Regional Association Vi (Europe)

WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

REGIONAL ASSOCIATION VI (EUROPE)

ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE THIRD SESSION

Madrid, 26th September - 14th October 1960

PRICE: Sw. fro 6.-

I WMO-No.103.RP.43 I

Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization - Geneva - Switzerland 1961

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

List of representatives attending the session...... 'l

Agenda...... _...... _ .. _._ ...... _...... _ .. __ .___ ...... IX

General summary of the work of the session ...... 1

Resolutions adopted by the session...... 38

Final Session No. No. 1 8.2/1 Selection of absolute standard barometers in the region ...... 38 2 4.1/1 Basic regional network of land stations for surface observations ...... :...... 38 3 4.1/II Basic regional network of land stations for upper-air observations 39 -.~ ...... --.. -.... -...... 4 4.1/III Areas with low density of surface and upper-air stations...... 40 5 4.10/1 Homogenei ty of aerological networks...... 40. 6 4.3/1 Hourly surflace reports from ocean weather stations in Regional Association VI ...... :...... :...... 41 7 4.6/1 Automatic meteorological stations ...... :...... 42 8 4.8/1 Ground-radar weather observations ...... ~...... 42 9 4.9/1 Actual time of pilot-balloon observations ...... 43 10 B.5 Coding practices in Region VI ...... ;...... 43 11 B.5.2.2 Transmission of the group 99ppp in inter-regional exchanges 44 12 B.3.2.2 Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions of Regional Asso- ciation VI ...... _...... _ ...... _...... __...... 44 13 B.6.1 Revised plan for the exchange of basic meteorological data_ ... _...... 46 14 4.2/1 List of stations in North. America, Africa and south-West Asia, of which data are required in Region VI...... 46 15 B.6.2 Combining of territorial broadcasts ...... 47 16 B.7.1 Working Group on Requirements in Connexion with the Exchange of Meteorological Information by Facsimile...... _...... 48 17 B.6.5 Facsimile broadcasts...... :...... 49 18 B.6.9 Dissemination of air reports for synoptic purposes...... 50 19 Hol/I Collection and dissemination of ships' reports...... 51 20 4.7/1 Organization of the exchange of atmospherics reports in Region VI 51 21 7.3/r Numerical forecasting ...... _...... 52 22 9.1 Network of CIJ:MAT and CLIMAT TEMP stations in Region VI...... 53 23 9.4 Working Group on Climatic Atlases for Region VI...... 54 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS

Resolutions (continued) Page 24 3.2.1/V Working Group on Hydrological Meteorology_...... __.... 55 25 3.2.1/1 Report of the session of the Regional Association VI Working Group on Hydl'ology (Warsaw 1958>-...... 56 26 3.2.1!III Measurement of the amount of deposited water or ice ...... ;...... _ .... . 56

27 3.2.1/IV Measurement of the rate of snow-mel t ...... 57 28 13.1/1 Radiation ...... 57 29 13.6 Organization of training seminars ...... 58

30 14/1 Revision of the previous resolutions and recon~endations of Regional Association VI ...... 59

Recommendations adopted by the session...... 60

Final Session No. No. 1 4.1/IV Defini tion of basic surface synoptic network_ ...... _ .. _ ...... 60 2 3.2~1/II Networks for hydrological purposes_...... _...... 60

Annexes I Basic regional network of land stations for surface observations (Annex to Resolution 2 (III-RA VI) )...... 62 II Basic regional network for upper-air observations (Annex to Resolution 3 (III-RA VI» ...... ~...... 71 III Homogeneity of aerological networks (Annex to Resolution 5 (III-RA VI) L...... 73 IV Modifications to Chapter II, Section VI, Volume B of WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4 (Annex to Resolution 10 (III-RA VI) )...... 79 V List of stations of which data should be included in the inter-regional transmissions. from Region IV to Region VI (Annex to Resolution 14 (III-RA VI) )_...... 85 VI Network of CLIMAT and CLlMAT TEMP stations in Region VI (Annex to Resolution 22 (III-RA VI) ) ...... _ ...... -...... - ...... ~--.-.... -...... _.-.. __. 90 VII Resolutions adopted prior to the third session and maintained in force (Annex to Resolution 30 (III-RA VI) ) ...... 93 VIII List of documents distributed before and during the third session of Regional Associatton VI _...... _...... :...... 103 v

LIST OF REPRESENTATIVES ATTENDING THE SESSION

1. Officers of the-session A. Nyberg president M. Perovi

2. Members of Regional Association VI F. Steinhauser principal delegate Austria G. Weiss delegate E. Lahaye principal delegate Belgium L. Dufour delegate M. Quoilin delegate P. Devuyst delegate S.Y. Stephanov principal delegate Bulgaria D.I. Berezkin principal delegate Byelorussian SSH J. Z!tek principal delegate Czechoslovak A. Vesecky delegate Socialist Republic M. Novotny delegate K.O. Andersen principal delegate Denmark G. Crone-Levin delegate M.O. Franssila principal delegate Finland A. Viaut principal delegate France J. Bessemoulin alternate P. Leclerq delegate P. Picq delegate A. Durget .delegate H. Ribault delegate Miss M.A. Martin-Sane delegate G. Bell principal delegate Germe,ny, Federal H.K. Meyer delegate Republic P. WUsth6ff delegate H. Panzram secretary E. Vourlakis principal delegate Greece A. Refenes delegate G. Daniel delegate F. Desi principal delegate Hungary S.· Kleszky delegate J. Bogardi delegate Mrs. T. Gudmundssoh principal delegate Iceland M. Doporto principal delegate . Ireland J.W. O'Byrne delegate M. Gilead principal delegate Israel Y. Levy-Tokatly delegate VI LIs'r OF REPRESENTATIVES ATTENDING THE SESSION

U. Luccardi principal delegate Italy lYl. Giorgi delegate D. Bottari delegate S. Khattab principal delegate Lebanon N. Ward delegate W. Bleeker principal delegate Netherlands K.R. Postma delegate R. Fjortoft principal delegate Norway P. Thrane delegate J. Lambor principal delegate Poland S. Rafalowski delegate A. Silva de Sousa principal delegate Portugal T.R. do Espirito Santo delegate J. Motronea principal delegate Romania C. Sorodoc delegate L. de Azcarraga principal delegate Spain P. Pita delegate J. Aguirre de Carcer delegate M. Diaz delegate F. MorBIl deleg~te J.A. Barasoain delegate I. Font delegate 1"l. Ledesma delegate F. Huerta delegate A. Reijas adviser F.E. Castillo adviser 1'<1. Ballester delegate P. Rodriguez Franco delegate L.J. Garcia Navarro delegate A. Lopez Bustos adviser ["l.C. Roquero adviser A. Nyberg principal delegate Sweden O. Lonnqvist delegate Mrs. R. Schaffer delegate J. Lugeon principal delegate Switzerland R. Sehneider delegate

U.E. 901a:;;o.11 prlncipal delegate Turkey M. Inan deleBate T.K. Bogatyr principal delegate Ukranian SSR Y. Udovenko delegate V.I. Korzull principal delegate Union of Soviet V. Zi2:un delegate Socialist r. "'publics V. Kosenko delegate F. Koul

A.C. Best principal delegate United Kingdom of J.A. Burnett delegate GI'put BrlLa:f.n and L.H. Starr delegate Northern Il'el:md J. Harding delcgate M. Perovi<5 principal delegate Yugoslavia Mrs. S. Jovieie delegate I. Deli Janie delegate

3. Other Members of WMO J.P. Henderson observer Brltish East Africa M. Madani observer Morocco M. Kraiem chief observer Tunisia H. Sfaxi observer M. Ayadi observer A.H. Nagle chief observer United States of P.E. Romo observer America E. Standish observer ll. International organizations F. di Beneddetto observer InternaU.onal Civil Aviation Org811ization A.H. Cata observer International Tele commuld cation Union R. FJortoft oboerver International Union of Geodeny and Geo physics P.E.L. Bertin observer InternaLional Air R. Frediani observer Transport Associa L.R. Ulrlch observer tion J. Balta observer International Scien tific Radio Union D. Diaz-Ambrona observer International Conmlis sion for Irrigation and Dral.nage

5. WMO Secretariat D.J\. Davies Secretary-General (from 26 to 28 September 1960) J.h. Rivet Deputy Secretary-General H. Sebastian Chief, Technical Assistance Unit (from 30 September to 4 October 1960) N.L. VeraIlIleman Chief, Operations Section J.M. Rubiato Chief, Conferences, Documents and Publications Division P. f.'IilJukov Chief, Hydrologl.cal Meteorology Section (from Z7 September to 2 October 1960) ).\, \ ".

. VIII LIST OF REPRESENTATIVES ATTENDING THE SESSION

J. Peeters Technical Assistant V. Krepkogorski Technical Assistant

6. Secretariat of the session P. Rodriguez Franco Chief of the secretariat J.M. Arbeloa Chief, A&ninistrative Services IX

AGE.N'D A

Agenda item Relevant Res. Rec. No. documents

Opening of the s€ssion

2. Organization of the s.ession Examination of credentials 73; 95, Rev. 1 2.2 Additional Rules of Frocedure Adoption of agenda 1, Add. 1, Rev. 1 2.4 Establishment of committees

2.. Reports 3.1 Report of the president of the asso 29; 119 ciation 3.2 Reports of the chairmen of the work 32; 42, Add. 1; 50; 12,24.,,25., 2 ing groups 70, Add. 1, Rev. 1; 26,,27 131

4. Observations for the pUI'"pose of. synoptic meteorology 4.1 Study o,f the eXistIng regional ne't..; , 3' ,9, Corp. 'I; 2 and 1 work 0'1' rand stattons for surface and 3; 10; 132 upper,-al ¢. ciMrerva:tiohs arid revision 0-1' the-. reCOlllliJended basic regional network List of stations in North America, 114 14 Africa and South-West Asia, of which data are required in Region VI Observations from mobile ship stations 51; 90 6 land ocean weather stations 4.4 In-flight reports from aircraft in 5; 61; 128 the region 4.5 Aircraft weather reconnaissance 4; 113 flights 4.6 Automatic weather stations 21; 99 7 4.7 Observations of atmospherics 11; 91 20 4.8 Ground-radar weather observations '18; 92 8 4.9 Actual time of upper-air synoptic ob 8; 71, Rev. 1 9 servations 4.10 Homogeneity of aerological networks 57; 82; 84 5 ,

X AGENDA

Agenda 'item Relevant Res. Rec. No. documents

2" Codes 28, Add. 1, Corr. 1; 10 121 5.1 Reconsideration of code decisions adopted by postal ballot after the second session of RA VI 5.1.1 SPESH reports 43; 86 5.1.1.1 Criteria for sending SPESH reports 5.1.1.2 Optional groups 5.1.2 Reporting of maximum wind data in the 36; 115 10 PILOT and TEMP codes 5.1.2.1 Criteria 5.1.2.2 Specification of element jn in group 44 jnHmHmHrrfIm 5.1.3 Reporting of tropopause in TEMP code 36; 45; 80 10 5.1.4 Area indicator in HIARF 81; 116 5.2 Code problems referred to regional associations by the Executive Com- mittee 5.2.1 Code' for special phenomena 46; 122 5.2.2 Abbreviated code form for inter-re- 76, Rev. 1 11 gional exchanges of surface reports 5.2.3 Units used in meteorological reports 118 5.3 Miscellaneous code questions 26 5.3.1 Use of different sections in the TEMP 34; 35; 36; 47; 48; 10 and PILOT codes 59; 100; 129 5.3.2 Use of MESRAN and ABTOP summaries in 117 10 Region VI 5.4 Proposals from RA VI to the CSM Work- 35. 58; 59; 60; 100; ing Group on Code Problems 120

6. Telecommunications 33; 42, Add. 1; 63 6.1 Revised plan for the exchange of 87, Add. 1 13 basic meteorological data 6.2 Territorial broadcasts 77, Rev. 1 15 6.3 International Meteorological Tele- 33, Add. 1; 41; 55; printer Network in Europe (IMTNE) 97. Rev. 1, Add. 1 6.4 Radioteleprinter broadcasts 96 6.5 Facsimile broadcasts 27; 106, Rev. 1 17 AGENDA

Agenda item Relevant Res. Reo. No. documents

6.6 Exchange of information with neigh 33; 64; 89, Add. 1 bouring regions Reception in RA VI of data from 85, Rev. 1, Add. :1 6 ocean weather stations in the North Atlaritic 6.8 Exchange of northern hemisphere data 33 6.9 Dissemination of air repor.ts for 6; 109; 130 18 synoptic purposes 6.10 Exchange of hourly synoptic reports 79 as required for issuing short-term forecasts for aViation 6.11 Repercussions of the lCAO MOTNE on 54; 75, Rev. 1 the RA VI telecommunications plans 6.12 Assignment of four-letter location 39; 78, Rev. 1 indicators Other matters considered in the re 65; 88 port of the chairman of the Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions

Requirements of Members for rationa lization by centralization of certain meteorological activities in the region Facsimile transmissions from selected 27; 107 . 16 centres for synoptic purposes 7.1.1 Detailed requirements 7.1.1.1 Plotted charts 7.1.1.2 Plotted TEMPS and RAWlNS 7.1.1.3 Surface and upper-air analyses 7.1.1.4 Surface and upper-air prognoses 7.1.1.5 Other weather charts 7.1.1.6 Cross sections 7.1.2 Standardizations necessary for the facsimile transmissions under 7.1.1 Meteorological aspects of area fore 125 casting systems for aeronautical purposes European centre for numerical fore 126 21 casting

Processing and publication of meteo 13~ 105 rological data XII AGENDA

Agenda 'item Relevant Res. Rec. No. documents

Instruments Rawinsond~ observations 57; 82 5 Differences of instruments and me 23; 62; 84 5 thods of computation in European countries 8.1.2 Altitudes to be reached by upper-air 53; 98 observations Regional comparisoris of barometers 17, Add. 1; 93 1

Climatology Selection of surface land and upper 24; 40; 101, Add. 1 22 air land stations in the region to report; CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP data

9.2 Reference climatological stations 30; 102, Rev. 1 9.3 Exchange of climatological data' 31; 103 9.4 Regional climatic atlases 22; 104, App. B 23

10. Aeronautical meteorology 10.1 Collection of reports on aircraft 68, Rev. 1 alld 2 icing 10.2 Use of facsimile telecommunication 27; 69, Rev. 1 facilities for meteorological infor mation to aircraft in flight

11. ~aritime meteorology

11.1 Collection areas for ships' observa 52~ 74, Rev. 1 19 tions 11.2 Regional co-ordination of broadcasts 66 for shipping 11.3 Use of facsimile telecommunication 27; 67 facilities in the meteorological service for shipping

11.4 Regional port liaison officers 49~ 72, Rev. 1

12. Hydrological meteorology 56; 70. Add. 1, Rev. 1 24,25,26, 2 27 12.1 Existing networks of stations which are used for hydrological purposes, amongst others 12.2 Publication of meteorological data 37 of use in hydrology AGENDA XIII

Agenda item Relevant Res. Rec. No. documents

Climatological maps for hYdrologi.cal purposes

Q. Mlscellaneous 13.1 Radlation 28 13.2 Atmospheric ozone 13.3 Atmospheric chemlstry ru1d pollution

14. Revision of previous·resolutions ru1d 30 recommendatlons of the assoclation

15. Programme for the perlod between the 12 third and fourth sessions including fact-finding regarding the Implemen-ta tion of resolutions

16. Elections 16.1 ElectIon of the president . 108 16.2 Election of the vice-president

Date ru1d place of the fourth session

18. Closure of the session

GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE WOHK OF THE SESSION

1. OPENING OF 'rHE SESSION (Agenda item 1)

1.1 '1'he third session of Regional Association VI was held in t.he Instituto Nacional de Industria in Madrid, from 26th September to 14th October, followl.ng an jnvttation extended by the Goverrunent of Spain. 1.2 The formai opening ceremony took place in the main hall of the Institute, on Monday, 26 September, 1960, at 5.30 p.m. The Minister of Air, General Rodriguez y Diaz de Lecea, welcomed the delegates on behalf of the Spanish Goverrunent and the Permanent Representative of Spain to the WMO, Col. L. de Azc~rraga, made the opening address. The representative of the Mayor of Madrid, Mr. Soler, welcomed the participants on behalf of the City Council. The pr'esident of the association, Mr. A. Nybel'g, expressed the gratitude of the association to the Spanish Goverrunent and thanked the pr>evious speakers. The Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organizat1.on, Mr. D.A. Davtes, expressed the thanks of the Organization for the kind invitation of the Government of Spain and for the excellent conference facilities made available. The association was informed of a letter expressing the best wIshes of the Pres:l.dent. of the Organization for the success of the session. 1.3 '1'he secretariat of the session was under the direction of Mr. Rodr:l.guez Franeo, with Mr. Arbeloa as-ehief of the Administrative Services.

2. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION (Agenda item 2)

2.1 Examination of credentials (Agenda item 2.1)

2.1.1 The association decided at its f:l.rst plenary meeting to establish a credentials committee consisting of the principal delegates of Austria, the United KIngdom, and t.hc USSR. The committee held two meetIngs and elected Professor SteInhauser, prIncIpal delegate of Austria, as its chairman. The two reports of the commIttee were unanimously adopted by the association. 2.1.2 The session was attended by delegates and observers of the following countries and organizations : Members of the association Austria Lebanon Belgium Netherlands Bulgaria Norway Byelorussian SSR Poland Czechoslovakia Portugal Derunark Romania Federal Republic of Germany Spain Finland Sweden France Switzerland Greece Turkey Hungary Ukrainian SSR Iceland Uni ted Arab Re public Ireland United Kingdom Israel USSR Italy Yugoslavia 2 tllllNERAL SUMMARY

other Members

B~itish East African Territories and the Seychelles Morocco Tunisia United States of America International organizations : International Civil Aviation Organization International Air Transport Association International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics International Scientifio Radio Union International Federation of Air Line Pilots Assooiations International Teleoommunioation Union

2.2 Additional Rules of Prooedure (Agenda item 2.2) In the absenoe of any proposal for Rules of Prooedure additional to those contained in the General Regulations, the association deoided that no additional rules were necessary for the-session.

2.3 Adoption of agenda (Agenda item 2.3) The provisional agenda for the session was submitted for adoption by the assooiation at its first meeting. The agenda was unanimously adopted with only one alteration, item 13.3 "Atmospheric chemistry" becoming 13.3 "Atmospheric chemistry and pollution". The final agenda is given at the beginning of this report.

2.4 Establishment of committees (Agenda item 2.4) The assooiation established a oredentia1s committee (see para. 2.1), a co-ordina tion committee, a nomination committee, a drafting oommittee and two working oommittees. Working Committee A, under the ohairmanship of Mr. Bessemoulin was entrusted with the con sideration of items 4, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8, 9, 10, II, 12 ,and 13 (except 13.6). Working Com mittee B under the chairmanship of Mr. Sousa was entrusted with the oonsideration of items 5, 6 and 7.l. Items I, 2, 3, 15, 16 and 17 were dealt with directly in plenary. The reports of the president of the assooiation were referred to both working committees. The reports of the ohairmen of the Working Groups on Hydrology and on C1imatologioa1 Atlases were referred to Committee A, and the report of the chairman of the Working Group on Meteorologioal ~rans missions was referred to Committee B. It was agreed that any member of a delegation or observer should be free to attend meetings of any working oommittee.

3. REPORTS (Agenda item 3)

3.1 !leport of the president of the assooiation (Agenda item 3.1') The assooiation took note of the report submitted by its president and expressed to him its deep satisfaotion fo~ the aohievements which have taken plaoe since its second session. Questions of a teohnioal nature, mentioned in the report, were considered under the relevant items of the agenda. GENERAL SUMMARY 3

3.2 Reports of the chairmen of the working groups (Agenda item 3.2)

3.2.1 The association. noted with appreciation the report submitted by the chairman of the working group as well as the important work done by the group. It also examined the report of the first session of the RA VI Working Group on Hydrology (Warsaw, September 1958) and in particular the seven recommendations and three resolutions; the conclusions are contain ed in Resolutions 25, 26 and 27 (III-RA VI) and in Recommendation 2 (III-RA VI). The asso ciation considered that the important work which was undertaken by the working group, and which is still in the course of development, should not be interrupted. It was therefore decided to re-establish a Working Group on Hydrological Meteorology under the chairmanship of Prof. J. Bogardi. The association adopted Resolution 24 (III-RA VI) on the subject.

3.2.2

3.2.2.1 The association noted with appreciation the report submitted by the chairman of the working group and expressed its satisfaction for the important work which has been done. The technical questions indicated in the report were examined under the appropriate items of sec tions 6 and 7 of the agenda. The association decided to re-establish a Working Group on Me teorological Transmissions and adopted Resolution 12 (III-RA VI).

The association noted with great satisfaction the report of the chairman of the Working Group on Climatological Atlases established by Resolution 37 (II-RA VI) and wished to record its appreciation for the work carried out by the working group and its chairman. The association decided to re-establish a Working Group on Climatic Atlases for the region and adopted Resolution 23 (III-RA VI) to this effect.

4. OBSERVATIONS FOR THE PURPOSE OF SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY (Agenda item 4)

4.1 Study of the existing regional network of land stations for surface and upper-air observations and revision of the recommended basic regional network (Agenda item 4.1)

4.1.1 ------Surface observations The association examined this point in the light of the definition of a basic net work adopted by CSM in Recommendation 80 (CSM-II) and approved by the Executive Comnittee in Resolution 21 (EC-X). There was a long discussion about this definition and how it should be interpreted when drawing up the regional network of RA VI. The majority of the associa tion considered that a basic network means a skeletori network and favoured the selection for this purpose of certain stations according to specified guiding principles and to recommend that all these stations should make eight surface observations per day whatever their present observational programme might be. A minority of the Members, however, would have preferred to let all surface observations at present listed in Volume A of WMO Publication No.9. constitute the basic regional network of surface observations. The association finally adopted Resolution 2 (III-RA VI) on the subject and agreed to cancel Resolution 5 (II-RA VI) and Resolution 60 (59-RA VI) (cf. Res. 30 (III-RA VI)). In view of the difficulties experienced in interpreting the CSM definition of a basic regional network, the association agreed to ask that the definition be reconsidered. Recommendation 1 (III-RA VI) was adopted accordingly.

4.1.2 After a thorough study of the possibilities and plans of Members to maintain exist ing stations and to establish new ones, a list of stations was compiled. It was agreed that 4 GENERAL SUMMARY

these stations should constitute the basic regional network and that all of them should carry out radiosonde and radiowind observations at 0000 and 1200 GMT and upper-wind obser vations at 0600 and 1800 GMr. The association noted a proposal by the USSR to include as well radiosonde observa-, tions at 0600 and 1800 GMT in the recommended observational programme. There was a long discussion on this proposal, after which the association agreed that the problem is an im portant one but that it would be premature to have a decision on this point at this stage. Accordingly no recommendation was adopted on this particular matter. The association adopted Resolution 3 (III-RA VI) and agreed to cancel Resolution 6 (II-RA VI) and Resolution 61 (59-RA VI) (cf. Res. 30 (III-RA VI».

4.1.3 ___General r-o ___matters __ The association was aware of the fact that the recommended basic regional networks for surface and upper observations do not in every respect fulfil the density criteria given in WMO Tecnnica1 Regulations. It was agreed, therefore, to mention certain areas in the re gion in which Members concerned should be invited to consider the necessity and possibility of establishing synoptic stations. Resolution 4 (III-RA VI) was adopted accordingly. It was assumed that the basic regional networks established by the present session together with the provision of Resolution 4 (III-RA VI) concerning specified areas with low densities of surface and upper-air stations will meet the known requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization. The association finally noted a statement made by the Sub-Committee on Basic Net ,works that their work would have been facilitated if the network charts prepared by the WMO Secretariat before the session had also included existing and recommended observations at those stations in Regions I and II which are located close to the borders of Region 'VI and agreed to draw the ,attention of the Secretary-General to this point.

4.2 List of stations in North America, Africa and South-West Asia, of which data are required in Region VI (Agenda item 4.2) The association studied the requirements of the various Members for data from North America, Africa and South-West Asia. Data from North America are as from 1st October 1960 received from stations listed 'in the annex to Resolution 14 (III-RA VI). Requirements existed for additional data from a number of surface land stations, from a nuniber of upper-air ::;tations and for information on the level of maximum wind and the tropopause level. The association realized that the transmission of these data from Region IV to Region VI would increase the traffic load of the existing telecommunications channels with a number of groups between 4,000 and 5,000 per day. As the present traffic load is approxi mately 56,600 groups per day this would mean an increase of somewhat less than 10 per cent. Various suggestions to decrease the traffic load were investigated, such as the deletion of full TEMPS from a number of stations now included in the list, the deletion of surface synop tic observations from the intermediate standard times, the deletion of forecasts and analysis from Region IV and the deletion of data on significant points from levels below 500 mb. None of these suggestions was however acceptable and the association therefore decided to invite its president to request the president of RA IV for the inclusion of additional information in the inter-regional exchange (cf. Res. 14 (III-RA VI». The association noted the present unsatisfactory situation with regard to the trans mission of Canadian data for the levels above 500 mb, which are urgently needed at an early hour for the preparation of vertical windshear charts. It invited its president to bring this problem also to the attention of' the president of RA IV (cf. Res. 14 (III-RA VI», GENERAL SUMMARY 5 stressing that any changes should not lead to a transmission of the data up to the 500 mb level at a later time. No additional requirements with regard to the observations at present made in Africa were expressed, as a careful study of the lists of stations exchanged over IMTNE showed that all necessary African observations could be obtained. With regard to the data from South-West Asia, it was realized that the difficulties in the reception of certatn stations originated from the lack of reliable telecommunication systems (cf. Agenda item 6.6). Nevertheless it was considered desirable to bring the wish for certain information to the attention of Region II (cf. Res. 14 (III-RA VI)).

4.3 Observation from mobile ship stations and ocean weather stations (Agenda item 4.3) The association noted that there had been a good response to the request stated in Resolution 18 (II-RA VI) for meteorological reports from fishing vessels north of 600 North; nevertheless it considered it appropriate to maintain Resolution 18 in force (of. Res'. 30 (III-RA VI)). The association agreed that there was a need for an increased number of ships're ports from the southern portion of the North Atlantic for the purpose of general forecasting and of providing meteorological service to flights through that areaj it noted that the third session of the CMM had set up a working group to study the problems involved in the collection of ships'. meteorological reports. Therefore it was agreed to request the pre sident of RA VI to bring to the attention of the president of CMM the particular needs of RA VI for reports, at the four main standard times, from selected ships in the areas of the North Atlantic, south of 400 North. The association also reexamined the need for special or more frequent surface re ports from ocean weather stations as recognized at CSM-II, where the difficulties in hand_ lillg special reports on scheduled telecommunication channels were recognized and stressed, and there was considerable support for hourly synoptic reports. However, at that time there were considerable difficulties in implementing a system of hourly synoptic reports at a majority of ocean weather stations, and the SPESH reporting system was evolved. It was considered that SPESH reports' have proved unsatisfactory for the following reasons

(a) The criteria for making these reports are necessarily unsatisfactory in that they deal only with more spectacular weather changes, whereas the more subtle changes are,often'more important to the synoptic meteorologist. Furthermore, the criteria are not easy to use in observational and coding practice, and require considerable elucidation;

(b) The non-receipt of a SPESH report on any occasion does not necessarily mean that the meteorological circumstances did not warrant the issuing of such reports;

(0) Experience has shown that only a small percentage of these non-scheduled messages get wide dissemination on telecommunication channels. Out of fifty reports prepar ed at a Netherlands ocean weather station. only three reached the Netherlands over international telecommunication circuits.

Hourly synoptic reports from ocean weather stations operated by Members of Regional Association VI would constitute an important supplement to the RA VI basic observing network, with considerable advantages for analysis and forecasting purposes. Most ocean weather sta tions in Region VI are now able to make and tra~smit hourly reports. Reports from these sta tions are largely of interest to Region VI only. Taking these facts into consideration the association agreed that all ocean weather stations operated by Members in Region VI that can implement a system of hourly reports should 6 GENERAL SUMMMY

,mo 'so with aminim1.JUll of -delay. It further agreed that after the implementation of the system :such stations are not required to make SPESR reports. Therefure Resolution 6 (tII-RA VI» MasacioJPted. The associatIon also considered that. for the same reason as indicated above, the implementation of a system of surface hourly synoptic reports from the ocean weather stations within RAIV would be of much interest to Region VI and agreed that the matter should be no tified to RA IV for consideration. Therefore. the association decided to reque's't 'i't's pre sident to take appropriate action with the president of RA IV. It also noted thl'\.t' sO,me Mem bers have arranged for the transmission of SPESH reports from mobile, ship stat1:ohs. The association also examined Recommendation 13 (CMM-III) concerning the recruitment of ships plying under "Flags of convenience" and agreed that no comple~entary regional meas .. ures we,re required. The association noted with appreciation that the CMM had established a working group "to study the possibilities of organizing a scheme of regular upper-air observations ,from mobile ship stations. such as merchant ships, research vessels and supply vessels, on the lines of the successful upper-air observations carried out by the United States aboard mer chant ships". Finally at the request of the second session of CMM; the association examined the desirability of adopting a resolution similar to Resolution 10 (I-RA I) on the obtaining ,of meteorological reports from ships other than selected ships, but it was agreed that a similar resolution would not be applicable to the waters stlrrounding Europe.

,4.4 In-flight reports from aircraft in the region (Agenda item 4.4) The discussions,under this item were restricted to the meteorological requirements i ,in regard to air repori:ting .by commercial aircraft since the telecommunication arrangements for the ground-to ..... groJITld dissemination of air reports for synoptic purposes are dealt with under ,;l.ijem 6.9 o:f l;the s~ssiQn. (lenerally s,peaking, ";the association noted that over certain parts of the region ,there atill exists a deflln~te lack of air reports which is not due to any deficiencies in -the reporting procedures. The association was informed that air reports are already being used in numerical forecasting and that in this technique, the inconveniences which resulted from 'the fact that air reports were not made at standard isobaric levels, no longer e~ist. The association agreed that the following requirements for RA VI should be ,presented ! to~:ltAo' in order to improve the reception of in-flight reports from commercial aircraft ! P) , (1) There is a requirement for routine in-flight reports over all parts of RA VI, where the network of surface and upper-air observations 'is considered inadequate, namely, over the Mediterranean. the Bay of Biscay and the parts of the North Atlantic and the Arctic falling within RA VI;

(2) There is a requirement to receive in RA VI, in-flight reports from areas outside the region, namely, the remainder of the Arctic and of the North Atlantic, the Sahara, the Red Sea, Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Iran;

There is a requirement that ICAO urges States to request operators to implement the agreed procedures governing air-reporting in view of the increasing use which is being made of such reports and of the possibility of using them in numerical fore~ casting. '

The association agreed furthermore that there is NO requirement for routine,in-flight reports over mountainous areas of the region since the special needs of the meteorological services should be satisfied by special and additional air reports. GENERAL SUMMAHY 7

4.5 Aircraft weather reconnaissance flights (Agenda item 4.5) The association noted Recommenda.tion 7/9 of the 4th EUM RAN Meeting of ICAO and that some meteorological reconnaissance flights were already in regular operation and that the resulting REGCO reports were also disseminated within the region by the centres concerned, namely, Dunstable and Paris. Several delegates expressed their appreciation for the meteo rological reconnaissance flights over the Atlantic Ocean and for the valuable observations thus obtained. It was noted that in view of financial implications it. would not be possible, in the near future," to expand the existing reconnaissance flights in the region or to have them extended to higher levels. In view of the great value of RECCO reports, the assocla tion agreed however, that in the event of other Members introducing new meteorological re connaissance flights these Members should be requested to disseminate the resultlng observa tions within the region, even in cases where such flights are not made on a regular basis. It was decided to include an appropriate paragraph in the introduction to the regional sec tion of Chapter II, Volume C, of WMO Publication No.9, reminding Members of the need for dissemination of observations taken during meteorological reconnaissance flights. It was further agreed that it w0l!-ld be useful to publish informa.tion on the programmes and the tracks followed by regular meteorological reconnaissance flights in an appropriate section of Volume A of WMO Publication No.9, and Members undertaking such flights were accordingly invited to send relevant information to the Secretary-General and to keep him informed of possible subsequent changes. In view of the fact that paragraph 2.2.1.10 of the Technical Regulations calls for the organization by Members of meteorological reconnaissance flights, the association decided not to adopt a recommendation on the subject. The delegate of the USSR asked for the inclusion of the following statement in the General Summary of the Work of the Session : "The attention of Members of the association is drawn to the fact "that meteorologic al reconnaissance flights must not disturb the s()vereign rights of the countries".

4.6 Automatic weather stations (Agenda item 4.6) The association was informed that in France, Sweden, Switzerland and the USSR, steady progress had been made in the construction and operation of automatic weather stations and that these countries have already installed or have specific plans for the installation in the near future, of automatic stations at high level locations, remote places and unin habited areas. It was noted, however, that not all Members in the region had reached the same advanced stage in the use of automatic weather stations. It was accordingly agreed that all Members be invited to take steps for installing automatic weather stations in re mote and uninhabited areas in the 'region, and that Members having experience in the construc tion and Qperation of automatic weather stations be urged to keep the appropriate CIMO work ing group currently informed of their progress realized in this field in order to enable the Secretary-General to disseminate the material thus assembled in accordance with the Executive Committee decision on Recommendation 83 (CSM-II). The conclusions of the association are contained in Resolution 7 (III-RA VI). It was pointed out that a clear distinction should be made between the installation of automatic stations at remote areas where no manned sta tions are operated and the installation of automatic weather stations in replacement of existing manned stations. In this connexion, it was decided that the CSM be asked to comment on the utility for synoptic purposes of networks of automatic meteorological stations which have limited reporting facil~ties, e.g., those which do not report present weather and/or amount and type of clouds.

4.7 Observations of atmospherics (Agenda item 4.7) Discussions during the session indicated that the existing network of stations making observa'tions of atmospherics adequately covers the needs in the region. The associa tion noted however that the exchange, within the region, of the information derived from 8 GENERAL SUMMARY this network was in need of organization. The association accepted With great appreotatioll the offer of the Swiss Meteorological Service to arrange for the oentre at ZUt'ich to act as a co-orq.inating centre for processing the various reports on atmosphE'lr'ios bearings (SFIIZl) issued by the Members in the region who are not able to determine the geogl'aphical 100ation of atmospherics from observations of their own network and for disseminattng the resultIng" reports of atmospherics geographical location (SFLOC)." In this connexion it was agreed that it would be highly desirable that' observations of atmospherics.be made throughout the region at the same times, i.e. the main times of the aerological observations 0000 and 1200 GMT, on the understanding that this should not exolude observations being made at other times. The conclusions of the session are contained in Re solution 20 (rrT-RA VI) and it was agreed that this resolution supersedes Resolution 27 (53-RA VI) (of. Res. 30 (III-RA VI».

4.8 Ground-radar weather observations (Agenda item 4.8) The assooiation noted with appreciation that quite a number of Members were steadi ly developing their network of radar sets for detecting preoipitation and oloud. It noted the polioy of the Organization to encourage Members to install such sets for exolusively meteorological purposes (see Res. 18 (EC-V» and agreed that observations from suoh sets were highly desirable and very useful to supplement the normal meteorological reports and to improve local short-range weather forecasting. There was general agreement on the growing need for the exchange of ground-radar weather observations on a bilateral or multilateral basis. The association was of the opinion that it is necessary to acquire more aocurate knowledge about the interpretation of ground-radar weather eohoes and it therefore deoided to postpone, at the present stage, action towards the elaboration of a oode form for exchanges on a regional basis. Members who are making ground-radar meteorologioal obHerva tions were however urged to continue to study the development of appropriate ways and means for the exchange of information obtained from radar observations and to make suggestions in this connexion to the next session of the assooiation. The oonolusions of the assooiation are oontained in Resolution 8 (III-RA VI).

4.9 Aotual time of upper-air synoptio observations (Agenda item 4.9) The assooiation noted that its deoision on the actual times of upper-air observa tions reoorded in paragraph (1) under DECIDES of Resolution 28 (II-RA VI) had been oanoelled by Resolution 50 (57-RA VI) in view of the ohange in the standard times for these observations reoommended by CSM and approved by the Executive Committee (see Res. 4 (EC-IX». However, in view of the difficulties experienced at stations with only one observer for making both pilot-balloon and surface observations, it was decided in Resolution 9 (III-RA VI) to ask the CSM to reoonsider the note under paragraph 4.2.1.2 of the Teohnical Regulations.

4.10 Homogeneity of aerological networks (Agenda item 4.10) The association discussed the lack of homogeneity of radiosonde observations in the region as well as the measures which should be taken to remedy the situat,ion. Amongst the measures thus discussed Members stressed the need for further research towards the development of a radiosonde "l'lhich would require little or no correctlons, espe cially radiation corrections, for example through the use of ventilated thermometers, as well as the importance of using properly oalibrated instruments and of applying correctly the proper observational techniques. Since the height indioations derived from radiosonde observations are considerably in error at high levels, the association Wished to stress the importance of synchronous radiosonde-radarwind observations; in this relation it noted with interest the echosounding techniques developed in Switzerland. GENERAL SUMMARY 9

Concerning the advisability for \OIMO to organize a new world-wide comparison of radio sondes, the association held the view that further studies are required before such a compar ison can be fruitful} instead Members were encouraged to arrange for bilateral and multi lateral comparisons, and to take appropriate action when systematic differences are found. In this relation the association was presented with two studies outlining methods aimed at reduc ing the effects of systematic and random errors in radiosonde observations, for use i.n the daily work of services. It was also agreed that the proposal regardi.ng the development of national reference sondes as contained i.n Resolution 9 (I-RA VI) should be abandoned and ac cordingly it was decided to cancel this resolution (cf. Res. 30 (III-RA VI)). Finally the proposal from the director of the Rome Seminar on "Synoptic Meteorology in the Mediterranean", to the effect that WMO should set up a travelling team of experts to visit all upper-air stations in the region and where necessary, to assist with advice regard ing observational techniques, was not retained. The conclusions of the association on this item are contained in Resolution 5 (III-RA VI).

5. CODES (Agenda item 5)

5·1 Reconsideration of code decisions adopted by postal ballot after the second session of RA VI (Agenda item 5.1) As a result of the decisions taken on the various sub-items under this general head ing, the association adopted Resolution 10 (III-RA VI) giving the amendments to Section VI, Chapter II, Vol. B, of WMO Publication No.9.

During the examination of this item, the association noted that a requirement exists for hourly synoptic reports in code form FM 2l.A from ocean weather stations and that these can take the place of SPESR reports. It noted also that some Members have arranged for the transmission of SPESR reports from mobile ship stations (see para. 4.3 above). The association subsequently agreed that no action is necessary on developing re gional criteria for sending SPESR reports and on optional groups to be included in such re 'ports. The association was in doubt whether it was the intention of CSM when adopting Recommendation 2 (CSM-II) "code form for special reports from ships" that this code form should also be used by mobile ship stations. It was. therefore, agreed to ask CSM for clarification on this matter. Appropriate action was taken under agenda item 5.4.

5.1.2 ------Reporting of maximum wind data in the PILOT and TEMP codes (Agenda item 5.1.2) The association agreed that the criteria for reporting maximum wind data in the PILOT and TEMP codes are satisfactory and should remain unchanged. The association decided to amend the specification and code table of In to include a distinction between a maximum wino at. the top of an ascent and any maximum winds at lower levels in addition to details of the thickness of the layer over which the maximum wind is determined. The decisions of the association on this subject are embodied in Resolution 10 (III-RA VI) •

.!!el?0E.t.!~ £.f_tE.0l?0!?a:!;!s~ .!n_T~ .£o£.e (Agenda item 5.1.3) The association considered the question of reporting of tropopause in code forms 10 GENERAL SUMMARY

FM 35.B and FM ,36.B and a majority of the Members was of the opiniort th/i,t the use of .the abridged form of Section 11 irl code forms FM 35.B and FM 36.~ as decided in Resolution' 59 (59-RA vI) \'I'as not satisfactory. It was recdgnizecl that this form'did not provide sufficient informa'tion on the ·tropopause to mef't, in particular, aeronautical needs and all';o for co· . ordinated use with the information on the level of maximum wind given in height units in code forms FM 32.B, FM 33.B, FM 35.B and FM ,36.B. The association considered that the differences between national practices' at pre sent in use in the region should, as far as possible, be eliminated and that uniform use in the region of Section 11 in code forms FM 35.B and FM ,36.B was necessary. The association decided to use the complete form of Section 11 as follows : 11122 HtHtPtPtPt

but not to use the optional group (zbdbdbff).

The decisions of the association on this subject are embodied in Resolution 10 (III-RA VI).

5.1.4 The association found but "little support for a code for the area indicator in code form FM 56.B (HIARF) and decided to retain the current practice of using plain language •.

Code problems referred to regional associations by the Executive Committee (Agenda item 5.2)

5.2.1

\ 5;2.-Ll" -Tne 'association decided to incorporate several national coding practices in the regional table of specifications for the special phenomena group.. 9 SpSP s P sP - code 668 "I (i) The code table 622 for Al - Phenomena seen or heard in direction Da, was expanded to report the direction of occurrence of certain cloud forms. .It was agreed ·to expand the usefulness of the group 943 htht by replacing it by a group 9l~3 HIH', where HIHI is the altitude of the upper surface of clouds, and "adding an explana tory note;

( 11) It was agreed to adopt a group 942 nttw to report the occurrence of condensat:l,on trails;

(iii) It was agreed to introduce a group 9975 Vm, for use when visibility is beloYllOO metres, to report the visibility in ranges of 10 metres;

(iv) It ~ras agreed to introduce a group 9482 Nd for use on the occasions when the. I;otal cloud group N may give a false lmpress:l.on of the sunshine:, and where Nd is the amount of cloud considered to be sufficlently dense or thick to eliminate sunshine at the ground.

5.2.1.2 The association was satlsfied wlth the regional use of the special phenomena group 9 S S s s and believes that there is no need for a universal code. r P p P The association agreed to request Its president to present these views to the president of CSM. as requested in Recommendat.ion 14 (CSM-II). GENERAL SUMMARY 11

5·2.2 . Abbreviated code form for the inter-regional exchanges of surface reports (Agenda i tern- 5-:-2-:-2)" ------

The association noted that no other regional association had expressed any demand concerning the inclusion in SYNOP messages of groups other than the mandatory groups. It also discussed the SYNOP messages transmitted by other regional associations and used by the Members of RA VI, none of whom had indicated a requirement for optional or supplementary groups. The association, however, noted with regret that the special group 99ppp, which should necessarily follow the group TdTdaPP, when the pressure tendency is equal or greater than 9.9 mb, was not generally received from neighbouring associations. The association adopted in this connexion Resolution 11 (III-RA VI).

The association considered this question and taking into account tha.t all meteoro logical services in Region VI, with the exception of Ireland and the United Kingdom, use metric units and Celsius degrees and that the UK informed the .Secretariat that it was its intention to use metric units and Celsius degrees from the first January 1961, ~o that Re solution 30 (Cg-III) is practically implemented by all meteorological services in the region. The association therefore decided that no further action is necessary on its part in the final implementation of Resolution 30 (Cg-III) on the use of Celsius degree and metric sys tem of units for the evaluation of meteorological elements included in reports for inter national exchanges.

5·3 Miscellaneous code questions (Agenda item 5.3)

5.3.1.1 The association, after discussing the many aspects of the TEMP and PILOT code forms, decided that the establishment of more uniform regional practices with regard to the differ ent sections would simplify the processing of upper-air messages at the analysis centres.

5·3·1.2 2~~~_~~~~~_!~_~~_~_:_!~~_~~~_!~_~_~_:_!~~_~~!~ It was agreed that TEMP reports should continue to be transmitted in two parts, the first part containing a complete TEMP report up to the 100 mb level inciusive, the second part containing all data above 100 mb as available, according to the bursting level of the balloon.

~~<:~~J~~L~~~ It was decided to use the full group in all TEMP messages, individual and collective.

Section 1 It was agreed that the approved procedure for Section I should continue to apply to part I of Section I. The Executive Committee approved the levels 70, 50, 30, 20 and 10 mb for the establishment of high-level charts {see Res. 21 (EC-X», and the association decided that available temperature, humidity and wind data for these levels should be included in Section 1 (Part 2). Part 2 of the TEMP message is not mandatory, but its dissemination is recommended where telecommunications permit.

~~~~~~~~-~-~~~-~ It was agreed 19 GENERAL SUMMARY

(a) That Sections 2 and 3 should be mandatory in part 1 TEMP reports, and reconm for inclusion in part 2 TEMP reports;

(b) That Section 2 should be used to transmit only information on pressure, temperature and humidity for the surface and for significant points in so far as concerns tem perature and/or humidity;

(c) That nlnl •..• nn nn should be recommended for use throughout the region instead of hI hI •..• hn hn in Section 2, but the use of nl nl' is not mandatory. An excep tion is made for the 250 mb level, where hn hn is used (see para. (e) below);

(d) That Section 3 should be used, in the event of no humidity data being available, to transmit information concerning pressure and temperature for significant points in so far as concerns temperatureJ

(e) That data for the 250 mb level should, if possible, be included in Section 2, as requested by IATA and several Members, to meet their civil aviation requirementsJ

(f) That, in accordance with note 7 under FM 35.B, page I-A-7-36, Volume B, WMO Publi cation No.9,TP.4, sufficient information should be included in Sections 2 and 3 to enable aerological diagrams to be plotted without recourse to Section 1;

(g) Wind data are required to supplement those in Section 1. These additional and sig nificant wind levels frequently do not coincide with significant levels in respect of temperature and/or humidity. Therefore wind data are not included in Section 2 or in that part of Section 3 dealing with significant temperature levels. These wind data are given at the end of Section 3, in the form PPPxx Oddff after a repeti tion of the indicator group 66666. Winds to be reported in part 1 of the messages are: Surface wind, wind for 900 or 1,000 metres above the surface, 800, 600 and 250 mb, and significant winds. Significant levels will be chosen so that, together with the other winds reported in the TEMP messages, a satisfactory hodograph can be constructed. The wind for 900 or 1,000 metres is used to calculate shear winds. The surface wind and the wind for 900 or 1,000 metres must be reported first, and in that order. Significant winds may be included in Section 3 (Part 2) to supplement the winds re ported in Section 1 (Part 2).

Section.7------The association recognized a growing desire for the inclusion of shear winds and relative topographies in TEMP messages on a regional basis, and indeed on a wider basis. However, in the absence of decisions on the best data to be included and the best low-level winds to be used for the determination of shear winds, and realising that such data would lengthen messages considerably, the association took no action to amend Section 7.

Section 9 It was agreed that this section should be used in the region, but it is not mandatory.

Sections 10 and.ll . It was agreed that Sections 10 and 11 should be mandatory.

~1.:~_~~f!,:~r:.~~_o.!.._~~~~~<:r;;~_~~_~~3!..~~~~~e..~ It was decided. in order to simplify the preparation of MESRAN summaries, that TEMP GENERAL SUMMARY messages should be transmitted in the following sequence Part I Section 1 Section 10 Section 11 Section 2 Section 3 Section 6 (aerometeorograph soundings only) Section 9 Part 2 Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 10 Part 1 messages normally contain data up to and including 100 mb. It was agreed, however, that data for tropopauses occurring above 100 mb should appear in part 1. Maximum winds above 100 mb appear in part 2. Stations that have to transmit a complete TEMP message in one broadcast should adhere to the sequence of sections and parts as indicated above.

Coding an~ transmission procedures During the session, the importance of a uniform coding procedure was stressed, to ease the problem of automatic data processing and the hruldling of messages in forecast of fices. Members are urged to adhere strictly to the form adopted. The importance of a uniform transmission procedure in Tip and RTP broadcasts in easing the work at all forecaGt centres was also discussed, and it was agreed that thls aspect of TEMP messages should be referred to the RA VI Working Group on Meteorologieal 'rransmissions. The worklng group should be asked to consider the :l.mportance for automatic data processing of a unique iden tifying group at the beginning and end of a collective of reports of any single category.

5.3.1·3 2~~~_~~:~~_~_~~:~_:_~~~_~~~_~~_~~:~_:_~!~~_~~~~ The session discussed the irregular use of Sections 1 and 4 of the PILOT code wl t.h :l.n the region. In view of the convenience of the current procedure and the possibility of the formulation of a new code form at CSM-III. it was agreed to retain the present proce dure. g!,9!l!U~~L1-1-1- It was agreed to use the full group in all PILOT messages, individual and collect.- ive.

Section 1 It was agreed that winds reported in Section 4 should not be reported also in Sec tion 1, to ease the load on telecommunications. A wind for the level approximating to 250 mb is now included in this section, and this meets a request by IATA and several Members for inclusion of this wind in PILOT messages to meet their civil aviation requirements.

Section 2 In parallel with the decision on Section 7 of the TEMP code, it was agreed t.o take no action.

SeC!ttnD 4 In parallel with the decision on Section 1 of the TEMP code it was agreed that available wind information for all levels approximating to the standard levels of 850. 700, · 14 GENERAL SUMMARY

500 •. 400, 300, 200, 150, 100, 70. 50. 30. 20 and 10 mb should be included in Section j+of the PILOT code. Available winds up to and including 100 mb are mandatory. . It was agreed to adopt the following code for regional use : 44444 8ddff 7ddff 5ddff 4ddff }ddff 2ddff 9ddff Iddff 99990 7ddff 5ddff }ddff 2ddff Iddff The first eight groups following the indicator are the same as· those in Section 4 of FM 32.B as published in: Chapter I of Volume B. with the insertion of the group 9ddffl the indicator 9 means that wind data for the 150 mb level follow. 99990 is a control group. indicating that groups that follow· refer to levels above 100 mb, I.e., 70, 50, 30, 20 and 10 mba

I?~<;.~~~~-~ In parallel with action on the maximum wind data in the TEMP code, it was agreed to make Section 5 of the PILOT code mandatory.

!~~_§~'2~~_~~~~~ The control group 9999n cannot be used to report winds at 30,000 metres or above, and the association recognized that there is a requirement for a new control group to re port such winds. It was agreed by a majority decision to introduce a new control group 999nn for regional use in reporting winds at and above 30,000 metres where nn pas the same meaning as n in the group 9999n. but with a range from 10 upwards. It was agreed to bring this ne.. l regional procedure to the attention of the Commission for Synoptic Meteorology , under item 5.4.

!~~-~~g~~~~~-~!-~:~!~~~~-~~-~!~-~:~~~~:~ The sequence of sections in PILOT messages was studied wi'th a view to easing' edi t,~ ing work in the preparation of upper-air summaries. However. coding problems out,;side the ' competence of the association to handle were encountered, and it was decided to,make no changes.

5.3.1.4 PIBAR It was agreed to amend the PIBAR code form to bring it into line with the new form adopted for Section 4 of PILOT.

5.3.1.5 The decisions of the association on agenda item 5.3.1 are embOdied in ResoluUon ]0 (III-RA VI) on coding practices in Region VI.

5.3.1.6 It was also agreed to ask the president of RA VI to send to the chairman of the RA VI Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions a copy of the paragraphs headed "CodIng; and transmi~sion procedures", at the end of Section 5.3.1.2 of the General Summary of the Work of the Session on agenda item 5.3.1.

5.3.2.1 The Delegation of the Federal Republic of Germany reminded the session that ABrOP swtunaries are prepared only in the Federal Republlc. The use ,of these summaries was in troduced to save transmission tlme and in the in'terests of clarity. These reasons do not carry the same weJght now; communications have been speeded up by the introduction of RTP, and the increased number of levels for each station and the lack of a pressure indicator ' make ABTOP messages more difficult to handle than formerly. A:universaJ, code form is required GENERAL SUMMARY 15 with the introduction of the Northern Hemisphere Exchange, and the Federal Republic of Germany will use MESRAN in place of ASTOP with effect from the date of implementation of the dec.isions of RA VI on item 5 of the agenda related to codes.

5.3.2.2 The association decided that, under these cil'cumstances, it Was unnecessary to dis cuss the ASTOP code form.

5.3.• 2.3 It was decided to make mandatory the use of Sections 1. 2 and 3 of the MESRAN code form - FM 37.B. The preparation of the new MESRAN summaries will be simplified by the de cision. under agenda item 5.3.1, to change the order of transmission of sections in the TEMP messages. This decision of the association is embodied in Resolution 10 (III-RA VI).

5.3.2.4 It was agreed to ask CSM to consider the relative merits of the names MESRAN and BARTOP for upper-air summaries in MESRAN form (see agenda item 5.4).

5.4 Proposals from RA VI to the CSM Working Group on Code Problems(Agenda item 5.4) It was decided. following discussion on code problems. that several subjects should be referred to the CSM Working Group on Code Problems for their consideration and possible ac·tion. These are as follows

The notes on page I-A-1-29, Vol. B, of WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4. imply that any mobile ship station may use the SPESH code form. This code form (FM 26.B) was devised at CSM-II (Rec. 2 refers), for use at ocean weather stations. This discrepancy should be re moved.

Units for H H H H in.the group j H H H H in the TEMP and PILOT codes _-- ___~my_~ ______~~~~~~ ______The desirability of having the levels of maximum winds expressed in pressure rather than height Units was expressed during the session. This procedure would simplify the con struction of wind pressure diagrams and would be in line with the increasing use of pressure rather than height units in aviation. The use of pressure units should create no oode pro blems in TEMP. but the PILOT code form cannot be adopted readily to this procedure. A continued requirement for height units in reporting maximum winds was expressed also.

The need for pressure ~ld height units in reporting the levels of maximum winds in TEMP and PILOT messages could be considered by the Commission for Synoptic Meteorology.

5.4.3 The relative merits of the code words MESRAN and BARTOP for a summary of upper-air reports in MESRAN form should be considered.

5.4.4 The association. during~ session, adopted a new control group 999nn for reporting winds at 30.000 metres or above in PILOT messages, nri having the same meaning as n, but with a range from 10 upwards. CSM may wish to consider the adoption of this new procedure for world-wide use.• ------TEMP and PILOT The session revealed a general wish for greater uniformity in TEMP and PILOT 16 GENERAL SUMMARY messages to ease the work at all forecast centres, and a number of changes were i'llplemellted on a regional basis towards that end. Some Members expressed, in the form of working documents, a need for more sweeping changes in these code forms to meet the requirements of all forecast centres and numerical . forecast research centres and to achieve world-wide uniformity as far as possible. It was agreed that Documents 36, 58, 59, 60 and 100 of the session might be forward ed to the CSM for study by the Working Group on Code Problems. The working group might also be willing, in the absence of definite decisions by the association, to consider the follow ing general suggestions : TEMP (a) The first section in the TEMP code form should be designed to meet the needs of analysis centres. This section would be mandatory and used in upper-air summaries for inter-regional exchange.

(b) This section designed for world-wide use should contain I (i) Data for standard pres'sure levels (ii) Shear winds and relative topographies (iii) Maximum winds (iv) Tropopause data (v) Data for instability charts No degree of priority is implied in this list.

(c) It will be necessary to obtain the requirements of numerical forecasting in suffi cient time so that they could be satisfied within any new TEMP form adopted at CSM-III. It is desirable that the representatives of Members particularly interest ed in these aspects of code problems should exchange views, and if possible submit a common.statement of requirements to the CSM working group. It may be necessary to include a special section designed for the use of numerical forecasting only, but in the interests of economy of coding and transmission time it would be pre ferable to be able to meet the needs of all without an additional section.

(d) The inclusion of sbear winds and relative topographies would eliminate much dupli cation of work.

(e) Remaining sections in the TEMP code should be used to transmit data for. use in·the preparation of aero logical diagrams and to meet the requirements of local fore casters. These sections would have a more limited distribution than the earller sections.

(f) The following aspect of upper-air messages may be of interest to the CSMWorklng Group on Code Problems : The association decided, under item 5.3.1, to draw the attention of' the RA VI Working Group on Meteorologiqal Transmissions to the importance of a uniform trans mission procedure in Tip and RTP broadcast in easing the work at all forecast 02" tres. This working group was asked also to consider the importance for a1Jltomati,e data processing of a unique identifying group at the beginning and end of a ,coHee tive of reports of any single category. These aspects of upper-all.r messages may be of interest to the CSM Working Group on Code Problems. GENERAL SUMMARY 17

5. JI.6 The a.ssociation agreed to request the CSM to ensure that np.w code forms developed by the Working Group on Code Problems of the CSM are as concise as possible.

5.4.7 The assoclation requested its president I (a) To send a copy of the General Summary of item 5.4 to the president. of CSM for the att.ention of the Working Group on Code Problems;

(b) To send a copy of Resolution 10 (III-RA VI) and annex - Coding practices in He gion VI - to the president of CSM, calling particular attention to the new regional use of the PIIm and TEMP codes and the new specification and code table for .In, and invit:lng him to bring the resolution and'its annex to the attention of the CSM Working Group on Code Problems.

6. TELECOMMUNICATIONS (Agenda item 6)

6.1 Revised plan for the exchange of basic meteorological data (Agenda item 6.1)

6.1.1 'rhe association noted Resolution 56 (58-RA VI) and Resolution 76 (60-RA VI), in part relating to the revised plan for the exchange of basic meteorological data in Hegion VI, and agreed that the development of this plan should remain on the agenda of the ItA VI Work ing Group on Meteorological Transmissions.

6.1.2 In this connexion it was agreed that I ( a) The desired revised plan should be an integrated plan providing for maximum effi ciency and speed and be based on the use of all possible facilities suitable for the purpose, i.e. land/sea cable, automatic selection equipment, RTT, facsimile, etc. Besides covering the requirements within the region, the plan should also meet the obligations of ItA VI to transmit data to other regionsJ

(b) Regional Associations I, II and IV should be inv:l.ted to send representatives to the appropriate sessions of the RA VI Working Group on Meteorolog:l.cal Transmissions, where the matter will be considered; and Members in the border areas of the region be urged to send representatives to the said sessions of the Working group.

6.1.3 The association noted that the WMO Secretariat, in preparation for the joint IeAO/ WMO Meteorological Telecommunications Meeting for Europe (Geneva, February-March, 1958), collected information on the minimum requirements of Members for basic meteorological data, but it considered that a new and up-to-date collection of similar and additional. infortnatiol1 is necessary. It therefore agreed to request the Secretary-General to collect the following in formation from the Members of HA VI and from the presidents of Hegional Associations I, II and IV I (a) Minimwn requirements for reception of basic meteorological data;

(b) Views on communication facilities to be used including views on to what extent transmission of meteorological data by facsimile would meet the requirenlentsJ

The collection of the above information should be carried out as soon as possible and submitted by Members in suitable standard forms to be prepared by the Secretariat. The structure of the above~mentioned questionnaire standard forms should be based on the exist ing transmission programmes. \ 18 GENERAL SUMMARY

T~e association further agreed to re.quest the Secretary-General to conduct an·ana~ lysis of the above information received from Members and to request the president of RA VI to invite the Netherlands and Austria to designate experts to participate in this analysIs. It agreed also that the above action should be carried out early enough to permit the Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions to start consideration of the matter not later than 1st April 1962; and to request the Secretary-General to send the above-mentioned analys'is information to the members of the working group and to the presidents of Regional. Associations ;I, II and IV at least three months before that appropriate session of the work ing group.

6.1.4' Resolution 13 (III-RA VI) was adopted and it was decided that Resolutions 56 (58-RA VI) and. 76 (60-RA VI) shall cease to be in force.

6.2 Territorial broadcasts (Agenda item 6.2)

6.2.1 The association was informed of the progress achieved regarding Resolutions 13 (II-RA VI) and 62 (60-RA VI) concerning the grouping of territorial broadcasts, and Resolu tion 73 (60-RA VI) concerning the adoption of RTT or the cessation of territorial broadcasts.

6.2.2 The association took note in particular of : (a) The suppression, as from 1st October, 1960, of territorial broadcasts in Denmark;

(b) The expected suppress ion of the territorial broadcasts from S,~eden, by ·the end of 1961;

.( c) The project for the establishment by Israel of an RTT broadcast which would meet the requirements of the Rome subcontinental centre;

(d) The project for the establishment by Greece and Turkey of RTT broadcastsJ .

(e) The fact that the combining of the territorial broadcasts mentioned in group (d) of the annex to Resolution 62 (60-RA VI) depends upon agreement of the Members concerned, regarding the arrangements under consideration by those Members.

SubsequentJ;v, the association agreed that corresponding amendments of the annex to Resolution 13 (II-RA VI) were necessary. Resolution 15 (III-RA VI) which was adopted in this 'connexion incorporates the parts still valid of Resolution 13 (II-RA VI) and 62 (60-RA VI).

6.2.3 The association agreed that : . (a) When a ·change from Morse into RTT of a territorial broadcast is envisaged, the appropriate subcontinental centre should be informed thereof sufficiently in ad vance, pre.ferably 18 months, to enable all necessary arrangements to be made;

(b) When the links between a national centre 'and the appropriate subcontinental centre permit the transmission of national data, the corres'ponding territorial broadcasts may be suppressed.

6.2.4 The association decided that Resolutions 13 (II-RA VI) and 62 (60-RA VI) (cf •. Res. 30 (III-RA VI)) shall cease to be in force. 6.3. ., International Meteorological Teleprinter Network in Europe (IMI'NE) (Agenda item 6.3) 6.3.1 The association noted the present status of the IMI'NE (see table opposite) and agreed that subject to thepl'ovisions of Resolution 67 (60-RA VI) the pl'esent connexioris to the IMTNE 19 tNTERNATlONAl METEOROLOGICAL TelEPRINTER NETWORK IN EUROPE (IMTNE)

/- ..... , I ' I tU';W '{OIU'\ I I \ WSY ".... _..... "

.- ...... '> - / '\ <....- ," ..., ( Algar ) ...... J Cairo' \l>AAI.. I \ J -"" " .... -.I

LEGEND

Northern Hemisphere broadcast ~ Moscpw I international broadcast

Dunstable international broadcast ~ MoscoW II inter'national broadcast

Offenbach I international broadcast ~ Rome international broadcast

Paris IA international broadcast Territorial broadcast (Europe) Do~estic or bilateral program Paris ID international broadcast (Relay from North Arneriea) Transmission of European data to North Arnel'ica Offenbach II international broadcast Spare circul.t Offenbach III international broadcast (available for lmmediatf! une)

Potsdam lnternational broadcast ....s:- Radio ,~ .. I \ Praha international broadcast t : Cent.res in another Rer;.ton '-...---'-' Ducarest international broadcast. - __ ~ Circuit in preporation

INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL TELEPRINTER NETWORK IN EUROPE

This table will be distributed later.

RESEAU INTERNATIONAL DE TELEIMPRIMEURS METEOROLOGIQUES EN EUROPE (RITME)

Ce tableau sera distribue ulterieurement.

GENERAL SUMMARY 21 be maintained as far as practicable until the revised plan called for in Resolution 13 (III-RA VI) can be implemented. It noted also that plans were in progress for the installation of one, additional channel between Offenbach and Potsdam.

6.3.2 The association noted the new IMTNE transmission programmes put into effect on 1st October. 1960 and furthermore that proposals for changes had been made by two Member· countries and that also other proposals might be presented after the session when Members have had the·opportunity of studying the new programmes.

6.3.3 The association considered it impracticable to review all aspects of proposals for modification of the IMTNE programmes during the session and noted also that modifications of the IMTNE programmes in any case could not be made before mid-1961, the reason for this delay being the difficulties involved and in particular the problems in connexion with the interrelation between regional and inter-regional exchanges. The association consequently agreed that such proposals. including those made dur ing the session, be forwarded by the Member concerned directly to the chairman of the RA VI Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions for further action.

6.3.4 The association agreed that the centres concerne~ should attempt to meet new requirements as far as practicable and introduce acceptable modifications as early as possible.

6.3.5 The association agreed that modifications of the IMTNE transmission programmes should not normally take place more than twice a: year.

6.3.6 The association,noted the proposal submitted by Denmark. calling for discussion of principles for sharing of rental costs relating to IMTNE circuits. The association decided that. in view of the late submission of the proposal and also because the questions raised might be covered by the more general stUdy of the matter undertaken by the Secretariat of \lIMO for the Thirteenth Session of the Exe.cutive Committee, examination of this matter should be postponed pending the result of the said study.

6.3.7 During the examination of this agenda item, Mr. A.H. Cata. ITU representative, presented to the association, the following information on increases of speed of teletypewriters I "A speed of 75 to 100 bauds is envisaged by the International Telegraph and Tele phone Consulta·t1ve Committee (CCITT), and this implies that channels of telecommu nications of a speed of modulation of 75 bauds or more should be available to userS. The studies by the CelT'!' are not well advanced, so the next meeting of the plenary assembly in New Delhi is not expected to produce a final decision. The result of the studies will probably be known by the beginning of 1962. Much greater speeds of transmission are contemplated in the future (750 to 1,000 bauds). but this be longs to the domain of data transmission. In this connexion it is advisable that the WMO keeps track of the work done in Working Group 43 of the CCIT'l''',.

6.4 ~dioteleprinter broadcasts (Agenda item 6.4)

6.4.1 The association considered existing and planned RT'!' broadcasts of Region VI having regard to ~ (a) Technical transmission problems; and

(b) Schedules. 22 GENERAL SUMMARY

6.4.2 Concerning the continental broadcast from Dunstable (GFL) the association noted that· Middle East .areas found reception difficult mainly between 0200 and 0600 and between 1300 and 1600 hours, ·and Austria between midnight and dawn. The United Kingdom undertook to study, on the basis of ionospheric reports and fore casts, the possibility of using more suitable or additional frequencies. It·was agreed that the current s.chedule might be reviewed but would f.or the present remain unchanged.

6.4.3 Concerning· sUbcontinental broadcasts of Region VI, the satisfactory reception of RTT transmissions from Moscow and Paris and the dates 1.1.61 and 1.2.61 already·. announced. for the conversion to RTT of Rome and Dunstable broadca.sts respectively, were confirmed.

The association , agreed that : (a) Areas covered by subcontinental broadcasts might be extended beyond the boundaries indicated in the introduction to Section vI of Vol. C, WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4, and this may, if possible, be arranged upon the request of other Members to the responsible centres through th~ chairman of the RA VI Working Group on Meteorologic- ·al Transmissions, and that this should be taken into account when establishing a revised plan for the exchange· of basic meteorological ini'ormation. Data so request ed should be scheduled separately and later than the remainder of the broadcast;

(b) Dunstable (after conversion to RTI') and Moscow be invited to study the possibility of broadcasting a somewhat denser network of stations for the north-west and north east of Europe respectively;

(c) That Dunstable be requested to include in its ·meteorological broadcasts the fullest practicable relay of'reports from ships in the north-eastern Atlantic.

6.4.4 Concerning territorial broadcasts in RA VI the association noted that (a) The Quickborn broadcast (DDJ 4/8) will be converted to RTT on 1.2.61;

(b) Conversion to RTT is planned for the broadcast of Norway (LMO) and :at an early date for the Israel broadcast (4XM);

6.4.5 Concerning other broadcasts in RA VI, the association noted that : (a) The Offenbach northern hemisphere RTT broadcast (DDA2 and DDF2/9) will continueJ

·(b) Conversion to RTT is planned for the Potsdam special broadcast (DIU, DIT, DIS);

(c) No plans exist for the conversion to RTT· of the special broadcasts of Nicosia (MKS) or Paris (FNO) or for any broadcasts made for shipping.

6.4.6 No practicable ·possibility of time sharing between subcontinental RTT broadcasts was considered to exist at present. However the association agreed that this question should be further considered by the working group as required in Resolution 5.4 (58-RA VI). On the other hand, if a Member making a subcontinental broadcast by RTT,desired. with the same transmitter, to radiate facsimile broadcasts this may be done as long, as sub continental broadcasts take priority over other transmissi~ns.

6.4.7 Certain Members stated that great advantage would accrue for them if Paris (FNO) could be converted from wiT to RTT, and thus provide a full radio relay of data received from Regionai Association IV. GENERAL SUMMARY 23

6.5 Facsimile broadcasts (Agenda item 6.5) The association noted with appreciation that a number of Members in Region VI and in other regions carry out or plan to make facsimile broadcasts. It also noted that a con siderable amount of experience had been gained in the use of meteorological data received by facsimile. The existence of a requirement for exchange of information by facsimile wa"s recog nized but the association, whilst considering agenda item 7.1, was unable toO reach an agree ment on the details of that requirement and took appropriate action under that agenda item for further study of the subject. During consideration of this matter, the association agreed that the transmission of information by facsimile should not replace transmissions of raw data in forms Which are necessarY for automatic data processing and other purposes.

6.6 Exchange of information with neighbouring regions (Agenda item 6.6) The association, under this item, examined the matter of exchange of information with Regional Associations I, II and IV.

6.6.1

6.6.1.1 The association noted Resolutions 66 (60-RA VI) and 67 (60-RA VI) adopted by postal ballot and examined some information available on the implementation of these resolutions. In connexion with Resolution 66 (60-RA VI) paragraph (2) (d) "under REQUESTS, the association was informed by the Delegate of Denmark that part of a simplex-channel had been provisionally allocated primarily for the exchange of the operational meteorological in formation and secondarily for the exchange of selected basic meteorological data over the ICECAN submarine cable system by the States responsible for the implementation of the sys tem but that the final action on allocation of channels in that system"would be dealt with by the forthcoming ICAO NAT RAN meeting.

6.6.1.2 The association noted that, although the Members operating the exchange between Regional Associations IV and VI were employing the system of message headings prescribed in Vol. C, Chapter 1, Part B, Section 6 of \iMO Publication No. 9.TP.4, the association had not yet formally approved this procedure. Accordingly, the association decided that the procedures prescribed in that section should be applied by all Members originating bulletins for inclusion in the transmission of RA VI data to RA IV.

6.6.1.3 The association agreed to request its president to inform the president of RA IV that there is a requirement for RA IV to transmit to RA VI the following : (a) 36 hours forecast charts in code form FM 45.B lAC. These charts are scheduled in the present exchangej however, they should not only contain prontours but also isotaches and spot values of air temperature;

(b) One set of numerical forecast charts in coded form, i.e. 500 mb forecast charts valid for 24, 48 and 72 hours, based upon 1200 TMG chart (area to be chosen so that the major parts of RA IV and RA VI are covered).

6.6.2 The association noted Resolution 68 (60-RA VI), adopted by postal ballot, in which the needs in RA VI of data from RA I are indicated. It also considered Recommendation 7 (II-RA I) and Resolutions 42 (60-RA I), 44 (60-RA I), 45 (60-RA I), 46 (60-RAI), 50 (60-RAI), GENERAL SUMMARY

51 (60-RA I), and 52 (60-RA I), adopted by Regional Association I, which deal with matters related to the requirements of RA VI listed under Resolution 68 (60.:.RA VI). It noted vTl th appreciation that the action decided by RA I will meet partly the requirements of the asso ciation. The association agreed to request the president of RA VI to inform the pl'esident of ~ I that the need of RA VI for data from RA 1 is fo·r all synoptic hours and that this re quire.ment is becoming increasingly urgent for an adequate meteorological service to long range fligh-ts into Africa. The association noted also that the RTT point-to-point olrcuit between Algiers and Paris is in operation and that tests have been made on the R'IT point-to-point circuit bet ween Cairo and Rome. The association W/'l.S informed that some difficulties were found in th0 reception of the Cairo transmission in Rome. It noted that remedial action is under active consideration by the two Members concerned. It examined the information submitted by the United Arab Republic to the session and agreed to request Italy and. the United Arab Republio to pursue their efforts in order to meet the requirement for early regular operation of the circuit.

6.6.3 The associatlon noted Resolution 69 (6o-RA vI), adopted by postal ballot, in which the needs in RA VI of data from RA II are indicated. It also noted the decisions of He gional Association II at its second session, which deal with matters related to the require ments of RA VI listed under Resolution 69 (60-RA VI). It agreed that these decisions do not meet completely the requirements of the association. Therefore it decided to request the president of RA VI to inform the president of RA II that the association considered further' action necessary to meet the requirements listed in Resolution 69 (60-RA VI). The associa tion noted in particular that at present meteorological data for IRAN become available in Region VI by courtesy of channels neither co-ordinated UncleI' WNO nor under the control of any meteorological organization. The association did not regard this as satisfactory and decided to request the president of RA VI to request the president of RA II to study the possibility of establishing another channel for the transmission of data from IRAN to RA VI.

6.6.4 It was further agreed that the RA VI Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions should keep these matters under review.

6.7 Reception in RA VI of data from ocean weather stations in the North Atlantic (Agenda item 6.7)

6.7.1 The association took note of correspondence between the president of I~ VI and the president of RA IV, relating to the transmission to RA VI of the observations of ocean wea-. ther stations in the Western Atlantic. This correspondence stemmed from Resolutions 64 and 65 (60-RA VI), which in turn reflected the high order of importance attached by Members of RA VI to the timely receipt of these observations. Two letters from the president of RA IV had been received. The first supplied data which showed that little would be gained by transmitting. individually the surface reports of these ships from WSY and this point was accepted. This letter also stated that the possibility of broadcasting weath.er ship obser vations at fixed times was being explored. The second letter, however, intimated that the exploration had been unfruitful.

The assopiation acknowledged with appreciation the speeding up already achieved by the USA of transmission times of ocean weather station reports, both surface and upper air. The fact that it had not been possible to arrange fixed ttme broadcasts of these reports was noted with regret and also with some surprise, for this system has been op erated from ocean weather stations A, I, J, K and M for some years and with GENERAL SUMMARY

great advantage in RA VI. Moreover, it is already possible to intercept on the frequencies now used, the transmissions of the ocean weather stations on stations C and D on many occa sions. and on stations Band E on fetler occasions. Delegates emphasized that the important interval from their point of vtew was the total of all delays over the whole route·fo1lowed by these messages. For stations at which it had been possible to intercept signals from the above ocean· weather stations to NMH. it had been observed during a recent week (that of 13 to 19 September) that this interval for upper-air reports varied from 31 min •. to 5 hI's. 52 min. It exceeded 5 hrs. on two occasions. 3 brs. on seven and 2 brs. on 20. It was ob served that these delays would have been largely eliminated had the observations been broad~ cast. even on the frequency used for sending them to NMH. though ·it was agreed that recep tion ~yld be more successful on a frequency more suited to the distance between the ships and Western Europe. After reviewing the factors outlined· above, the association was therefore of the opinion that the president of RA IV might be invited once more t.o r~-examine this problem· in the light of the following two suggestions :

(a) That the USA b~ invited to make the point-to-point transmissiori between ocean wea ther stations and the shore station on a fixed time schedule on f'l'equen()ies noW' usedl and

(b) That the USA be invited to consider, in addition to (a) above, the posslbiJ.ity of' ocean weath~r stations making their transmission at the fixed time herein scheduled, even, when by that time contact \'lith the shore station has not been made, this .con tact being completed later with an independent tral1Smission to the shore station.

Either (a), or its ampUfj.ed form (b). would remedy· at least in part the delay ex perienced· at times in the receipt of these important messages. If. at some future time, a solution more closely approaching the optimum ref'erred to in the letters of the president of RA IV (Le. transmitters of fI'equency and power de-. signed for interception in Europe) should become possible, a still greater improvement could be expected and would ·be \'larmly welcomed.

6.7.2 The association also agreed that it was most desirable that the European~manned ocean weather station Alpha should comply \'f1th the provisions of Resolution 6 (III-RA VI) though the transmission of hourly reports over existing channels (i.e, to the American shore station NMH) might raise a new problem. The association was informed by the delegate of' IcelB.nd that radio reception from ocean weather station Aipha could~ if necessary, be provided at, Reykjavik and reports relayed W'ithin Region VI; The UK delegate stated that if' the USA agreed, reception could be. ar~ ranged at Dunstable. not only for hourly r·sports, but for all reports from ocean weather station Alpha. It was the opinion of' the USA Delegation that either of these alternatives would be sympathetically considered by the United States. The association t.herefore decided to request its president to take appropriate action.

The association noting that by Resolution 6 (III-RA VI) it uas decided to invite Members responsible for the operation of ocean weather stations in the region to take action for making and reporting hourly synoptic obser'vations, agreed that appropriate amendment of the Ocean Weather Station Commun:l.cations Pian is required to include provision for the trans mission of these reports. Therefore it was agreed that t.he Introduction to the regional section of Chapter II, Vol. C of WMO Publication No. 9.~f.'P.4 should he amended so as to include the i'ollowing note under 3.i:3.1. (a) Broadcast schedules of su:-1'ace observations: 26 GENERAL ~UMMARY

"Note : Synoptio surfaoe observations at hours other than mentioned above are transmitted point-to-point to the appropriate shore stations as soon as possible."

6.8 Exohange of northern hemisphere data (Agenda item 6.8)

6.8.1 The association noted that the plan for the exohange of northern hemisphere data foreseen in Reoommendation 38 (CSM-II) is to be implemented in two stages; the first phase had already been initiated on 1st October, 1960 in the exohanges between the New Delhi, Mosoow, Offenbaoh and New York oentres. Theassooiation also noted that aotion had been taken for the dissemination of these" northern heffi1sphere data within RA VI from the same date.

6.8.2 During the examination of this subjeot the assooiation was informed that in the Mosoow oentre only part of data whioh should be transmitted by the New Delhi oentre, over the RTT oirouit, is at present received. It took note that aotion for improving the situa tion is under consideration by the Members responsible for the oentres of Mosoow and New DeJhi.

6.8.3 The association was informed by the Delegations of Franoe and of the Federal nepub- lic of Germany on preliminary views regarding the implementation of the plan as from the 1st October,l960. It was not possible to arrive at an appreoiation of the degree of effi ciency of the part of the plan already implemented as owing to its reoent implementation the neoessary experienoe was not yet available.

6.8.4 The association was further informed that the Tokyo centre is expeoted to start its northern hemispheric transmissions in the first half of 1961 and it appears probable that the data will reaoh RA VI in Offenbaoh (via Paris) and Mosoow (Via New Delhi). There remains the problem of dissemination of these data over IMTNE circuits. The Working Group on Meteorolo gical Transmissions therefore was requested by the association to oarry out further studies of this problem in conjunction with those arising from the decisions of the third session of RA VI relating to codes and modifications of current data exchanges and to initiate co ordinated action by the IMTNE centre, Dunstable, Offenbach and Paris as neoessary. The association agreed fUrther to invite the Offenbaoh and Paris centres to under take ohecks of the reception and retransmission of the northern hemisphere data in relation to the requirements for these data In RA VI; especially that for numerioal foreoasting. The results of these checks should be sent to the chairman of the RA VI Working Group on Meteo rological Transmissions.

(;5.9 Dissemination of air rej)Q:t:'_ts j'-<:;rr:;ynoptic PtlrpOEte,S (Agenda item 6.9) 6.9.1 The association, under this agenda item, examined the present situation of the dissemination of routine air reports for synoptic purposes, in the light of the plan adopted by Resolution 58 (58.RA VI) whioh had originated from Recommendation 2/15 of the Joint IOAO/WMO Meteorological Teleoommunioations Meeting for Europe (Geneva, Feb.~Mar. 1958). The association also noted that, in accordance with the IOAO Supplementary Prooew dures for the EUM Region, the meteorologioal offices designated as oolleoting oentres shall promptly transmit air reports received to one of the regional collecting and disseminating centres designated by WMO. The regional oetltt'es have been designated and are at present those listed in Resolution 58 (58.RA VI). 6.9.2 During the examination of the matter the assooiation recognized that the plan esw ta.blished by Resolution 58 (58~RA VI) is not fully implemented~ and that this plan only Pt'ovides tot' the dissemina.ticHl by latidl:tne of the air reports originated from the zone of GENEHAL'SltMMARY 27 responsibility of the regional centre of Offenbach. The association recognized that in cer tain areas of the region there are difficulties in collecting AIREPs at the regional collect ing centre and agreed that these difficulties could be met by asking each territorial broad cast centre in the area to collect AIREPs received at the aerodromes within its territory and include thE,m in their territorial bro"adcasts in addition to their transmission over AFTN. This applies mainly to the ,area of responsibility assigned to the regional collecting centre of Rome.

6.9.3 Some Members have expressed the view that the number of reports disseminated by the regional centres is less than is to be expected and that the informatio? given in the meteo rological section of postflight reports is of importance.

The association therefore agreed z That the plan included in Resolution 58 (58-RA VI) should be amerided so as to prov ide for the dissemination by RTT of the air reports originated from the zone of responsibility of the regional centre of Offenbach;

(b) ThAt the plan so amended should be included in Publication No. 9.TP.4. Vol. C, In troduction to the regional section of Chapter II;

(c) To urge the Members responsible for the operation of the regional collecting and disseminating centres to fully implement the plan contained ,in Resolution 58 (58-RA VI), as amended above.

(d) To request its president to truce urgent steps to obtain from these Members informa tion on the deficienci~s noted in the receipt of air reports from the collecting centres in its zone of responsibility and to truce subsequently remedial action as it may prove necessary, The association recognized that this action may require co-operation with the CAeM and ICAO. Resolution 18 (III-RA VI) was adopted.

6.10 Exchange of hourly synoptic reports as required for issuip& short-term forecast~ for aviation (Agenda item 6.10) . The association noted that several Members have a requirement-for information ad ditional to the main and intermediate synoptic surface reports for issuing short-term fore casts for aviation. Views were also expressed on the same requirement for the issuing of the short-term forecasts for other purposes. The association considered that hourly obser vation-made within a radial distance of the order of 300 km of locations specified by Members requiring these data, would be suitable for this purpose. The operational meteorological data exchanged at present over the MOTNE channels meet the requirements only in-part be cause of the large distance between airfields participating in these exchanges. Some Members expressed the opinion that requirements for hourly synoptic surface reports could be met by bilateral or multilateral agreements; others considered that hourly synoptic surface reports could be exchanged over the IMTNE system. The association decided to refer the subject to the next session of its Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions as modifications will be made at an early date in the operation of the MOTNE and IMTNE systems. Members were requested to study the problem fur ther and fonlard theil' views on this -subject to the Secretary-General well in advance of that sessi(Jn~ In doing so Members should indicate in detail their requirements and give a list of stations for which hourly observations will be needed.

6.11 1&E~rcussions of the ICAO MOTI~ op RA VI telecommunications plans (Agenda item 6.11) The association, under this item, discussed the desirability of eliminating any 28 GENERA!, SUMMARY

unnecessary duplicatton on the IMl'NE of operational meteorological information now transmitted both on IMrNE and MO'I'NE. . . It noted (i) that MarNE transmissions might be modified at the third meeUng of the ICAO MOTNE Panel (October, 1960)J and (ii) that, wh~reas in AERO code form the observations transmitted over the MarNE can be used synoptically, this would not be the case if code changes now under discussion were adopted. Nevertheless it was agreed, provided three montlls notice was given, that the Members operating the main IMrNE centres might ta1{e steps to remove 'from IMrNE transmission schedules all information dup1':'cating that transmitted over MarNE.

6.12 Assignment of four-letter location indicators (Agenda item 6.12) The association noted that abbreviated headings in accordance with Recommendation 33 (CSM-I) were extensj,vely used for meteorological messages transmitted over IMTNE channels. It felt that Members should assign to editing and compHing stations under thelr Jurisdlc t1.on four-letter location indicators following the practice described in Recommendation 1-2/5 of the sixth session of the COM Division of ICAO. The association decided to recom mend its Members to ma]{e use of four-letter location indicators in accordance with this prac tice. It also decided to request Members to forward to the Secretariat of the WMO a complete Hst of international locatlon indicators of their IMrNE telecommunications stations, includ ing the editing and compiling stations, for inclusion in Volume C, Chapter I, Part B, of WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4. Due to the lack of information available it was not possible to compile a complete list of four-letter indicators at present in use in the region.

6.13 other matters considered in the report of the chairman of the Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions (Agenda item 6.13)

6.13.1 The association noted the information submitted by the chairman of the Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions, in his capacity as representative of the association in the CSM Working Group on Telecommunications, relating to 'the following matters : (a) Exchange of southern hemisphere data;

(b) Use of special equipment for the detection and automatic oorrection of errors in transmissions;

(0) Survey of the actual use made of international radio broadcasts of meteorological data under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization.

6.13.2' The association agreed that the regional aspects of these matters should be consider ed by the next session of the RA VI Working Group on Meteorologioal Transmissions.

6.1).3 The exchange of southern hemisphere data entails the question of requirements in Region VI of data from the southern hemisphere and the representative of the association in the CSM Working Group on Teleoommunications was requested to ask, through the president of RA VI, for guidanoe on this matter.

6.13.4 The association agreed that the survey pl'opbsed by the UK and to be undertaken by CSM on the actual use made of internatiodal radio broadcasts of meteorological data under the auspioes of WMO is of great interest. It noted with satisfaotion that this survey will take place very soon and decided to request the Secretary-General to make the information obtained from the replies available to the members of the RA VI Worki,ng Group on Meteorolo gical Transmissions before its next session. GENERAL SUMMARY 29

~ REQUIREMENTS OF MEMBERS FOR RATIONALIZATION BY CENTRALIZATION OF CERTAIN METEORO LOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN THE REGION (Agenda item 7)

7.1 Facsimile transmissions from selected centres for synoptic purposes (Agenda item 7.1) The association noted the r'equirements presented by several Members for the trans mission by facsimile of different types of meteorological information, i.e., analyses'and prognostic charts, diagrams, plotted ,data, etc. However, it agreed that it was not possible to reach final decision on the detail of such requirements. The association noted the complexity of the subject and its large implications. It was agreed that the extension of this meteorological probl'em is much iar gel' than that of those normally studied by the Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions and also that it is desirable to provide the best possible conditions for reaching conclusions at an early date on the several matters relating to the exchange of meteorological informa tion by facsimile. Therefore it decided that this matter should be considered by tl1eWork ing Group on Requirements in Connexion with the Exchange of Meteorological Information by ,Facsimile. This working group should also study the meteorological aspeots (e.g. projec tions, scales and areas of maps. aerological diagrams, units. intervals'between isopleths. etc.) which may be inter-related with any plan for an international exohange of meteorologic al information'by facsimile. The association also agreed that for the purpose of co-ordination of the work of this \'lorking group with that of the Working Group on Meteorologio~l Transmissions, in res pect to facsimile matters,-the two working groups should hold one or more joint sessions and 'requested the president of the association to arrange ror such sessions, in orde,r to examine the report of the Working Group on Requirements in Connexion with the Exchange of Meteorolo gical Information by Facsimile, and to adopt joint recommendations on matters of ihterest for the development of the telecommunication plans for the exchange of information by fac simile. Resolution 16 (III-RA VI) was adopted.

7.2 Meteorological aspects of area forecasting systems for aeronautical purposes (Agenda item 7.2) , , The association, noting that CAeM had established a working group to study the meteorological'aspects and implications of a possible system or systems of area and/or route forecasts for international air navigation, by designated centres, decided to wait for the conclusions of this working group before examining the regional aspects of the subject."

7.3 European centre for nUmerical forecasting (Agenda item 7.3) While recognizing that electronic computation techniques, in meteorology are now rapidly developing, the assooiation agreed that it ''fas too early to consider the establish ment of a European centre for numerical forecasting. Numerical forecasting is still in a, stage where it calls for extensive research, therefore for a variety of approaches, and the establishment of a European centre at this stage might hamper rather than 'promote progress. At the same time, the association agreed that research in the various meteorological ser vices should be most strongly encouraged. Research at the national levels would greatly benefi t from a frequent compal'ison of methods and experience between Members. In the same line of thinking, WMO should attempt to organize periodically symposia on numerical fore casting techniques. Some Members drew attention to the advantages whioh may result from a pooling of efforts on a bilateral or multilateral basiS, not only for research purposes but also for the operational uses of numerical forecasting techniques. The association \'las aware that in some countries numerical forecasting has alrea.q.y 30 GENERAL SUMMARY

entered into the operational stage. It was however agreed that the association should not take steps which may j.nduce meteorologlcal services to undertake too early obligations in this field, as such action might hamper research. Nevertheless. there was no ob~ection to inviting ·those Members who already prepare forecast charts by numerical methods for opera tional purposes to disseminate these charts to other interested Members. There was some discussion as to whether such charts should be exchanged by facsimile and/or be included in subcontinental broadcasts but it was finally agreed that, at this stage, the necessary ar rangements should be left to the Members concerned. The conclusions of the association are contained in Resolution 21 (III-RA VI).

7.4 Processing and publication of meteorological data (Agenda item 7.4) The association noted that the Executive Committee had established a Working Group on Meteorological Data for Research (cf. Res. 11 (EC-XII» to study, amongst other subjects, "what further action should be taken by WMO to ensure that meteorological data are readily available in a convenient form for research workers". It therefore decided to wait for the conclusions of this working group, before examining the regional aspects of the subject. It agreed, however, to invite ~hose Members of RA VI who have not yet supplied the infdrmation on publications and on the availability of meteorological data for research purposes, to send this "information to the Secretariat as soon as possible.

8. . INSTRUMENTS (Agenda item 8)

8.1 Rawinsonde observations (Agenda item 8.1)

, , 8.1.1 Differences of instruments and methods of computation in European countries Tige;:d-;;: Item-8-:- i:-i) - - - -:' ------See under paragraph 4.10 above.

8.1.2 The ass~ciat~on noted that, in deciding to adopt Recommendation 84 (CSM-II), the Executive Committee 'had expressed a requirement for upper-air observations to reach regular ly at least the 100 mb level, and had requested CIMO to study instrumentation which would make it possible for upper-air observations·to reach regularly at least the 10 mb level. The association noted that the requirement to reach at least the 10 mb level was becoming urgent and calls for considerable improvement in the quality of upper-air observations at high le vels, but considered that the point Was sufficiently known to Members of RA VI so that fur ther stressing was unnecessary. Hence no recommendation was adopted on this ~tem.

8.2 Regional comparison of baromet,er~ (Agenda item 8.2) Evidence presented at the session indicated that Resolution 1 (II-RA VI) on region al comparison of barometers had been satisfactorily implemented. Moreover it was agreed that paragraphs 3.4.4.6 and 3.4.4.7 of the Technical Regulations as well as Recommendation 2 (elMO-II), approved by the Executive Committee in Resolution 11 (EC-IX) cover the subject on comparison of barometers. As the part of Resolution 1 (II-RA VI), relative to the provision of the absolute standard barometers in the region has been incorporated in Resolution 1 (In-RA VI), the association agreed to cancel Resolution 1 (II-RA VI) (Cf. Res. 30 (III-RA VI)). In connexion with this agenda item the association· considered that since instrumental errors are, at present, generally falling within the limits fixed by the ClMO. regional com parison of barometers had become less important. Errors due to the exposure of barometers as well as errors due to the pressure reduction Were considered to have become of greater importance and the association agreed to request its president to bring this conclusion to GENERAL SUMMARY 31 the attention of the president of the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation.

9. CLIMATOLOGY (Agenda item 9)

9.1 Selection of surface land and upper-air land stations in the region to report CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP data (Agenda item 9.1)

9.1.1 The association noted the provisions regarding networks of stations reporting CLIMAT and CLlMAT TEMP laid down in 'the Technical Regulations and in Resolution 31 (EC-IX) and de cided to draw up a first list of stations in Region VI from which C~ffiT and CLIMAT TEMP re ports are required. To this effect, it adopted Resolution 22 (III-RA VI).

9.1.2 Members of the association were invited to provide twice .a year (January and July) CLIMAT TR~ data including mean monthly upper winds from all rawinsonde stations to those . Members who will so request.

9.1.3 It also noted that most of the Members from which no CLIMAT or CLIMAT TEMP reports had been received in the past had already taken steps to overcome this deficiency and that it was therefore not necessary to take any specific action at the regional level.

9.1.4 The association decided to keep in force, without change, Resolution 49 (57-RA VI). which superseded and replaced Resolution 15 (II-RA VI) (cf. Res. 30 (III-RA VI».

9.2 Reference climatological stations (Agenda item 9.2)

9.2.1 The association noted the provisions in the Technical Regulations and in the Abridg- ed Heport (jf' the ninth session of the It'Cecutive Committee, regarding reference climatological statlons, particularly the laying down of regional requirements and the establishing of a recommended network of such stations in Europe, and agreed to postpone decisions until its next session. Nevertheless, Members of the association were invited to draw up lists of their reference climatological stations, and to circulate those lists.

9.2.~ The association recognized the requirement for a network of reference climatological stations in the region, but considered it premature to prep~re a list of reference climatolo gical stations at this session.

9.3 Exchange 'of climatological data (Agenda item 9.3)

The association reviewed the report of the CCl Working Group on Exchange of Historic al Weather Data and agreed that no action at the regional 16vel was at present necessary re garding this matter.

9.4 Regional climatic atlases (Agenda item 9.4)

9.4.1 The association noted with great satisfaction the report of the chairman of the Work- ing Group on Climatological Atlases Eilstablished by Resolution 37 (II-RA VI) and wished to re cord its appreciation for the work carried out by the working group and its chairman. The association decided to re-establish a Working Group on Climatic Atlases for the region and adopted Resolution 23 (III-RA VI) to this effect.

9.4.2 The association agreed to the principle of preparing an authoritative climatic atlas for Region VI in accordance with WMO specifications. Members of the association were invited to co-operate fully in the preparation of the regional atlas and urged to proceed as soon as .~i"l' "

32 GENERAL SUMMARY

pessible with the preparatien and pUblicatien ef their natienal atlases. The asseciatien further decided net to. keep in force Rese1utien 37 (II-RA VI) (cf. Res. 30 (III-RA VI).

10. AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGY (Agenda item 10)

10.1 Collectien ef reports en atrcraft icing (Agenda item 10.1) The asseciatien feund it impossible, at its secend sessien, to. establish a regional programme fer a study ef aircraft iOing, and adopted Reselution 2 (II-RA VI) - Collection of infermatien en aircraft icing. One of the difficulties hampering research in this field is the non-existence ef equipment suitable for measuring ice ·accretien by ·commeroial airoraft. In this cennexien, the asseciation neted that aotion was fereseen in Recommendatiens38 (CAeM~I/MET IV) and 22/4 (CAeM-II/MET V) and hoped t~at such actien"will provide in the future the necessary infor mation fer the study 6f the preblem ef' ferecasting airoraft icing. The· asseciatien,aQoerd {ngly, decided to. cancel Reselutien 2 (II-RA VI) (cf. Res. 30 (III-RA VI» recegnizing hew Elver that the subject warranted the full attentien ef Members and that it sheuld be studied as soenas practicable.

10.2 Use ef facsimile telecemmunicatien facilities fer meteorelegical infermatien to. aircraft in flight (Agenda item 10.2) The asseciatien agreed to. defer further study ef the subject until it is knewn whether ICAO has a requirement fer facsimile telecemmunication facilities fer the transmis sien ef meteorelegical infermatien to. aircraft in flight.

11. MARITIME METEOROLOGY (Agenda item 11)

11.1. Cellectien areas fer shipst ebservatiens (Agenda item 11.1) The asseciatien examined the difficulties enceuntered in reoe-iving reperts trans mitted by ships to. ceastal statiens and in having them retransmitted by the apprepriate centres •.A preposa1 to. medify the existing preced.ures fer transmissien ef shipst reperts to. ceastal statiens, to. the effect that ships sheuldgive preference to. sending their re perts to. ceastal statiens eperated by Members responsible fer issuing ferecasts for shipping, was examined .by the asseciatien and w.as rejected. Measures to. impreve the system ef cellect. ing and retransmitting shipst reperts are indicated in Reselutien 19 (III-RA VI).

11.2 Regienal ce-erdinatien ef breadcasts fer shipping (Agenda item 11.2) The asseciatien neted that the adjustments to. forecasting areas as requested in item 3.1.4.3 ef its secend sessien had been appreved by the Executive Committee upen the re oemmendation ef the second sessien of the Commissien fer Maritime Meteerology and that these adjustments were also reflected in the map shewing the areas of respensibility for shipping ferecasts new published in Part D, Volume D, ef WMO Publicatien No.. 9.TP.4. It further neted that no difficulties in the functiening ef the present scheme had been reperted. The asseciation therefore agreed that no changes to this scheme were now required. Accerdingly no. recommendation was adopted en this item.

11.3 Use ef facsimile telecemmunicatien facilities in the meteorological service for shippin~ (Agenda item 11,3) The association was informed of one experimental programme of facsimile transmission GENERAL SUMMARY 33

for shipp~ng in the region. So far however there does not appear to exist a generally re 'cognized requirement by shipping interests for facsimile transmissions of meteorological in·· formation for shipping. On the other hand the association noted that the CMM had included ·the subject in its working programme (Rec. 17 (C~l-III». It agreed that, in view of its potential possibilities, the subject Narranted furt.her study and trials.by Members of RA VI. No further recommendation was considered necessary on the subject.

11.4 Regional port liaison officers (Agenda item 11.4)

The association noted Recommendation 13 (CIVll"I~III) on the improvement of the vohm.. tary observing ship scheme for IlSparse areas", and agreed that it adequat.ely stressed the importance of the role of port liaison officers in obtaining more and better meteorological observations over ocean areas. The association Nas informed that the UAR plans to appoint a port liaison officer in the Syr:lan area of the UAR, and that port liaison duties are performed in all major ports of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The association concluded that the net\wrk of port liaison officers in Region VI presented no special problems and that, accordingly, no further recommendation was neceRRary.

.18. HYDROLOGICAL METEOROLOGY (Agenda item 12)

12.1 E:ds·ting network of stations which are used for hydrological purposes I amongs"l:; ~s ( Agenda item 12.1) ---... --- The association examined this point in the light of Recommendation 1 of the first session of the RA VI ltJorking Group on Hydrology. Its conclusions are contained in Recom .. mendation 2 (III-RA VI).

12.2 Pub,lication of meteorblogic~ use ;tn h;t.~:solo~ (Agenda item 12.2) The association discussed various aspects of this problem, but finally decided to take no action on the subject pending the outcome of the first session of the CommisSion for Hydrological Meteorology.

12.3 Qlimato~ogical maps for hydrological purposes (Agenda item 12.3) The association noted that the first session of the RI\. VI I'lorklng Group on Hydro logy had made the necessary arrangements wh:!.ch will provide for a study of the question of climatological maps for hydrological purposes and for the necessary liaison 1

13. MISCELLANEOUS (Agenda item 13)

13.1 Radiation (Agenda item 13.1) The association agreed that it Nas desirable to develop the network of radiation observation stations in the region. It therefore decided to set up a regional Working Group on Radiation. It ~las agreed,. hot'/'ever, that 'I;his working group should avoid overlapping with the work of elMO in this field. The association adopted Resolutlon 28 (III-HA VI) on the subject.

13.2 Atmospheric ozone (Agenda item 13.2) The associa·t.ion recognized the importance of ozone observat1.ol1s and was of t.he opjnion 3.4 GENERAL SUMMARY that Members should consider the possibility of establishing stations for ozone observations in the region. It was felt, however, that it was too early for the association to engage in the organization of a regional network of ozone observations. Furthermore, the associa tion noted that CAe-II had set up a Working Group on Atmospheric Ozone and decided to wait for the findings of this group before examining further the regional aspects of the ques tion. No recommendation was adopted on the item.

13.3 Atmospheric chemistry and pollution (Agenda item 13.3) The association noted the action of the Secretary-General concerning WMO collabora tion with the IAEA in an investigation of the world-wide distribution of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in water. With regard to atmospheric chemistry the association recognized the im portance of this subject. The final report of the CAe Working Group on Atmospheric Chemis try not .being available, it was agreed that the association could not take action at present. However, in view of the urgency of this problem the association decided to request its pre sident to take appropriate action as soon as the final report of the CAe Work~ng Group on Atmospheric Chemistry becomes available. With regard to problems involved in the study of atmospheric pollution in industrial areas, the association noted that the CAe had establish ed a working group to study this question and decided that no further action on the regional level was therefore necessary at present.

13.4 Regional meteorological aspects of the peaceful uses of atomic energy (Agenda item 13.4) The association, noting that the Executive Committee had re-established the Panel of Experts on Atomic Energy (see Res. 5 (EC-XI)), decided to wait for the conclusions of this panel before examining possible regional aspects of the question. In the meantime· it also agreed to maintain Resolution 3 (II-RA VI) - Radioactivity of precipitation and of the atmosphere - in force (cf. Res. 36 (III-RA VI)).

13.5 Regional aspects of future weather satellite observations (Agenda item 13.5) The association expressed the hope that it would be practicable to arrange for a dissemination to Members of RA VI of the information derived from weather satellites, in a way that would make the information useful for synoptic work. It noted in this connexion a statement by the USA Delegation that the USA fully supported the idea of international dis semination of information from weather setellites and hoped that an organized exchange of such information could be developed. It was considered too early to specify the form in which the information should be made available, although a preference was expressed for the transmission of a selection of data in some sort of processed form, to avoid overloading telecommunication channels. It was finally agreed to refer the problem to the Executive Committee. The association expressed the hope that WMO through the Executive Committee1s Panel of Experts or otherwise, would maintain an active interest in the meteorological use of ar tificial satellites, and endeavour to influence launching authorities to develop their work along lines which would be of immediate use to all Members of WMO.

13.6 Technical assistance (Agenda item 13.6)

13.6.1 This item was introduced by the chief of the \'/MO Technical Assistance Unit, who mentioned that in Region VI there are relatively few countries receiving technical assist ance. He also mentioned that technical assistance is being provided by WMO through its participation in the United Natlons Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance (EPl'A) and the newly created United Nations Special Fund. I / i GENERAL SUMMARY 35

13.6.2 He pointed out that due to unexpected circumstances, funds had recently become available under the EFTA for the possible inclusion of a regional project for RA VI in the Technical Assistance Programme. This could make possible the organization in· 1962 of a training seminar on a topic of interest to several countries. In the subsequent discussion, the proposal of having a training seminar in 1962 was accepted and various proposals concern ing desirable topics were made. The following choice of items was finally selected: (a) High level forecasting;

(b) Synoptic meteorology in the Mediterranean region;

(d) Atmospheric observation techniques;

(e) Meteorological forecasting for hydrological purposes. It was' left to the president of the association to decide after consultation with the Members of th~ association on the final topic. to be chosen, whenever the confirmation has been given by the Secretary-General that a seminar can be organized in 1962 and/or in subsequent years. The association adopted Resolution 29 (III-RA VI) in this connexion. It was also pointed out during the discussions that training seminars are of benefit to a greater number of countries than individual expert missions, and it was suggested that WMO should increasingly concentrate on the organization of such seminars.

14 • REVISION OF PREVIOUS RESOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION (Agenda item 14)

14.1 The two working committees established during the session were entrusted with the examination of previous resolutions or recommendations of the.association. Each committee had to deal with those resolutions and recommendations whose subject was related to the agenda items allocated to it. The very few resolutions relating to an agenda item not allo cated to a working committee, or not relating to an agenda ite~were examined by a special committee.

14.2 The association agreed that in future 3 its decisions of a permanent character con cerning meteorological transmissions should be presented in the form of a resolution amend ing the introduction to Chapter II, Part VI, Volume C, of WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4. The association endorsed the action taken by its president in approving the first text of this introduction. 14.3 The association adopted Resolution 30 (III-RA VI) in connexion with the revision of its previous resolutions and recommendations.

15. PROGRAJVn'.1E FOR THE PERIOD BErWEEN THE THDID AND FOURTH SESSIONS INCLUDING FACT FINDING REGARDING THE IMPIEMENTATION OF RESOLUTIONS (Agenda item 15) The association considered that the resolutions adopted during its third session con stitute its basic programme for the forthcoming four years. It agreed, however, that the ef forts of Members during the period between the third and fourth sessions should be concentrat ed on the followi~~ points, which will be given priority over other items in the programme : Plan of telecommunications for the region; Studies and experiments regarding the uses of facsimile for meteorological purposes; Full implementation of two radiosoundings and four radiowinds at all aero logical stations within the region, GENERAL SUMMARY

Exchange of information on nQ~erical forecasting and organization of seminars or symposia on this subject; - Preparatiqn and publication of climatological atlases.

The association further considered that, in accordance with the decision of the Executive Committee (Para. 78, Abridged Report of the eighth session), Resolutions 2, 3, 13, 14, 17 and 18 (III-RA VI) should be the subject of fact-finding action. No formal decision was considered necessary on agenda item 15.

16. ELECTIONS (Agenda item 16) A Nomination Committee', composed of representatives of France, Poland, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the USSR, was established by the association. The committee elect ed Professor Lugeon as its chairman. On the recommendation of the committee, which proposed only one candidate for each office, the association unanimously re-elected Mr. A. Nyberg, Director of the Swedish Hydro iogical and Meteorological Service, as president of the association, and Mr. M. Perovi6, Director of the Hydrometeorological Service of the Federal People's Repubiic of Yugoslavia, as vice-president.

17· . DATE AND PLACE OF THE FOURTH SESSION (Agenda item 17) In connexion with the date of the fourth session, the association discussed at length the desirable frequency of its meetings. Generally speaking, delegations were of the opinion that a four-year interval between sessions was too long and that more frequent ses sions would enable the association to keep in closer touch with the development of meteoro logical techniques which are in the course of rapid evolution. The association did not decide on any specific frequency for sessions, although some Members proposed intervals of two years and others, three years. The association noted that the budgetary arrangements adopted by Congress were based on the supposition that there would be a meeting of the regional associations and technical commissions about once in four years and it decided to call the attention of the Executive Committee to the possibility of finding the funds necessary for a session of RA VI in the near future, if this were to take place during the current financial period. As no invitation for the fourth session of the association was presented either be fore or during the s~ssion, the decision on the place for the next session was left ·for con sideration later.

18. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION (Agenda item 18) During its last meeting, several delegations, and especially the Spanish Delegation spewcing on behalf of all representatives, expressed the association's great indebtedness to its president for his excellent direction of the association's work between the second and third sessions and for the firm and tactful manner in which he had led discussions through out the session. On behalf of the association, the president expressed his deep gratitude to the Spanish Government for its generous invitation and the excellence of the personnel and fa cilities made available for the session. He paid special tribute to the work accomplished during the session by the chairmen of the committees and the conference services. GENERAL SUMMARY 37

Associating himself with the thanks and congratulations expressed to the Spanish Governnlent and to the president, the Deputy Secretary-General congratulated the association on the success of the meeting and stressed the important part played by the local secreta riat in that success and the great amount of work which its members had accomplished. 38

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE SESSION

Res. 1 (III-RA VI) - SELIOC.:TION OF ABSOWTE STANDARD BAROMETERS IN THE REGION

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Paragraphs 3.4.4.6 and 3.4.4.7 of the Technical Regulations;

(2) Recommendation 2 (CIMO-II) as approved by the .Executive Committee in Reso lution 11 (EC-IX)~

DECIDES that the standard barometers in Hamburg, Leningrad, London, Trappes (or Magny-les-Hameaux) are selected as absolute standard barometers (liAr") for the region.

Res. 2 (m -RA VI) - BASIC REGIONAL NETWORK OF LAND STATIONS FOR SURFACE OBSERVATIONS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) The basic network drawn up by the association at its second session (Res. 5 (II-RA VI», and the changes in that network adopted after this session by Resolution 60 (59-RA vrh

(2) The definition of a basic regional network adopted by the Commission for Synoptic Meteorology and approved by the Executive Committee in Resolution 21 (EC-X), and

CONSIDERING,

(1) That the previously recommended network :I.s not in full agreement with the definition of a basic synoptio regional network;

(2) That in drawing up the net.work certain guiding principles should be taken into consideration, so as to include stations located at international aerodromes and a reasonable number of coastal stations, and that preference should be given to sta tions from which observations are already being exchanged internat:l.onally;

(3) That a Member may supplement the regional basic synoptic network by observa tions at other stations \,lhich are considered necessary for national or sub-regional purposes;

DECIDES, (1) That the b8.sic reg:lonul network of land stations for surface observations should consist of the stations ltstcd in the annex to th:ls resolution;*

* See Annex I. RESOLUTION 3 39

(2) That these stations should make surface observations at each main standard time and each intermediate standard time for surface observations;

(3) That Members, when closing a station in the basic regional network should inform the ~iO Secretariat of the station which has been selected instead, in order to maintain the average densl ty of the basic net\-mrk in the area concerned;

(If) That Members who have stations in the basic network that cannot. make the re commended etght observations per day, and wish to substitute reports from nearby sta tions at the times when the stations in the basic net~mrk carmot report, should inform the Wj'110 Secretariat accordingly~

(5) That all stations published in Volume A of WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4 arld not forming part of the basic regional network, as defined above, will be considered as the additional network of the region;

REQUES1'S the president of Regional Association VI to ask the Secretary-General to ask those authorities which have not been able to do so during the third session, to check the relevant part of the list of stations contained in the armex*to this resolu tion and to agree on the inclusion of these stations in the basic regional network for surface observations.

Res. 3 (III-RA VI) - BASIC REGIONAL NETl'fORK OF LAND STA1'IONS FOR UPPER-AIR OBSERVATIONS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) The basic network drawn up by the association at its second session (Res. 6 (II-RA VI»), ru1d the changes in that network adopted afte~ this session by Resolution 61 (59-RA VI);

(2) Technical Regulations, paragraphs 2.2.1.3, 2.2.1.4, 4.3.1.2 ar1d If.4·.2.

DECIDES,

(1) That the basic regional network of land stations for upper-air observations should conslst of the stations listed in the armex to this resolution;**

(2) That these stations should make radiosonde and radiowind obseI'vations at the standa.rd times 0000 and 1200 GMT and upper-idnd observations at 0600 and 1800 GMT;

(3) That the other stations in Region VI where upper-air observations are carried out as published 1n Volume A of WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4, will be considered as form ing an additional network;

(4) To urge Members to study the necessity and possibility of adding neVI statlons to the additional nebwrk in areas where the network is sparse and enlarging the observa tional programmes of the stations belonging to the additional network;

* See Annex I, ** See Annex II. 40 RESOLUTIONS 4, 5

(5) That Members, when closing a station in the basic regional network, should inform the WMO Secretariat of the station which has been selected. instead, in order -~o maintain the average density of the basic network in the area ooncerned,

REQu&~TS the president of Regional Assooiation VI to ask the Secretary-General to ask those authorities Which have not been able to do so during the third session, to check the reievant part of the list of statio.ns contained in the annex*to this resolu tion and to. agree on the :l.nclusion o.f these stat:l.ons in the basic regional network for upper-air observations.

Res. 4 (III-RA VI) - AREAS WITH LOW DENSITY OF SURFACE AND UPPER-AIR S~ArIONS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

CONSIDERING that there are- certain areas in the region where the density of exist ing surface and upper-air stations 1s low and where it has no.t been possible to. meet the requirements for a denser network when establishing the basic regional networks;

INVITES Members concerned to invest:l.gate the necess! ty and the possib:l1i ty of establishing ;

(1) Stations making surface observations in the North Sea and in the Norwegian Sea; (2) Statio.ns making radiosonde and radim-lind observations in the eastern part of Iceland, in the no.rthernmo.st part of Scandinavia and Finland, in the North Sea area, Otl Crete and in Jordan.

Res. 5 (IXI-RA VI) - HOMOGENEI'l'Y OF AEROLOGICAL NETWORKS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Resolution 9 (I-RA VI);

(2)' The decisio.n contained in Resolution 7 (EC-VIII) regarding Recommendation 1 (II-RA VI);

(3) Resolution:5 (EC-IX);

(11:)' The request o.f the Executive Co.mmittee at its eleventh session to the presi dent of Regional Association VI to. exam:l.ne the apparent systematic differences between sOllildings over Eastern and Western Europe, and to the president of the Commissiun for xnstruments alle.. Methods of Observation -Go o.btain internat:!.onal agreement on a stannard method for the determinatio.n o.f heights for RAWIN repo.rts;

CONSIDERING, (:r) That a variety of factors contributed to +.he lack of homogeneity in radio sonde observa.t:!:ons;

* See Annex xx. RESOLUTION 6 41

(2) That valuable progress towards achieving better homogeneity of aerological networks would result from the use of methods which eliminate the effects of systematic and random errors.

INVITES the attention of Members to,

(1) The desirability of improving the design of radiosondes, attempting in parti oular to reduce or eliminate the necessity of making corrections, especially radiat:l,on oorrections;

(2) The n~cessity of proper calibration of radiosondes in the factories and/or in the services.

(3) The desirability of employing adequately trained personnel at radiosonde stationsl

(4) The advisability of carrying out, at the national level, oomparisons between sondes of the same type,

(5) The advantages of synchronous radiosonde and radarwind observations in order to obtain better height values in radiosonde reports;

ENCOURAGES Members.

(1) To arrange for bilateral and multilateral oomparisons of radiosondes;

(2) To aim at deoreasing random and systematic errors in radiosonde observations, by methods such as those described in the annex to this resolution.*

URGES Members, for the purpose of permitting the application of methods aimed at reducing the effect of observational errors. to notify the Secretary-General, for circu lation to Members, of oonstructional modifications, however small, introduced in their radiosondes and the reasons for these modifications;

REQUESTS the president of the association to ask the president of the Commission " . for Synoptic Meteorology to examine the possibility of preparing a table showing, for selected representative levels, the admissible errors in observations of pressure, tem peratur~, humidity, wind force and wind direction.

Res. 6 (III-RA VI) - HOURLY SURFACE REPORTS FROM OCEAN WEATHER STATIONS IN REGIONAL ASSOCIA TION VI

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING Resolution 21 (EC-X) J in particular in the part related to Recommendation ;' (Cmil-II); CONSIDERING, (1) The difficulties of handling SPESH reports on scheduled telecommunication channels;

* See Annex III. 42 RESOLUTIONS 7, 8

(2) That hourly reports are a most effective way to meet the requirement for more frequent surface reports from ocean weather stations;

(3) That most of the Members of Reglonal Association VI operating ocean weather stations are now able to make and transmit hourly surface observations from those sta tions;

INVITES Members responsible for the operation of ocean weather stations in the region to take early action for the making and reporting by their own vessels of hourly surface synoptic observations in the SHIP code form FM 21.A in the place of SPESH re ports.

Res. 7 (III-RA VI) - AUTOMATIC METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Recommendatlon 13 (CAeM-l/MET-IV), malntained by CAeM-Il/MET-V, approved by the Executive Committee in Resolutlon 16 (EC-V);

(2) Resolution 3 (CIMO-II);

(3) Recommendation 83 (CSM-II) approved by the Executive Committee in Resolution 21 (EC-X);

NOTING also the considerable experience already galned by certain Members In the use of automatic meteorological stations;

CONSIDERING that such stations can usefully be set up at locations where it is impracticable to install and maintain manned stations;

INVITES all Members of the association to take steps for installing automatic meteorological stations, particularly in remote and uninhabited areas of their terri tories.

Res. 8 (III-RA VI) - GROUND-RADAR WEATHER OBSERVATIONS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Resolution 18 (EC-V) and Recommendation 79 (CSM-II) as approved by Resolu tion 21 (EC-X) J

(2) Resolution 2 (CIMO-II);

(3) Recommendation 7In of the ICAO 4th EUM RAN meeting;

(4) The steady development of the ground-radar network for the detection of pre cipitation and cloud in the region; RESOLUTIONS 9. 10

CONSIDERING.

(l) That it would be useful to exchange between neighbouring countries the ih formation obtained by ground-radar sets which are installed for the detection of preoi pitation and cloud,

{2} That., although some Members of the association have already developed a cOde form for national exchange, further study is required regarding the interpretation of ground radar echoes of precipitation and cloud, before regional procedures for the ex change of this information can be developed;

URGES a~l Members,

(1) To continue the efforts to install ground radar sets for detecting prebipi tation and cloud;

(2) To exchange, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, the information ~btained by ground-radar sets for detecting precipitation and cloud,

(3) To study the development of procedures for the regional exchange of ground radar weather observations and to submit suggestions in this relation to the next ses sion of the'association.

Res. 9 (II!,..RA VI) ,.. ACTUAL TIME OF PILOT-BALLOON OBSERVATIONS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR ~iJROPE,

NOTING that according to paragraph 4.2.1.2 of the Technical Regulations the actual time of pilot-balloon observations should fall within the time-range (H-30) to H (H being the standatd, time for upper-air synoptic observations) and that only cloud condi tions or anticipated adverse light conditions allow for a deviation;

CONSIDERING that at stations where there is only one observer to make both sur face and pilot-balloon observations it is frequently impossible to comply with the above provision;

REQUESTS the Commission for Synoptic Meteorology to re-examine the note to para graph 4.2.1.2 of the Technical Regulations in the light of the above consideration.

Res. 10 (III-RA VI) - CODING,PRACTICES IN REGION VI

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING that Section VI, Chapter II, Volume B of WMO Publication No., 9',TP.4, as brought up to date by supplement No. 18 of May 1960, was already adopted;

CONSIDERING that amendments to Section VI, Chapter II, Volume B of WMO Publica tion No. 9.TP.4, are necessary as a result of decisions made by the association at its third session; 44 RESOLUTIONS 11, 12

DEX::IDEs,

(1) To amend this section as listed in the rumex to this resolution;*

(2) That these amendments will come into force on 1st July 1961.

Res. 11 (III-RA VI) - TRANSMISSION OF THE GROUP 99ppp IN INTER-REGIONAL EXCHANGES

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING the conditions laid down in Volume B of WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4, for the use of the group 99ppp in the code forms FM 11.A and FM 21.A;

CONSIDERING that it is indispensable that this group be included. in the exchangeS between other regions and Region VI;

REQUESTS other regional associations transmitting messages to Region VI to take appropriate measures so that the group 99ppp is not eliminated when editing SYNOP mes sages for Region VI.

Res. 12 (III-RA VI) - WORKING GROUP ON METEOROLOGICAL TRANSMISSIONS OF REGIONAL ASSOCIA TION VI

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

CONSIDERING,

(1) That there ~re many important problems, some of them of long standing, to be solved concerning meteorological transmissions in the region;

(2) That several new telecommunication· problems have been introduced at the third session of Regional Al;lsociation VI,

DECIDES,

(1) To re-establish a Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions composed of the following experts nominated in the course of the third session of Regional Associa tion VI I L.pufour (Belgium) M. QuoiLin (Belgium) Rodr!guez (Spain) P. WUsthof (Federal Republic of Germany) S.N. Venho (Finland) C. Giallombardo (Italy) . G. Weiss (Austria) L. Kletter (Austria) L.H. Starr (United Ki~gdom)

* See Annex rv. RESOLUTION 12

E.J. Bell (United Kingdom) G. Daniel (Greece) G. Crone (Denmark) Novotny (Czechoslovakia) Y. Levy Tokatly (Israel) P.K. Rohan (Ireland) J.W. O'Byrne (Ireland) P. Leclercq (France) Cudny (Peland) and of exp~rts which may be neminated later by any other Member .of the association;

(2) To select, in accordance with Regulation 30 of the General Regulations, Mr. Leclercq as chairman of the working group;

(3) That the terms of reference shall be as follows : (a) To formulate recommendations relating to the creation of installations or of ser vices for meteorological telecommunications; (b) To fermulate recommendatiens relating to modifications which it might be necessary to make in installations or services for existing meteorolog'ical telecommunica tions, including timetables, the contents of transmissions and procedures; (c) To encourage the standardization and uniformity of meteorological te1ecommunica·· tion services and related procedures within Regional Association VI. (d) To consider the use of the new systems of telecommunication, in particular the automatic systems for the transmission of meteorolegical data; (e) Te consider the use .of special equipment for the autematic detectien .of transmis sien errors; (f) To co-erdinate the installation, the precedures, the timetables and contents of messages .of an integrated network permitting the exchange .of meteerelogical in formation using all means of telecommunication that may be considered appropriate within Regional Association VI, considering the requirements and facilities of Members who rely on these international transmissions. (g) To study the repercussiens on the transmissions within the region of the hemispher ic exchanges; , (h) To fermulate recommendations on changes to be made in installations, precedures and contents of messages of meteorelogical transmission systems between Region VI and neighbeuring regions; (j) To study the recemmendatiens made by the World Meteorological Organization and other institutions, which might affect the installations or telecommunication services of Region VI and take all steps which might become necessary; (k) To establish any groups considered necessary, and to designate persons for study ing special problems. (1) To maintain close liaison with the appropriate \'lorking Groups on Meteorological Telecommunications of other regions and with the \'lorking Group on Telecommunica tions of the Commission for Synoptic Meteorology; (m) To organize regular and rapid correspondence between the members .of the werking group of Regional Asseciation VI and with other interested persons, in order to accomplish the work mentioned above, in the intervals between sessiens; (n) To carry out any other task which the president of Regional Association VI may allot to it; 46 RESOLUTIONS 13, 14·

To take decisions concerning any action necessary to enabl.e the working group to fulfil its duties efficiently. (p) In discharging the duties specified above, the working group shall comply with the directives given by Regional Association VI.

Res. 13 (III-RA VI) - REVISED PLAN FOR THE EXCHANGE OF BASIC MEI'EOROLOGICAL DA'l'A

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING Resolutions 56 (58-RA VI) and 76 (60-RA VI);

CONSIDERING,

(1) That the revised plan foreseen in the above resolutions should be an inte grated plan providing for maximum efficiency and speed;

(2) That this plan should be based on the use of all possible facilities suitable for the purpose, i.e. land/sea cable, automatic selection equipment, RTT, facsimile, etc.; (3) That besides covering the requirements in the region the plan should also meet the obligations of Regional Association VIto transmit data to other regions,

(4) That an up-to-date collection of information on requirements ,from the Members of the association and from Regional Associations I, II and IV is necessary as prepara tory work for the study of the plan;

DECIDES,

(1) That the development of the revised plan for the exchange of basic meteoro:" logical information within Region VI should remain on the agenda of the RA VI Working ·Group on Meteorological Transmissions~

(2) That Regional Associations I, II and IV should be invited to ·send representa tives to the appropriate sessions of the working group where this subject will be studied;

(3) That Members in the border areas of the region be urged to send representa tives to the sessions where this subject will be discussed.

(4) To request the president of Regional Association VI to initiate appropriate action for the necessary preparatory work for the sessions of the working group.

Res. 14 (III-RA VI) - LIST OF STATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA, AFRICA AND SOUTH-WEST ASIA, OF WHICH DATA ARE REQ,UIRED IN REGION VI

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING, (1) Resolutions 41 (57-RA VI). and 63 (60-RA VI); RESOLUTION 15 47

(2) With appreciation the improvement in the exchange of basic meteorological data from other regions and in particular the programme introduced on 1st October 1960;

CONSIDERING that there still exists a need in'Region VI for further improvement in the reception of data from other regions;

INVITES the president of Regional Association VI,

(1) To request the president of Regional Association IV to take the necessary steps so that the following data be included in the inter-regional transmissions from Region IV to Region VI in addition to those given in the annex to this resolution:*

(a) Syn.optic observations of the four main standard times of the stations I 70291, 72727. 72805, 72812, 72846. 72921, 72948, 74073 and 74081, (b) MESRAN data of the stations 78967. (c) Full TEMP data of the following stations: ocean weather station p. 70086. 70219, 70308, 70414, 70454, 72662, 72768, 72807. 72811, 72867. 72879, 72896. 72934, 72945. 74051, 74072. 74074 and 74082; (d) Data on level of maximum wind and tropopause level in all MESRAN messages;

(2) To request the president of Regional Association IV to bring to the atten tion of the Permanent Representative of Canada l (a) That there exists a need for an early transmission of data above the 500 mb level and up to the 100 mb level which are now received too late in Regional Associa tion VI; (b) That Regional Association VI would appreciate receiving all aerologi.cal data from surface to 100 mb in one transmission; (c) That the procedure recommended under (b) should, however. not lead to the trans mission of data up to 500 mb at later times;

(3) To request the president of Regional Association II to take necessary steps to ensure the Fegular transm1ssion of surface synoptic data for the eight standard times of the stations: 40754, 40831, 40841 and for aerological data of the stations 40650, 40754 and 40841.

Res. 15 (III-RA VI) - COMBINING OF TERRITORIAL BROADCASTS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EuROPE,

CONSIDERING that it is desirable to effect an overall economy with regard to territorial broadcasts by a saving of frequencies and reducing overlapping;

DECIDES,

(li To invite each group of countries listed in the annex to combine their terri torial broadcasts into one "block" broadcast;

ill- See Annex V. 48 RESOLUTION 16

(2) That, in cases where such block grouping cannot be arranged, certain coun tries in Region VI which do not have much meteorological data to diffuse, should arrange for their broadcasts to be made on a time-sharing basis, so tp~t all Series A, Series B and aerological data from the countries concerned can be taken on one receiver (see notes):

(3) That countries which encounter difficulties in carrying out the decisions mentioned in (1) and (2) above should inform the president of the association suggest ing, if possible, the manner in which they consider the difficulties could be solved.

NOTES, (a) Strict adherence to such a time schedule would be essentialJ (b) Each territorial transmitter would broadcast on its own frequency and commence its transmission by /l. standard preamble of one minute duration.

ANNEX

(a) Norway (e) Bulgaria Finland Romania HUngary (b) Iceland Greenland (f) Turkey _ Cyprus_ -(0) - Poland- Malta Czechoslovakia Austria (g) Spain Portugal (d) Yugoslavia (h) Israel Greece Albania (i) Jordan Lebanon U.A.R. (Northern region)

Res. 16 (III-RAVI) - WORKING GROUP ON REQUIREMENTS IN CONNEXION WITH THE EXCHANGE OF I>1ETEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION BY FACSIMILE

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Recommendations 36 and 58 (CSM-II)J

(2) The report of the Study Group on Facsimile Broadcasts of the Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions; and

CONSIDERING,

(1) That there is a requirement for the exchange of meteorological information by facsimile; (2) The widely different values attached by the Members to the various forms of presentatlon of information received by facsimile; RESOWTION 17 49

(3) That detailed study of the requirement.is necessary;

(4) That the establishment of telecommunication plans for the exchange of mete9- !'ologlcal information by facsimile entails meteorological aspects (e.g. projections, scales, and areas of maps, aerological diagrams, units, intervals between isopleths etc.h

DECIDES,

(1) To establish a \'lorklng Group on Requirements in Cormexion with the Exchange of Meteorological Information b,Y Facsimile, composed of the following experts nominated in the course of the third sessjon of Regional Association VI ! J.W. O'Byrne (Ireland) S. Rafalowski (Poland) Po Rodriguez Franco (Spain) R. Mittner (France) H. Sohweitzer (Federal Republic of Germany) J. Intfelin (Switzerland) R.S. Mikhail (United Arab Republic) V. Mastino (Italy) P. Defrise (Belgium) - of experts who may be nominated later by other Members of the association, - of the chairman of the Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions of Regional Association VI;

(2) To nominate, in accordance with Regulation )0 of the General Regulations, Mr. Schweitzer as chairman of the working group;

(3) To give the working group the following terms of reference r (a) To study the details of the requirements for the exchange of meteorological in formation by facsimile; (b) To study the meteorological aspects of international exchanges by facsimile with in Region VI and contiguous areas& (c) To co-operate in a co-ordinated study of that exchange of information with the Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions of Regional Association VI.

Res. 1'7 (III-RA VI) - FACSIMILE BROADCASTS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Resolution 74 (60-RA VI)~

(2) Recommendation 36 (CSM-II);

(3) The report of the Study Group on Facsimile Broadcasts established by Reso lution 1 (IV-RA VI/WOT). (4) The desire for an integrated system for the exchange of basic meteorological information in Region VI. including facsimile broadcasts~ 50 RESOLUTION 18

(5) The requirement for the exchange of information by fa.csimile between Reglon VI and other regionsl and

. CONSIDERING,

(1) The wide variety of material for which facsimile transmissions are effective,

(2) The need for further standardization of methods for automatic operation of facsimile apparatus;

REQUESTS Members,

(1) To continue to exploit facsimile transmissions;

(2) To supply information to the chairman of the RA VI Working Group on Trans missions, concerning e~perience gained on telecommunication aspects of the use of fac simile transmissions;

(3) To make proposals on further standardization relating to the automatic opera tion of facsimile apparatus and on operational procedures.

Res. 18 (III-RA VI) - DISSEMINATION OF AIR REPORTS FOR SYNOPTIC PURPOSES

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING Resolution 58 (58-RA VI); and

CONSIDERING,

(1) That the plan for the dissemination of air reports for synoptic purposes is not fully implemented;

(2) That the number of reports received at the regional collecting centres could be increased;

(3) That the plan provides for the dissemination by land-line of the reports ori ginated from the zone of responsibility of the regional collecting and disseminating centre of Offenbach and not by RTT since subcontinental broadcast is not operated at Offenbach;

DECIDES,

(1) To urge the Members responsible for the operation of the regional collecting and disseminating centres to implement fully the plan of dissemination of air reports, as amended in accordance with paragraph 2 below;

(2) That the air reports originated from the zone of responsibility of the centre of Offenbach should be included in the continental broadcast of Dunstable;

(3) That the plan of dissemination of air reports so amended should be included in the Introduction to the regional section of Chapter II, Volume C, of WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4; RESOLUTIONS 19, 20 51

REQUESTS the president of Regional Association VI to take action for obtaining from f,1embers -responsible for the operation of the regional centres information on the difficulties encountered in receiving air reports from the collecting centres in their zone of responsibility; and to take thereafter remedial action as it may prove neces-·· sary.

Res. 19 (III..:RA VI) - COr..r..FJ::TION AND DISSEMINATION OF SHIPS I REPORTS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

_(1) The procedure for transmission of ships' reports to coastal stations adopted by Third Congress;

(2) Recommendation 6 (C~IM-III)~

(3) ~esolution 7 (CMM-III);

(4) That some Members ape experiencing difficulties in receiving some reports transmitted by ships;

DECIDES,

(1) To invite all Members operating coastal stations in the region x (a) To take all possible steps to ensure that these stations have adequate fOrl'larding communication facilities to permit prompt retransmission of ships' reports in scheduled territorial and/or subcontinental broadcasts~ (b) To list for publication in Volume D of WIvIO Publication No. 9.TP.4 only those coastal stations which have such fadli ties,

(2) That ships' reports received at any telecommunication centre up to 24 hours after the time of observation should be retransmitted, but. reports received later than that limit need not be retransmitted~

REQUESTS any Member who has evidence that a designated coastal stat.ion in the region has received certain 'ships' reports which were not retransmitted t (a) To communicate directly with the Member responsible for this station inviting his attention to the specific case~ (b) To bring the-matter to the attention of the president of the association for ap propriate action if the above-mentioned action does not lead to improvement.

Res. 20 (III-RA VI) ~ ORGANIZATION OF THE EXCHANGE OF ATMOSPHERICS REPOR1'S IN REGION VI THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING Resolutions 22 and 23 (EC-IX)~ CONSIDERING, (1) That there exists a need for organizing the exchange of atmospherics repor-ts in the region, RESOLUTION 21

(2) That it is highly desirable to provide for a p.omplete coverage of OUf:;erva tions of atmospherics especially at 0000 and 1.200 GMT;

ACCEPl'ING with great appreciation t.he offer of the Swiss Meteorologtca.1 Sel'vice to arrange for the centre at Zurich t,o act as a co-ordlnat:l.ng centre for pro[~essing the var:l.ous reports on atmospherics bearing (SFAZI) issued by the Members in the region unci for disseminating the resulting reports of a.tmospherics geograph.:l.cal location (SFLOCh

DECIDES,

(1) To urge Members who determine the geographical location of atmospherics to disseminate their SFLOC reports on a regional basis;

(2) To urge Members Who are not able to determine the geographical location of atmospherics from observations of their own network, to transmit their observations on bearings of atmospherics sources in the SFAZI code form (FM 81.A) to the Meteorological Institute of Switzerland at Zurich;

(3) To invite Members who have atmospherics stations to make observations at least at the main standard time of upper-air observations, i.e. 0000 and 1200 GMT.

Hes. 21 (III-RA VI) - NUMERICAL FORECASTING

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING that electronic computation techniques in meteorology are now rapidly pro gressing;

CONSIDERING,

(1) That numerical forecasting is still in a stage where it calls for extensive research and that progress will best be served by research projects conducted by indivi. dual Members or groups of Members and by the exchange of charts, methods and experience;

(2) That a pooling of efforts for the operational use of numerical forecasting is desirable;

(3) That some Members may wish to benefit from a dissemination of forecast charts by those Members who already prepare forecasts by numerical methods for operational use;

EXPRESSES the opinion that the establishment of a European centre for numerical forecasting is not desirable at the present time;

URGES Members,

(1) To promote, by all possible means, national research in the field of numeri cal forecasting and data processing· as well as the exchange of experts with other Mem bers;

(2) To arrange for exchanges of analyses and forecast charts obtained by numeri cal methods with other Members, for research purposes; RESOLUTION 22 53

INVITES,

(1) Members to attempt to pool gradually their means and to co-ordinate their work programmes- on bilateral or multilateral bases, in order to arrive at -a more effi cient use of available means and manpower;

(2) Those Members who already apply numerical forecasting methods for operational purposes to arrange for the dissemination of such forecasts., by meanssufficiemtly ra pid to allow their operational use by other Members;

REQUESTS the president of the association to examine with the Secretary-General the possibility for the World Meteorological Organization to organize periodically sym posia on numerical- forecasting techniques.

Res. 22 (III-RA VI) - NETWORK OF CLIMAT AND CLIMAT TEMP STATIONS IN REGION VI

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE~

NOTING,

(1) Paragraph 8.3.1.1.1 of the Teclmical Re~lations;

(2) Resolution 31 (EC-IX);

(3) Resolution 49 (5T-RA VI);

CONSIDERING that there is a requirement for establishing a regic;mal network of stations reporting CLIMAT and CLIMAT T$MP covering the needs of synoptic meteorological and climatological activities of the Members of the association,

DECIDES,

(i) That the network of CLIMAT stations in Region VI shall comprise the stations listed in Part A of the annex to this resolution;*

(2) That the network of stations reporting CLIMAT TEMP in Region VI shalloom prise the radiosonde stat-ions listed in Part B of the annex to .this resolution.*

-(3) That every CLIMAT TEMP report should be supplemented by a CLIMAT report from the same station or, if this is not practicable, from a nearby station;

REQUESTS thE) president of the association to ask the Secretary-General to ask - those authorities which have not been able to do.so during the third session .. to check the relevant parts of the lists of stations contained, in Parts A and B of the annex to this resolution* and to agree on the inclusion of those stations in the regiollalnet. works of stations report-ing CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reports. -

* See Annex VI. 54 RE;SOLUTION23

, ' Res. 23 (III-RAVI) - WORKING GROUl' ON CLIMATIC ATIASES FOR REGION VI

,THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE.

'NOTING,

(1) ~esolution32(Cg-III), GUmatic a,t1ases;

Resolution 30 (EC:"rx) , Specifications for climatic atlas'es,' (~) . - -. . , , . . , (3) The report of' the Regional Association vi Working' Group, on Climaitc Atlases; and

CONSIDERING that,

(1) There appears to be a great ,and urgent demand foi", a, climatic atlas depicting the climate of the reg:j.on as a. whole; , ' . . .. (2) Suchan atlas will be of great va],ue not only for scieIltif'ic purposes but also in the planning and operation of proJectsfc)r economic 'dtwelopment; and

(3) A good deal of climatological data is already: available and ,maybe used in the preparation of the atla.s;

DECIDES,

(l) To re-estab1:!.sha Working Group on ClimatiC Atlases for Region V:C composed of the following eXp'erts nominated in' the course of the third, sess:iQn of ,l't~gional' Asso- ciation VI I ' F. St¢i~auseI' (Austria} L. Poncelet(Belgium) M. Guilloux (Frap:ce) C.Keil(Federai Republic of Germany) st. Papagiann8.kts (Greece) , W.A. Morgan, (rreland) N. Rosenari.' (Israel) E. Rosini (ItalY), W. Wiszn:l,ew~kl (Poland) I. Font (Spa;l.n) C.A.C.· Wallen, (Sweden) AbdurrahmanKurun(Turkey) and of experts, who may be nominated ~a:ter'bi any other Member of'the association,

(2) To nominate, in accordance 'with, Regulation '30 of the General Regulations, Mr. F. Steinh,auser as chairman of the working group"

(3) To give the working group thef6110wing termsofref~rence' I (a) To make further, studies anc:l to provide detailed 'guidance for the preparation and publication of national, subr,eg:tonaiand reg;l.onal climatic charts; (b) To investigate the possibilities for acceler'/iting the preparation and publica tion of climatic char:ts; ,and (c) To give advice to Members on the preparation of their own cl.imatic charts if so requested; RESOLUTION 24 55

URGES Members of the association to co-operate to the full in the preparation of a regional climatic atlas.

Res. 24 (III-RA VI) - WORKING GROUP ON HYDROLOGICAL METEOROLOGY

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Resolution 19 (Cg-III);

(2) The usefulness of the work done by the Working Group on Hydrology established by Resolution 34 (II-RA VI);

DEDIDES,

(1) To re-establish a Working Group on Hydrological Meteorology composed of the following experts nominated in the course of the third session of Regional Asso ciation VI; F. Steinhauser (Austri~) H. Schimpf (Austria) L. Tison (Belgium) W. Dammann (Federal Republic of Germany) W. Friedrich (Federal Republic of Germany) H. Simojoki (Finland) P. Fontaine (France) A. Refenes (Greece) Jll:nos Bog1!rdi (Hungary) W.A. Morgan (Ireland) Uri Mane (Israel) J. Lambor (Poland) Z. Mikulski (Poland) M. Cas tans (Spain) G.L. Nybrant (Sweden} Cherkavski (U.S.S~R.) and of experts who may be nominated later by any other Member of the association;

(2) To nominate, in accordance with Regulation 30 of the General Regulat,ions, M. Bogardi as chairman of the working group;

(3) To give the working group the following terms of reference I (a) To study on a regional or subregional basis all problems which the Commission for Hydrological Meteorology might refer to regional associations; (b) To study the regional and subregional aspects of the following subjects - development of meteorological networks for hydrological purposes, - standardization of instruments and methods of observation in the field of hydrological meteorology, - use of meteorological data and meteorological forecasts for the preparation of hydrological forecasts, 56 RESOLU'ffONS25, 26

_ publication and exchange of data in the field of hydrological meteorology, _ hydrological requirements for regional, subregional-and national climatic atlases; tc) To advise the Secretary-General on all questions relating to the collaboration, on a regional or subregional level, with international 6rganizationsand agencies active in the field of hydrology.

Res. 25 (III-RA VI) --REPORT OF THE SESSION OF THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION VI WORKING GROUP ON HYDROLOGY (WARSAW 1958)

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

HAVING CONSIDERED the report of the first session of the Regional Association VI Working Group on Hydrology;

NOTING,

(1) That Third Congress set up a Commission for Hydrological Meteorology,

(2) That the field of activity of WMO in hydrology has been precisely defined as a result of this decision;

(3) That the Regional Association VI Working Group on Hydrology was established prior to Third Congress and that therefore the action taken at ~ts first session de viated to some extent from the now exlsting policy;

DEX:;IDES,

(1) To note the report of the working group;

(2) That the subject matters covered by the working group's Recoinmendations 2, 3, 6 and 7 do not fall wi thin the field of responsibility of WMO and that these recommenda tions can therefore not be considered for approval;

(3) To embody the substance of the working group1s Recommendations 1, 4 and 5 respectively in Recommendation 2 (III-RA VI) and Resolutions 26 (III-RA VI) and 27 (III-RA VI) of the association.

Res. 26 (III-RA VI) - MEASUREMENT OF THE AMOUNT OF DEPOSITED WATER OR ICE

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

CONSIDERING,

(1) That accurate measurements of the amount of deposited water or ice (hoar frost, glaze, rime, fog, etc.) would be of great value in the study of the water balance; (2) That WMO Publication No. 8.TP.3 gives no guidance on how to measure the amount of deposits of water or ice, with the exception of dew; REQUESTS the president of the Commission for Hydrological Meteorology to arrange for the inclusion in WMO Publication No. 8.TP.3 of methods for measuring deposits of water or ice. RESOLUTIONS 27. 28 57

Res. ?( (III-RA VI) - MEASUREMENT OF THE RATE OF SNOW-MELT

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

CONSIDERING that knowledge of the rate of snow-melt is very important for fore casting floods;

REQUESTS the president of the COmmission for Hydrological Meteorology to arrange for the study of the following subjects

(1) Instrumentation required for measuring the rate of snow-meltJ

(2) Methods of computing the rate of snow-melt on the basis of measured meteoro logical elements.

Res. 28 (III-RA VI) - RADIATION THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE, NOTING, (1) Recommendation 5 (CIMO-II) approved by' the Executive Committee at its ninth session in Resolution 11 (EC-IX);

(2) That networks of radiation observation are gradually being established in the region;

(3) The work done by the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation regarding radiation instruments and procedures for observations and comparisons.

CONSIDERING,

(1) That radiation measurements are of fundamental importance in.promoting pro gress in many fields of meteorology;

(2) That it is necessary to adopt principles for classification of radiation stations with reference to the scope of the observations made;

(3) That it is necessary to publish radiation data and to promote uniformity in the publication and in the presentation of radiation data;

DECIDES,

(1) To establish a Working Group on Radiation composed of the following experts nominated by Members in the course of the third session of Regional Association VI I R.H. Collingbourne (United Kingdom) S.C. Williams (Ireland) R. SchUlze (Federal Republic of Germany) C. Constandakopoulos (Greece) R. Dogniaux (Belgium) C. Perrin de Brichambaut (France) I. Dirmhirn (Austria) F. Saidy (United Arab Republic) and of experts who may be nominated later by any other Member of the associationJ 58 RESOLUTION 29

(2) To request the president of the association, in accordanoe with Regulation 30 of the General Regulations to arrange for the election by correspondenoe of the chair man of the working group,

(3) To give the working group the following terms of reference I (a) To prepare the technical reoommendations on the principles of ~istribution of sta tions measuring radiation in Region VI and on the development of observational programmes of these stations; (b) To reoommend the most suitable equipment for measuring solar. atmospheric and terrestrial radiation at stations in the region; (c) To arrange for a periodical regional comparison of the national standard instru ments} (d) To prepare instructions with respect to the calibration of instruments recommended for the operation of radiation stations in the region; (e) To study the problems of the collection and dissemination in the region of the information and publications ooncerning radiation stations and to advise the asso_ ciation on these problems; (f) To render assistance to Members in order that the general praotioes pertaining to instruments decided upon by Regional Association VI be implemented as far as practioable;

URGES all Members of Regional Association VI to take the neoessary steps to ensure the closest possible co-ordination of all work in the field of meteorological radiation in their territory.

Res. 29 (III-RA VI) - ORGANIZATION OF TRAINING SEMINARS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) The partioipation of the l-lorld Meteorological Organization in the United Nations Expanded Programme of Teohnioal Assistance which provides technioal and finan oial assistanoe for proJeots of regional interest;

(2) That it is likely that under this programme funds for the organization of one regional training seminal' in Europe can be made available for the year 1962; and

CONSIDERING that the organization of training seminars would oontribute very ef fectively to the economic development of under-developed oountries in the region as well as to the advancement of overall applioation of meteorology to practical problems;

DECIDES that if within the limits of the Organization's partioipation in the Ex panded Programme of Tecl>.nical Assistance it is possible to organize seminars in Region VI. the subjects to be trucen up in these seminars should ~e the following s (a) High-level forecasting, (b) Synoptio meteorology in the Mediterranean, (0) Automatic data processing, RESOLUTION 30 59

(~) Atmospherics observation techniques, (e) Meteorological forecasting for hydrological purposesl and

REQUESTS the president of Regional Association VI to investigate with the Secretary General the possibility of arranging such a seminar in 1962 and/or subsequent years and to decide after consultation with the Members, on the subject to be treated in each case.

Res. 30 (III-RA VI) - REVISION OF THE PREVIOUS RESO~UTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF REGIONAL ASSOCIATION VI

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

-NOTING Regulation 138 of the General ~eBulations;

CONSIDERING,

(1) That a number of resolutions adopted by the association at its second sessi.on and since then, have been incorporated in resolutions of its third session or in the re levant parts of Volumes B and C of WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4,

(2) That some others of its previous resolutions have become obsolete;

(3) The action taken by the competent bodies of the Organization on the recom mendations adopted by the association at its second session and since then;

DECIDES,

(1) To keep in force Resolutions 3. 18, 25 (II-RA VI), 49. 50 (57-RA VI), 54 (58-RA VI), 66, 67. 68, 69 and 74 (60-RA VI); all other resolutions being no longer in force;

(2) To include the substance of Resolutions 58 (58-RA VI) and 72 (60-RA VI) in the Introduction to Chapter II, Part VI~ Volume C of WMO Publication No. 9.TP.4;

(3) To publish the text of the resolutions kept in force in the abridged report of its third session;*

(4) To note the action taken by the competent bodies of the Organization on the recommendations adopted· at its second session and since then, and to consider that with the exception of Recommendation 14 (58-RA VI) these recommendations are no longer necessary.

* See Annex VII. RECOMMENDATIONS ADOPTED BY 'rHE SESSION

Rec. I (III-RA VI) - DEFINITION OF BASIC SURFACE SYNOPTIC NETWORK

Tl{EREGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE.

, NOTING,

(1) That the TechnIcal Regulations give a definition of a basic land st~t:l.on as being a,slJrface synoptic station on land equipped and staffed to observe the elements specified in paragraph 3.1.1.1 and report the observations for inte.rna.tlona1 exchangE'J

(2) ,That the Commission for Synoptic Meteorology has drawn up a. descr.iption of a. basic sY110ptic network, in Recommendation 80 (CSM-II) approved by the Exccutlvf;) Committee in'Resolution 21 (EC-X), which says that the basic regional synoptic network 18 to he composed of the stations and the obBervational progra.mmes which are considerE.'d a min:l. mum requirement throughout the region to per.mit synopt1c meteorology to fulfil :l.ts re cognized responsibilities;

CONSIDERING,

(1) That'there exists, therefore, a difference between the network.of basic land stations formed by all the basic land stations and the basic regional synoptic network as described by the Commission for Synoptic Meteorology;

(2) That neither the network of basic land stations nor the basic regional synop t:l.c network as, described by CSM is the same as the network of stations repQrt:l.ng' bas:l.e ' meteorolog:l.cai data exchanged :l.n subcont:l.nental.. cont:l.nental, :l.nter-regional or heml-' spherical transmissions}

(3) That :l.n th:l.s connex:l.on the note under the definit:l.on as given by CSM, which ind:l.cated that the stations of the basic synoptic network are normally included in meteorological transminsions established for reception in the reg:l.on is confusing, as this note does not indicate which kind of transmission :l.s meant;

(4) That the description of CSM is also confusing since it assj.gns "recognIzed resPQDsib:l.lities" to a part:l.cular f:l.eld of the science of meteorology instead of to Members of the' World Meteorological Organization and furthermore large divergence of opinion exists about the meaning of the word "recognized";

RECOMMENDS that the definition of regional bas:l.c network be reoonsidered in the light of the above remarks.

Rec. 2 (III-RA VI) - NETWORKS FOR HYDROLOGICAL PURPOSES

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE, NOTING, (1) Resolution 34 (II-RA VI) and Resolution 6 (EC-X); and RECOMMENDATION 2 61

(2) The report of the first session of the Regional Association VI Working Group on Hydrology; and

CONSIDERING that the Regional Association VI Working Group on Hydrological Meteo rology will, for a proper appraisal of the requirements of hydrology in the region, need information about the observational programmes of existing networks which make meteorological observations for hydrological purposes, and of such networks now in the planning stage}

RECOMMENDS that the Executive Committee authorize the Secretary-General;

(1) To collect from the Members information about the observational programmes of the existing networks making observations of precipitation, evaporation from land ~d water surfaces and of soil moisture for hydrological purposes;

(2) To request Members to inform him about existing plans for extension of their observational programmes;

(3) To prepare a report, based on the information received, .for use by the RA VI Working Group on Hydrological Meteorology. 62

ANNEX I / ANNEXE I

Annex to Resolution 2 (III-RA VI) / Annexe a la resolution 2 (III-AR VI)

BASIC REGIONAL NETWORK OF LAND STATIONS FOR SURFACE OBSERVATIONS RESEAU REGIONAL DE BASE DES STATIONS TERRESTRES POUR LES OBSERVATIONS EN SURFACE

01001 Jan Mayen 01212 Ona 005 Isfjord Radio 228 Su1aofyr 009 Andenes 235 Dombas 028 Bjprnha 241 ¢r1andet 030 Tromsp/Skattpra 262 . Nordpyan 033 Torsv!:\.g 271 Vaernes 055 Fruho1men fyr 306 Hellispy fyr 058 Stabbursda1en· 372 Nesbyen 062 Hopen 384 Oslo/Gardermoen 078 Sletnes fyr 403 Utsira 098 Vardp 415 Stavanger/So1a 105 Skomvaer fyr 427 Lista 111 Brpnnpysund 448 oksh 152 BodP 482 Ferder 203 Kr3.kenes fyr 488 Oslo/Fornebu

02050 RiksgrM.nsen 02086 Varberg 051 Karesuando 089 ;Olands norra udde 052 Kvikkjokk 090 Visby 053 Malmberget 091 Ku11en 054 Pajala 094 Utklippan 055 Tlirnaby 095 Kalmar 057 Lu1e&/Kallax 096 Hoburg 059 Gliddede 097 Ma1ml5/Bulltofta 060 Bjurl5k1ubb 099 Ystad 062 Ostersunq/Frl5sl5n 102 Kiruna 063 ~sele 109 Suddesjanr 064 Holml5gadd 115 Skurda1shtljden 065 Sveg 126 Malung 066 Sundsvall 129 Oregrund 069 Sl5derhamn 130 Eggegrund 073 Karlstad 135 Stockho1m(Ar1anda 074 Orebro 141 Svenska lf6garna 075 Vtrsteras/Hlissll5 147 Linkl5ping/Ma1men 077 Stockho1m/Bron@a 151 Harstena 078 . Vliderl5bod 155 Hagshult 079 S&tenlis 159 !Jstergarn 083 Gotska Sandl5n 163 Ljungbyhed 084 Gl5teborg/Torslanda 166 Ronne by

02807 Iva10 02875 Qulu 836 Sodankylli 897 Kajaani 864 Kemi 904 Reisjlirvi 869 Kuusamo 911 Vaasa ANNEX I / ANNEXE I 63

02917 Rissala 02970 Maarianhamina 929 Joensuu 972 Turku 935 LuonetjM.rvi 974 Helsinki/Seutula 943 Tampere 976 Kirkonmaa 952 Pori 981 ut<:l 958 Lappeenranta 982 Russar<:l 963 Jokioinen

03005 Lerwick 03395 Manby 010 Sule Skerry 396 Spurn Head 017 Kirkwall/Grimsetter 414 Shawbury 022 Benbecula 462 Wittering 026 Stornoway 485 West Raynham 049 Cape Wrath 497 Gorleston 061 Tarbatness 502 Aberporth 075 Wick 534 Birmingham(Elmdon 091 Aberdeen/Dyce 603 Brawdy 095 Rattray Head 628 Bristol/Filton 100 Tiree 697 Felixstowe 131 Mull of Galloway 707 Chivenor 135 Prestwick 715 Rhoose/Cardiff 141 Glasgow/Renfrew 772 London Airport 162 Eskdalemuir 776 Gatwick 171 Leuchars 804 Scilly 185 St. Abb's Head 809 Culdrose 204 Isle of Man/Ronaldsway 827 Mount Batten 214 Silloth 856 Portland Bill 261 Dishforth 862 Bournemoutb/Hurn 262 Tynemouth 888 Dungeness 263 Middleton St. George 894 Guernsey 302 Valley 908 Ballykelly 318 Blackpool/Squires Gate 917 Aldergrove 334 Manchester Airport

03952 Roches Point 03969 Dublin/Collinstown 953 Valentia Observatory 970 Claremorris 957 Rosslare 971 Mullingar 960 Kilkenny 974 Clones 962 Shannen/Rineanna 976 Belmullet 965 Birr 980 Malin Head

04005 Galtarviti 04063', Akureyri 013 Stykkish6lmur 077 Raufarh<:lfn 018 Keflavik 082 Holan i Hornafirdi 030 Reykjavik 097 Dalatangi 048 vestmannaeyjar

04202 Thule A.B. 04230 Holsteingsborg 210 Upernavik 231 Sdr. Strpmfjord 212 Umanak 240 Sukkertoppen 214 Q,utdligssat 250 Godth&b 220 Egedesminde 260 Frederiksh~b 6~ ANNEX I / ANNEXE I

04261 Grpnnedal· 04340 Kap Tobin 270 Narssarssuaq 350 Aputiteq 280 Narssaq 360 AngmagssaUk 310 Nord 380 Tingmiarmiut 320 Danmarkshavn 390 Prins Chirstian Sund 330 Daneborg

06011 Thorshavn 06081 Blg,vand 021 Hans tho 1m Cl)7 E.R. 030 ~lborg 110 Skrydstrup 041 Skagen 149 Gedser 059 Iivngvig 151 O~ 060 Karup 179 ~n CJ71 Fornaes 180 KPbenhavn/Kastrup CJ79 Anholt 199 Dueodde

06230 Den Helder 06310 Vlissingen 240 Schiphol 344 Rotterdam Airport 260 De Bilt 380 Zuid-Limburg 280 Eelde

06407 Raversijde 06451 Melsbroek 408 Oostende 456 Florennes 447 Uccle 476 St-Hubert

06590 Luxembourg/Findel

06620 Bern (town/ville) 06720 Sion 670 ZUrlch/Kloten 750 Gutsch 700 Geneve/Cointrin 762 Locarno/Magadino

07002 Boulogne 07222 Nantes 005 Abbeville 240 Tours/St-Symphorien 015 . Lille 249 Orleans/Bricy 021 Cherbourg/Chantereyne 255 Bourges 027 Caen 265 Auxerre 036 Rouen 280 Dijon CJ70 Reims 295 Belfort 100 Ouessant 299 Bftle/Mulhouse 110 Brest/Guipavas 314 Chassiron 119 Rostrenen 335 Poitiers 121 Brehat 412 Cogt'}ac 130 Rennes 435 Limoges 139 Alengon 460 Clermont-·Ferrand 149 Paris/Orly I 470 La Puy 150 Paris/Le Bourget 480 Iqon 169 st-Dizier 488 Grenoble 180 Nancy 497 Bourg St-Maurice 190 Strasbourg 510 BOrdeaux 207 La Talut 524 Agen ANNEX I / ANNEXE I 65

CT(535 Gourden CT(650 Mars e 1l1e 558 Millan 660 . Toulon 585 Mont Ventoux 690 Nice 591 Embrun 720 Pic du Midi 602 Biarritz 747 Perpignan 627 St-Girons 761 Ajaccio 630 Toulouse 790 Bastia 643 Montpellier

08001 La Corui'ia 0826i clfceres 008 Lugo/Roze.s 280 Albacete 014 Gij

08495 North Front

08503 Corvo (Agores) 0854-5 Porto/Pedras Rubras 506 Horta (Agores) 549 Coimbra 509 Lajes (Agores) 554 Faro 515 Santa Marfa (Agores) 562 Beja 536 Lisboa/Portela 571 Portalegre 538 Sagres 575 Braganga

10002 Borkumriff 10384 Berlin/Tempelhof 004 P 8 385 Berlin/Sch~nefeld 005 Elbe 1 393 Lindenberg 006 Fehmarnbelt 400 DUsseldorf 035 Schleswig 427 Kahler/Asten 091 Arkona 438 Kassel 129 Bremerhaven 470 Leipzig/Mockau 147 Hamburg/FuhlsbUttel 488 Dresden-Klotzsche 170 WarnemUnde 513 K'61n/Bonn 185 Greifswalcl/vl1eck 532 Giessen 203 Emden 544 Wasserkuppe 224 Bremen 546 Kaltennordheim 262 Weisen b. Wittenberge 554 Erfurt/Bindersleben 279 Neustrelltz 578 Fichtelberg 313 MUnster 609 Trier/Petrlsberg 338 Hannover 637 Frankfurt/Main (aerOdrome) 361 Magdeburg 685 Hof 66 ANNEX I / ANNEXE I

10708 SaarbrUcken/Enshelm 10852 Augsburg 738 Stuttgart/Echterdingen 866 MUnchen/Riem 763 NUrnberg/Kraftshof 893 Passau 776_ Regensburg 931~ Friedrichshafen 803 Freiburg 961 Zugspitze

11010 Linz/m:lrschl1ng 11150 Salzburg 036 Wien/Schwechat 231 Klagenfurt/Annabich1 120 Innsbruck 240 Graz/Tha1erhof

11448 Pizenv / Dobrany v 11782 Ostrava 518 Praha/Ruzyn~ 816 Bratis1ava/lv~nka 541 ~eske Bud~jovice v 903 Zvo1en 659 Pribys1av 934 Poprad 723 Brno/Turany 968 Ko~ice

12100 Ko,lobrzeg 12375 Warszawa 105 Kosza1in 385 Siedlce 115 Ustka 400 Zie10na GcSra 135 Hel 425 Wroc,law 150 Gda~sk 435 Kalisz 185 Kl,;ltrzyn 465 ~d~ 205 Szczecin 510 ~nidka 225 Wa,lcz 560 Katowice 235 Chejnice 565 KrakeSw 250 Torl1n 570 Kielce 270 M,iawa 575 TarneSw 295 Bia,lystok 595 ZamoM 300 GorzeSw 695 Pr_zemy~1 330 Poznan

12772 Misko1c 12882 Debrecen 812 Szombathe1y 935 Si&fok 839 Budapest/Ferihegy 942 P~cs 840 Budapest-Meteoro1cSgia 982 Szeged

13018 Ljubljana (aerodrome) 13334 Spl1 t/Lazarica 067 Pal1& 353 Sarajevo/Butmir 128 Zagreb/P1eso 377 Kra1jevo 150 Slavonski Brod 388 NiS 208 Pula 451 Dubrovnik 222 Zadar 462 Titograd 228 Biha& 472 Pe~ 242 Banja Luka 483 Skopje 261 Loznica 562 Ulcinj 274 Beograd/Zemun 592 Demir Kapija

13615 Tirana 13622 V10re ANNEX I / ANNEXE I 67

15010 Satu Mare 15280 Vf. Omul 020 Boto§ani 310 Galati 080 Oradea 346 Rtmnicu Vllcea 108 CeahH!u M. ,360 SuI ina 120 Cluj 410 Turnu Severin 150 Bac~u 420 Buoure§ti/B~neasa 200 Arad 480 Constan~a 230 Deva 499 Mangalia

15511 Lorn 15627 Botev vrilll (top/sommet) 526 PI even 640 Sliven 535 Rousse 655 Bourgas 552 Varna 712 Sandanski 614 Sofia (observ.) 730 K~rdjali

16014 Passo Giovo 16261 Foggia/Amendola 020 Bolzano 270 Barl/Palese 040 Tarvisio 280 Ponza 052 Pian Rosa 289 Napoli/Capociohino 059 Torino/Case11e 300 Potenza 066 Milano/Malpensa 310 Capo 'Palinuro 080 Milano/Linate 320 Brindisi 090 Verona/Villafranca 330 Taranto 100 Venezia/So Nicolo 340 Paola 110 Trieste 350 Crotone 120 Genova ,360 S. Maria di Leuca 129 Palmaria 400 Ustica 134 Monte Cimone 405 Palermo/Punta Raisi 140 Bologna 420 Messina 149 Rimini 428 Trapani/Chinisia 150 San Remo 450 Enna 158 Pis a 460 Catania 170 Firenze 470 Pantel1eria 180 Perugia 480 Cozzo Spadaro 190 Anoona 490 Lampedusa 200 Pianosa 520 A1ghero 206 Grosseto 530 01bia 219 Monte Termini110 540 Oristano 230 Pescara 550 Capo Bel1avista 239 Roma/Ciampino 560 Caglial'i/Elmas . 252 Campobasso

16597 Luqa

16613 F10rina 16662 Skopelos 622 Thessaloniki/Mikra 667 Mytilini 625 Kavalla 669 Lefkas 627 Alexandroupolis 683 Kymi 641 Kerkyra 687 Arrows 642 Ioannina 692 Desfina 648 Larisa 704 Chios 651 Limnos 705 Zakynthos 68 ANNEX I / ANNEXE I

16712 Kirinthos 16743 Kythira 716 Athinai/He1ienikon 747 Chania 721 Samos 749 Rodos/Maritsai 732 Naxos 754 Herak1ion 734 Methoni 757 S1tia 738 Milos

17022 Zongu1dak 17129 Ankara/Etimesgut 024 Inebo1u 150 Ba1ikesir 026 Sinop 170 Van 030 Samsun 180 Dikil1 038 Trabzon 184 Akhisar 050 Edirne 188 Uli/ak 056 ,Tekirdag 190 Afyon 060 Istanbul/Ye~ilktly 196 Kayseri 067 G~lcUk/Dumlupinar 200 Ma1atya 082 Merzifon 202 E1~zig 090 Sivas 219 Izmir/Cumaovasi 092 Erzincan 240 Isparta 096 Erzurum 244 Konya 112 C,anakka1e 280 Diyarbakir 115 Bandirma 292 Mu~la 116 . Bursa 300 Antalya 124 Eski§ehir 321 Silifke 128 Ankara/Esenboga 350 Adana

17600 Paphos 17611 Ayios Nicolaos 606 Nicosia Airfield

20107 Barentsburg 22583 Koynas 22028 Teriberka 602 Reboly 106 Padun 621 Seguezha 113 Murmansk 641 Onega 127 lDvozero 657 Emtsa 145 Mys Chernyi 676 Sura 165 Kanin Nos 695 Koslan 217 Kandalaksha 721 Medvegegorsk 235 Krasnoshche1ie 738 Kugonavo1ok 269 Mys Konushin 768 Shenkursk 271 Choyna 778 Verthniaia Toima 282 Mys Mikulkin 798 Yarensk 292 Indiga 802 Sortova1a 349 Pial1tsa 820 Petrozavodsk 365 Abramovskiy maiak 837 Vitegra 408 Ukhta 845 Kargopo1 422 Gridino 854 Niandoma 438 Jijguin 867 Ve1sk 471 Mezen 887 Kotlas 518 Rugozero 892 Vyborg 522 Kern-Port 915 Sviritsa 541 Unskiy maiak 939 Be10zersk 550 Arkhangelsk 954 Vojega 563 Pinega 996 Obiachevo ANNEX I / ANNEXE I 69

26038 Tall in 27532 Vladimir 059 Kinguisepp 553 Gorki 063 Leningrad (town/ville) 595 Kazan 094 Tikhvin 612 Moscow ll5 Ristna 648 Yelatma 231 Piarnu 665 Lukoianov 242 Tartu 679 Alatyr 258 Pskov 703 Kaluga 275 Staraia Russa 719 Tula 298 Bologoe 731 Riazan 313 Kolka 786 Barataevka 314 Ventspils/Vindava 823 Pavelets 348 Gulbene 853 Narovchat 389 Ostashkov 872 Ynza 406 Lepaia 906 Orel 422 Riga 921 Efremov 459 Idritsa 947 Tambov 477 Velikie Luki 962 Penza 498 Rgev 995 Bezenchukskaia 509 Klaypeda 33008 Brest 524 Chyaulya'i 036 Mozir 531 Birzhai 041 Gomel 544 Daugavpils 088 Sarny 585 Belyi 177 Vladimir-Volynskiy 629 Kaunas 246 Nezhin 666 Vitebsk 275 Sumy 695 Viazma 301 Rovno 702 Kaliningrad 317 Chepetovka 730 Vilnius 325 Zhitomir 781 Smolensk 345 Kyev 825 Grodno 377 Lubni 850 Minsk 393 Lvov 853 Beresino 415 Ternopol 882 Roslavl 429 Kbme1nitsky 938 Yvatsevichi 466 Imeni Startchenko 951 Slutsk 526 Stanislav 997 Trubchevsk 562 Vinnitsa 27008 Babaevo 587 Uman 037 Vologda 615 Kremenchug 051 Totma 631 Ujgorod 066 Nikolsk 658 Chernovitsy 083 Oparino 663 Moguilev Podolskyi 113 Cherepovets 711 Kirovograd 196 Kirov 761 Liubashevka 217 Begetsk 777 Voznesensk 225 Pybinsk 791 Krivo'i Rog 242 Buy 815 Kichinev 252 Nikolo-Poloma 837 Odessa 271 Sharia 869 Kakhovka 329 Rostov 887 Bolgrad 355 Yurievets 902 Kherson 369 Krasnye Baki 910 Guenichesk 393 Nolinsk 924 Chernomorskoie/Ak-Mechet. 402 Kalinin 946 Simferopol 479 Kozmodemiansk 983 Kerch 480 Sanchursk 990 Yalt.a 70 ANNEX I / ANNEXE I

34009 Kursk 34866 Yachkul 047 Jerdevka 880 Astrakhan 116 Staryi Oskol 896 Ostrov Zhestky 122 Voronezh 929 Krasnodar/Pashkovskaia 152 Balashov 954 Petrovskoie 172 Saratov 984 Kaspiysk/Lagan 186 Yershovskaia 37018 . Tuapse 247 Kalach 031 Armavir 300 Kharkov 05!~ Mineralnye Vody 331 Rossosh 085 Chernyy Hynok 336 Bogutchar 099 Sotchi 357 Serafimovich 116 Karatchevsk 363 Kamyshin 145 Mozdok 391 Alexandrov-Gay 228 Ordjonikidze 415 Izyum 235 Groznyy 500 Podgorodnoe 260 Babusheri 519 Stalino 395 Kutaysi 523 Voroshilovgrad 472 Makhatchkala 545 Morozovsk 496 Batumi 560 Voroponovo 515 Borzhomi 579 Verkhniy Baskunchak 549 Tbilisi 601 Zaporozhie 575 Zakataly 655 Kotelnikovo 597 Kasumkent 691 Novy Ushtogan 639 Akstafa 717 Ossipenko 686 Leninakan 731 Rostov na Donu 735 Kirovabad 747 Tselina 789 Yerevan 759 Remontnoie 907 Kariaguino 824 Primorsko-Akhtarsk 936 Nakhichevan 838 Tikhoretsk 985 Lenkoran 858 Divnoie

40001 Qamishlie 40054 Safita 007 Aleppo 061 Palmyra 012 Tel Abiad 072 Aboukamal 017 Hassakah 079 Damascus 022 Lattakia 083 Nabk 030 Hama 087 Jabal Ettanf' 039 Raqqa 091 Fig 045 Deir Ezzer

40100 Beyrouth 103 Tripoli 102 Rayack 104 Merjayoun

40165 Ramat David 40191 Beersheva 180 Lad Airport 199 Eilat

40250 H4 40270 Amman 260 Ii5 310 Malan 265 Mafraq 71

ANNEX II / ANN.I!:XE 11

Annex to Resolution 3· (III-RA VI) / Annexe a 1a res{Jlution -' (HI-AI! VI)

BASIC REGIONAL NETWORK FOR UPPER-AIH OBSEHVA'l'IONS RESEAU REGIONAL DE BASE D'OBSERVATIONS EN J\IJl'rI'UDE

01001 Jan Mayen 06011 Thorshavn 02B Bjprnha 1Bo HPbenhavn/Kastrup 152 Bodp 241 ,e)r1andet 384- Oslo/Gardermoen 06260 De Bilt 415 Stavanger/Sola

06447 Ucc1e 02062 . 'Ostersund/Fr~stln 077 Stockholm{Bromma 084 G~teborg(Torslanda 06610 Payerne (s t. aeI'o 1. ) Borgholm (approx. 57°N l6°tE) 102 Klruna 07110 Brest/Gulpavas 145 Trappes 02836 SodankyUl 180 Nancy 935 Luonetjllrvl 4Bo Iqon/13ron 963 Joklolnen 510 Bordeaux/Merlgnac 645 . Ntmes 761 Ajacc1o/Call1po del Oro 03005 Lerwlck 026 Stornoway 170 Shanwell oBOOl La Coruna 322 Aughton 159 Zaragoza/Valenzuela 496 Hems by 221 Madrid/Barajas 774 Crawley 302 Palma/Son Bonet B08 Camborne 917 Aldergrove 08495 North Front

03953 Valentia Observatory 08509 LaJes (AQores) 536 Lisboa/Portela 0401B Keflavik 10035 Schleswig 184 Greifswald 04202 Thule A.B 202 Emden 220 Egedesminde Hannover 270 Narssarssuaq 338 393 Lindenberg 310 Nord Wernigerode 320 Danmarkshavn 454 486 Wahnsdorf' 3J Kap Tobin w 513 Koln/Bonn 360 Angmagssalik 739 stutt,gart/Ca.nDstadt, 866 Jl11.Inchen/R.I em 72 ANNEX II / ANNEXE II

11035 : Wien/Hohe Warte 17606 Nicosia Airfield

11518 Praha/Ruzyne 20107 Barentsburg 934 Poprad 22113 Murrnansk 165 Kanin Nos 522 Kern-Port 12105 Kosza1in 550 Arkhangelsk 336 Poznltn 802 Sortovala 374 Legionovo 26038 Tall in 425 Wroclaw 063 Leningrad (town/ville) 258 Pskov 298 Bo1ogoe 12843 Budapest/Wrinc 422 Riga 629 Kaunas 702 Kallningrad 13130 Zagreb/Maksirnir 781 Smolensk 276 Beograd (st. aero1.) 850 Minsk 334 Split/Lazarica 27037 Vologda 196 Kirov 553 Gorki 13615 Tirana 595 Kazan 612 Moscow 947 Tambov 15120 Cluj 995 Bezenchukskaia 420 Bucuresti/B~easa 33008 Brest 0::s6 Mozlr 345 Kyev 15614 Sofia (observ.) 393 Lvov 730 K~rdjali 631 Ujgorod 658 Chernovitsy 815 Klchinev 16044 Udlne 837 Odessa 080 Milano/Linate 946 Simferopo1 239 Horna/Clampino 34009 Kursk 320 Brindisi 139 Karnennaia Step 420 Messina 172 Saratov 560 Cagliari/Elmas 300 Kharkov 560 Voroponovo 731 Hostov na Donu 16596 Qrendi 858 Dlvnoie 880 Astrakhan 37018 Tuapse 16622 Thessaloniki/Mikra 054 Mirelanye Vody 716 Athinai/Heliinikon 260 Babusheri 549 Tbilisi 789 Yerevan 17030 Samsun 985 Lenkoran 062 Istaribul/G~ztepe 096 Erzurum 40007 Aleppo 130 Ankara 220 Izrnir 40100 BeyroutbjKhalde 2JW Isparta 280 Diyarbakir 40181 Beer-YaI agov 73

ANNEX III Annex to Resolution 5 (III-RA VI)

HOMOGENEITY OF AEROLOGICAL NETWORKS

A. Extracts from Document 57 (III-RA VI)

The limitation of the accuracy of temperature, relative humidity and pressure in aero logical ascents forms one of the most severe obstacles in obtaining reliable upper-air ana lyses. It is well known that the inconsistency of data increases with height, so that the analyst meets increasing difficulties in drawing charts at higher levels and it may happen ·Ghat analyses of say 50, 30 and 10 mb charts become completely illusive. This is for instance the case when light stratosferic winds are present, the variance of the geopotential is small and the noise factor, being the ratio between the instrumental error and the variance, in creases rapidly. Shortcomings of the same kind obscure the real structure of the tropopause and the level of maximum wind. Radiosonde-radiowind systems yield information on temperature, relative humidity, pres sure, wind and height (expressed in geopotential metres). The last parameter is computed by integrating the hydrostatic equation.

The ~wind system is capable of accurate wind measurements; it supplies the meteoro logist with the knowledge of elevation angle, azimuth angle and range. Until recently no microwave radar was specially designed for precise tracking of a balloon-borne target, but in recent years some new radar designs have been 'put in practice that yield very accurate angular measurements, comparable with those of optical instruments. (Decca W.F. 1 and W.F. 2 and AN GMD 2). The accuracy of the polar co-ordinaUEamounts to better than 0.10 in azimuth angle and elevation angle and better than 100 m in range. When used together with a radio sonde flight the radiosonde-radarwind system offers the same elements as the radiosonde radiowind system; it should be noted, however, that when applying this system the height can also be determined by goniometry. The system is therefore overdetermined inasmuch as one para meter, the height, may be found using two entirely different methods. At this point one may ask the question whether a study of the heights values which are obtained in two different ways may reveal some features concerning the accuracy of the sens ing elements in the radiosonde, especially at higher levels. The answer to the question is affirmative. It can be shown that the error in the radar height calculated from slant range and elevation after correction for the effect of earth curvature will not exceed 100 gpm in the whole working area, with a possible exception at low-elevation angles and great horizontal distances, where refraction of high frequency waves plays a role. If therefore the radar height and the radiosonde height show differences consi.derably in excess of 100 m, the cause of these differences lies either in the pressure element or in the temperature element, or in both. In a preliminary investigation such a comparison has been made for flights with the British radiosonde (Kew Mk II B) and the Decca windfinding radar W.F.I. at the Royal Nether lands Meteorological Institute at De Bilt. Out of 18 ascents the number of cases has been determined that the height difference exceeds 200, 500 and 1000 gpm at selected levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 km). The appropriate frequencies (in per cent~ of various differences are re ported in the table below. The figures in parentheses denote the estimated pressure error, on the assumption that this is the dominating error, which assumption, beyond doubt, is valid for the maximum values of the height difference reported in the last column. 74 ANNEX: III

Height difference (gpm) 200 500 1000 Maximum height difference height (km)

5 11% (13mb) 220 gpm (ll~mb) 10 3?J% (11mb) 350 gpm (19mb) 15 8?J% ( 3mb) 39% (16mb) 11% (16mb) 2920 gpm (50mb) 20 100% (1. 5mb) 72fo (4mb) 55% (8mb) 6160 gpm (50mb)

With these results in mind, a mathematical analysis of possible errors has shown that it is possible to reduce the errors in aerological data considerably, especially at great heights, by eliminating pressure from computations and replacing this parameter by the radar height. By using temperature, relative humidity and height, all quantities appearing in the TEMP re port may be calculated without using the pressure data. To this end a new aerological diagram has been developed (RASON), a rudimentary form of which has been applied for different objectives. The diagram is a diagram with geopoten tial and reciprocal value of temperature as abscissae. A number of tables has been prepared to replace the wellknown Bjerknes tables and the procedures to be followed permit the compu tations to be performed within a time period comparable with that of the conventional compu tations. Among other objectives the diagram has been used for a recalculation of the aerolo gical data of the 18 soundings mentioned above. It was noted that geopotential and tempera ture at standard levels and other data like pressure and temperature in the tropopause level improved definitely. The diagram has also been used during tests of an improved version of the Philips radiosonde. Further research has to be carried out in order to find out if by eliminating pressure the data of a whole network are becoming more consistent with respect to the analyses of the physical state of the atmosphere; collaboration of adjacent states is requested in sup plying relevant aerological data for this purpose.

B. Document 62 (III-RA VI)

1. Errors in the geopotential heights of isobaric surfaces determined from radiosonde observations tend to accumulate with height. Thus the higher the level of a synoptic chart, the greater are the inconsistencies between the observed winds and the gradients obtained from the geopotential heights deduced at different stations. The inconsistencies arise mainly from errors in the geopotential heights which are partly systematic and partly random. System atic errors are characteristic of the design of the radiosonde, though systematic errors may also result from differing operational techniques even with one type of instrument. Random errors are those which tend to be systematic on a particular sounding but random in their incidence from sounding to sounding at a single station. This paper describes a method of assessing both systematic and random anomalies, using only routine observations and analyses on upper-air charts.

2. Over an area, where, at a particular level, the acceleration of the air is small, the actual flow is very nearly geostrophic. In these circumstances, if the wind observations are reliable, a fairly accurate pattern of contour lines can be constructed from them. Compari son between these contour lines and the reported heights of the appropriate isobaric surface then reveals inconsistencies between the heights. Such inconsistencies can be most reliably assessed when the contours are widely spaced; contour spacing corresponding to a wind of the ANNEX III 75

order 15 kt. or less is very suitable. This occurs frequently in summer over much of Re gion VI at 100 mb, 50 mb, and even higher levels.

3~ In assigning an anomaly to the reported height of a particular station, it is necessary to relate it to a standard ascent chosen in an arbitrary manner. In mrucing their investiga tion Hawson and Caton, of whose work this is a first summary, used standard heights based on the eight radiosonde stations in the United Kingdom. These constitute a compact radio sonde and radiowind network controlled by a single authority, but the choice does not attri bute any particular quality to British ascents. It might nevertheless be mentioned that a consideration of the time variation in the local geopotential height over London derived from this standard showed a slow smooth change and a diurnal variation of less than 1 Dm.

4. Hawson and Caton applied this method on 100 mb charts over the area broadly 400-600N 100W-25°E. So far, 8B occasions at OOh, and 32 at 12h GMT all satisfying the wind criteria of paragraph 2 above, and selected from the months April, May and June 1959, have been. studied. Contour lines were constructed on each chart from all relevant wind reports and heights assigned to these contours in accordance with the mean of the values indicated for them by the eight United Kingdom stations •.The differences were then tabulated, chart by chart, between the height reported by each Continental station and the height estimated from the contours.

5. The average values of the differences at OOh and 12h were designated So and S12 respectively and the standard deviations of the differences were called Qa and Q12 respectively. So and S12 represent the systematic differences from the United Kingdom standards at OOh and 12h GMT; Qa and Q12 indicate the internal scatter (random error) of the reported heights at each station. Where the tabulations for two or more stations apparently belonged to a common population, mean values of 80 and 812 were evaluated for the group, and Qo and Q12 formed about the group mean.

6. The values of SO, 812' Qo and Q12' together with the number of comparisons made for the stations investigated, are sho,1ll in Table I. In general, 80 and 812 differ, and Q12 tends to slightly exceed Qa.

7. The accuracy of the results was assessed as follows. The probable error in the contour height reference, as derived from the mean of the eight United Kingdom stations, was estim ated as + 1 Dm. In a typical situation, with wind speeds about 15 kt., a systematic error of 10° in c~structing the direction of a streamline corresponded to an error of 1 1/2 Dm in est,imated contour height 600 miles downstream; a systematic speed error of 3 kt. involved a comparable error at the same distance cross-stream. Thus, within the area of operation3 the estimated error arising from the technique, in a single difference determination, was generally less than.:!:. 2 1/2 Dm, and the contribution of this error to the derived Q values was small in most cases. The standard error in the 8 value for a group of stations is given by Q/~N where N is the number of comparisons. This figure is less than 1/2 Dm for several groups. The difference 812-80 has been confirmed, in several cases, by comparison of the monthly mean heights at OOh and 12h GMT.

B. The values of 80 and Sl so far determined apply directly only to pru~ts of Region VI in the summer of 1959 at 100 ~. The problem arises of extending them to other seasons, other areas and other levels.

B.l To derive values for different seasons, Hawson and Caton attribute the SO~S12 difference for a particular station to the difference in solar radiation at OOh and 12h GMT. They assume that So remains constant in darkness and propose varying the 80-S12 difference with seasonal changes of solar elevation in accordance with available theoretical or practical evidence. For most stations, the summer S0-812 difference (involving a change from darkness to a solar elevation of about 60°) is less than 5 Dm, and reducing this diffe~ence in one or two ANNE){ III

seasonal steps will probably suffice to cover th~ whole year. 8.2 To derive values for stations in different areas, the authors suggest the use (after correction for differences in ~solar radiation) of 8 values determined for stations of one authority at other stations of that authority; e~g. adjusted 8 values for Danish stations to be applied to Danish stations in Greenland. Intercomparison of results from stations in the new area is desirable, and sometimes practical as a check on these extraPolations.

8.3 To assess the interstation d~fference at lower. levels, the authors presumed the 100 rob geopotential anomalies to be caused by various factors, and applied each of these separately throughout an ICAO atmosphere. By this means it. was possible to evaluate the approximate '. percentage of the 100 mb anomaly which would be contained in the 700, 500, 300 and 200 mb geopotential .determinations. These are shown in Table II. The presumptions are not exhaustive and anomalies induced by pressure.and·temperature may be of opposite sign. Thus a wide variety of percentages can be appropriate to indiVidual soundings. As·a tentative practical expedient Hawson and Caton suggest that the following percentages of thE? 100 mb anomaly be applied at analysis centres to lower levels I 500 mb 10 per cent, 300 mb 35 per cent, and 200 mb 60 per cent. If~ after application of the S value. at 100 mb as a first approximation, it is clear that random error is present on an individual sounding, the 100 rob anomaly to be ac cepted for the purpose of estimating lower level corrections should be the· difference between the reported height and the value estimated from the 100 mb analysis already obtained.

9. The figures derived from this investigation have been used experimentally in the analysis of upper-air charts at the Central Forecasting Office, Dunstable, since March 1960. This has shown them to have practical value but that a regular reassessment of the 8 values is necessary as radiosonde technique advances are made in different countries. It appears, for example, that the large 8 values found for Lisbon in 1959 no longer apply. An annual re view seems desirable.

10. The authors foresee extension to the 50 mblevel of the methods outlined and, in parti cular, that differences in the height anomalies at 100 mb and at·50 mb on an individual ascent may be utilized to assess temperature errors.

NOT E I The authors have considered. the possibility that the winds that they used to construot the oontour lines may, on average, have referred to a level above or below 100 mb (due to errors in the measurement of pressure) and may therefore have been systematioally too light or too strong. On eight oooasions at OOh, GMT however the construotion of oontour lines was extended as far as Malta where British radiosondes are used. The resultant system atio height anomaly at Malta was zero, which·indioated that any error arising from the above possibility was very small. The negative value of 812 at Malta (and Gibraltar) was thought to indicate over-·correction for solar radiation in latitude 36°N at l2h GMT. ANNEX III 77

TABLE I Intercomparison of radiosondes at 100 m. Summer 1959 Unit for S and Q geopotential decametres S +ve when observations higher than reference

OOh GMT 12h GMT Group No. of No. of No. Stations in Group compar compar- S12 isons isons

1 Eight United Kingdom reference stations 209 o 4 243 0 4 2 Gardermoen, Sola 52 +2 5 54 +6 3 Stockholm, Tors1anda 42 -2 5 44 0 5 4 Thorshaven, Copenhagen 53 -2 H- 63 -+5 5 De Bilt 26 +1 5~ 29 +8 6 Ucc1e 24 +1 4 30 +10 7 Pay erne 14 +1 4t 18 0 6 8 Brest, Trappes, Nancy, LYons, Bordeaux, AJaccio 78 +5 5 137 +10 7 9 Nimes 24 +2 5 29 +6 7 10 Chateauroux 27 +2 3 25 +4 3 11 Zaragoza 15 +4 4 13 +5 12 Lisbon 11 +10 5t 9 +22 13 Gibraltar 11 +3 3l* 15 -2 14 Schleswig, Emden, Hanover 81 +6 2t 90 +8 15 Greifswa1d, Lindenburg, Wahnsdorf 67 +5 5 79 +10 5 16 Stuttgart, Munich 56 +5 2 61 +5 3 17 Wi en 28 +1 2t 30 +2 18 Praha, Poprad 21 +10 H- 29 +11 19 Warsaw, Wroc1aw 2 -1 14 +25 5 20 Budapest 6 +4 5 2 +22 21 Udine, Milan, Rome, E1mas 54 o 4 64 +2 22 Malta 8 o 2 13 -2 23 Riga, Kaunas, Ka1ingrad, Brest, Lvov, Uzhgorod 65 +9 5t 75 +13

* ~ The non zero value of So at Gibraltar (using British radiosondes) may be due to sys~ tematic analysis errors. If so, the So values at Zaragoza and Lisbon are probably too high. 78 ANNEX III

TABLE II

Anomaly (expressed a.s pereeni age of 100 JlJb anomaly) aG a.ssumed to be due solely to I Constant l'emperature Radiation Const.ant PreSBure er temperature error chang error vary pressure ror ()hangln(~ error ing Unearly ing wIth error Ilnearly Wltll Pressure with differ 11e1ght as in djrferenee mb ence of tempe the Ed Li.sh from the rat.ure from sonde wlt.h ground level the group le solar eleva pressure vel temperature tion ~100

700 14 3 10 6 500 29 11 15 30 )0 300 5}~ 35 35 '70 '{O 200 '7l 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1.00 ---.------79

ANNEX rv Annex to Resolution 10 (III-RA VI)

MODIFICATIONS TO CHAPTER 'II, SECTION yr VOLUME B OF WMO PUBLICATION No. 9.TP.4

(1) FM 32.B - PILOT (i) Group (II)iii - Read : _ The full five-figure international index number IIiii is always used.

(ii) Use of sections and levels for reports in PILOT code form Amend text of Section 1 to read : - Section 1 includes data for levels other than those corresponding to the stand ard levels included in Sect.ion 4. The following levels are included whenever possible I either 1,000,2,000, 4,000, 10,000 metres (ih = 0-3 or 5-8)

or 900, 2,100, 4,200, 10,500 metres (ih = 4 ·or 9) Additionally, not more than two levels up to 14,000 metres may be included, as determined nationally. Above 14,000 metres, information additional to that re ported in Section 4 is given up to the top of the ascent, due attention being given to the need for strict economy in t.he number of groups used.

The control group 9999n is used (when ih = 4 or 9) for winds below 30,000 metres. A regional cont.rol group 999nn is used for reporting winds at levels of 30.000 metres or more, where nn has the same meaning as n, but with a range of values from 10 upwards.

Amend text of Section 4 to read : Section 4 is used to indicate wind data, if available, either for the levels 1,500,3,000, 5,500, 7,000, 9,OO~12,OOO, 13,500, 16,000, 18,500, 20,500, 23,500, 26,500 and 31,000 metres (ih = 0-3 or 5-8) or for the levels 1,500, 3,000, 5,400, 7,200, 9,000, 12,000, 13,500, 15,900, 18,300, 20,700, 23,700, 26,400 and 30,900 metres (i 4 or 9) (approximately the standard levels of h = 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 200, 150, 100, 70, 50, 30, 20 and 10 mb respectively). The use of this section is mandatory for available winds up to 15.900 .( or 16.000) metres, and is recommended for winds at higher standard levels. The form of Section 4 in the region is 44444 8ddff 7ddff 5ddff 4ddff 3ddff 2ddff 9ddff Iddff 99990 7ddff 5ddff 3ddff 2ddff Iddff The first eight groups (after the indicator group 44444) are the same as t.hose in the international code form, but include,in addition, the group 9ddff. The indicator 9 means that wind data for the 150 mb level follow. 99990 is a con trol group indicating that groups that follow refer to levels above 100 mb, i.e. 70, 50, 30, 20 and 10 mb. Amend text of Section 5 (paragraphs 1 and 2) : Section 5 is mandatory in the region, and is used to report wind speed maxima greater than 30 metres per second (60 knots) occurring at levels above 500 mb (approximately 5,400 metres). 80 ANNEx: IV

jn in the group JnYJIJIm indicate:o; the thickness of the layer over which the maximum wind is determined, and the character of the maximum. The note to Section 5 remains unchanged.

(2) FM 35.B - TEMP

Delete I Sentions 1, 2 and 3 in tot.o.

Insert I (:1.1) TEMP reports should be transmitted in two parts, the first cont.aining a complete TEMP report up to the 100 mb level inclusive, the second pa!'t containing all data above 100 mb, as available, according to the bursting level of the balloon.

(iii) Sequence of sections

Part 1 - Sections 1, 10, 11, 2, 3, 6 (aerometeorograph soundings only) i1l1rl 9 Part 2 - Sections 1, 2, 3, 10

(tv) Use of sections - Section 1 (Part 1) The inclusion of Section 1 (Part 1) is mandatory within the region.

Surface data are not transmitted in this section, so that the groups 99PoPoPo ToToTdoTdoTxoare not used. Data are transmitted for standard levels 1,000, 850, 700, 500, lroo, 300, 200, 150 and 100 mb. Wind information for standard levels, as far as available, is always included in Section 1 (Part 1) - Section 1 (Part 2) Section 1 (Part 2) should contain available data for standard levels 70, 50, 30, 20 and 10 mb, Wind information for standard levels, as far as available, is always included in Bart 2 of Section 1. - Section 2 and Section 3 The inclusion of Sections 2 and 3 is mandatory in Part 1, and recommended in Part 2 of TEMP reports. Section 2 is used to transmit information concerning pressure, temperature and humidity for the surface and for significant points regarding temperature and/ or humidity. In addition, data for the 250 mb level should be included in this section. If humidity data are not available, TdnTdn is coded xx. nln ." •••• nnnn is recommended for use throughout the region instead of hlh ••• l l hnhn, but the use of nnnn is not mandatory. An exception is made for the 250 mb level, where hnhu is always used. Section 3 is used, in the event of no humidity data being available, to trans mit information concerning pressure and temper'ature for significant point" In so far as concerns temperature. Sufficient information should be included in Sections 2 and 3 to enable ANNEX IV 81

aerological diagrams to be plotted without recourse to Section 1 (see Note (7) of the International Code).

The following rules apply to the reporting of wind I Wind data are not reported in Section 2. Wind data are not reported in that part of Section 3 giving temperature data. Wind data are given at the end of Section 3 in the form PPPXX Oddff after a repetition of the indicator group 66666.

Winds to be reported in Part 1 messages are 1 Surface wind, wind for 900 or 1,000 metres above the surface, Boo, 600 and 250 mb, and significant winds. Significant levels will be chosen so that, to gether with the other winds reported in the TEMP message, a satisfactory hodo graph can be constructed. The wind for 900 or 1,000 metres is used to calculate shear winds. The surface wind and the .wind for 900 or 1,000 metres must be re ported first, and in that order.

Winds to be reported in Part 2 messages I Significant winds may be included in Section 3 (Part 2) to supplement the winds reported in Section 1 (Part 2).

Insert I - Section 9 The use of Section 9 is recommended in the region.

Amend I - Section 11 The use of Section 11 is mandatory within the region. Tropopause data are to be reported in the form lli22 HtHtPtPtPt TpTpTdpTdpSt

Delete I Final paragraph beginning - TEMP reports ••••••

(3) After FM 36.B - TEMP SHIP, insert g FM 37.B - MESRAN (i) TIle use of Sections I, 2 and 3 is mandatory.

(4) Regional code form for special purposes - PIBAR

Amend first line of the code form to read I prBAR (999II) iHGG 8ddff 7ddff 5ddff 4ddff 3ddff 2ddff 9ddff Iddff 99990 7ddff 5ddff 3ddff 2ddff Iddff Amend note (2) to read : (2) The indicators 8, 7, 5, 4, 3. 2, 9, I, of the groups precedihg the control group 99990 mean that wind data for the standard levels 850, 700, 500, 400, 300. 200, 150 and 100 mb follow. The indicators 7, 5, 3, 2, 1 of the 82 ANNEX IV

groups following thecontrol·group 99990 mean that wind data for·the standard level;'i 70, 50, 30, 20 and 10 mb follow.·

(5) -Symbolic letters and. remarks as to the methods of coding

Insert in the list I Amount of cloud in oktas .capable of eliminating sunshine at the ground (9-group in·FM II.A and FM 21.A) Condensation traHs. (Code 656) (9-group in FM U.A and FM 21.A) nn The number of tens to be added to H in the groups which follow. (Regional U$e of FM 32.B, FM 33.B) nil is used in the same way as n in the international code. Vm Visibility less than 100 metres. (Code 686) (9-group in FM 11.A and FM 21.A)

Amend to read I

I n Thickness of the layer ov-er which the maximum wind is determinecl and the ·character of the maximum. (Code 649) (Section 5 of FM 32.B and FM 33.B, Section 10 of FM 35.B and FM 36.B)

(6) Specifications of code figures

a. Numberillg system of regional meteorological code tables - insert in the list I ------~------~------6~6 Nt and 686 Vm

b. Code tables Code 622 - Amend to read :

Code 622 I Al - Phenomena seen or heard in direction Da Code figure· o CL- and CM-clouds exclusively or nearly exclusively In. that half of the sky designated by Da 1 Aurora borealis· 2 Cirrus and Cirrostratus pl'ogressively invading the sky from direction Da 3 Smoke of veld or forest fires 4 Fog in sight 5 Altostratus progress1vely invading the sky from d:l.rection Da 6 Altocumulus castellanus near the horizon in direction Da 7 Cumulonimbus in direct;ion Da 8 Thunder 9 Lightning ANNEX IV 83

Code 649 ~ Amend to read I

Code 649 I In - Thickness of the layer over which the maximum wind is determined. and the character of the maxinrum Code figure 1 0 to 149 metres 2 150 to 249 metres ,3 250 to 349 metres Wind speed at level HmHmHmHm is 4 350 to 449 metres higher than that observed immediately 5 450 to 549 metres above and below that level (true maxinrum) 6 550 to 649 metres 7 650 to 749 metres 8 750 to 849 metres 9 850 metres or more o Altitude HmHffiHmHm corresponds to the level at the end of the sounding when the wind speed at that level is the highest observed during the entire sounding

Insert the new code 656 I

Code 656 I Nt - Condensation trails Code figure 5 Non-persistent condensation trail 6 PersiStent condensation trails covering less than 1/8 of the sky 7 Persistent condensation trails covering 1/8 of the sky 8, Persistent condensation trails covering 2/8 of the sky ' ...", . 9 Persistent condensation trails covering 3/8 or more of the sky

Code 668 I'

Decade 40- 49 I Insolation and clouds --~------Insert I 942 Nt ~w Condensation trails

Replace 943 htht by I 943 HTH' Altitude of the upper surface of clouds

Add the following note I If 943 H'H' is preceded by a group 992 DaA. H'H' indicates the altitude of the upper surface of clouds in the group 992. If the group 993 H'H' is not preceded by a group 992 DaA. H'H' 'indicates the altitude either of the tops of the lowest clouds or of the surface of the lowest cloud cover.

Insert I 9482 Nd Amount Qf cloud capable of eliminating sunshine at the ground. 84 ANNli!X IV

Decade ~ - 99 , Infol'maUon amplifying present weather or past weathel' ---~------Y·------______Insert a

9CJ(5 Vm Vl~ib.ulty less than 100 metres.

Insert the new code 686 Code 686 a Vm - Visibil:l.ty less than 100 metres Code figure lJ Visibility 0 - 9 metres 1 Visibllity io - 19 metres 2 Visibility 20 - 29 metres 3 Visibility 30 - 39 metres 4 Visibili ty 40 - 49 metres 5 Visibility 50 - 59 metres 6 Visibili ty 60 -69 metres 7 Visibility 70 - 79 metres 8 Visib:l.li ty 80 - 89 metres 9 Visibility 90 - 99 metres · 85

ANNEX V / ANNEXE V Annex to Resolution 11~ (III-RA VI) / Annexe a la resolution 14 (III-AR VI)

LIST OF STATIONS OF vlHICH DATA SHOUID BE INCLUDED IN THE INTER-REGIONAL TRANSMISSIONS FROM REGION IV TO REGION VI LISTE DES STATIONS DONT LES DONNEES DEVRAIENT ETRE INSEREES DANS LEiS EMISSIONS DE LA REGION IV VERS LA REGION VI

1. Index numbers of stations whose synoptic reports (surface observations) should be in cluded in the transmissions by radioteleprinter at 0000, 0300, 0600, 09)0, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100 GMT (from Region IV to Region VI) Indicatifs des stations dont 1es messages s~~optiques (observations en surface) de vraient ~tre inseres d~ns les emissions par radiote1eimprimeur aux heures 0000, 0300, 0600, 09)0, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100 TMG (de la Region IV vers 1a Region VI)

72: 201, 202, 206, 208, 211, 217, 220, 222, 226, 235, 240, 248, 253, 259, 270, 304, 308, 317, 326, 327, 340, 344, 353. 363, 365, 405, 408, 410, 414. 1~23, 438, 445, 451, 469, 503, 506, 509, 518, 519, 520, 524, 528, 532, 533, 534, 537, 553, 562, 600, 601, 603,606, 617, 623. 627, 630, 635, 639, 645, 662, 677, 705, 707, 709, 712, 722, 734, 735, 738, 753, Sol, 803, 807, 811. 813, 814, 815, 816, 818, 826, 828, 836, 842, 848, 852, 867, 900, 903, 905, 906, 907, 9)8, 912, 913. 915, 916, 920, 926

2. Index numbers of stations whose synoptic reports (surface observations) should be in cluded in the transmissions by radioteleprinter at 0000, 0600, 1200, 1800 GMT (from Region IV to Region VI) Indicatifs des stations dont les messages synoptiques (observations en surface) de vraient gtre inseres dans les e~tssions par radioteleimprimeur aux heures 0000, 0600, 1200, 1800 TMG (de 1a Region IV vers la Region VI)

70 I 026, 086, 121, 133, 200, 218, 219, 222, 231, 261, 273, 308, 316, 326, 350, 360. 361, 381, 398, 454 72 218, 219, 232, 242, 250, 251, 265, 266, 267, 268, 274, 278, 29), 306, 310, 324, 334. 386. 394, 401, 406, 407. 413, 429, 432, 434, 440, 458, 464, 465, 476, 486. 488, 494, 505, 508, 511, 515, 51~6, 547, 564, 572, 576, 578. 583, 597, 602, 60lj., 608, 609, 618, 622, 624. 625, 628, 629, 651, 654, 655, 681, 693. 706, 711, 717, 718, 725, 726, 731, 739, 743, 745, 747, 749, 764, 767, 768, 773, 775, 777, 785, 793, 798, 800, 804, 806, 809, 817, 820, 831, 840, 841, 850, 860, 863, 869, 870. 872, 877, 879, 891, 892, 896. 897, 898, 904, 9)9, 917, 918, 924, 932, 934, 936, 937, 938, 945, 946, 949, 953, 964, 966 74 043, 051, 072, 074, 082, 090, 098, 109, 181, 185 76 160, 225, 255. 382, lW5, 4·58 78 016 78 073, 095, 119 78 325, 355, 367 78 383, 397 78 439 86 .. ANNEX V / .ANNExE v

78 , 486 78 , 501. 526 .78.1 .. 584

·.18 I 730, 745

78 1 806 78, 894, 8CJ7

78 I 925 .78 954, 956,. CJ70 78, 982,988 80 001,022, 028, 062,091, 110, 210, .222, 259 (observations at/a. 1200, ·i800 and/et 2200 GMT/TMG. 8o, 400, 401.· 402, 403', 404, 405, 406, 407, 408·, 409, 410, 411, 412,413. 414 (obser v~tions at/a. 0000, 1200.and/et 1800 GMT/TMG 91 066. 155, 165. l82,_ 190, 245, 275. 285

91 I 700, 901 04·, 202, 220, 'Z{Q, 310, 32O, )4:0, 360 Reports from ocean weather stations : A, 13,· C.,D, -E . Messl.l,ges de stations .met9orologiques· oceaniques , A,. B, C j D; E . '. . Reports·1'rom Arctic ice f'loe station Bravo . Messages provemant de la· stat:\, on sur ·f'loe Brav.o, ocean Arctique Reports from ships in the-North Atlantlc, Caribbean-and Gulf of Mexico . Messagesprovenaritdenavires d.ans· l'Atlantique Nord,la mer des Cara!bes £it Ie golfe duMexique· . . Reports avaUa:bleat $an Juan from co~erCial vessels in the Atlantic and; Ca~ibbean. Messages disponibles a. San JUan proven~t de naviresmarchands·dans I t Atlantique et . la mer des Cara!bes· ...... Reports available at. Pointe-a.-Pi tre, .·Guadeloupe from the· At).aritic· Messages disponibles ~Pointe..a":Pitre, Guadeloupe, en provenance de l'A,tla:ntique . . . - ." . Oc~im station vessei Victor,' plus.avaUablereport~ from commeroial vel;isels NaY-ire ;station oceanique victor,et messagesdisponibles en provenance de navires marchands···· .. .

. . -- 3. Index numbers of stations whose synoptic reports (surfa.ce observations) ·should be in ciuded in the transmissions·by radioteleprinter at 0000 and 1200 GMr. (from Region IV to Region VI)·· .. Indicatifs desstatlonsdont les .messages syrioptiques (obse:t'~ations en sU:rface) de ... vraient fJtre inseres dans leseinissions par r~dioteIelmprimeur auxheures 0000 et 1200 TMG (de La Region IV vel'S la Region VI)· .

72 J 280, 374, 895. 910, 914, 923, 925, 94°, 965, 968 648, 679, 692, 695. 741, 805, 76 I 050, 151, 342, 412, 499, 548. 556,.·573, 581, 644, 833, 903

78 I 663 ANNElC V / ANNEXE v 87

7B I 741 7B 762

7B I 866 Bo : 308, 336 81 : 002

Bl I 225 81 : 405 Ships' reports from the Eastern Pacific Ocean Messages provenant de navires dans l'Ocean Pacifique oriental

4. Index numbers of stations whose synoptic reports (surface observations) should be in cluded in the transmissions by radioteleprinter at 0300, 0900, 1500, 2100 GMT (from Region IV to Region VI) Indicatifs des stations dont les messages synoptiques (observations en surface) de vraient @tre inseres dans les emissions par radioteleimprimeur aux heures 0300, 0900, 1500, et 2100 '!MG. (de 1a Region IV vel'S la Region VI)

72: 204, 312. 425. 446. 512, 513, 714, 810

5. Index numbers of stations whose synoptic reports (surface observations) should be in cluded in the transmissions by radioteleprinter at 1800 GMT (from Region IV to Region VI) Indicatifs des stations dont les messages synoptiques (observations en surface) de vraient @tre inseres dans les emissions par radioteleimprimeur a l'heure 1800 TMG (de 1a Region IV vel'S la Region VI)

76 : 050, 342, 412, 499. 548, 556. 573, 644, 648, 679, 692, 695, 741, 903

6. Index numbers of stations whose upper-air reports (TEMP) should be included in the transmissions by radiote1eprinter at 0000 and 1200 GMT (from Region IV to Region VI) Indicatifs des stations dont les messages aerologiques (TEMP) devraient @tre inseres dans 1es emissions par radiote1eimprimeur aux heures 0000 et 1200 TMG (de la Region .IV vel'S la Region VI)

70 I 026. 086, 133, 200, 219, 231, 261, 273, 308, 316, 326, 350, 361, 398, 454 72 : 202. 206, 208, 211, 221, 226, 232, 235, 240. 248, 250, 251. 253, 259, 265. 270, 274, 290, 304, 308, 311, 317, 327, 340, 353, 363, 365, 386, 392, 405, 429, 445, 451, 456, 469. 476, 486. 493. 506. 518, 520, 528, 532, 553, 562, 572, 576, 583. 597. 600, 606.637. 645, 655 .. 662. 681. 694, 712. 722, 734. 747, 764, 768. 775. 785. 793, 798, 807. 811, 815, 816, 826, 836, 848, 867, 879. 896, 906. 907. 909, 913, 915, 917, 924, 926, 934, 938, 945, 964, 968 74 : 043, 051, 072, 074, 081, 082, 090, 109, 486 76 : 458, 644. 679, 692 78 016 78 : 063, 076, 089, 118

78 I 325, 355, 367 88 ANNEx V / ANNEXE V

78 I 383, 3'17

78 I 467

78 I 501, 526

78 I 806

78 I 8'17

78 I 967, '170

78 I 988

80 I 001

80 I 401

81 I 401, 405 (observations at/a 0000 GMT/TMG)

91 I 066, 165, 245, 275, 285

91 I 700 Reports from Arctic ice floe station Bravo Messages provenant de la station sur floe Bravo, ocean Arctique

Ocean weather stations I A, B, C, D, E Stations meteorologiques oceaniques I A, B, C, D, E Ocean station vessel Victor Navire station oceanique Victor Commercial and military ship observations Observations de navires marchands et de navires de guerre

7. "Index numbers of stations whose upper-air reports (PILOT) should be included in the transmissions by radioteleprinter at 0000, 0600, 1200, 1800 GMT (from Region IV to Region VI) Indicatifs des stations dont les messages aerologiques (PILOT) devraient ~tre inseres dans les emissions par radioteleimprimeur aux heures 0000, 0600, 1200 et 1800 TMG (de la Region IV vers la Region VI)

72 : 202, 206, 208, 211, 231. 232, 250, 265, 270, 290, 304, 311. 317, 326, 327, 340, 353, 405. 414, 438, 476. 493, 506, 518, 528, 553. 576. 600. 601. 627. 645, 655. 707. 712, 734, 747, 764, 775, 798, 803, 807, 811, 815, 816, 826. 831, 836, 848, 852, 906, 907. 909. 913. 915, 917, 945, 968

74 I 486

78 I 016

78 I 457. 486

78 I 526 Ocean weather stations: A, B. C, D, E Stations mete orologiques oceaniques I A, B, C, D, E

8. Index numbers of stations whose upper-air reports (PILOT) should be included in the transmissions by radioteleprinter at 0000 and 1200 GMT (from Region IV to Region VI) ANNElC V / ANNEXE V 89

8. (continued / sUite)

Indicatifs des stations dont les messages aerologiques (PILOT) devraient ~tre inseres dans les emissions par radioteleimprimeur aux heures 0000 et 1200 TMG (de la Region IV vers la Region VI)

78 z 063. 076. 089. u8 78 , 467 78 , 866 78 , 897

78 I 988 ANNEX TI / ANNEXE TI Annex to Resolution 22 (III-RA VI) / Annexe a la resolution 22 (III-AR VI)

NETWORK OF CLIMAT AND CLIMAT TEMP STATIONS IN REG~WN VI RESEAU DES STATIONS CLIMAT ET CLIMAT TEMP DANS LA REGION VI

PART A

Regional Network of Stations Reporting CLIMAT

Reseau regional des stations transmettant les donnees CLIMAT

01001 03162 '06447 08358 11903 005 334 390 934 030 377 488 098 697 06589 152 775 12150 241 08506 195 827 512 258 917 06660 205 316 680 536 250 545 384 705 295 415 03953 770 330 492 962 10035 375 969 147 425 976 07021 170 550 02051 980 llO 185 565 056 150 203 585 058 190 338 695 062 04018 222 361 073 030 255 393 077 063 280 454 12772 084 082 435 486 815 087 480 513 840 090 510 554 880 121 04210 630 578 942 153 220 650 637 980 250 690 672 340 747 738 02836 360 866 13127 897 390 275 911 08001 11035 333 935 023 120 352 963 06011 141 146 462 972 030 159 150 483 974 180 161 ?"71. 199 180 221 11406 15085 03005 302 5-1& 090 026 06260 314 723 120 091 330 782 260 ANNEX VI / ANNEXE VI 91

15360 16560 17096 26038 37549 420 112 063 985 552 130 477 614 16597 170 629 190 850 40007 196 045 16080 16602 200 079 090 641 220 27037 100 648 240 196 llO 705 244 595 40100 158 716 280 612 102 190 721 300 103 230 724 350 239 754 33345 289 393 40180 320 17606 837 199 330 17030 946 420 040 428 050 22113 40270 460 062 550 34172 520 090 300 731 880

PART B

Regional Network of Stations Reporting CLIMAT TEMP Reseau regi6nal des stations transmettant les donnees CLIMAT TEMP

01001 03774 06260 10035 12330 005 917 202 374 030 338 425 152 06447 513 241 03953 739 384 866 12843 415 06610 04018 10184 13130 02062 07110 393 276 077 04202 480 454 334 084 220 510 486 270 310 15120 420 028)6 320 08001 11035 935 340 159 963 . 360 221 15614 302 11518 16044 03005 06011 08509 934 080 180 536 239 92 ANNEX VI / ANNEXE VI

16320 17062 26063 33393 ·40007 420 130 629 837 560 220 850 280 27037 40100 350 595 34172 16596 612 300 731 40181 622 22113 880 550 17030 33345 37549

----- 93

ANNEX VII

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED PRIOR TO THE THIRD SESSION AND MAINTAINED IN FORCE

Annex to Resolution 30 (III-RA VI)

Res. 3 (II-RA VI) - RADIOACTIVITY OF PRECIPITATION AND OF THE ATMOSPHERE

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

CONSIDERING that observations of the radioactivity of precipitation and of the atmosphere are of practical and scientific interest to Members, although these obser vations may not be directly used in the activities of all their meteorological ser vicesl

DECIDES,

(1) To invite Members to arrange for their meteorological services to parti~ cipate. as far as possible, in the maldng of observations of the radioactivity of pre cipitation and of the atmosphere;

(2) That the interests of public health organizations be taken into account when .arranging for these observations to be madeJ

(3) That close co-operation between the meteorological services and other organizations interested in radioactivity be encouraged.

Res. 18 (II-RA VI) - REPORTS FROM FISHING VESSELS NORTH OF 600 N

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING that the International Civil Aviation Organiza"t;ion has requested the World Meteorological Organization to continue efforts to improve the coverage of ships' reports over the North Atlantio and. in partioular, to arrange for meteorolo gical reports from fishing vessels operating north of 600 N to be inoluded in the synoptio exchanges, in order that they may be utilized by the main meteorological offices providing service for North Atlantic flights}

DECIDES to invite Members in Region VI who have fishing or other vessels op erating in northern waters (e.g. north of latitude 60oN) to encourage masters to make and report meteorological observations at any or all of the synoptic hours.

Cf. Reoommendation 4, paragraph (b). third North Atlantic Regional Air Navigation meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization.

Res. 25 (II-RA VI) - INFORMATION FROM THE NORTH PACIFIC AND FAR EAST AREAS THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE, CONSIDERING, (1) That several Members of Regional Association VI are preparing northern hemispheric analysesJ 94 ANNEX VII

(2) That at present the reception of meteorological data from the North Pacific and Far East areas is unreliable and cannot always be received from the continental broadcasts of Regional Association III

DECIDES to request Regional Association IV to include ~ata·from the North Pacific and Far East areas as suggested in the annex in the existing RTT New York - Santa Maria Paris transmissions and in the ltlSY RTT broadcasts.

ANNEX

A. MESRAN data and surface synoptic reports of land stations and ocean weather stations are required from approximately 40 stations. The data are required at the standard times for MESRAN data and at 0000 and 1200 GMT for surface synoptic reports. The ocean weather station reports. are considered of primary importance. B. In addition, a selection of approximately 50 well-distributed merchant ships reports should be provided at 0000 and 1200 GMT from ocean areas where other data are not available. C. If there are no transmission difficulties, the inclusion of reports from me teorological reconnaissance flights made in the North Pacific area is desir able. D. A suggested list of reporting stations from which MESRAN data and'surface syn optic reports are required is given below I

Ocean weather stations: N, P, V, T

Block 91 t 066, 115. 131, 165, 218, 245, 250, 266, 275, 285. 334, 348, 356 (376), 413 (408), 610

Block 98 I 327, 836

Block 47 : 401 (412), 582 (590), 600, 646, 808, 827,' 931, 963

Block 45 I 004

Block 46

Block 48 I 327, 455. 568, 820, 900

Block 25 I 399, 954 (913)

Block 32

E. The reports mentioned in A, B, C and D above should be accorded a lower prior~ ity than the reports shown in the current schedules.

NOTE: Stations included in parentheses are alternatives.

Res. 49 (57 -RA VI) - TRANSMISSION OF "CJJIMAT" REPORTS THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE, NOTING Resolution 15 (II-RA VI)J ANNEX VII 95

CONSIDERING,

(a) That the collecting work at major re-transmission centres would be greatly helped if CLIMAT reports were transmitted on the same day; (b) That the words "should be transmitted on week-days only" are not fully under stood in some countries;

DECIDES.

(1). That CLIMAT reports should not be transmitted on Sundays)

(2) That CLIMAT reports should be transmitted on the fourth day of each montll unless it is a SundaYJ in this case CLIMAT reports should be transmitted on the fifth day of the month}

(3) That CLIMAT reports should be transmitted between the times (HH-60) and (HH+20);

(4) That CLIMAT reports should be repeated in the same transmissionj

(5) That "NIL" should be transmitted whenever a CLIMAT report is not available at the scheduled time;

(6) To cancel Resolution 15 (II-RA VI).

NOTE z The USSR will always broadcast CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reports on the fifth day of each month.

Res. 50 (57-RA VI) - FILING AND TRANSMISSION TIMES FOR UPPER-AIR DATA

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NarING Resolution 28 (II-RA VI) J

CONSIDERING that certain parts of this resolution are now obsolete due to sub sequent developmentJ

DECIDES,

(1) That the TEMP reports should be divided and transmitted in two parts. the first part containing a complete TEMP report up to the 100 mb level inclusive, the second part containing all data above 100mb, as available, according to the level of bursting of the balloon;

(2) That the filing time for the first part of the report should be not later than two hours after the time of launching of the balloon, and the transmitting time as close as possible after the filing timeJ

(3) That the transmitting time of the second part of the report shall, in territorial transmissions, be as soon as practicable after the time of bursting of the balloonJ

(4) That the data of the second part shall be transmitted in collective broad casts as soon as practicable; ANNEX VII

(5) That every effort shall be made to reduce the interval between the launch ing time and filing time of the first part of the reportJ

(6) That, if necessary, national centres shall rearrange their territorial transmissions in accordance with the decisions above and that the-schedules of the collective broadca.sts shall be adjusted to the adjusted times of the .territorial trans missions}

(7) That if certain difficulties are encountered in the adjustment of the schedules, these difficulties shall be communicated to the president of Regional Asso ciation VI for study by the Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions·~

(8) To cancel Resolution 28 (II-RA VI).

NOTE The filing time is the time at which the report is delivered to the communicator.

Res. 54 (58-RA VI) - BROADCASTS OF BASIC METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION BY RADIO-TELETYPEWRITER

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

DECIDES,

(1) To arrange, as a matter of urgency, for the implementation of I

(a) A continental radio-teletypewriter broadcast which could be received in Region VI and in the Mediterranean basin, and Which would ensure the dissemination of surface and upper-air observations and analyses, covering the whole of Region VI, the eastern part of the North Atlantic and the coastal areas of North Africa, and providing for a good geographical distribution. The upper-air in formation shOUld be presented in the form of summaries o£ upper-air reports;

(b) Subcontinental radio-teletype'l',riter broadcasts on a time-sharing basis for the dis'semination of a denser network of surface and upper-air observations and additional information as required in the region;

(2) That a detailed plan of radio-teletypewriter broadcasts (continental, sub continental and special) should be established as soon as possible by its Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions along the following basic lines I

(a) The volume o~ basic information contained in the continental and special broad casts should be determined taking into account the lists established by the Joint ICAO/WMO Meeting with respect to the number of stations in each country and to each category of informatidnj

(b) The broadcast plan should ensure the grouping of broadcasts in accordance with paragraph (1) above (Annex I illustrates the structure of such a grouping);

(c) The implementation of the established plan could be progressive, and start as soon as arrangements could be made by the Members responsible for the broad casts, and by the Members transmitting their data to the responsible broadcast ing centre, but it should be completed by the end of 1960; ANNEX VII 97

(3) That Members of RA VI be notified eighteen months in advance of the dis continuation of the continental and subcontinental Morse broadcastJ*

(4) That the attention of the Members responsible for the transmission and of those concerned with the reception be drawn to the selection of frequencies that would ensure good reception in the entire Region VI, and, in particular, to the desirability of using low frequencies;

(5) That, in conjunction with the above plan, its Working Group on Meteorolo gical Transmissions prepare, in consultation with the centres concerned, a plan of radio-teletypewriter centres and circuits (existing, planned or suggested) in order to provide for the collection of synoptic data to be broadcast by the Rome centre, with a minimum number of receptions.

* The Federal Republic of Germany informed the meeting that the change of the special DDF Morse broadcast to RTT would probably be effected by 1 December 1958.

ANNEX I

GROUPING OF CONTINENTAL AND SUBCONTINENTAL RADIO-TELETYPEWRITER BROADCASTS 1. Continental radio-teletypewriter broadcasts by London.

2. Special radIo-teletypewriter broadcast by Frankfurt.

3. Subcontinental radio-teletypewriter broadcasts by London, Moscow, Rome and Paris scheduled so as to ensure their reception with a minimum of receiving equipment.

COMMENTS OF JOINT SESSION RELATING TO RESOLUTION 54 (58-RA VI)

1. In view of the urgent need to achieve a speed of transmission adequate to meet the ever-increasing requirements in Region VI for the exchange of basic-meteorological information, the meeting considered that the use of radio-teletypewriter system of transmission and reception would at present ensure greater speed than the use of the present Morse system as well as a saving in personnel.

2. It recognized that in the near future the Members of the region responsible for the continental, subcontinental and special broadcasts might make these broadcasts by radio-teletypewriter instead of Morse, and that several Members had already avail able or could secure in the very near future radio-teletypewriter receiving equipment. It however considered it necessary to reduce to a minimum the equipment required for the reception of basic meteorological data in the region.

3. It considered that the radio-teletypewriter broadcasts should be received in the entire Region VI and that, in this connexion, the attention of the Members respon sible for the dissemination should be drawn to the desirability of using low frequen cies.

4. Finally, it noted that difficulties were encountered in the exchange of basic meteorological data between the 'various centres of the Mediterranean basin, parti~ular ly in the Eastern Mediterranean, and that a review should be made of the various links with a view to remov.e these difficulties.

5. It noted Resolution 16 (II-RA VI), Recon~endation 35 (CSM-II) and paragraph 6.1.1.10 of the WMO Technical Regulations. ANNEX VII

Res. 66 (60-RA VI) - FUTURE POSITION OF SPECIAL WORKING GROUP ON THE EXCHANGE OF BASIC METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION BETWEEN REGIONS IV AND VI AND ACTION WITH ICAO REGARDING CABLE

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Resolution 57 (58-RA VI)J

(2) Recommendation 1 of the Special Working Group on the Exchange of Basic Meteorological Information between Regions IV and VIl

CONSIDERING,

(1) The needs in Region VI for rapid and regular reception of meteorological data from Region IV;

(2) That there is an expectation ofa rapid and significant improvement of the functioning of the RTT circuit New York - Santa Maria - Paris, the results of which should be examined at an appropriate time; and

(3) That there are uncertainties involved in respect of the future traffic load and priority requirements;

REQUESTS,

(1) The president of RA VI to take appropriate steps to reconstitute and reconvene the special working group, not later than 1 October 1961, to review the situation in the light of the experience gained with the improved circuit and in the light of available information on.traffic and priority requirements in particular re lating to meteorological service for jet operations between and over North America and Europe;

(2) The president of RA VI to take, in consultation with the president of RA IV, urgent action that ICAO be informed by WMO as follows :

(a) That if planned technical improvements of the functioning of the existing RTT exchange of basic meteorological information between Regions VI and IV do not materialize, or if the extent of anticipated increases of traffic load requires use of additional circuits, the use of sub-marine cable may become necessarYJ

(b) That, if so, it is the view of the WMO Regions IV and VI that the ICAO North Atlantic sub-marine cable seems to be at this stage the preferred cable for the above exchange;

(d,) That ICAO should study the possibilities of reserving one of the teletype cir cuits available under the ICAO-LEASE in the ICAO NAT Atlantic sub-marine cable system for future exchanges of operational and basic meteorological information until the review of the exchange requirements referred to in paragraph (c) has shown whether sub-marine cable is necessary or not; ANNEX VII 99

(3) That the presidents of RA IV and RA VI call the attention of Members con cerned with the allocation of the ICAO teletype channels to WMO interests indicated under (2).

Res. 67 (60-RA VI) - INTERIM ARRANGEMENTS FOR RELAY OF INFORMATION RECEIVED OVER THE UK-CANADA CABLE TO OTHER METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES IN REGION VI

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOE EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Recommendation 2 of the Special Working Group on the Exchange of Basic M~teorological Information between Regions IV and VI;

(2) The existence of the UK-CANADA bilateral cable arrangement;

CONSIDERING,

(1) That the effect of present RTT circuit difficulties under adverse propaga tion conditions is more serious for some services than for others;

(2) That those services experiencing more serious difficulties consider that these difficulties could be substantially decreased if the information received over the UK-Canada cable could be relayed to them temporarily pending regional agreement on one exchange system considered more satisfactory to all Memberss

(3) That such arrangement could be effected through bilateral negotiations between the services concerned and the United Kingdom;

(4) That interim changes in the IMTNE would be acceptable pro¥ided that the dissemination on the IMTNE of meteorological information to other services was not affected;

(5) That all financial problems related to the interim relay within Region VI of information received over the UK-Canada cable would be matters to be resolved between the services concerned;

REQUESTS the president of RA VI to invite the United Kingdom to consider favourably, as an interim arrangement by bilateral agreements, the relay of the infor mation received over the UK-Canada cable to other meteorological services in Region VI requesting the information.

Res. 68 (60-RA VI)' - EXISTING NEEDS IN REGION VI OF DATA FROM REGION I

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Paragraph 6.3.1.2 of the Technical RegulationsJ

(2) Resolution 14 (II-RA I);

(3) Recommendations 35 and 38 (CSM-II); 100 ANNEX VII

CONSIDERING,

(1) That the existing means of transmission, point-to-point links and broad casts, do not ensure reliable reception and regularity of data from Region I, which are essential for Region VI, both for its own requirements and for the planned and existing northern hemisphere exchanges;

(2) That precise needs have been expressed with a view to the setting up of a transmission which would include an appropriate choice of stations from a large part of Region I (at least as far south as lOON);

(3) That the improvements expected as a consequence of the Cairo-Rome RTT pro ject and of the possibilities·of collecting data from the NW part of Africa via AlgierS and then Paris, cannot constitute a satisfactory solution for all the meteorological s·ervices of Region VI (in particular for those which are not connected to IMI'NEh

(4) That it does not appear that·· a satisfactory solution can be obtained sim ply by polnt-to-point links;

(5) That the solution of the continental broadcast.with individual point-to point links is considered the best from the RA VI point of view;

(6) That the needs of regular reception in Region VI of sufficient data from Region I, at all synoptic hours, are becoming increasingly urgent for the adequate meteorological protection of flights into Africa;

DECIDES that the president . of RA VI should inform the president of RA I that, .in order to meet the requirements of Region VI, it would be essential that I

. (1) The problem of the introduction of one (or two) continental broadcast(s) be examined with the utmost urgency by Region I, so that steps be taken to put this. measure into effect as soon as possible;

(2) RTT should be used as soon as possible for subcontinental and continental broadcasts from Region I.

Res. 69 (60-RA VI) - EXISTING NEEDS IN REGION VI FOR DATA FROM REGION II

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE,

NOTING,

(1) Recommendation 15 (I-52) of RA VI; Recommendation 32 (53-RA VI); Recommendation 4 (II-RA VI); Recommendation 38 (CSM-I); and Recommendations35 and 38 (CSM-II);

(2) Paragraph 6.3.1.2 of the Technical Regulations}

CONSIDERING, (1) That the regular reception of data from Region II is becoming increasingly essential to Region VI; ANNEX VII 101

(2) That hemispheric exchanges recommended by the second session of the Com mission for Synoptic Meteorology, also necessitate a regular exchange of data between regions I

"(3) That considerable difficulties are experienced at present by Region VI in obtaining data from Region II;

DECIDES that the president of RA VI should inform the president of RA II that in order to meet the urgent requirements of Region VI it is essential that ,

(1) The centres of New Delhi and Tokyo carry out continental broadcasts as soon as possiblel

(2) Region II set up a third centre for continental transmissions which can be received throughout Region VI;

(3) The planned Teheran subcont~ental transmission should be implemented as soon as possible;

(4) Pending the introduction of continental transmissions from Region II, steps (e.g. suitable frequencies and transmitter powers) should be taken, so that Re gion VI can regularly receive sUbcontinental transmissions from New Delhi and Tokyo;

(5) The use of RTT should be considered by RA II, particularly for continental broadcasts.

Res. 74 (60-RA VI) ~ FACSIMILE BROADCASTS IN, REGION VI

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE, NOTING,

(1) Resolution 55 (58-RA VI) and Recommendations 36 and 37 (CSM-II); (2) That facsimile broadcasts are made by some Members in the regionJ CONSIDERING,

(1) That the reception of facsimile broadcasts of analyses, prognostic charts and diagrams has been satisfactory;

(2) That with good propagation conditions the reception by facsimile of coded and plotted data is also satisfactory;

(3) That Members find the reception of meteorological information by facsimile very useful and feel that the usefulness would be enhanced further if ~he transmissions were properly co-ordinated;

(4) That further experience should be gained before a final plan for facsimile broadcasts in the region could be worked out;

DECIDES,

(1) That the provisional plan for facsimile meteorological broadcasts in Region VI shown in the appendix pe followed as far as possible until a final plan can be drawn up; 102 ANNEX VII

(2) That the broadcasts of coded data and plotted data should be continued on an experimental basis;

(3) That Members should continue to study the possibility of combining fac simile and RTT broadcasts on a time and frequency-sharing basis.

APPENDIX TO RESOLUTION 74 (60-RA VI)

Provisional plan of meteorological facsimile broadcasts in Region VI

Offenbach/Main For Northern Hemisphere

Dunstable For the area delineated in Recommenda tion 31 (CSM-I) as modified by Resolu tion 25 (EC-IV)

Paris For West and South-West Europe

Rome For the Mediterranean area

Moscow For Eastern Europe 103

ANNEX VIII

I~ST OF DOCUMENTS DISTRIBU1'ED BEFORE AND DtffiING THE THIRD SESSION OF REGIONAL ASSOCIA'l'ION VI

Doc. Title of document Agenda Submitted No. item No. by

1 Provisional agenda 2.3 secretary-General Add. 1

2 Explanatory memorandum relating to the pro secretary-General visional agenda Add. 1 and 2

3 study of the existing regional network of 4.1 secretary-General land stations for surface and upper-air observations and revision of the recommended basic regional networ'k

4 Aircraft weather reconnaissance flights 4.5 Secretary-General

5 In-flight reports from aircraft in the 4.4 secretary-General region

6 Dissemination of air reports for synoptic 6.9 secretary-General purposes

7 Regional mete'orological aspects of the peace Secretary-General ful uses of atomic energy Add. 1

8 Actual time of upper-air synoptic observa 4.9 Secretary-General tions

9 Study of the existing regional network of 4.1 secretary-General land stations for surface and upper-air ob servations and revision of the recommended basic regional network Corr. 1, 2, 3

10 Study of the existing regional network of 4.J. secretary-General land stations for surface and upper-air ob servations and revision of the recommended basic regional network - Report on the im plementation of the recommended basic re gional network

11 Observations of atmospherics 4.7 secretary-General 12 Programme for the period between the third 15 secretary-General and fourth sessions including fact-finding regarding the implementation of resolutions 104 LIST OF DOCUMIi:NTS

Doc. Agenda Submitted Title of document No. item No. by

13 Processing and publication of meteorological 7.4 Secretary-General data

14 Radiation 13.1 Secretary-General

15 Atm2spheric ozone 13.2 Secretary-General

16 Atmospheric chemistry 13.3 Secretary-General

17 Regional comparisons of barometers 8.2 Secretary-General Add. 1

18 Ground-radar weather observations 4.8 Secretary-General

19 Technical assistance 13.6 Secretary-General

20 Regional aspects of future weather satellite 13.5 Secretary-General observations

21 .Automatic weather stations 4.6 Secretary-General

22 Regional climatic atlases 9.4 Secretary-General

23 Differences of instruments and methods of 8.1.1 Secretary-General computation in European countries

24 Selection of surface land stations and upper 9.1 Secretary-General air land stations in the region to report CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP data

25 Revision of previous resolutions and recom 14 Secretary-General mendations of the association

26 Miscellaneous code questions 5.3 Switzerland

27 Facsimile broadcasts in RA VI 6.5, 7.1, Federal RePublic 10.2, 11.3 of Germany 28 Codes 5 Secretary-General Add. 1, Corr.l

29 Report of the president of the association 3.1 President 30 Reference climatological stations 9.2 Secretary-General 31 'Exchange of climatological data 9.3 Secretary-General 32 Report on the activities of the Working Group 3.2 Chairman on Hydrology LIST OF DOCUMENTS 105

Doc. Agenda Submitted Title of document No. item No. by

33 Telecommunications 6, 6.3. 6.6, Secretary-General Add. 1 6.8,

Use of Section 9 of the TEMP and TEMP SHIP 5.3.1 President code form in Region VI

35 Proposals from RA VI to the CSM Working Group 5.4, 5.3.1 President on Code Problems

36 Use of different sections in the TEMP and 5.3.1, 5.1.2 Sweden PILOT codes 5.1.3

37 Publication of meteorological data for use 12.2 Secretary-General in hydrology

Climatological maps for hydrological purposes 12.3 Secretary-General

39 Assignment of four-letter location indicators 6.12 Secretary-General

40 Selection of surface land stations and upper Federal Republic air land stations in the region to report of Germany CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP data

41 International Meteorological Teleprinter Net 6.3 Secretary-General work in Europe (IMTNE)

42 Report by the chairman of the Working Group 3.2, 6 Chairman on Meteorological Transmissions Add. 1

43 SPESH reports 5.1.1 France

44 Specification of element jn in group 5.1.2.2 France jnHmHmHJfm

45 Anomalies in TEMP report forms from RA VI 5.1.3 France

46 Code for special phenomena - List of 9SpSpspsp 5.2.1 France groups of RA VI code 668 used in France

47 Use of hh or nn in Section 2 of TEMP code 5.3.1 France

48 Inclusion of additional standard levels in 5.3.1 France PILOT and TEMP reports

49 Regional port liaison officers 11.4 Secretary-General

50 Report of the chairman of the Working Group 3.2 Chairman on Climatological Atlases 106 LIST OF DOCUMENTS

Doc. Agenda. Submitted Title of doqument .No. Hem No • by

51 Observations from mobile ship stations and 4.3 Secretary-General ocean weather stations

52 Collection areas for ships' observations ll.l Secretary-General 53 Altftudes·to be reached by upper-air' observa 8.1.2 Secretary-General tions

'54 Repercussions of the ICAO MOTNE on RA VI tele 6.11 Chairman connnun1catioris plans Add. 1 - Present. situation of the ICAO MOTNE system

55 International Meteorological Teleprinter Net 6.3 Denmark work in Europe

56 Hydrological meteorology 12 Secretary-General

57 Homogeneity of aerological network and errors 4.10, 8.1 Netherlands in aerological instruments

58 TEMP and PIWT codes 5.4 United Kingdom

59 Proposals from RA VI to the CSM Working Group 5.3.1, France on Code Problems 5.4 60 Symbolic forms TEMP or TEMP SHIP 5.4 France

61 In-flight reports from aircraft in the region 4.4 Switzerland

62 A synoptic method for the international com 8.1.1 United Kingdom parison of geopotential height observations

63 Survey of the actual use·of international 6 Chairman rad:l,obroadcasts .of m~teorological data under the auspices of WMO

64 Exchange of information with neighbouring 6.6 . United Arab regions - 'Establishment of RTT circuit Rome/ Republic .Cairo

65 Other matterscqnsidered in the report of .the 6.13 Chairman chairman of the Working Group on Meteorolo- . gical Transmissions

.66 Report of Committee A 11.2 Chairman

67 Report of Committee A . Chairman

68 Report· of Committee A 10.1 Chairman Rev. 1 and 2 LIST OF DOCUMENTS 107

Doc. Agenda Submitted Title of document No. item No. by

69 Report of Committee A 10.2 Chairman Rev. 1 70 Report of Commi ttee A 3.2, 12 Chairman Rev. 1 Add. 1 - Draft Recommendation 3.2.1/rr - Networks for hydrological purposes

71 Report of Committee A 4.9 Chairman Rev. 1

72 Report of Committee A 11.4 Chairman Rev. 1

73 First report of the Credentials Committee 2.2 Chairman

74 Report of Committee A 11.1 Chairman Rev. 1

75 Report of Committee B 6.11 Chairm!lIl Rev. 1

76 Report of Committee B 5.2.2 Chairman Rev. 1

77 Report of Committee B 6.2 Cha.irman Rev. 1

78 Report of Committee B 6.12 Chairman Rev. 1

79 Report of Committee B 6.10 Chairman 80 Report of Committee B 5.1.3 Chairmi;m

81 Area indicator in HrARF 5.1.4 . Greece

82 Homogeneity of aerological network~Rawin- 4.10, 8.1 Switzerland sonde observations,echo-sounding of the atmosphere

83 Technical assistance 13.6 'Presldent Rev. 1

84 Report of ahairman of Committee A 4.10, 8.1.1 Chairman

85 Report of Committee B 6.7 Chairman Rev. 1 Add. 1

86 Recommendatlon of Committee B 5.1.1 Chairman 108 ,LIST OF DOCUMENTS

Agenda Submitted Doo. Title of dooument No. item No. by

87 Report of Committee B 6.1 Chairman Add. 1

88 Draft report of Committee B 6.13 Chairman

89 Report of Committee B 6.6 Chairman Add. 1

90 Report of ohairmen of Committees A andB 4.3 Chairmen

91 Report of Committee A 4.7 Chairman

92 Report of Committee A 4.8 Chairman Chairman 93 Report'of Committee A 8.2 94 Teohnical assistanoe 13.6 Chairman Rev. 1 Chairman 95 Seoond report of the Credentials Committee 2.1 Rev. 1

96 Report of Committee B 6.4 Chairman

97 Report of Committee B 6.3 Chairman Rev. 1 Add. 1 Chairman 98 Report of 'Committee A 8.1.2 Chairman 99 Report of Committee 'A 4.6

100 Documents on items 5.3.1 and 5.4 5.3.1. 5.4 Israel

101 ,Draft report of Committee A 9.1 Chairman Add. 1

102 Report of Committee A 9.2 Chairman Rev. 1 Chairman 103 Report of Committee A 9.3' Chairman lOl~ Report of Comm;t ttee A 9.4 App. B Chairman 105 Report of COITlJ-ni ttee A 7.4