DOCSLIB.ORG

Speech by His Excellency President Mohamed Nasheed, at the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association’S Conference on Climate Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Speech by His Excellency President Mohamed Nasheed, at the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association’S Conference on Climate Change Speech by His Excellency President Mohamed Nasheed, at the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association’s Conference on Climate Change Good morning Baroness D’Souza, Honourable Members of Parliament, Ladies and Gentlemen; I am so delighted to be sitting next to her. Long time ago, when I was a prisoner, I did receive letters from her through the Amnesty International calling for my release. It is consistent efforts and focused work that actually gives us results. So I am so pleased to be here today. Friends and Colleagues; We, in front of us, have a very daunting task. Our world faces many challenges, most importantly in climate change. The Maldives like many other countries here is very vulnerable for climate change. We are just 1.5meteres above sea-level. Most of us agree that the science is now sorted. We do agree that the planet is changing- sea-level is rising; the winds are stronger than it used to be; they are not coming on the times they used to come; the rains fall on the wrong time; the dry season is drier than before - weather patterns are shifting. This is very real in the Maldives. Even as we speak people are having to move their homes because of erosion. We have had very bad four years of fishing because fish are not coming up as they used to. These events and many others are very real and it is a threat to us. If we let ourselves lose and not work on this, not have our focus on these issues, we will soon find ourselves unable to defend and unable to fend for ourselves. In Copenhagen, we are hopefully talking about a two degree rise in temperature or an agreement that binds all nations to abide by principles that would only give room for a two degrees rise in temperature. Anything above two degrees would completely annihilate the Maldives and half of Bangladesh and many other nations here. It is very difficult for us to be talking about degrees. When you talk about that you are actually talking about the destruction of the Maldives and the destruction of many other people and countries. We cannot just sit idle and let this happen. We have to be able to find solutions, processes and options on how we may be able to deal with this situation. For us it is so difficult to imagine that we might not exist. We have been living in the middle of the Indian Ocean for the last 2000 years. We have a written history of 2000 years. We have a culture, we have a civilisation and it is just simply impossible for us to comprehend and digest that we will not be around during the next century. It is with this urgency that we have come out to seek a solution for this. We hope that other nations would agree with us and assist us in trying to make the world a safer place to live. In our minds, climate change is not just an environmental issue. It is a human rights issue. It is the right to live. It is a fundamental right. Therefore, it is non-negotiable. We cannot negotiate with our lives. And also, we will have to be mindful that climate change is the singular most important security issue that is arising internationally. We will very soon, we believe, see situations where climatic issues come to the forefront of international relations. When other threats were recognised as international threats, the international community came out and drew up borders, defined frontline states. Similarly, in climate change we should now be defining frontline states. In our minds, if you cannot save the Maldives today, you will not be able to save yourselves tomorrow. Maldives is a frontline state. I would like to remind here, it is not a faraway country. In 1938 the British Prime Minister pointed out -- in reference to Poland -- mentioned that it is a coral in a faraway country with people who we know nothing about. There is no faraway country. And if you did not protect Poland then, you wouldn’t have defended yourselves now. And if you cannot defend the Maldives today, it is going to be very difficult for you to defend yourselves tomorrow. We would like to see international relations more defined in a manner where climatic issues are addressed so that they become the main focus. In this regard, we feel that there is a need to bring a number of reforms to the United Nations Security Council. We feel that if we want to get Indians, Brazilians and other bigger developing nations to listen to us, we should be able to bring them to the United Nations Security Council. After 1947, we got members into the Security Council. The reasons for their seats, as we all know, was because of their strength or their fire power, in a sense, the strength that they have in destroying the world and for that reason we have got five permanent Security Council members. Now we are facing a different threat. In this threat there are other countries that have similar capabilities or actions of other countries can make the world a very unhappy place for us. So we should now define international relations along these lines and we hope that we can bring bigger developing countries to become members of the United Nations Security Council. In our minds, we also feel that the best form of adaptation is, or the best measure for adaptation is, good governance. It is going to be very difficult for us to adapt to climate change issues if we do not have solid and secure democratic governance. There are many examples, especially in the Maldives on how bad governance has been at the root of our inability to come up with proper adaptation measures. During the last 3 - 4 years, the government of Maldives started up adaptation measures in 120 islands at a cost of 2000 million dollars. Four years down the line none of it is working. All construction has stopped. This is all because there was no consultation with the people and the contracts went to the wrong hands. We feel that the most important adaptation issue for climate change is democracy and good governance. Yes, we do understand how important it is to have aid in all its form and assistance in every manner that we can have. But we still feel that it is not always revetments and embankments and a whole lot of concrete that is required for adaptation, but it is good governance that is required for adaptation. Physical adaptation is very expensive. British Prime Minister Gordon Brown’s one hundred billion pound would only be enough to build revetments in the Maldives. It is a very expensive business. We have to be able to find home-grown solutions for adaptation. We have to be able to understand softer or biological engineering methods. To do that, again, what is required most is good governance and democracy. The Maldives during the last four years have been able to come up with a home-grown democratic movement. We have been able to galvanise the public to political activism. We have been able to have our first free and fair elections. We were able to have political parties. We were able to create room or space for freedom of expression. We’ve had our first multi-party elections and we have also had a very smooth transfer of power. The former President is still intact. Why I am saying this is because we have done this against the odds. No one, the Baroness might, would have actually believed there would be such changes in the Maldives and we would be able to win the last elections. But it is singular focus and remaining in focus at the issue and working consistently at it all the time. Similarly, in climate change -- it is a huge task. But if we call ourselves responsible politicians and if we want to deliver an inheritance to our children and grand children, we have to be able to find solutions today. We cannot pass on this problem to the next generation. If we do that it would be too late and we would have reached the tipping points where we cannot any longer save our planet. That indeed would be very sad. For me it is very difficult to believe or digest that humanity would actually do that. In my mind - I’m sure many MPs here would understand this - the people will come up and will decide to change. Politicians only do anything when people want them to do something. To understand or to gauge the needs, the wishes of the people you need governance, you need democracy. So, not only for adaptation, but even for mitigation, to pressure governments to act, the most important ingredient again is democracy and good governance – human rights, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly. So again and again, I have to stress that, in my mind, it is good governance that stands at the heart - at the core - of the climate change issue. In any battle, in any struggle, you have to listen to the frontline voices. It is this voice, this time coming from the Maldives. It is not me. And I’m sure I am very insignificant, unimportant. But what might happen to this world is very important. So please listen to the Maldives and what is happening in the Maldives. If you cannot, again I say, defend the Maldives today, you will not be able to defend yourselves tomorrow.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Island President
    EDUCATOR GUIDE The Island President PBS.ORG/INDEPENDENTLENS/ISLAND-PRESIDENT HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM CLICK THIS ICON TO GO BACK TO THE TABLE OF CONTENTS A complete educational edition DVD Table of Contents is available for purchase at Introduction 03 www.firstrunfeatures.com/ islandpresident_educational Film Synopsis 04 This 2-DVD package includeds two How to Use This Guide 05 additional lesson plans and three additional video modules, Subject Areas and Key Concepts 06 in addition to the complete film LESSON 1: and university curriculum. Global Climate Change And The Ethics Of Industry Overview of Lesson 07 Student Handout A: Man vs. Nature 17 Student Handout B: Film Synopsis 18 LESSON 2: Universal Human Rights And The Ethics Of Government Overview of Lesson 19 Student Handout: Film Synopsis 31 Credits 32 2 HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM Introduction Group screening of The Island President in an educational environment will ignite interest, inspire debate, and prompt further investigation into a variety of topical issues and academic disciplines. This guide was created to empower educators worldwide to maximize the educational value of a classroom or seminar screening and to supplement post-viewing group discussion, further research, and active engagement. The curriculum was developed for use in middle and high school classrooms, and is aligned with key national standards in language arts, social studies, and science. The guide includes two lesson plans geared toward personal and local discovery, critical thinking, and interpersonal activity. 3 HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM Film Synopsis The Island President tells the story of recent Middle Eastern populist revolts another day. When all hope fades for President Mohamed Nasheed of the against autocrats in Tunisia, Egypt, and any kind of written accord to be signed, Maldives, a man confronting a problem elsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • President Mohamed Nasheed Returns to the Maldives Following Over Two Years in Exile
    President Mohamed Nasheed Returns to the Maldives Following Over Two Years in Exile November 1, 2018, London — President Mohamed Nasheed, the first democratically elected leader of the Maldives, returned safely home to the Maldives today after living in exile for two and a half years. Thousands of supporters flooded the streets to celebrate his historic return, and the return of a democratically elected leadership to the country. On his flight from Colombo, Sri Lanka, to Malé, Maldives, President Nasheed was accompanied by President-Elect Ibrahim Solih and his wife, Madame Laila Ali. On Tuesday, October 30, the Supreme Court of the Maldives suspended President Nasheed’s 13- year sentence, which was denounced by the international community — including the U.S., India, The U.K., European Parliament, The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, The UN Human Rights Committee, The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and others — as being politically motivated, clearing a legal pathway for his return. Since his release from prison in January 2016, President Nasheed has lived in exile between Colombo, Sri Lanka and London, where he has mobilized a united, multi-party political opposition movement to the authoritarian government of President Abdulla Yameen, who jailed all of his political opponents and repressed independent media, freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. Last month, Yameen lost his bid for re-election in a landslide victory for the opposition. Since Yameen's defeat, political prisoners have been freed and exiles have returned from abroad as the Maldives prepares a transition to a new leadership to occur at the inauguration of President-Elect Solih on November 17.
    [Show full text]
  • A/HRC/WGAD/2015 Advance Unedited Version
    1. A/HRC/WGAD/2015 Advance Unedited Version Distr.: General 12 October 2015 Original: English Human Rights Council Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its seventy-third session, 31 August–4 September 2015 No.33/2015 (Maldives) Communication addressed to the Government on 12 May 2015 Concerning Mohamed Nasheed The Government has replied to the communication. The State is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention was established in resolution 1991/42 of the former Commission on Human Rights, which extended and clarified the Working Group’s mandate in its resolution 1997/50. The Human Rights Council assumed the mandate in its decision 2006/102 and extended it for a three-year period in its resolution 15/18 of 30 September 2010. The mandate was extended for a further three years in resolution 24/7 of 26 September 2013. In accordance with its methods of work (A/HRC/30/69), the Working Group transmitted the above-mentioned communication to the Government. 2. The Working Group regards deprivation of liberty as arbitrary in the following cases: (a) When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty (as when a person is kept in detention after the completion of his or her sentence or despite an amnesty law applicable to the detainee) (category I); (b) When the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or freedoms guaranteed by articles 7, 13, 14,
    [Show full text]
  • Navigating Multiple Knowledge Systems and Responding to Climate Change in the Maldives Rachel Hannah Spiegel Pitzer College
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont Pitzer Senior Theses Pitzer Student Scholarship 2017 Drowning in Rising Seas: Navigating Multiple Knowledge Systems and Responding to Climate Change in the Maldives Rachel Hannah Spiegel Pitzer College Recommended Citation Spiegel, Rachel Hannah, "Drowning in Rising Seas: Navigating Multiple Knowledge Systems and Responding to Climate Change in the Maldives" (2017). Pitzer Senior Theses. 76. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/76 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Pitzer Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pitzer Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Drowning in Rising Seas: Navigating Multiple Knowledge Systems and Responding to Climate Change in the Maldives Rachel H. Spiegel In partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Environmental Analysis and International/Intercultural Studies April 2017 Pitzer College, Claremont, California Readers: Professor Joseph Parker and Professor Susan Phillips DROWNING IN RISING SEAS 1 Image: Maldivian Cabinet member and Minister of Fisheries & Agriculture Dr. Ibrahim Didi signs a document calling on the world to address global climate change October, 2009 DROWNING IN RISING SEAS 2 ABSTRACT The threat of global climate change increasingly influences the actions of human society. As world leaders have negotiated adaptation strategies over the past couple of decades, a certain discourse has emerged that privileges Western conceptions of environmental degradation. I argue that this framing of climate change inhibits the successful implementation of adaptation strategies. This thesis focuses on a case study of the Maldives, an island nation deemed one of the most vulnerable locations to the impacts of rising sea levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Mohamed Nasheed, Citizen of the Republic of Maldives
    PETITION TO: UNITED NATIONS WORKING GROUP ON ARBITRARY DETENTION Chairman/Rapporteur: Mads Andenas (Norway) Vice-Chairperson: Vladimir Tochilovsky (Ukraine) Sètondji Roland Adjovi (Benin) José Guevara (Mexico) Seong-Phil Hong (Republic of Korea) HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY In the Matter of Mohamed Nasheed, Citizen of the Republic of Maldives v. Government of the Republic of Maldives URGENT ACTION REQUESTED And Petition for Relief Pursuant to Resolutions 1997/50, 2000/36, 2003/31, 6/4, 15/18, 20/16, 24/71 Submitted By: Jared Genser & Maran Turner Ben Emmerson QC Amal Clooney Freedom Now Matrix Chambers Doughty Street Chambers 1776 K Street, NW, 8th Floor Griffin Building 54 Doughty Street Washington, DC 20006 Gray’s Inn, London London W1CN 2LS United States United Kingdom United Kingdom +1.202.466.3069 (phone) +44.207.404.3447 (phone) +44.207.404.1313 (phone) +1 202.478.5162 (fax) [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] @jaredgenser April 30, 2015 1 Resolutions 1997/50, 2000/36, and 2003/31 were adopted by the UN Commission on Human Rights extending the mandate of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention. The Human Rights Council, which “assume[d]… all mandates, mechanisms, functions and responsibilities of the Commission on Human Rights…” pursuant to UN General Assembly Resolution 60/251, GA Res. 60/251, Mar. 15, 2006, at ¶ 6, has further extended the mandate through Resolutions 6/4, 15/18, 20/16, and 24/7. 1 Table of Contents Basis for “Urgent Action” Request ................................................................................................. 3 Questionnaire To Be Completed by Persons Alleging Arbitrary Arrest or Detention ...................
    [Show full text]
  • The Maldives in Transition: Human Rights and Voices of Dissent
    Centre for Human Rights Education Faculty of Humanities The Maldives in Transition: Human Rights and Voices of Dissent Aminath Didi This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University February 2012 THE MALDIVES IN TRANSITION: HUMAN RIGHTS AND VOICES OF DISSENT Black Friday Protests 2004 Photo by A S Moosa Aminath Didi This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University Centre for Human Rights Education Faculty of Humanities February 2012 DECLARATION To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Aminath Didi February 2012 ABSTRACT This thesis explores the factors that have facilitated and inhibited the Maldives transition to a human rights respecting nation. The death of a young inmate in Maafushi Jail in September 2003 triggered events that led the Maldives to accept international human rights norms and to revise its Constitution. It also led the Maldives to embrace pluralistic democracy leading to the fall of a thirty-year dictatorial regime in 2008. Data gathered through interviews with activists and dissidents, as well as policy and law makers were analysed using grounded theory methodology. Increasing domestic opposition as well as international pressure from transnational advocacy networks and international aid donors steered the Maldives from a path of relative isolation in the 20th century, into the globalised world of the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • Maldives' Population Dynamics
    Maldives’ Population Dynamics: Policy Prospects for Human Growth and Opportunity John F. May, Ph.D. Copyright, UNFPA 2016 ISBN Maldives’ Population Dynamics: Policy Prospects for Human Growth and Opportunity John F. May, Ph.D. The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the National Bureau of Statistics, or the United Nations Population Fund. Assumptions made within the analysis are not reflective of the position of the Government of Maldives or any agency of the United Nations. Foreword As an island nation the Maldives faces unique challenges in the years ahead, from social and economic ones to mitigating the effects of climate change. But it also stands at the cusp of greater economic growth and development. The 2014 Population and Housing Census provided a helpful snapshot of Maldivian society and in particular the dynamic make-up of the Maldives population which will help drive the agenda needed for developing future policies to further long-term development planning. The census highlighted the important challenge the Maldives faces in terms of building opportunities for young people, improving reproductive health outcomes, improving gender equality and addressing migration issues. It also examined the potential for the Maldives to capture the country’s first demographic dividend, seizing the possibilities of economic growth which could result, if the country’s younger generation are provided with further higher education opportunities needed to get secure good jobs and better income. The Maldives has proven to be a resilient nation, and has come a long way in its economic and social development, but more can be done to seize the economic opportunities the country could benefit from in the years ahead.
    [Show full text]
  • December 10, 2009 H.E. Ambassador Michel Kafando President of the United Nations Security Council Permanent Representative of Bu
    OFFICE OF SENATOR AZUMA KONNO OFFICE OF SENATOR TADASHI INUZUKA December 10, 2009 H.E. Ambassador Michel Kafando President of the United Nations Security Council Permanent Representative of Burkina Faso to the United Nations 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 326/327 A New York, NY 10017, U.S.A Fax: 1(212) 308 4690 H.E. Mr. Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General of the United Nations United Nations New York, NY 10017, U.S.A Fax: 1(212) 963 2155, 1(212) 963 1185 Via facsimile Your Excellencies, On behalf of 442 Members of Parliament from 29 countries around the world, we are writing to urge the United Nations Security Council to launch an investigation into crimes against humanity committed by the military regime in Burma (Myanmar) and to impose a global arms embargo on that regime. Such action is long overdue. Burma’s military regime has carried out brutal attacks on its own people for decades. According to the Thailand Burma Border Consortium (TBBC), a humanitarian agency providing aid to Burmese refugees and displaced persons for 25 years, through these attacks, the regime has destroyed over 3,500 ethnic minority villages in eastern Burma since 1996. Here, at least 75,000 people were forced to leave their homes during this past year alone, and more than half a million people remain internally displaced. TBBC has described the situation in Burma as being comparable to the situation in Darfur. Furthermore, these crimes against humanity in Burma are well documented by various UN bodies, although none of them have taken effective action.
    [Show full text]
  • To Download a PDF of an Interview with His
    Maldivian Democracy An Interview with His Excellency Mohamed Nasheed, President of Maldives EDITORS’ NOTE Mohamed Nasheed specifi c industries offer the great- scientifi c predictions for sea level rise and coral became the fi rst democratically elected est opportunities? reefs and we should start to save money today in President in the history of the Maldives tourism is historically the major in- case we are forced to leave the maldives at some on October 28, 2008. Nasheed grad- dustry that has attracted foreign invest- point in the future. For my children and grand- uated from the University of Liverpool ments. but since the new administration children’s generation, this is a serious, existential in 1989 with a Bachelor of Arts in took over in late 2008, we have opened problem. as i always say to foreign leaders, what Maritime Studies. In 1990, he helped up the economy and now there are in- happens to us today will happen to you tomor- establish political magazine sangu vestment opportunities in housing, fi sh- row. so, in a sense, we are all maldivians now. that scrutinized the ruling political eries, transport, aquaculture, education, You have proposed that the Maldives class. The government banned the and renewable energy. we are currently will become the fi rst carbon neutral country magazine and Nasheed was arrested in the process of attracting foreign in- in the planet. How is this effort progressing? and jailed for the fi rst of many times. vestors into our international airports we have set a target of 10 years to achieve In 1999, he was elected MP for Malé H.E.
    [Show full text]
  • TM May 24 2021 Issue
    THE JAMESTOWN FOUNDATION MAY 24, 2021 VOLUME XIX, ISSUE 10 p.1 p.3 p.5 p.7 Jacob Zenn Animesh Roul Sunguta West Michael Horton BRIEFS Former Maldivian President Mohamed Nasheed Nar- Kenya and DRC Sign Tigray Defense Forces rowly Avoids Assassination: Defense Pact to Resist Ethiopian Army A Political Conspiracy or Cooperate Against Offensive as Sudan, Er- Islamic State Plot? Islamic State itrea, and Ethnic Militias KILLING OF BOKO HARAM LEADER ABUBAKAR Although ISWAP is yet to comment on Shekau’s death or SHEKAU BOOSTS ISLAMIC STATE IN NIGERIA provide evidence of it, the death does seem to be con- firmed. Several days before Shekau’s death, for exam- Jacob Zenn ple, Abu Musab al-Barnawi, the ISWAP leader who de- On May 21, reports emerged from Nigeria, and espe- throned Shekau from leadership in August 2016 and was cially from Boko Haram insider journalist Ahmed Salki- himself replaced in March 2019, released an audio an- da’s publication HumAngle, that longtime Boko Haram nouncing that IS reinstated him to be the “caretaker” leader Abubakar Shekau was dead (HumAngle.ng, May leader of ISWAP (Ra’id Media Agency, May 16). Al-Bar- 22). Shekau earned a reputation since assuming Boko nawi’s father, Muhammed Yusuf, had led Boko Haram Haram leadership in 2010 for being declared deceased until his death in 2009 at the hands of Nigerian security by Nigeria’s army only to resurface in videos, alive, forces and his then deputy, Shekau, assumed leadership taunting the military (Militant Leadership Monitor, May (Daily Trust, July 4, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • An All-Out Assault on Democracy: Crushing Dissent in the Maldives
    HUMAN RIGHTS “An All-Out Assault on Democracy” Crushing Dissent in the Maldives WATCH “An All-Out Assault on Democracy” Crushing Dissent in the Maldives Copyright © 2018 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-36437 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org AUGUST 2018 ISBN: 978-1-6231-36437 “An All-Out Assault on Democracy” Crushing Dissent in the Maldives Map .................................................................................................................................... i Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Targeting Freedom of Speech ................................................................................................... 2 Targeting Political
    [Show full text]
  • IFES Faqs on Elections in the Maldives
    Elections in the Maldives 2019 Parliamentary Elections Frequently Asked Questions Asia-Pacific International Foundation for Electoral Systems 2011 Crystal Drive | Floor 10 | Arlington, VA 22202 | www.IFES.org April 5, 2019 Frequently Asked Questions When is Election Day? ................................................................................................................................... 1 Why is this election important? .................................................................................................................... 1 Who are citizens voting for on Election Day? ............................................................................................... 1 Are there reserved seats for women? What is the gender balance within the candidate list? ................... 2 Who can vote in the country?....................................................................................................................... 2 How many registered voters are there? ....................................................................................................... 2 What is the structure of the government? What is the electoral system? .................................................. 2 What is the election management body? What are its powers? ................................................................. 3 Where are polling stations set up? ............................................................................................................... 3 Is out-of-country voting allowed? ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]