DOCSLIB.ORG

The Refusal of Work: the Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work Pdf, Epub, Ebook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Refusal of Work: the Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work Pdf, Epub, Ebook THE REFUSAL OF WORK: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF RESISTANCE TO WORK PDF, EPUB, EBOOK David Frayne | 280 pages | 15 Dec 2015 | ZED BOOKS LTD | 9781783601172 | English | London, United Kingdom The Refusal of Work: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work PDF Book Political concepts. He was followed by Crates of Thebes who gave away a large fortune so he could live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens. In affluent societies, work is one of the most conventional and readily available means through which we become part of the pattern of other people's lives. The philosophers of antiquity taught contempt for work, that degradation of the free man, the poets sang of idleness, that gift from the Gods. Worth to read but presented research doesn't actually proof anything. In recent times, the stripping-back of the welfare system has seen a phased introduction of increasingly stringent audits and penalties for the non-worker. He reflects that many he interviews are constrained by their own perspectives on how society views them, as well as the force applied directly by society itself. Main article: Wage slavery. The delight of Terkel's piano tuner is a form of pleasure unfamiliar to many people. Welcome back. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Behind the glorification of 'work' and the tireless talk of the 'blessings of work' I find the same thought as behind the praise of impersonal activity for the public benefit: the fear of everything individual. Original Title. While some tramps may do odd jobs from time to time, unlike other temporarily homeless people they do not seek out regular work and support themselves by other means such as begging or scavenging. Browse housmans. Other Editions 5. Many of the accounts featured in Terkel's book give substance to his conclusion that work is violence, yet some of the book's accounts also offer glimpses of work's pleasures. Following this, I briefly touch upon a number of studies that chart the historical emergence of work, with a view to developing some critical distance from its central role in modern capitalist societies. Autonomist philosopher Bifo defines refusal of work as not "so much the obvious fact that workers do not like to be exploited, but something more. His central theme was wage labour issues such as liberation from work, the just distribution of work, social alienation , and a guaranteed basic income. The Idler is a bi-monthly British magazine devoted to promoting its ethos of "idle living" and all that entails. The Refusal of Work: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work Writer In the work-centred society, the most readily accepted purpose of education is the socialisation of young people for the successful adoption of a predefined work role. Open Preview See a Problem? Lists with This Book. For those who work in jobs with dubious social utility, subjected to the latest innovations in workplace organisation and control, work often represents a struggle against boredom, meaninglessness and exhaustion. Significant events. The author eloquently captures the taboo rejection of how we have constructed work and is somewhat inspiring in his narrative. Marx from the fruits of one's labors, from the process of production itself, and from life-affirming human relations. It represents the contractual exchange of a certain amount of productive time for a wage, and is distinguished from the separate category of 'work-for-ourselves' Gorz, In the UK the context in which I am writing , apart from New Labour's cursory interest in 'work—life balance' in the mid s, the question of working hours, and the entitlement of people to lead active and varied lives outside work, has long been absent from the mainstream political agenda. It may feel like there is little incentive to reflect critically on work from a position where most of us, irrespective of our attitudes towards work, are pretty much obliged to perform it anyway. Average rating 4. Anarchism portal Politics portal. Also it is constructed mainly around pieces from a bunch for previous works on the topic, which don't make this book very valuable by itself, more than as a compendium or summary, if maybe not comprehensive enough even if a bit repetitive , since leaves some questions in the air Frayne signposts arguments presented in an objective manner. Everybody should be free to refuse to work. A significant part of the book is devoted to the analysis of interviews with unemployed or minimally employed people. While the interviews are interesting, they seem too limited in scope to allow much by way of deeper analysis. At the outset, Frayne is rightly preoccupied with identifying critical questions——ones that reveal the heart of his dispute with the modern concept of work: "What is so great about work that sees society constantly trying to create more of it? The term slacker is commonly used to refer to a person who avoids work especially British English , or primarily in North American English an educated person who is viewed as an underachiever. It is, above all or beneath all , about daily humiliations. This is a beautifully clear and thought-provoking discussion and I would recommend anyone to read it. How do they introduce you there? This could be even more powerful if combined with the rapidly-increasing global concern about climate change. Modern methods of production have given us the possibility of ease and security for all; we have chosen, instead, to have overwork for some and starvation for others. A supporter of Jean-Paul Sartre 's existentialist version of Marxism after World War Two, in the aftermath of the May '68 student riots, he became more concerned with political ecology. It is a fact today that one in ten thousand of us can make a technological breakthrough capable of supporting all the rest. Overall, the book offers the reader a good starting point for framing 32nd book for Sometimes we construct elaborate escapes and compensations out of hours in an effort to forget or 'rebalance', as the life coaches call it. Some well researched and interesting theories and perspectives. The stronghold of work Normative mainstream attitudes toward work do little good for the working class. This was possible in times of almost full employment and in times of egalitarian culture. Most workers, he states, are dissatisfied with work as evidenced by petty deviance on the job , so that what he says should be uncontroversial; however, it is controversial only because people are too close to the work-system to see its flaws. Return to Book Page. See also: Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich. In a social context where engagement in work is tied with what it means to be respectable, socially included, and worthy of recognition, the question of which activities society chooses to allow into the category of 'proper work' becomes an important one. What is work for, and what else could we be doing in the future, were we no longer cornered into spending most of our time working? A range of personal tactics help us to survive the working day: we remind ourselves that we are more interesting than the jobs we do, we stage imaginary rebellions against bosses and clients, or we hide away in shells of cynicism. Play, in contrast, is not necessarily rule-governed, and is performed voluntarily, in complete freedom, as a gift economy. Yet for many of us, paid work is at best a frustrating experience. If one of the key characteristics of a paid job is that it serves society in a general sense, work-for-ourselves is distinctive because the worker performs it for the direct benefit of either himself or others with whom he shares a relationship outside the commercial sphere. Wednesday November 11 pm - pm. Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Douglas Harper. The Refusal of Work: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work Reviews The term 'wage slavery' has been used to criticize economic exploitation and social stratification , with the former seen primarily as unequal bargaining power between labor and capital particularly when workers are paid comparatively low wages, e. First of all, work represents society's main mechanism for the distribution of income. I most enjoyed chapter eight, in which we finally begin to see Frayne's personal position, and are offered tangible, practical ways to join the conversation. They are all extremely pressing issues and the fight is far from won, but it is crucial that we also think beyond workers' rights to confront a broader and more fundamental set of questions. Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French-language sources fr Articles containing Japanese-language text Articles containing Greek-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing Spanish-language text. Whether one is in or out of employment, preparing for it, or seeking it, and certainly whether or not one likes one's job, work as it is conventionally organised significantly shapes everyday life experience for most people in industrial societies. In the limit, this is a vicious cycle where people work ever harder to afford ever-growing consumption, and all our lives become ever more transactional as workers, too drained by their jobs to manage it all themselves, contract out the mere necessities of life eating, cleaning, child-caring, etc. Work, in the sense of aesthetic creation, might even be seen as a quest for immortality, expressing the producer's desire to create durable evidence of his or her finite existence in the world. I found this a fairly light, but interesting read questioning the underlying assumptions about the need for work as an economic, moral, and self-affirming activity within our society.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Johnny Cash by Dave Hoekstra Sept
    Johnny Cash by Dave Hoekstra Sept. 11, 1988 HENDERSONVILLE, Tenn. A slow drive from the new steel-and-glass Nashville airport to the old stone-and-timber House of Cash in Hendersonville absorbs a lot of passionate land. A couple of folks have pulled over to inspect a black honky-tonk piano that has been dumped along the roadway. Cabbie Harold Pylant tells me I am the same age Jesus Christ was when he was crucified. Of course, this is before Pylant hands over a liter bottle of ice water that has been blessed by St. Peter. This is life close to the earth. Johnny Cash has spent most of his 56 years near the earth, spiritually and physically. He was born in a three-room railroad shack in Kingsland, Ark. Father Ray Cash was an indigent farmer who, when unable to live off the black dirt, worked on the railroad, picked cotton, chopped wood and became a hobo laborer. Under a New Deal program, the Cash family moved to a more fertile northeastern Arkansas in 1935, where Johnny began work as a child laborer on his dad's 20-acre cotton farm. By the time he was 14, Johnny Cash was making $2.50 a day as a water boy for work gangs along the Tyronza River. "The hard work on the farm is not anything I've ever missed," Cash admitted in a country conversation at his House of Cash offices here, with Tom T. Hall on the turntable and an autographed picture of Emmylou Harris on the wall.
    [Show full text]
  • Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams
    The Long Read: What Will We Do in the Post-Work Utopia? by Mareile Pfannebecker and J.A. Smith blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2016/06/17/the-long-read-what-will-we-do-in-the-post-work-utopia-by-mareile-pfannebecker-and-j-a-smith/ The Refusal of Work: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work . David Frayne. Zed Books. 2015. Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work. Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams. Verso. 2015. Find these books: There is today a preoccupation with the idea of ‘the end of work’: whether in chronicling the decline of permanent careers in the age of precarity; dystopian warnings that digitisation is about to bring a new age of mass unemployment; or utopian demands that we seize the opportunity to radically redefine our relationship to work. The most practical proposal of the latter is the campaign for a Universal Basic Income, an amount paid to every citizen without means- testing, the cost of which, it is argued, could be defrayed by a combination of savings in welfare bureaucracy and reductions in health spending. Until recently, UBI was spoken of as a ‘thought experiment’, but numerous countries are now witnessing campaigns and trials dedicated to making the policy a reality. In Britain, the Green Party, Labour and the SNP have expressed varying levels of openness to it, and there are also advocates on the libertarian Right. The basic annual amount of £3,692 proposed by UK campaigners may not keep the majority from pursuing further income, but such practical questions are less significant than the change that UBI represents to the very ontology of work.
    [Show full text]
  • Ain't Goin' Nowhere — Bob Dylan 1967 Page 1
    AIN 'T GOIN ' NOWHERE BOB DYLAN 1967 by Olof Björner A SUMMARY OF RECORDING & CONCERT ACTIVITIES , RELEASES , TAPES & BOOKS . © 2001 by Olof Björner All Rights Reserved. This text may be reproduced, re-transmitted, redistributed and otherwise propagated at will, provided that this notice remains intact and in place. Ain't Goin' Nowhere — Bob Dylan 1967 page 1 CONTENTS: 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 2 2 THE YEAR AT A GLANCE ................................................................................................... 2 3 CALENDAR .............................................................................................................................. 2 4 RECORDINGS ......................................................................................................................... 3 5 JOHN WESLEY HARDING ................................................................................................... 3 6 SONGS 1967 .............................................................................................................................. 5 7 SOURCES .................................................................................................................................. 6 8 SUGGESTED READINGS ...................................................................................................... 7 8.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • In Reply Refer to UODA
    In reply refer to UODA U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Manpower Administration Bureau of Employment Security Unemployment Insurance Program Letter No. 984 September 20, 1968 TO: ALL STATE EMPLOYMENT SECURITY AGENCIES SUBJECT: Benefit Determinations and Appeals Decisions Which Require Determination of Prevailing Wages, Hours, or Other Conditions of Work REFERENCES: Section 3304(a)(5)(B) of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act; Principles Underlying the Prevailing Conditions of Work Standard, September 1950, BSSUI (originally issued January 6, 1947 as Unemployment Compensation Program Letter No. 130) Purpose and Scope To advise State agencies and appeal authorities of the interpretation of the phrase "new work" for the purpose of applying the prevailing wage and conditions-of-work standard in section 3304(a)(5)(B) of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, particularly in relation to an offer of work made by an employer for whom the individual is working at the time the offer is made. This letter is prompted primarily by a current problem arising from a number of recent cases in which findings were not made with respect to the prevailing wages, hours, or other conditions of the work, because appar- ently it was not considered that "new work" was involved. Federal Statutory Provision Involved Section 3304(a)(5) of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, the so-called labor standards provision, requires State unemployment insurance laws, as a condition of approval for tax credit, to provide that: "compensation shall not be denied in such State to any otherwise
    [Show full text]
  • Money, Work, and Mass Extinction: Transformational Degrowth and The
    MONEY, WORK, AND MASS EXTINCTION: TRANSFORMATIONAL DEGROWTH AND THE JOB GUARANTEE A DISSERTATION IN Economics and Social Sciences Consortium Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by BJ UNTI B.A., Portland State University, 2006 Kansas City, Missouri 2020 MONEY, WORK, AND MASS EXTINCTION TRANSFORMATIONAL DEGROWTH AND THE JOB GUARANTEE BJ Unti, Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2020 ABSTRACT This dissertation is composed of three independent essays. Each essay traces social and ecological crises to capitalist institutions and proposes how a job guarantee (JG) can be adapted to resolve them in the context of degrowth. The first essay focuses on the relationship between economic growth and ecological destruction. In a monetary production economy, there is a trade- off between employment and the environment. To reconcile social and ecological goals it is necessary to decouple employment from growth. A JG makes this possible. The outlines of a simple two-sector model show how a JG can be used to maintain full employment and facilitate a reduction in aggregate output. The JG offers individuals a way to opt out of monetary production and thus, presents a pathway to fundamentally transform the economy. The second essay considers the diverse variety of strategies and policies that have emerged in the degrowth movement. These are classified into two categories. Top-down approaches insist that centralized policies relying on government control are necessary. Bottom- up approaches insist that transformation must stem from the decentralization of power and the expansion of individual autonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • MARCH 20, 2006 ARTIST GENE AUTRY TITLE That Silver Haired
    SHIPPING DATE: MARCH 20, 2006 ARTIST GENE AUTRY TITLE That Silver Haired Daddy Of Mine LABEL Bear Family Records CATALOG # BCD 15944 PRICE-CODE IL EAN-CODE 4000127 159441 ISBN-CODE 3-89916-180-7 FORMAT 9-CD Box-Set (LP-size) with 100-page hardcover book GENRE Western TRACKS 225 PLAYING TIME 659:06 SALES NOTES Very few people know that Gene Autry...America’s beloved Singing Cowboy, began his career as the writer and performer of authentic white country blues. While working as a telegrapher for the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad - the Frisco Line - he used a railroad pass to travel to New York in 1929, hoping to follow his dream of competing with the top pop singers of the day. Instead, on the advice of Frankie and Johnny Marvin, and legendary producer Arthur Satherley, Autry used his talent to emulate Jimmie Rodgers. No other performer caught the essence of Jimmie Rodgers as Autry did. He could match Rodgers' yodel, Mississippi dialect and guitar runs so closely that it was often hard to tell the two apart. Yet, as he performed more and more original songs in the Rodgers style, he began to develop a sound of his own. Producing records for a variety of labels such as Gennett, Victor, and Columbia, as well as various low budget labels ('dime-store platters') owned by ARC, Gene sold lots of records during the Depression when people could least afford to buy them. In the early 1930s, Gene with the guidance of his mentor Jimmy Long and Art Satherley, moved from blues to the more traditional hillbilly music of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Sisyphus and the Labour of Imagination: Autonomy, Cultural Production, and the Antinomies of Worker Self-Management
    Sisyphus and the Labour of Imagination: Autonomy, Cultural Production, and the Antinomies of Worker Self-Management Stevphen Shukaitis1 Abstract Is there any radical potential left in the notion and practices of worker self-management? What I want do in this essay is to try and see if it is possible to distill something of a radical kernel from the many difficulties and complications that confront it, particularly within fields of cultural production. How can self- management contribute to what Jacques Ranciere describes as a movement not of slaves filled with ressentiment, but of people living and embodying a new time of sociability and cooperation, creating resources and skills that can spread out from this, rather than being caught and contained by the conditions of is own creation? Drawing from my own experiences working in Ever Reviled Records, a worker owned and run record label, I want to ferret out--conducting something akin to an organizational autoethnography--hints as to whether or not self-management could be useful for radical social struggles today. Introduction Let us imagine, for a change, an association of free men working with the means of production held in common, and expending their many different forms of labour-power in full self-awareness as one single social labour force…. The total product of our imagined association is a social product…. This, however, requires that society possess a material foundation, or a series of material conditions of existence, which in their turn are the natural and spontaneous product
    [Show full text]
  • The Temporary Autonomous Zone
    THE TEMPORARY AUTONOMOUS ZONE "...this time however I come as the victorious Dionysus, who will turn the world into a holiday...Not that I have much time..." --Nietzsche (from his last "insane" letter to Cosima Wagner) Pirate Utopias THE SEA-ROVERS AND CORSAIRS of the 18th century created an "information network" that spanned the globe: primitive and devoted primarily to grim busi- ness, the net nevertheless functioned admirably. Scattered throughout the net were islands, remote hideouts where ships could be watered and provisioned, booty traded for luxuries and necessities. Some of these islands supported "intentional communities," whole mini-societies living consciously outside the law and determined to keep it up, even if only for a short but merry life. Some years ago I looked through a lot of secondary material on piracy hoping to find a study of these enclaves--but it appeared as if no historian has yet found them worthy of analysis. (William Burroughs has mentioned the subject, as did the late British anarchist Larry Law--but no systematic research has been carried out.) I retreated to primary sources and constructed my own theory, some aspects of which will be discussed in this essay. I called the settle- ments "Pirate Utopias." Recently Bruce Sterling, one of the leading exponents of Cyberpunk science fiction, published a near-future romance based on the assumption that the decay of political systems will lead to a decentralized proliferation of experiments in living: giant worker-owned corporations, independent enclaves devoted to "data piracy," Green-Social-Democrat enclaves, Zerowork enclaves, anarchist liberated zones, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Seeking and Accepting Suitable Work
    SECTION VI – SEEK AND ACCEPT WORK / REFUSAL OF WORK VI-1 Definition of Seeking and Accepting Suitable Work VI-10 Search for Work (A) Commission Required Contacts (B) Lack of Transportation (C) Moving to Different Area (D) Newspaper Advertisements (E) Telephone Contacts Only (F) Undue Restrictions (G) Union VI-20 Refusal of Referral (A) Commuting Distance (B) Different Shift (C) Part-Time or Temporary Work (D) Personal Reasons (E) Relocation (F) Union Hiring Hall Referral (G) Unsuitable Work VI-30 Refusal of Employment (A) After Receipt of 50% of Benefits (B) Before Filing for Benefits (C) Child Care (D) Commuting Distance (E) Humiliation or Embarrassment (F) Job Offered to Deny Claimant Benefits (G) Medical Limitations (H) Same Job/ Different Shift (I) Seasonal Work (J) Undue Restrictions (K) Unsuitable Work (L) -1-2 Wages (M) With Former Employer SECTION VII- PROCEDURES FOR OBJECTIONS AND APPEALS SECTION VIII - MISCELLANEOUS SEEKING AND ACCEPTING SUITABLE WORK A claimant’s search for work and willingness to apply for and accept suitable work is a good indication of continuing availability for work as required in Sec. 2-205 and is closely linked to the adjudication of that issue. A claimant for UI benefits is expected to demonstrate continued availability for work measured by what one does in an attempt to become reemployed in a reasonable time. Reemployment of unemployed workers is an important part of the original mission of the Employment Security system; involving both the job placement/training and UI components of that system. The goal is to encourage and assist in that reemployment before the exhaustion of benefits in order to maintain or restore the economic security of the worker.
    [Show full text]
  • The Motivations Behind Engagement in Anarchy April M
    Crises Transformed: The Motivations Behind Engagement in Anarchy April M. Stapp Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Sociology Barbara Ellen Smith Samuel R. Cook Karl Precoda David L. Brunsma April 27, 2017 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: crisis, social movements, anarchism, anarchy, prefigurative politics, transformative embodiments, affect, care Crises Transformed: The Motivations Behind Engagement in Anarchy April M. Stapp ABSTRACT What motivates individuals to take part in anarchistic movements and spaces? For those who do, what occurs during engagement in anarchy? By collecting the oral histories of anarchistic activists, this study indicates how crisis, personal and collective, is a not only a motivating factor for why individuals join and engage in anarchistic movements and spaces, but how crises are, in turn, radically transformed through engagement in anarchical practice. To understand this process, this study explores crisis through the development of an eco-anarchistic dialectical framework—negate-subvert-create—to indicate how the crises of capital are embodied, consciously negated, subverted politically, and ultimately transformed through engagement in anarchy. Anarchy is accordingly conceptualized as a liminal spatio-temporality that allows individuals to reconnect their selves to their potentials to become something beyond the ecological destructive and dominant social world. These newfound potentials are realized through the embodiment of communitas, or collective liminality—a natural communality that individuals reconnect to engaging in anarchy. I end with an exploration of the possible outcomes and potential futures of anarchy by situating the current political, economic, social and ecological crises occurring around the globe within the eco-anarchistic framework developed in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Foundations of Contemporary Slavery by Justin Guay
    TOPICAL RESEARCH DIGEST: HUMAN RIGHTS AND CONTEMPORARY SLAVERY The Economic Foundations of Contemporary Slavery By Justin Guay “Slavery existed before money or law” (Hochschild 2005). Indeed the “peculiar institution” is one of humanity’s oldest. It has, however, evolved and manifested itself quite distinctly in different periods of history. In contrast to historical views of slavery that are associated with Chattel Slavery, numerous forms fall under the umbrella term of contemporary slavery. The United Nations (U.N.) Working Group recognizes such radically new forms as: child labor, children in conflict, trafficking in persons, sexual exploitation, and the sale of children. The International Labor Office (ILO) approaches the topic through the lens of forced labor. The ILO recognizes slavery and abductions, compulsory participation in public works projects, forced labor in agriculture, domestic workers, bonded labor, forced labor imposed by the military, forced labor in the trafficking of persons, as well as some aspects of prison labor and rehabilitation through work. A linking factor between these varied forms of contemporary slavery, according to the U.N. Working Group, is the role that poverty plays in creating vulnerability. This link is echoed in the work of Kevin Bales, arguably the world’s foremost expert on contemporary slavery. According to Bales, contemporary slavery is “the complete control of a person, for economic exploitation, by violence, or the threat of violence.” Using this definition, it is possible to explore the economic links that all forms of slavery, despite their unique characteristics, share. Economic conditions are decisive in the formation of slavery. Chattel slavery emerged as a disturbing manifestation of a push for labor-intensive goods created in the new world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Illegitimacy of Student Debt
    Cultural Logic: Marxist Theory & Practice 2013 (Whole Number 20), pp. 195-208 The Illegitimacy of Student Debt David J. Blacker University of Delaware Introduction Stadtluft macht frei (“city air makes one free”) was a medieval German motto reflecting the legal situation of many serfs (Wallerstein, 1984, p. 64). If one fled to the city—dare we say “occupy”?—and survived for a year and day, then one was considered liberated from the feudal bonds that had legally tied one to a lord’s estate. Rural serfs were expected to engage in agricultural production, including the customary yielding of a percentage of one’s harvest and/or husbandry to one’s lord. Increasing sophistication in banking and trade allowed labor-hungry cities to begin asserting themselves against the nobility, in large part because of the latter’s chronic thirst for liquidity. This was a key internal contradiction within feudalism: landed nobles’ need for cash, causing them to become dependent on urban bankers and their ilk, which helped accumulate the capital that preconditioned modern capitalism itself. Meanwhile, as per the motto, arising from within the interstices of the feudal contradiction was an enlarged set of liberties for the erstwhile tradition-yoked serfs, formal freedoms that in turn generated their own contradictions. Today, via the global occupy movement, it is apparent that the city air is still capable of at least allowing us to glimpse what freedom might mean; as the chants suggest, “this is what democracy looks like.” Prominent among the concerns of occupiers worldwide is the extent to which educational debt has truncated their possibilities and, in effect, tied them to a certain way of living in a way that is structurally not unlike what faced an eleventh-century European serf.
    [Show full text]