) BER Performance: BCH(51840,51648)+LDPC(64800,51840)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/QPSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Eb /No ,d B

DVB-S2/QPSK(4/5), NO_Amp DVB-S2/QPSK(4/5), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/QPSK(4/5), OBO=0dB

Figure 4-1c. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK(rLDPC = 4/5) DVB-S2/QPSK(8/9) BER Performance: BCH(57600,57472)+LDPC(64800,57600)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/QPSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 33.544.555.56

Eb /No ,d B

DVB-S2/QPSK(8/9), NO_Amp DVB-S2/QPSK(8/9), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/QPSK(8/9),OBO=0dB

Figure 4-1d. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/QPSK(rLDPC = 8/9) DVB-S2/8PSK(3/5) BER Performance: BCH(38880,38688)+LDPC(64800,38880)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/8PSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 2.53 3.544.5

Eb /No ,d B

DVB-S2/8PSK(3/5), NO_Amp DVB-S2/8PSK(3/5), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/8PSK(3/5),OBO=0dB

Figure 4-2a. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK(rLDPC = 3/5) DVB-S2/8PSK(2/3) BER Performance: BCH(43200,43040)+LDPC(64800,43200)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/8PSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

Eb /No ,d B

DVB-S2/8PSK(2/3), NO_Amp DVB-S2/8PSK(2/3), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/8PSK(2/3),OBO=0dB

Figure 4-2b. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK(rLDPC = 2/3) DVB-S2/8PSK(3/4) BER Performance: BCH(48600,48408)+LDPC(64800,48600)-coded RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/8PSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03

R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 3.544.555.5 Eb/No, dB

DVB-S2/8PSK(3/4), No_Amp DVB-S2/8PSK(3/4), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/8PSK(3/4), OBO=0dB

Figure 4-2c. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK(rLDPC = 3/4) DVB-S2/8PSK(5/6) BER Performance: BCH(54000,53840)+LDPC(64800,54000)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/8PSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03

R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7

Eb/No,dB

DVB-S2/8PSK(5/6), NO_Amp DVB-S2/8PSK(5/6), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/8PSK(5/6),OBO=0dB

Figure 4-2d. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK(rLDPC = 5/6) DVB-S2/8PSK(8/9) BER Performance: BCH(57600,57472)+LDPC(64800,57600)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/8PSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8

Eb /No ,d B

DVB-S2/8PSK(8/9), NO_Amp DVB-S2/8PSK(8/9), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/8PSK(8/9),OBO=0dB

Figure 4-2e. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/8PSK(rLDPC = 8/9) DVB-S2/16APSK(2/3) BER Performance: BCH(43200,43040)+LDPC(64800,43200)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/16APSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03

R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 44.555.566.577.58

Eb /No ,d B

DVB-S2/ 16APSK(2/3), NO_Amp DVB-S2/ 16APSK(2/3), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/ 16APSK(2/3),OBO=0dB DVB-S2/ 16APSK(2/3),OBO=PAR

Figure 4-3a. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK(rLDPC = 2/3) DVB-S2/16APSK(8/9) BER Performance: BCH(57600,57472)+LDPC(64800,57600)-coded RRC(b=0.35,K=6)/16APSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03

R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 Eb /No , d B

DVB-S2/16APSK(8/9), No_Amp DVB-S2/16APSK(8/9), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/16APSK(8/9), OBO=0dB DVB-S2/16APSK(8/9), OBO=PAR=1.106dB

Figure 4-3b. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK(rLDPC = 8/9) DVB-S2/16APSK(9/10) BER Performance: BCH(58320,58192)+LDPC(64800,58320)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/16APSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03

R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 77.588.599.51010.511

Eb/No,dB

DVB-S2/ 16APSK(9/10), NO_Amp DVB-S2/ 16APSK(9/10), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/ 16APSK(9/10),OBO=0dB DVB-S2/ 16APSK(9/10),OBO=PAR

Figure 4-3c. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/16APSK(rLDPC = 9/10) DVB-S2/32APSK(3/4) BER Performance: BCH(48600,48408)+LDPC(64800,48600)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/32APSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03

R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 66.577.588.59

Eb /No ,d B

DVB-S2/ 32APSK(3/4), NO_Amp DVB-S2/ 32APSK(3/4), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/ 32APSK(3/4), OBO=0dB DVB-S2/ 32APSK(3/4), OBO=PAR

Figure 4-4a. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK(rLDPC = 3/4) DVB-S2/32APSK(8/9) BER Performance: BCH(57600,57472)+LDPC(64800,57600)-coded RRC(β =0.35,K=6)/32APSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03 R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 Eb/No, dB

DVB-S2/32APSK(8/9), No_Amp DVB-S2/32APSK(8/9), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/32APSK(8/9), OBO=0dB DVB-S2/32APSK(8/9), OBO=PAR=1.967dB

Figure 4-4b. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK(rLDPC = 8/9) DVB-S2/32APSK(9/10) BER Performance: BCH(58320,58192)+LDPC(64800,58320)-coded RRC(β=0.35,K=6)/32APSK

1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02

1.E-03

R 1.E-04 BE

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12

Eb/No,dB

DVB-S2/ 32APSK(9/10), NO_Amp DVB-S2/ 32APSK(9/10), OBO=3dB DVB-S2/ 32APSK(9/10), OBO=0dB DVB-S2/ 32APSK9/10), OBO=PAR

Figure 4-4c. Full-fledged DVB-S2 BER over LTWTA: RRC(β = 0.35, K = 6)/32APSK(rLDPC = 9/10)