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Sexual and Reproductive Health for Adolescents with Disabilities

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Sexual and Reproductive Health for Adolescents with Disabilities Wednesday, 10:00 – 11:30, D1 Sexual and Reproductive Health for Adolescents with Disabilities Colleen Dodich, MD [email protected] Objective: Identify effective methods for the practical application of concepts related to improving the delivery of services for persons with developmental disabilities at the level of the state. Identify advances in clinical assessment and management of selected healthcare issues related to persons with developmental disabilities. Notes: I have no financial disclosures. Sexual and Reproductive Health for Adolescents with Disabilities Colleen B. Dodich, MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine Topics to be Covered Puberty and Adolescent Milestones Gynecological Care of Individuals with Agenda Disabilities Sexuality in Individuals with Disabilities Sexual Abuse Potential Reproductive and Sexuality Education Normal Puberty Normal menses starts approximately 2- 2.5 years following the initial presence of breast buds Puberty and Adolescent Approximately 90% of Tanner 4 girls have started their menses Milestones Indicates intact, responsive hypothalamic-pituitary- gonadal axis Mean age of menarche in the US is 12.5 years (ranging from 9-16 years) Average duration of cycle 28 days (+/- 7 days) Average duration of menses 4 days (+/- 2-3 days) Median blood loss is 30mL/cycle 1 Puberty in those with Adolescent Milestones Disabilities Puberty can altered in those with disabilities and Attaining an adult body capable of chronic illnesses reproducing Can be altered by disorder itself, or medications used to manage the disorder Having and maintaining intimate Medications can also alter sexual function relationships Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Managing a range of complex emotions Cerebral Palsy – begins earlier and ends later Independently thinking and problem Median age of menarche is over 1 year solving later Increased risk of idiopathic precocious puberty Incidence approaches 20% in those with spina bifida Adolescent Milestone Barriers Functional limitations (physical limitations) Participation in fewer social activities Gynecological Care Involved in fewer intimate relationships Lack of information on topics such as parenthood, birth control, STDs Factors Complicating Proper Gynecological Care Gynecological Care Communication difficulties Complete gynecological history Perceived pain or behavioral concerns Obtained from adolescent, parent, caregiver Cognitive limitations Menstrual history Anatomic complications Concerns or abnormalities Impaired sitting position Physical examination Lack of knowledge in regards to gynecological Recognize that speculum exams are often care NOT indicated in the adolescent population Caregiver refusal to provide gynecological care Laboratory Testing as needed 2 Pelvic Exams Pelvic Exams Speculum exams are necessary: Speculum exam may not be necessary for all patients coming in with a gynecological concern Menstrual irregularities (pending history) Pap testing is indicated: Amenorrhea not because of 21 years and older pregnancy, and prolonged or heavy vaginal bleeding HIV positive Abdominal and pelvic pain (pending Immunocompromised history) Persistent, symptomatic vaginal discharges that may be caused by a forgotten tampon, condom fragments, or other objects Pelvic Exams Proper Hygiene Will need to gain trust before performing May need assistance with menstrual exam hygiene Will need to describe exam in a way the May request menstrual suppression patient will understand Request by parent/caregiver or by May need to adjust positioning for exam adolescent One-finger bimanual exam Rectoabdominal examination Examination under sedation may be needed Menstrual Suppression IUDs Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives IUD (Intrauterine device) Implant Depo-medroxy-progesterone acetate shot OCPs (Birth Control Pills) Sterilization – controversial and fraught with legal-ethical considerations 3 Intrauterine Devices (IUD) IUDs Very effective with minimal user effort Releases either copper or progestin Copper IUD can stay in place 10 years, progestin IUD for 5 years Safe in teens and nulliparous women New progestin IUD does not increase risk May need to be inserted under sedation of PID or ectopic pregnancy (unlike Mechanism of action: older Dalkon Shield) Changes in cervical mucus Contraindications: Abnormal uterine Chronic inflammatory changes and anatomy, an active pelvic infection, thinning of endometrium suspected pregnancy, copper allergy, unexplained abnormal uterine bleeding Direct ovicidal effects IMPLANT Nexplanon (Etonogestrel contraceptive implant) A single rod progestin inserted subdermally in the arm Hormone is slowly released over at least three years Among the most effective contraceptives available, surpassing sterilization Side effects: Irregular bleeding, headache, weight gain, acne, breast tenderness, mood changes Contraindications: Same as hormonal contraceptives No data on the use in adolescents with disabilities Depo Provera Shot Oral Contraceptive Pills Injectable, progestin-only contraceptive given every 12 weeks (good compliance in adolescents) Most OCPs contain both a synthetic estrogen and a synthetic progestin Mechanism : Suppresses LH secretion which inhibits follicular maturation and ovulation How they work Inhibits endometrial proliferation, making it less Estrogen-induced inhibition of the mid-cycle receptive to implantation surge of LH, preventing ovulation High rate of amenorrhea long-term Thickening cervical mucus (barrier for sperm) Side effects: Menstrual irregularities (improve with Thinning the endometrial lining of the uterus time), weight gain, headache, mood changes- depression, bone mineral density loss Impairment of tubal mobility and peristalsis Patients should have a calcium rich diet, with weight-bearing exercise 4 Side Effects Special Considerations Estrogen related effects Headaches Breast tenderness Increased risk of thromboembolic event Nausea especially in those who are wheelchair bound Weight gain (although not as much as in and have limited mobility past) Needs to be taken at the same time every day Hypertension Will still have withdrawal bleeding Bleeding and spotting There is a chewable OCP available for use in G- Progestin related effects tubes Fatigue In progestin-only pills, there is a concern for bone Depression mineral loss Menstrual changes Especially in those with limited movement/weight bearing exercise ability Contraindications Contraindications Category 1 (no restrictions) Category 2 (use with caution) Benign breast disease Cervical cancer Benign ovarian tumors Diabetes mellitus (uncomplicated) Epilepsy* (but check their medications) Migraine with no focal neurologic Family history of breast cancer involvement Headaches (mild) Sickle cell disease Postpartum at or over 21 days Obesity Viral hepatitis carrier Smoker Contraindications Contraindications Category 4 (contraindicated) Complicated structural heart disease Category 3 (usually no OCP given) Cerebrovascular event, Coronary Heart Disease Gallbladder disease Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism Lactating (6 weeks to 6 months) Diabetes mellitus (with retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy) Less than 21 days postpartum Headaches (and migraines) with focal neurologic symptoms (aura) Medications that interfere with OCP efficacy Hypertension severe (systolic>160 and/or diastolic >100) Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal-uterine Lactation, under 6 weeks postpartum bleeding Liver disease (Due to drug metabolism) Hyperlipidemia (uncontrolled, LDL>160 mg/dl) Breast Cancer Surgery (involving prolonged immobilization) 5 Extended Cycle OCPs Transdermal Patch Ortho Evra Include 3 months of “active” pills followed by 7 20 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 150 mcg of days of placebo pills norelgestromin daily Essentially, one period every 3 months The patch is changed once a week for three weeks, followed by one week that is patch-free Higher risk of breakthrough bleeding Can be applied on buttocks, upper outer arm, This decreases over time lower abdomen and upper torso (excluding the Seasonale, Seasonique breasts) Same effectiveness as other OCPs Therapeutic effects are achieved at lower peak doses Although data is limited, may have an increased risk of VTE compared to OCPs Possibility of detachment and skin irritation Intravaginal ring NuvaRing Delivers 15 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 120 mcg of etonogestrel daily Inserted intravaginally for three weeks and then Sexuality removed for one week It can be removed for 3 hours during intercourse Can cause vaginitis, leukorrhea Adolescent has to be comfortable inserting this May be difficult for adolescents with mobility issues Sexuality Sexuality A complex phenomenon that involves intricate interactions between: The quality or state of being sexual Individual's biological genital sex The condition of having sex Core Identity Sexual activity Gender Role Behavior Physical maturation and body image Expression of sexual receptivity or Core and profound component of humanity interest especially when excessive Linked to basic human needs of being liked and accepted, displaying and receiving affection, feeling valued and attractive 6 Myths The Truth Adolescents with disabilities are, like all Persons with disabilities are or should be adolescents, sexual human beings asexual Attention to their complex medical needs They are child-like and in need of
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