Elements of Space Systems - I

Ved Prakash Sandlas Director General Amity Institute of Space Science & Technology, Noida

Principal Adviser, Cogent EMR Solutions Ltd, New Delhi (2006-2008) Distinguished Scientist and Chief Controller R & D, DRDO (1996-2005) Director, Defence Electronics Applications Lab (DEAL), Dehradun (1986-1996) Group Director, Electronics, VSSC, Thiruvanathapuram (1984-1986) Project/Mission Director, SLV-3, ISRO (1980-1984)

AISST, Noida, Aug 28 and Sep 4, 2009 Amity Institute of Space Science & Technology (AISST) •Dual Degree (AE & Av) •Aerospace Engineering (B Tech) •Avionics (M Tech) •Electronics & Instrumentation (B Tech)

•AmitySat – Exclusive Mini-Satellite for Education, Teaching, Training & Experimentation ELEMENTS OF SPACE SYSTEMS – I Course Code: UAASS/BEISS 10101 Credit Units: 1 Course Objective: The knowledge of concepts of Space Systems is important for understanding the essentials of Aerospace discipline, particularly subsystems such as Rockets and Missiles; Satellite Launch Vehicles; Satellite Systems; Tracking, Telemetry and Tele-command; Control, Guidance and Navigation; Flight and Orbital Mechanics. •Course Contents: •Module I: Introduction to Space Systems: Evolution of Rocketry, Planet/Solar Systems, Astronomy/Astrophysics, Space Exploration, Space Applications, Future Trends. •Module II: Elements of Rockets and Satellites: Satellite Launch Vehicles, Missiles, Communication Satellites, Remote Sensing, GPS systems. ELEMENTS OF SPACE SYSTEMS – II Course Code: UAASS/BEISS 10201 Credit Units: 2 •Course Objective: The knowledge of concepts of Space Systems is important for understanding the essentials of Aerospace discipline, particularly subsystems such as Rockets and Missiles; Satellite Launch Vehicles; Satellite Systems; Tracking, Telemetry and Tele- command; Control, Guidance and Navigation; Flight and Orbital Mechanics. •Course Contents: •Module I: Orbital Mechanics and Mission Design: Motion in Gravitational Field. Orbits, Orbital Elements, Hohmann Transfer. Delta-V Requirements. Orbit Perturbations. •Module II: Ground Systems: Ground Stations, Telemetry, Tracking, Tele-command, Link Calculations, Station Keeping, Deep Space Network (DSN). Space Laser Ranging (SLR). TDRSS. VSATs, •Module III: Space Craft Systems: Space Craft Types, Attitude Determination and Control, Power Systems, Thermal Control, Space Craft Propulsion, Communication Satellites, Remote Sensing Satellites, Space Stations •Module IV: Launch Vehicles and Missiles PSLV, GSLV, Re-useable Vehicles, Propellant & Propulsion Systems, Thermal Protection, Control Systems, SAM, IRBM, ICBM, Seekers. Quarter Century Ago (1975-1980-1984) •INDIAN SCENE •ISRO became Government Organisation (75) • (75), SITE (75-76), STEP (77-79) •SLV-3 (79, 80, 81, 83), (80, 81, 83) • (79, 81), APPLE (81), INSAT- I (82, 83) •Configurations of ASLV, PSLV & GSLV conceived •Dr APJ Abdul Kalam moves to DRDL (82) •Rakesh Sharma – first Indian in Space (84) •Earlier Events (Half Century Ago): 25 • 1957 – Sputnik; 1958 – Explorer I • 1962 – INCOSPAR formed under DAE – TERLS • 1963, Nov 21 – First Rocket launch (Nike Apache) • 1965 – SSTC established • 1967, Nov 21 – First Indian Rocket (RH-70) launched • 1968, Feb 2 – TERLS dedicated to UN • 1969, Aug 15– ISRO constituted Dr Vikram Sarabhai gave ‘2nd to none’ goal AMITY Chandrayaan-1 – PSLV C 11 – Oct 22, 2008 Chandrayaan-1 • Objectives: 1. To expand scientific knowledge about the moon 2. To upgrade 's technological capability 3. To provide challenging opportunities for planetary research to the younger generation of Indian scientists • Mission: •To place an unmanned spacecraft in an orbit around the moon •To conduct mineralogical and chemical mapping of the lunar surface • Chandrayaan-1 aims to achieve these well defined objectives through high resolution remote sensing of the moon in the visible, near infrared, microwave and X-ray regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. With this, preparation of a 3-dimensional atlas of the lunar surface and chemical mapping of entire lunar surface is envisaged 11 Payloads – 5 Indian •Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) – topography of the moon. •Hyperspectral Imager (HySI) – mineralogical composition of Moon’s surface & interior. •Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) – height of lunar surface features. •High Energy X-ray Spectrometer (HEX) – Polar Regions water-ice deposits and regions of high Uranium and Thorium concentrations. •Moon Impact Probe (MIP) – technologies related to future soft landing missions. 1380 kg – 1.5 m cuboid – 700 W

•Chandrayaan-1 Imaging X ray Spectrometer (C1XS), •Smart Near Infrared Spectrometer (SIR-2) & •Sub kiloelectronvolt Atom Reflecting Analyser (SAR) of ESA. •Radiation Dose Monitor (RADOM) of Bulgaria. •Mini Synthetic Aperture Radar (MiniSAR) & •Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) of USA

MOON MISSIONS •Sep 1959: First successful hard landing on the moon by Luna 2 of the USSR •Dec 1968: Apollo 8 of the US becomes the first spacecraft carrying humans to orbit the moon •Jul 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong, commander of the US mission Apollo 11, becomes the first man to walk on moon •Nov 1970: The first robotic rover Lunokhod-1 part of the Luna 17 mission of the USSR makes a successful moon landing •Aug 1976: Luna 24 of the USSR returns to earth, making it the last major lunar mission till 1990 •Jan 1990: Japan’s Hiten orbits the moon, making it the third country after USSR and the US to do so. •Sep 2003: European Space Agency launches a small low-cost lunar orbiter SMART-1 •Sep 2007: Japan launches its lunar orbiter, Selene for mapping of lunar topography and to study the geological evolution •Oct 2007: First phase of China’s Lunar Exploration Programme initiated with launch of its unmanned lunar mission, Chang’e1 Apr 28, 2008 09:24 – 823 kg PSLV-C9 Mission 637 km Polar Sun Synchronous

690 kg 83 kg 50 kg Indian Mini Satellite. Mini & MEMS Sensors. Multispectral & Hyperspectral Cameras. Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment

HAM Satellite

HAM Transponder

HAM downlink

HAM downlink

HAM downlink

Nanosatellite Launch System – CAN-X4 & 5. Formation flights Relay navigational data from ORBCOM fleet. Separation? SLV-3 D2 with Rohini Satellite D2 and Smart Sensor Apr 17, 1983

41.5 kg HAMSAT – VU Sat OSCAR 52 – VO-52 PSLV-C6 May 05, 2005

Miniature Satellites •International Space Station (ISS) – 245, 735 kg •Space Shuttle Payload Capacity – 24, 400 kg •Ariane 5 Payload capacity – 16, 000 kg •PSLV – 1200 kg in PSS, GSLV – 2000 kg in GEO •Large Satellite < 1000 kg •Small Satellite 500-1000 kg •Mini-Satellite 100-500 kg •Micro-Satellite 10-100 kg •Nano-Satellite 1-10 kg •Pico-Satellite < 1 kg AmitySat •Education, experimentation, teaching & training •Free access to students and learners - Universities, Schools & Volunteers •Amateur Radio Operations & Networking •Global and 24 hr Tracking •Ground Control Station at Amity •New Technology Options

History of Communications •Not very old – Well preserved •1837 – 1st Telegraph – 1.5 km – London •1844 – Samuel Morse – Code •1851 – 1st submarine cable – England to France •1876 – Alexander Graham Bell – Telephone – 10th March TURN OF THE CENTURY – AMATEUR RADIO •1901 – JC Bose – Marconi – UK/Canada – 1st Transatlantic message •1906 – First voice over radio broadcast (May 18) •1925 – Transatlantic Radio telephone •1936 – 1st TV in UK/Germany •Revolution every Quarter Century – WW II History of Communications •1945 – Arthur C Clarke – Wireless World – Oct, 1945 •1957 – Sputnik Launch •1958 – Explorer I •1960 – Echo Satellite – OSCAR I •1962 – TELSTAR – Transatlantic TV •1965 – INTELSAT (Early Bird) – OSCAR 3

•APPLE & SITE – 1975 – SATCOM AGE •SLV-3 – 1980 INSAT I – 1983 1st Private – then Post Office (Govt.) – Public Companies Mid 60s scene – Satcom age– 1st Public – then Private •OPTICAL FIBRE – CELL PHONE – INTERNET •GLOBAL VILLAGE – UNIVERSAL DESKTOP

Rear (L-R): David Brown, Laurel Clark, Michael Anderson, Ilan Ramon Front (L-R): Rick Husband, Kalpana Chawla, William McCool STS-107 Columbia Jan 16 – Feb 1, 2003 Back (L–R): Curbeam, Patrick, Sunita Williams, Fuglesang Front (L–R): Oefelein, Higginbotham, Polansky STS-116 Discovery Dec 9-22, 2006 Mission Insignia

•Rakesh Sharma (born Jan 13, 1949 in , Punjab) •The first Indian and 138th person to travel in space (as Squadron Leader in the and a Test Pilot at HAL) •Retired from the Air force as Wing Commander Soyuz T-11 Apr 3 – Oct 2, 1984 195224 km orbit PRITHVI

ARMY NAVY AIR FORCE 40-150 km 250 km 250 km 1000 kg 500 kg 500 kg

•Liquid Propulsion in Twin Engine Configuration •Strapped Down Inertial Guidance System •Maneuvering Trajectory

Apr 12, 2007 European (French) Launch Vehicle – Ariane

NASA ISS

As seen by STS-123 (Space Shuttle Endeavour) – Mar 25, 2008 Keyhole Satellite

KH 12 •10 cm Resolution •Night Time Imaging, Camouflage Detection •Detection of Buried Objects ORION

2000 •5th gen. – 2700 kg – 255 ft dish •Interception of Missile Telemetry, Data Links •Microwave and Radio Links, Wrist Watch Radios •Antijam Downlink, Spot Beams, Scud Launch Detection

DELHI AIRPORT – 5.8 M RESOLUTION DELHI AIRPORT – 2 M RESOLUTION

KH image-Afghanistan

10 cm Resolution KH Image TERRAIN MODELLING & VISUALISATION

•Virtual Reality Based System •Walkthrough, Drivethrough & Flythrough •Detailed Going Maps •Inputs : Maps, Geology & Satellite Imagery

Tracking & Surveillance & Guidance & Data-relay Reconnaissance Navigation

Defence Space Based Designation & Meteorological Military Operations Targeting Support

Battlefield Defence GIS Secure Damage & Geodesy Communications Assessment Support Photo Reconnaissance Early Warning Ocean Surveillance

SPACE BASED SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE

Signal Intelligence Imagery Intelligence Measurement and (SIGINT) (IMINT) Signature Intelligence

(MASINT) • ELINT • COMINT • RADAR • SAR Space Weapons of the Future •Brilliant Pebbles •Network of 4,000 miniature satellites in low-earth orbit that would fire high-velocity, watermelon-sized projectiles at incoming warheads, destroying them through the energy of impact – provide Anti-Satellite Capability MHV (Miniature Homing Vehicle) •Could be launched from F-15 – not enter orbit but go up to 500 km to be able to reach and hit low earth orbit satellite. •‘Rods from God’ •Tungsten rods (20′ long and 1′ dia), stocked in orbiting platform, could be satellite guided to any place (no explosives) – similar principle used recently in Iraq near mosques, schools, hospitals. CYBER-SPACE • SPACE – Was a New Battle Field after Land, Sea & Air – FINAL FRONTIER! • What about Cyber-Space? • What is Cyber-Space? • SPACE Supremacy – Missiles and Satellite Launch Vehicles and Star War Technology as indicators – Dr Vikram Sarabhai gave ‘2nd to none’ goal •Information Superiority – Knowledge Worker, Knowledge Industry and Knowledge Power – Information Technology and Software Coolies •Cyber-Space Leadership, Ownership, Sovereignty or Monarchy – Indian Position? Cyber-Space •It is now clear that Cyber-Space will add a fifth dimension to Land, Sea, Air and Space as a theatre for war and conflict •Rat race is ON – only fastest may survive – no place for 2nd best – survival of the fittest! •No concepts of winner or loser! •karo ya maro What is Cyber-Space? •Cyberspace is the nervous system of Nation’s Critical Infrastructures and is composed of hundreds of thousands of interconnected computers, servers, routers, switches, and fiber optic cables •Nation’s critical infrastructures are composed of public and private institutions in the sectors of agriculture, food, water, public health, emergency services, government, defense industrial base, energy, information and telecommunications, transportation, banking and finance, chemicals and hazardous materials, postal and shipping (Strategic, Space, Defence, Nuclear, Police, Security, Paramilitary, etc. not emphasized!)

The National (US) Strategy to Secure Cyberspace, Feb 2003 CYBER RACE •Digital Divide and Brain Drains are creations of –ve minds •Our objective should be to build Digital Bridges or Digital High Ways and create Brain Gains •ITU’s Digital Access Index – measuring the availability of advanced telecom and computing technologies – places South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong in the top ten – ahead of Canada, US and UK •Three of the top four broadband economies are in Asia – South Korea 99.6% of households are connected, Hong Kong 99.4 %, Singapore 96 % (India 0.6 %) •Internationalisation of ICT – English becoming less of an advantage – unlike in the past •Software in local language/mother tongue may soon start giving significant advantage and extra competence – this is a silver lining