Downloaded from jhre.ir at 7:20 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 the arid lands of the region, have created a unique ecosystem in this village. In a In village. this in ecosystem unique a created have region, the of lands arid the with contrast in are which springs, water and valleys green mountains, high including factors natural the identify fa to nonphysical and tries physical and village of the documentation and of studies field through texture Nayband of with landscape the the formed that in studies, paradigms cultural study desk case the and with historical concerned is is It research approach. present the of method The Nayband of paradigms shaping the are what landscape? cultural And castles? evolutionary impenetrable as what In such structure, to? compact back go village the in through living go Nayband did of process its history and the does Nayband, following period the of answer What and questions: structure landscape physical its analyze cultural to village the the about are that of travelogues the and structure caused the while identify periods, concerned is paper typology. the Moreover, housing and to patterns architectural historical aims the study in present The bandits and miscreants of of establishment existence the and region strategic its the of conditions climatic harsh The texture. its formationof the have to lands led fertile and resources route, caravan the to village the of adjacency The desert. the of edge western the on located is which Khorasan, South in village historical a is Nayband Abstract landscape cultural Keywords: continu set changed desert has constantly the and and landscapes cultural organic of example valuable a historical is Nayband of village The of Desert. view Lut traditions, the visual special a and living structures architectural extensive patterns, customs, agricultural and horticultural biological times, Islamic pre of history rich a with intertwined is This village. the in structure natural and cultural intertwined passages patterns, residential unique towers, defense castles, areas, (handmade works architectural village), the of outskirts the on man and artificial Accepted Received the cooperation of Nayband Governor‟s Office. It is valuable to protect the cultural landscape of of landscape cultural the protect to valuable is It improve Office. andto livi the structures architectural Nayband special its and Governor‟s Nayband of cooperation the of Faramarz Parsi a supervision the under 2017 of winter the in started was which Naybandvillage, of context historical the of organization and knowledge the study to project benefit public and research a of part is article This Khorshi ** [email protected] the * village. this

Kaveh Kaveh Mansouri

PhD in Restoration of Historic Buildings and Textures, Esfahan University of Arts, Senior Expert of of Expert Senior Arts, of University Esfahan Textures, and Buildings Historic of Restoration in PhD

atr f rhtcue Uiest o Sine n Tcnlg, aaig ietr f Emarat of Director Managing Technology, and Science of University Architecture, of Master osrain eatet f mrt hrhd oslig nier C, ern Iran. Tehran, Co, Engineers Consulting Khorshid Emarat of Department Conservation d Consulting Engineers Co.

Historical Village, Nayband, Architectural Patterns, Physical and nonphysical paradigms, nonphysical and Physical Patterns, Architectural Nayband, Village, Historical

castles and watchtowers, have given a tangled and compact structure to the region. the to structure compact and tangled a given have watchtowers, and castles Cultural Landscape of Naybandof CulturalLandscape Vill - .

made elements including agricultural landscapes (farms, citrus orchards and groves and orchards citrus (farms, landscapes agricultural including elements made

*, nd with the participation of university with and students researchers and independent Faramarz Parsi**

ctors and comparing them. The results show that the composition of the the of composition the that show results The them. comparing and ctors

and shelters) and special cultural and social structures have created an created have structures social and cultural special and shelters) and

tlements of the country. the tlements of its formation process and why does the texture of the village have a have village the of texture the does why and process formation its

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49 Winter 2021 ♦ No, 172 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

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50 Winter 2021 ♦ No, 172 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

Shalmeh", "Aliabad" and "Nayband" has has r the in "Nayband" climate mountainous a caused and "Aliabad" Shalmeh", "Ab mountains three of existence the Iran, of region(Figure 2). this of features climatic of average temperature an (with winters mild and degrees) southern 45 of temperature average an the (with summers in part lowest scorching groveslow. Hot and 1036meters is the and high meters 1089 is village the of part highest The 210 located is which Tabas, of part central the in Khorasan South enclosing and historical "Naybandan" (Figure 1). called settlement a of existence the dense and backg orchards area a citrus in cliff protected rocky a the on blocks of center "Naybandan" the in and plain Lut of part northwestern the in Kerman Introduction In the middle of the road from Tabas to to Tabas from road the of middle the In Although the village is located in the deserts deserts the in located is village the Although in village a is Band" "Nay or "Nayband" F1. Aerial view of Nayband ofVillage Nayband view Aerial F1. F2. F2. (Source: Emarat Khorshid). (Source: (Source: earth.google.com) (Source: Location of Nayband in Iran in Iran ofNayband Location 1 a obnto o hg brick high of combination a , 8 degrees Celsius) are the the are Celsius) degrees 8

m ot o te city. the of south km

groves, indicates indicates groves, .

round of of round egion.

impenetrable castles with an intert an with castles impenetrable village in living population the in decline sharp a shows travelogues, and documents historical as well as decades, previous of statistics the 127 of form the in people 427 is village the of population the 2016, of census housing and population has meters, 3050 viewprovided unique ofDasht a about of altitude an with of dry highest The m "Abreza", these the desert. the from of Abanar", environment "Nayband" and as "Kalat "Zardgah" such villages Lut separated "Aliabad", the has to and compared desert height in significant difference a created have mountains These (Figure 3). viewer every of eyes the in magical Nayband make that view this of features prominent the among are village the of houses stepped the of color thatched the with fields and gardens diff obvious of andthe these valleys desert barren the with contrast obvious The located spring. a from supplied is is village the of "Zardgah" water agricultural the where and village; satellite orchards its citrus Nayband, above Slightly middle. the in jewel trees, the surround lands agricultural palm firm with valleys lush fold, this of sides both On the Nayband of from fold natural the along spread has cliffs high over the southeast the to northwest structure, compact h vr od etr o te ilg, like village, the of texture old very The general the of results the on Based

F3. F3. 2 . utis s ald Nyad, which "Nayband", called is ountains

Panoramic views of the village village the of Panoramicviews

erence of the green color of the the of color green the of erence households, which compared to to compared which households, (Source: Authors) (Source:

.

village like a like village - e Lut.

wined and wined Mountain. Mountain.

the the Downloaded from jhre.ir at 7:20 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 hog fed tde, ecpin and Research Background perception components. nonphysical village studies, and physical of Nayband documentation field of through paradigms shaping an and data extracted the compare to tries It Nayband. of context rural the in study case the to approach interpretive analytical an with studies, desk and studies and shaping Research Method in landscape? effective structu the developing been have a have - village impenetrable the castles? like structure of dense texture compact, why the and process does formation its through go - Research Questions and natural its structures. artificial and and reports. system, examined neighborhood the and texture, the of have morphology the texts analyzed writers historical Travelogue in village of the housin aim in and patterns the architectural structures landscape, cultural shaping with the settlement, recognizing environmental, this in of values, etc. social range cultural, physical, a historical, of existence natural vast its a understand The aspects. to as try to but and landscape village a just not as Nayband consider to possible it made has structure The intertwined an such of existence located. is village the that which in context concept structural A the reflects concept. architectural with an microclimate existing the enriching in elements natural of influence undeniable the and force organizing human nature, pristine between Nayband relationship close show the settlement over centuries. the this of formation the to valleys led have surrounding the in lands fertile and strategic its route, resources water of existence the and location, caravan a to adjacency

Cultural landscape is a special geographical special a is landscape Cultural historical of method the uses research The t governing structures The has Nayband n ht evoluti what In Which physical and nonphysical factors factors nonphysical and physical Which g typology, while recognizing the the recognizing while typology, g

present article acknowledges the the acknowledges article present hsoia bcgon. Its background. historical a nr rcs dd Nayband did process onary

re of Nayband cultural cultural Nayband of re

relationships of the the of relationships alyze the culturally culturally the alyze he village of of village he - historical historical - egah. n i ve, utr, s an the as in factor culture, main the view, was Cultural force, of effective his School In New Geography. the of the of the founders of one decade Sauer, Karl first by century the twentieth in developed was , lands cultural (Haber of concept means The 38). environment) 1995: it (built earth English shaped meaning in German) Therefore, (in „shaped‟. verb Schaffen the / of root Scapjan the and from „earth‟ derived meaning „scape‟, „land‟ words two the 2010). values aesthetic artifacts presence or cultural and any civilization or human of activities historical cultural to human related events, and is and species natural animal has re that location constraints or opportunities provided by the the by provided opportunities been or constraints have time, over objective which human establishment their of an and evolution society is the of landscapes representation of This category man. and nature of work the represent landscapes" are considered cultural and assets Acc 51). 2019: (Mansouri, literature heritage into it introduced and literature geographers'from the analyze landscape" "cultural of concept the borrowed carefully and context, its workwith the blending of process document to need documen the for of cultural understanding of the and protection heritage the for conventions final (Eckbo, 3) 1969: the considered product to be the result of various parameters. and culture" b human "processing of the be result to landscape Eckbo cultural Gareth the as considered 22). considered 1925: (Sauer, are products landscape cultural intermediary and environment, natural definition, this culture, In groups. cultural by form and is influenced byit, which landscape natural the on depends that nature a is landscape cultural the this, to addition In a as his activities. cultural In environment human represents medium range. physical given the a definition, within earth the of aspec visible and tangible of transformation h wr „adcp‟ s combi a is „landscape‟ word The With the formation of international international of formation the With ore ad nlds idie r domestic or wildlife includes and sources ording to UNESCO, "cultural "cultural UNESCO, to ording

ain UEC, hc sought which UNESCO, tation,

Cals . Birnbaum, A. (Charles affected by physical physical by affected ten aue and nature etween

takes its special special takes its nation of of nation cape cape ts ts

51 Winter 2021 ♦ No, 172 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

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52 Winter 2021 ♦ No, 172 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

wetlands, early settlements, obsolete obsolete relation "The 1) settlements, 2003: (Coleman, on. so and complexes, early industrial cemeteries, and as well sites wetlands, as remnants, fields, vegetation and indigenous farms all landscape includes cultural of concept the 2002). Coleman, (Lannone, and (internal external) forces social, cultural successive and as economic natural well the as of environment constant developments the and by changes affected is that time. Evolution over habitats their and reflect society human landscape to the landscapes cultural of category Emphasizing this considers of Lannone formation, 72). process temporal 2009: (Habibi, nature with relationship spiritual special the as well of as environment natural mother's their techniques characteristic the account special the way, this in take and use into land sustainable landscapes reflect Cultural often environment. natural landscape" his and man between interaction of kind a of cultural "continuous (UN cultural and "organic landscape" continuous and fossil landscapes: landscapes", cultural "designed cultural divides categories: three into UNESCO landscapes concept, this explaining In 52). i 2019: (Mansouri, species each product the on two differentiates the and of other, in effects life the and historical nature human of interaction the three including man landscapes, describes cultural of appendix cultura categories of The types landscape. three defined UNESCO social, successive and environment natural In an annex to three 2008 resolutions, resolutions, 2008 three to annex an In (UNESCO, 1992). internal) bedrock the forms landscape" "cultural The K. Mansouri A. Rastandeh UNESCO - ESCO, 2008). Coleman Lannone Biernam made, organic and hybrid landscapes, on made,hybrid landscapes, organic and Soltani Habibi Mansouri Eckbo Haber Sauer

T1. T1. A concept that indicates the evolution of human society and the constant changes and developments of the natural environment A summary of the views of experts about cultural landscape (Source: Authors) (Source: landscape cultural expertsabout of views the of summary A An objective

It expresses the natural visual appearance and human space, construction and cultural It i ndicates human interaction with the natural environment and its special spiritual con The effect of the process of human cultural structures on land use patterns and its natural appearance - s and limitations of of limitations and s mental concept that expresses the simultaneous impact of human beings on the environment and mind of the

A nature dependent on the natural landscape and influenced by it formed by cultural groups. the evolution of of evolution the

All environments in which human prese

A historical object that shows the stable and balanced interaction of man and According to to According Special geographical location with natural and cultural resourc A cultural asset that represents the joint wor hp and ship n the the n to successive social, economic and cultural forces The process between nature and human culture Artificial environment; the shaped arena l environment

audience. a structural look at the linguistic composition linguistic the at look structural a environment taking while landscape", "cultural of concept the governing 78). 2019: (Mansouri, relations man natura the express can landscape Cultural . 2) 2009: (Rastandeh, specific occupy, on to landscape" cultural called based is patterns, cultural land how exploit and and change environment the of exploitation of pattern and livelihood, provide to forms different fo the indicate dimensions that in connections to these role important of set The consolidate. an and strengthen shape, in plays criteria culture certain which on based is settlements rural in nature and man and between interaction (external forces cultural and economic of its audience (Soltani, 2014: 39). 39). 2014: (Soltani, audience its of minds the and environment the of objectivity and the on features instinctive andnot cultural his concept of more leave to able relative been has being human a int the that perspective the expresses an is is perspective perspective that objective Considering 45). 2014: (Mansouri, artifact primary human and of nature components two the or of balance nature ar secondary that landscape cultural is The product survive. to resulting order in artifacts their left have where and time long areas a for lived have natural humans are landscapes environment. These natural their with interaction stabl of kind a that achieved have believes concept, that objects historical are landscapes the cultural to burden new a add not does it, to culture word the adding and concept cultural a basically is it that out of nce is somehow seen are cultural landscapes. Sayyed Amir Mansouri in expressing the the expressing in Mansouri Amir Sayyed

the term "cultural landscape" and pointing pointing and landscape" "cultural term the - ae pc ad cultural and space made

- k of nature and man. mental phenomenon, cultural cultural phenomenon, mental

- historical relations governing the vsa apaac and appearance visual l es

nection with nature

nature. e formed from the the from formed e

e and balanced balanced and e rm of life, how rm life, of

-

historical historical ervening .

due Downloaded from jhre.ir at 7:20 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 h rgo i rtr fr h eepin from exemption the for return in region the toKerman against themiscreants andbandits of housesandcaravans ontheway from Khorasan central the government by assigned waswith Nayband in livingtribe Khorasan Kerman" andof emphasizes the that miscreants and caravan thieves. The"Travelogue the present r called "Nayband". village is the why is Band That road. Farsi,Avardan) the (in narrowed has it road,desert the mountain and its location in the middlegorge(in of Farsi, theNay) and due toits proximity to existence of local master musicians.instrument(inFarsi, Nay)theinvillage andthe perspectives can main be village, three considered: the etymology of the find longhistory settlement of thisregion. the in trying In shows century, the celebrating asand such Zoroastrians history of the region attention paying to and Deihuk the and Esfandiar Kreit,Azmighan, in settlements other originalithe historicalbooks to referringand written Although complex. documents andis way,a difficult Documents Written Related and EtymologyNayband uniqueNayband: thisOn the height of of Lut result interaction the between as considered cultural be the of definitionslandscape. Therefore, the thecultural landscape incan included stages,everything that is the advanced culturalresult more settlements of in a culture his and is encountersmanofwith the environment around environments influenced natural humanby culture. subsequentthe In of definitions majorcultural to led has This "nature". isencounter fundamental and first different his times. at In everythingthat human culture,and attheother end oftheinteraction building capableis of a is social being who a as interactionthisof always "humanisthe being" beenformedthe contextin time. ofoneendAt com a of cultural landscape can be considered as the result bey n h rgo i te at n considers and past region the obbery the in in ) h tid iw ees o h hsoy of history the to refers view third The C) near been has Nayband of village The B) fife history of the refers to view first The A) is village the of history exact theDebating existing definitions, the the summary of a In lx n historical andplex interaction has that - day region of Nayband as a haven for

y f h nm o te village and the of name the of ty

man and his environment.

beings have encountered the dutyof guarding the

to a

host the gardener and village and community's the farmer fear of grain in thieves the (Figucommunity of superiority residential the the fabric, shows middle of the grovesestablishmenttheand watchtowersof in andfieldsandguard rooms among gardens and 166).theotherOnhand, theexistence farmsof (Zafranloo, fees 1979: court and taxes paying height of this ridge, Nayband Castle stands stands Castle Nayband At ridge, Iran. this of of height Deserts book like his in look Hedin Seven writes that hills," high houses on nests swallows' and fields stepped (Zaferanlou, soldiers his 144). 1979: and himself for N capital the of out moved Shah Nader when uprising, Afghan the during that mentioned (Figure Nayband of south kilometers twelve located th to refers Ibn Haqel 145). (Ibn Haqel: ..." trees palm has and and springs with is mill cultivation their small the turns that water running Al to to "A strange combination of green palms and palms green of combination strange "A " ayband as a base and resting place place resting and base a as ayband Ibn Haqel" has written in his book "Surah "Surah book his in written has Haqel" Ibn e hot spring of "Dig Rostam" which is is which Rostam" "Dig of spring hot e - r" "abn hs wny oss and houses twenty has "Nayband Arz": F5. F5. drive out and repel sedition, he chose chose he sedition, repel and out drive outskirt of the village (Source: Authors) (Source: village the of outskirt Hedin (1865 Hedin F4. Handmade structure on the southern southern the on Handmadestructure 6

Nayband, Photograph by Sven Sven by Photograph Nayband, ). Historical sources have repeatedly repeatedly have sources Historical ). Golshan Encyclopedia Golshan

- 1952) 1952)

–

Source: Tabas Tabas Source: .

re 5).

. the the

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54 Winter 2021 ♦ No, 172 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

1979: 146). 1979: (Zaferanlou robbery for village looting this to come the to used who tribe from Baluch the of robbery and herdsmen and pilgrims the free to order in duties and taxes from free The people Naybandof have completely been th is tribe This Safavid era. the since village have this in here living been people The groves. and gardens to down flows that stream the mountain a of from top down flows and families hundred six It has writes. he a mountain," on village is N from information interesting the view ofNayband a (Sykes, 46). 1957: than view seen charming never and beautiful has more he that writes Nayband, five about 501). 2002: (Hedin, thousand is palms of number hundred The three houses. to fifty and hundred two has Nayband 7). (Figure part eastern the you in cliff when view the of point highest the beautiful at tower the on stand very a is There court walled the the and between houses matchbox paths stone and alleys narrow harmony of combination a is village The rock. the with in are and slopes houses steep The from hang walls. and houses the between In his travelogue, Zaferanlou has obtained obtained has Zaferanlou travelogue, his In SykesPercy (1867 Photograph by Sven Hedin (Source: Tabas Tabas (Source: Hedin Sven by Photograph F7 F6. Dig Rostam in the early 20 early Rostam the Dig in F6. (Source: Golshan Tabas Encyclopedia) Tabas Golshan (Source: . Historic structures of the village, the village, of structures Historic . Golshan Encyclopedia) Golshan

- 1945), seeing the view of of view the seeing 1945), e son of Arab Mirkalan. Mirkalan. Arab of son e

ayband. "This "This ayband. .

th

century century yards. .

F9. F9. castle a have to (Figure appearance village the caused residents, for provide security to need and the loo and invasion of for history the and area texture, the small of development a and growth provides and slope a steep with valleys surrounding the reaches that Structures Architectural its and Morphology Texture not have a central courtyard. The pattern pattern The courtyard. central a have not small a do they number,limited have a for except and area houses the of most that show village. the (Figure9). of their watchtow eight and castles and houses of of existence the and other, each on placement structure stepped the mainly public are wind, prevailing which the of to perpendicular formed village, enclosures the in various passages and hi width and compact massive, texture, complex and intertwined very the in The location of the village on a high cliff cliff high a on village the of location The il suis f h rsac ta i 2018 in team research the of studies Field seen be can matter this of form physical The around it. Source: Emarat Khorshid, 2017 Khorshid, Emarat Source: it. around Location of the settlement and natural areas areas natural and settlement ofthe Location F8. F8. areas around it. (Source it. around areas Location of the settlement and natural natural and settlement ofthe Location

8 ).

ers in the strategic strategic the in ers h oue, low volumes, gh : Authors) : ting in the area area the in ting .

- like .

Downloaded from jhre.ir at 7:20 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 fetv i ipoig h ciai and climatic the are improving location). they in bandits, of effective shooting invasion the of Against (increased presence function the defensive a have which and openings, triangular openings minimal thi the grains, housing of density obvious the and passages, winding cube of (Figure 10). space houses numberof a of entrance the is shelters common area the sometimes the open and units and neighborhood the area play of and residents a children's the with covered is alley the of part Sometimes toilets the units. by residential sometimes neighboring used and are courtyards cages and oven the of most as the village, common the in consider to of belongs existence to point another is houses between structures The house unit. a adjacent of room upper the or unit neighboring the to belongs house t so levels, vertical and horizontal both in true is This occupants. the asking by the except units of boundaries the determine to possible not is it and boundary, definite a have not do Houses roof. leaf palm a with three porch small a or two of rooms s open the and maximum a have Most building. houses the of structure modern the time a in other each to next placed are houses the of rooms different the that seems it and order specific hous these of structure hat sometimes the room next to the yard of a of yard the to next room the sometimes hat The texture morphology is a combination of of combination a is morphology texture The F10. F10. - hpd osn uis n nro and narrow and units housing shaped Passages of the village (Source: Authors) (Source: village the Passages of

nlsd ewe to covered two between enclosed - consuming process and form and process consuming pace is mostly is to pace limited ckness of brick walls, walls, brick of ckness s os o flo a follow not does es

s

.

h sse o hsoia context historical of system neighborhoods more The a have decades. recent bathroom the contemporary structure and have in been built and th Meanwhile, school limited name. shelters, specific a and a with units each commercial baths, of number schools, mosques, husseiniyahs, watchtowers, of form and the castles in historic identified be can buildings windbreaks an have not do houses the number, limited very a for except region, the of conditions climatic anddry hot interesting the despite to that note is It houses. the of depths r the into scorching sun desert the the of penetration the of preventing conditions biological of people that goblins exist in this this in exist goblins that names. these with called neighborhood, are people of the at supersti the to due neighborhood location Ajenehei Teh the and its village the of outskirts, end southern to its due on neighborhood units residential of establishment the and spring the to proximity Peigodar or slope steep Gori a on (Figure 1 located the is Godar neighborhood of and factors topographical villagers. superstitious) natural, (sometimes Teh of the and under influence named are Shirtakht which neighborhood, Ajenehei, P Godar Touhouz, Dokharman, Mahalla, Sarbaghl, Bala Sarcheshmeh,Gori, of names Nayband has ten neighborhoods with the the with neighborhoods ten has Nayband These buildings. public some has Nayband Sarcheshmeh neighborhood due to its its to due neighborhood Sarcheshmeh and location of defense towers marked with a a marked with towers defense of location and F11. F11. Approximate area of neighborhoods neighborhoods of Approximatearea black cir black 1 ).

d huts.

cle. Source: Authors Source: cle.

tious beliefs beliefs tious go and egion .

eigodar,

e

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56 Winter 2021 ♦ No, 172 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment recorded in the pictures of Seven Hedin and Hedin is Seven of pictures location the in whose recorded eight, number tower eight the and ruin, brick a of into turned been has which existence the Qajar castle, period. the for Today, except the a and watchtowers show images and castles includes which (Figure1 watchtowers area residential the fabric, of heart The the in and route themselves. the protect provide to bases strong build the to caravans, of by lives to the secure the authorities tasked local caused and been government has central have this who and villagers, bandits way, of the presence the along to led has history the of Buildings Village Defensive and Castles the from region. the of parts all in protection extent and diversity their their and sun scorching to of interactions due daily and people life social the the religious in to assigned and 1 is (Figure shelters role national This celebrations. and ceremonies religious holding daily and villagers for of place gathering a and tw center the neighborhood of one is it of of role taken which has onthe squares, public as settlement, lack the of the is structure the in centers neighborhood defined neighborhoods Nayband An interesting point in the system of of system the in point interesting An The authors' field research and historical historical and research field authors' The throughout Nayband of position special The F12. F12.

s a complex defensive structure along structure defensive complex a s Location of Shelters in Nayband village. (Source: Authors) 2 ). Shelters play a k a play Shelters ). castle in the village during village the in castle 3

).

.

ey role role ey o

the of 14). (Figures village identified be can development the village, during replaced and rarely circular shapes. circular and rarely rectangular) and (square rectangular with mostly structures single mostly agri are structures of parts in built certain been have that trees) (mainly palm of roofs made sloping with buildings and brick nightlife) (for part natural semi enclosed mainly the an buildings have These to groves. and due fields hills loca their raised of possibility categories: the single two of artificial in heart the in built are ones first The and structures. seen structures be handmade can village. the of These outskirts the on gardens the bee have that in village buildings the defensive other are village the madeis clay raw of thatch. andcovered with the of diameter 80 about is The towers respectively,the of walls village. the Touhoz, the of towards plains views and most the provide Teh, Gori of neighborhoods Godar the in and texture the of margins eastern and western southern, the in located are which three), and two one, (number towers Three seen. be can meter one appro of circular height a with tower a a part, have highest their in and shape, floors, two and structure rectangular a has The The guard rooms of the farms gardens and of which 7, No. Tower except towers, the All F13. F13. - open areas. The second type includes includes type second The areas. open Current status of village guard towers. towers. village guard of status Current te dfnie tutrs f the of structures defensive other Source: Authors Source:

cultural lands. These These lands. cultural tion, overlooking the the overlooking tion,

satrd among scattered n .

- 100 cm and it it and cm 100 ximately

lower lower

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Location of handmade structures. structures. handmade of Location ast to west of the southern part part southern the of west to ast F14. F14. Source: Authors Source: Plan and sections of Nayband guard towers. Source:Authors towers. guard Nayband of sections and Plan

. The presence presence The . h primary The

.

h vlae ae needn srcue, two structures, independent are village, the are which abandoned. been have others some and cages into turned dug earth the been of heart (Figure 1 the have in other that each to next combination structures a nested are spaces of the of most but ar these of Some rock. the of Nayband of heart parts lower the the of bed limestone in built cave are and structures have number, village (Figure1 current the of handmade structures on the southern southern the on structures handmade ) ige lc houses: block Single B) F16. considerable a have which areas, These edge of the village. Source: Source: Authors village. the of edge Plan and section of section and Plan 6 ). the oldest architectural model of of model architectural oldest the

- ie n primitive and like a ae ige rooms, single are eas

a number a of .

These houses, houses, These 5 ).

.

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57 Winter 2021 ♦ No, 172 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

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villagethe (Figure of body the in traditions external of influence which buildings, the and pattern these housing in change a indicates of most in evident r of shape the in openings new of prevalence the Interestingly, it. to access direct have rooms the and space the of element organizing the as acts courtyard the pattern, Inthis structure. spatial complex and organic an represent and fo not do houses room with yards have shared or private appeared. rooms five more with houses houses than and of changed pattern more the households, to hundred increased population the in growing the and fabric population rural the of gates rectangular 1 (Figures and openings with triangular blocks rectangular of form the in built were period Qajar the in units housing rural lower the in clearly village. the of part units these Hedin of Seven examples is show of floor images second historical the of area living the to and dedicated spaces support dedica is mainly floor first The yard. a without and storey As can be seen in these pictures, most pictures, these in seen be can As multi most number, limited a for Except Multi C) F17. Single blocks (single room with two two roomwith blocks Single (single F17. F18. F18. ectangles and crescent and ectangles floors) that are very common in the common inthe very that are floors)

An example of single block houses. houses. block single An exampleof late Qajar period, when the rural rural the when period, Qajar late - 7 village. Source: Authors Source: village. block houses: block

and Source: Authors Source: e t fde soae and storage fodder to ted 18

). 19 and20

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evolution of human society and their their and society human the of of indicator evolution objective village an is the landscape settlement, historical Nayband of in seen is what and UNESCO by village the provided definition the to Accordingconcept. this undoubtedly, of example amazing an be will Nayband man, nature of work and joint the as it represent and values) aesthetic human civilizatio to related his (or works of presence any or activities human events, historical are to that related resources cultural and natural with location geographical special a as landscape" the analyze of to Nayband. possible settlement is aff paradigms historical it the Nayband, shape that structures nonphysical and physical the and landscape" "cultural the to related literature Nayband Landscape Cultural Accordingly, if we consider the "cultural "cultural the consider we if Accordingly, international and concepts the applying By F19. Two examples of multi examples Two of F19. natural and artificial surrounding areas. areas. surrounding artificial and natural F20. F20. in the village. Source: Authors Source: village. in the General view of the village and its and the village of view General

ecting the cultural landscape of of landscape cultural the ecting Source: Authors Source:

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Paradigms affecting the cultural landscape of Nayband. Source: Authors Source: Nayband. of landscape cultural the Paradigmsaffecting sand, and sand, kyline and landscape nature of this village, it is is it village, (Figure 2 this in of necess live nature landscape to the traditional analyzing In 2008). (UNESCO, on methods continue based society naturally contemporary and and organically developed are wi These landscapes environment. connection natural the to in response form present their acquired have and are concept, religious or landscapes administrative, economic, social, a in Such rooted landscape). organic (continuous category second the in placed be Naybandcan landscapes, typescultural of the has nature. present the created has it and context process, natural the changed gradual a In environment. agriculture and horticulture on the eastern, eastern, of the on development horticulture the and is agriculture result The history. f the in factors important most the of one been has the this desert. the in Nayband like oasis an hill on a Perhaps, places with that element important parts. the is contrast southern and contradiction eastern obvious nature mountainous its Based on the classification used to descr to used classification the on Based xsec o ntrl pig, undoubtedly, springs, natural of Existence

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59 Winter 2021 ♦ No, 172 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

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60 Winter 2021 ♦ No, 172 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment h frain f hscl n trans and physical of formation the in paradigms effective the examined has and struct the to landscape cultural of concept the adapt to successive as forces. economic cultural and social, well as the environment of natural developments and ancient changes of constant heart the settlements. in society human of evolution the show environment, with natural the interaction of historical a result and the stable man's are which is landscapes, These landscape cultural cultural ar geographical definitions, Conclusion cultural the of formation the prominent village. the of landscape in another for are point customs They indigenous and ceremonies. religious cultural rituals, of residents, form traditions, the in living studied be can inhabitants the eyes observers. of of front in stronghold a as Nayband put has village, the in walls and i passages various and and units and areas handmade residential castles village, of the in existence and towers The texture. of the nature structures compact and intertwined stepped, the provide village, handmade the of texture residential buildings, environment village. the of artificial the of part a of form the in Nayband of residents the of will the show construction, human of These Nayband. of elements natural mostimportant the as farms, view unique a created t of structures thatched the with elements these of contrast the color The of village. texture the surround them, in groves has factors Human which Nayband. in groves orchards andcitrus Nayband, of pro northwest km 5 Zardgah, of village the to extension its and village the of outskirts western and southern agnl aly, n gres fed and fields gardens, and valleys, Marginal The results of the present study, which aims which study, present the of results The and documents international to According the monuments of civilizational and Cultural structur Architectural ie ovos aaiy o high for capacity obvious vided - itrcl n ntrl concepts. natural and historical ure of Nayband historical settlement settlement Naybandhistorical of ure This evolution is affected by the the by affected is evolution This

ea defined and enriched with with enriched and defined ea

es including defensive defensive including es ts combination with with combination ts

he texture has has texture he - physical physical

- yield

The existence of numerous settlement settlement of heart the in located numerous areas manmade from started of form, earliest their in which patterns, existence pe pre contemporary The from the village to the times continuous Islamic in a living of of history existence the emphasize cultural a landscape. as but village a just not Nayband is village stru historic the intertwined an such of existence The located. which the concept of in This relationships context structural settlement. the the reflects geographical of the context and ecosystem complex natural of ele impact undeniable the relationship organizing and force human close nature, pristine the between indicate elements, eieta pten, asgs ec) and etc.) passages, been has structures social and cultural special patterns, unique residential towers, defense the handicrafts, on (castle works groves architectural village), the dense of outskirts and orchards citrus agricultural man including Moreover, the the of village. create ecosystem in and desert, microclimate are region's unique which the to springs, contrast water the and green that valleys mountains, high inducing show settlement studies t of composition researchers' of results The landscape. cultural of concept the with structure settlement the of compliance complete the village the establish can of heart guard v the in heritage intangible and tangible current historical the of farm formation castles, towers, rooms, etc.) defense multi storey this single (two Nayband storey in architecture of defense and effects resid of structures unique numerous and of existence the in seen be Tangible can development and structures. physical Nayband of development population historical the indicates rock, the of areas upstream increasing the in development horticultural and with agricultural and structures history throughout established been have and limestone marginal southern the Researchers' field and documentary studies studies documentary and field Researchers' Examining the effective parameters on the the on parameters effective the Examining ments in strengthening and enriching the the enriching and strengthening in ments cture has made it possible to consider consider to possible it made has cture

- block houses, central courtyard, courtyard, central houses, block - om nt, two units, room he natural structures of the the of structures natural he

adcps (farms, landscapes - ae elements, made illage and the the and illage -

n three and ential ential riod. riod. - - -

Downloaded from jhre.ir at 7:20 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 nta o clua lnsae Landscape landscape, cultural of instead Arc - Landscape of Bagh Knowledge the Fourth to Press, - Tehran of Edition Tabibian University Manouchehr (2011), Translation: landscape. - and Publications InstituteResearch Tourism Handicrafts Heritage, Cultural Landscapes, - urbanpolicies withliferural of Confrontation Sina - Ibn Nouri, Saadat Publications Hossein by translated of sample Study- texture; 59 No. magazine, Abadi village, Nayband rural of and establishment formation of pattern the of Recognition - 23 No. Magazine, Manzar Asset, - 12 Magazine,No. Manzar theWorld, Know - 3. No. Magazine, Landscape of Landscape, - 12 No. Magazine, ShahrHaft environments; Aminzadeh - Behnaz Press University ofTehran (2003), Translation: Perception, Publishing - University Institute Mashhad (Zaferanlou), by Kerman, and Khorasan - CompanyPublishing and Translation Book Al va Masalak - Edition Second Publications, J by Earth, the of - References historic this of environment village. natural and the Nayband of residents the of lasting interaction and historical the reflects view This structures sp a and architectural agricultural extensive and patterns, horticultural with land of rich use continuous and a historical traditions, and with intertwined pre of history is concept This i effective all

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te itrcl etr of texture historical the f

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ran

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62 Winter 2021 ♦ No, 172 ♦ Housing and Rural Environment

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