Conclusion: Following the Levellers

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‘I am sure there was no man born marked of God above another; for none comes into the world with a saddle on his back, neither any booted and spurred to ride on him.’ Richard Rumbold’s intransigent July 1685 scaffold assertion of the essential equality of all men provides evidence of the persistence of Leveller ideas into the 1680s.1 By his own acknowledgement, Rumbold had served as a horse guard at the Whitehall execution of Charles I in 1649. He had then supported the Levellers’ agenda before fnally accepting the new republic that the Leveller authors chal- lenged.2 Rumbold’s name has repeatedly surfaced in the analysis of Restoration Leveller successors in the preceding chapters. He fed to Amsterdam after the exposure of the plot to attack Charles I’s sons at his Hertfordshire malting house. Joining in Monmouth’s ill-fated efforts against James II, Rumbold acted as a colonel in the Scottish rebel force headed by Archibald Campbell, the Earl of Argyll. He was wounded, captured, and quickly tried before the Scottish Privy Council for treason, to which he freely confessed. Rumbold was executed at the Edinburgh Mercat Cross where Scottish kings were proclaimed and where numer- ous Scottish Restoration rebels had been executed before him. His death, like his life, graphically brought Leveller perspectives and experi- ences into the era of James II. However, Rumbold actually had more to say on the scaffold after he had ‘saluted the people on all sides.’ In its necessary brevity, this Baptist conspirator’s fnal speech nevertheless reveals a heady mix of old Leveller and agitator notions blended with other opposition and commonwealth

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 323 G. S. De Krey, Following the Levellers, Volume Two, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95330-1 324 Conclusion: Following the Levellers positions. Indeed, Rumbold’s speech wove together the fragments and echoes of Leveller ideas that were apparent in the interrogations of other late Restoration plotters, disclosing the radical political mindset of many committed sectarians from the external London wards and parishes that Rumbold knew so well. Like the Leveller authors of 1647–1649, Rumbold claimed to be no ‘leveller’ in the common sense of the word, for he remarked that ‘God hath wisely ordered different stations for men,’ despite their equality in other respects. He preferred ‘kingly government,’ he said, provided that it included a ‘legal free-chosen parliament.’ Rumbold understood government to rest on a ‘contract’ between the king and the people, but he maintained that if the government broke the ‘conditions’ of the agreement, the people were ‘no longer obliged to perform their part,’ according to ‘the law of God, the law of nations, and the law of reason.’ The people also needed enough secure property ‘to make them happy,’ and government needed to respect the ‘ancient laws’ and ‘just rights and liberties’ for which he died, words that were apparently drowned out by an interrupting drumroll. As for his faith, Rumbold died an adherent to the ‘true Protestant religion,’ which prompted him to reject the aid and the ‘erroneous opinions’ of the church divines appointed to attend him on the scaffold and to ‘seek God in his own way.’ He hoped both for greater unity among Christian persuasions and that God himself would ‘arise for the deliverance of his church and people,’ which he and others had failed to accomplish. Rumbold’s fnal words were no sectarian claim for an exclusive route to heaven, however, but rather ‘wishes for the salvation of all men, who were created for that end.’3 Walwyn’s irenic spirit and General Baptist universalism broke through at the very end of Rumbold’s life. As the case of Richard Rumbold suggests, the most signifcant conclusion to be drawn from this survey of the history of the Levellers and their successors is that the Levellers were not a one-shot phenomenon. They were not a premature voice in a wilderness of hierarchy and privilege. They did not speak in advance of their times, nor did they actually anticipate the secular democratic theory of the nineteenth century. The Levellers must be better integrated into the history of the seventeenth century rather than extracted from it. The voices of the Leveller authors were widely heard in the outlying and socially inferior neighbourhoods of London, and although those voices were unique and rooted in the circumstances of 1647–1653, Leveller ideas had a continuing impact in those same London localities. In socially heterogeneous Westminster, Conclusion: Following the Levellers 325 in Cripplegate and Bishopsgate, in Wapping and Whitechapel, and in Southwark—all areas with weak parochial structures and notable sectarian populations—the Levellers gained their urban audience. There, they helped shape the increasing political assertiveness of marginal tradesmen and artisans who were also actively involved in the non-parochial worship and church life that they favoured over both episcopal and Presbyterian alternatives. Leveller views similarly took root in nearby towns and counties with sizable communities of sectarians. In London, the uppity ‘mechanics’ and tradesmen who followed the Levellers in 1647–1649 and again in 1653 sought both freedom of religious expression and a larger role in the politics of the city and the nation. They did not cease to have such desires thereafter, although they did not again acquire spokesmen of the calibre of the Leveller authors. In every major political crisis through 1688, such ordinary people and their leaders took advantage of unsettled times to press for the replace- ment of coercive political and religious practices with more tolerant and participatory modes of settlement. Tightly devised historical con- structions of the Levellers as an organized party, faction, or movement that ‘rose’ only to be ‘crushed’ in 1649 overlook important continui- ties between the Levellers and their successors. Few of their successors employed exactly the same language as the Levellers. Instead, like their predecessors, Leveller successors responded to their particular times: they adapted ideas that had previously been part of the Leveller ethos, com- bining them with motifs from a broader opposition heritage to suit their own purposes. The social history of Leveller thought after 1653 is inher- ently complex because of the porous intellectual boundaries between Leveller perspectives and those of the republican and sectarian opponents of Oliver Cromwell and Charles II‚ as well as the perspectives of those who embraced James II’s toleration. Nevertheless, the reverberation of elements of the Leveller agenda over the next forty years is clear, as is the continuing circulation of those ideas in the original Leveller milieu. Christopher Hill once sought to separate ‘constitutional Levellers’ from more socially revolutionary groups of the 1640s and 1650s that ‘called in question the institutions and ideology’ of their era. For Hill, the Levellers were something of a sideshow to the truly radical groups of the era—the Diggers, the Ranters, and the Quakers, and for him, they were the ‘frst losers’ in the defeat of revolutionary impulses and ideas by the men of property.4 However, the present analysis of the Levellers and their successors suggests that they were not only central to the 326 Conclusion: Following the Levellers climacteric of 1647–1649 but that their ideas re-emerged in the repeated crises of settlement during the next forty years. The Levellers were the most creative political expression of the breaking open of old Protestant forms by a new sectarian spirit that arose, dramatically, in the 1640s and that continued to fourish thereafter. Analytical efforts to distinguish between the Levellers and separatism work only in the immediate political context of the establishment of the Commonwealth in 1649, and such efforts are not very successful even then. Leading London Baptist pastoral spokesmen sought, at that junc- ture, to separate their religious followers from association with insur- rectionary Leveller discourse, and Independent notables chose the new Commonwealth over the Levellers’ Agreement of the People. Nevertheless, the Levellers did not lose their sectarian audience in London and other localities in 1649, and Leveller followers continued to press for frequent parliamentary elections and for the acknowledgement of fundamental rights like liberty of conscience. As sectarian communities maintained themselves after 1649, political arguments like those of the Levellers and their army and republican allies repeatedly surfaced in times that tested coercive political and religious structures. Gathered churches that demanded liberty of conscience continued to draw on the Leveller ethos and to challenge rationales for the persecutory Anglican royalist state of the Restoration. Given the visibility of these sectarians in every climacteric from 1647 through 1688, Hill’s distinction between the Levellers and other truly revolutionary groups dismisses the beginning of the most remarkable and continuous radical stream of the seventeenth century. Sectarian religious and political language also converged after 1675 with that of the parliamentary and Whig opposition, but looking at the politics of sectarianism only through the Whig label does not reveal the entire story. The Whigs were no more a monolithic political movement than was the parliamentary cause of 1642–1647, and Restoration dissent was no more uniform than the ‘puritanism’ of the 1640s. Understanding the assertive demands for popular rights and religious freedom that resur- faced in London after 1676 as involving not only ‘dissenters’ but also sectarians, and as involving not only ‘radical Whigs’ but also ‘Leveller successors’ emphasizes the multiple political strands that shaped the ‘frst Whigs.’ Restoration historians need to differentiate more carefully between sectarians and ‘main-stream’ dissenters who relied more heav- ily on the Reformed or Calvinist theological and ecclesiological heritage. The sectarian populations of London and the kingdom were no doubt Conclusion: Following the Levellers 327 small, but that perhaps is not the most important point about James’s reliance upon sectarian dissent in 1687–1688. James’s urban sectarian supporters appropriated signifcant elements of the libertarian Leveller ethos, but the post-1689 glorifcation of the revolution of that year has obscured this appropriation. London sectarians who supported James were not really bad Whigs; they were rather those urban Whigs most comparable to the Levellers. Indeed, James’s sectarian allies are the best demonstration that the Levellers of the 1640s were not Christopher Hill’s constitutional dead-end. The Levellers instead gave voice to an effort by some evolving sectarian communities to see the English state remodelled through the extension of religious and civil rights, an effort that continued through sectarian writing on behalf of toleration in 1687–1688. The convulsion in public opinion that followed James’s unsuccessful 1688 command that the Anglican clergy read his second Declaration of Indulgence from their pulpits further obscured the libertarian ethos of James’s sectarian supporters from that time forward. When the Roman Catholic king prosecuted the famous seven Protestant bishops in June 1688 for their petition declining either to read the Declaration or to require their clergy to do so, he committed the greatest tactical blunder of his short reign. James enabled the bishops to become the symbolic defenders of the kingdom’s Protestant culture against the menace of popery and the actual defenders of its parliamentary institutions against the crown’s claim of a prerogative right to dispense with or to suspend parliamentary legislation. In the reigns of both Charles I and Charles II, the bishops had often found themselves on the receiving end of rhetori- cal attacks on popery, despite their frequent efforts to present themselves as Protestant champions. Sectarians, who now defended James, had been in the vanguard of such anti-popish attacks on the episcopal order in the 1640s and again in 1678–1688. But these cultural patterns were now reversed. The bishops were almost instantly assimilated into cultural anti-Catholicism, and James’s sectarian supporters seemingly fulflled the duplicitous anti-Protestant role that Anglicans had long assigned to the ‘anabaptists.’ The widespread fear that James endangered fundamental English institutions including parliament, the church, the courts, and the universities transformed the bishops into icons of a visceral anti- Catholicism, whether they desired it or not. When a carefully vetted jury vindicated them—like John Lilburne, William Penn, and the Earl of Shaftesbury, before them—the bishops assumed the role of Protestant heroes that their critics had previously appropriated.5 328 Conclusion: Following the Levellers

The hatred of popery that the trial of the seven bishops had returned to fever pitch did not subside quickly, and it would remain a critical com- ponent of the political culture of eighteenth-century England, making the toleration of Catholics, which many of James’s sectarian supporters had favoured, impossible for another century and a half. The expe- riences of James’s reign seared into historical memory the association of Catholicism with a style of government inimical to English liberties rather than the sectarians’ expansive and pluralistic vision of a national agreement about liberty of conscience. Furthermore, even three centuries later, historians were still caricaturing sectarians who supported James’s toleration as ‘collaborators’ in the king’s not-so-hidden agenda, when they considered them at all. The grand narrative about the pro- tection of property, parliament, and Protestantism from the ill-inten- tioned Catholic driven from the throne in 1688 buried the arguments of Jacobite sectarians. And assumptions that the Levellers had enunciated a secular, liberal view of government and that they had no immediate successors severed the connections between James’s sectarian allies and their Leveller predecessors. Nevertheless, the settlement that followed the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689 owed something to the political struggles of the Levellers and their successors, who had imparted some of their ideas to more mainstream Whigs. Leveller, sectarian, and popular republican demands for liberty of conscience, for regular parliamentary sessions, for frequent elections, for the safeguarding of trials by juries, and for taxation that fell on those of the greatest means were all answered, to some extent, in the resolution of issues that accompanied the revolution and the ensuing wars against France. Furthermore, when parliament permitted the Restoration press licensing act fnally to lapse in 1695, it also paved the way for the freer exchange of ideas that Leveller John Lilburne, Leveller successor Henry Care, and many intrepid printers and publishers of the 1680s had all desired. Yet more than any other aspect of the Glorious Revolution, the Toleration Act of 1689 represented an accomplishment for those who had continued to subscribe to critical elements of the Leveller programme. Limited and grudging as it was, and restricted in its application to Trinitarian Protestants, the Toleration Act was a national agreement that restrained the state’s ability to control religious choices. Extolled by some, from the eighteenth century forward, as marking a triumph of rationalism over religious passion, the act ironically owed much to the Conclusion: Following the Levellers 329 unswerving witness to conscience of men branded as religious fanatics by Anglican contemporaries and some scholars. In fact, the adoption of toleration in England was as much indebted to the Levellers and their largely sectarian followers and successors as to the abstract and inclusive ‘republic of letters.’ The Levellers and those who succeeded them were critical progenitors of the idea of a broad toleration in Anglo-American culture, despite the scholarly tendency to associate toleration with the spirit of enlightenment rather than with the supposedly crabbed, exclu- sivist world of the sects. In reality, those who had actually experienced persecution were understandably the most articulate defenders of freedom for religious discourse and practice. The departure of James II and the ensuing revolution effectively removed sectarianism as a critical, unsettling factor in English political affairs. This change was already apparent in early 1689 when John Breman and others who had cooperated with James failed to gain election to the Convention. At the same time, radical proposals, including some from John Wildman and other ‘commonwealthmen,’ to mix more of the republican heritage into the revolutionary settlement failed to arouse their customary sectarian audience. Likewise, the 1689–1690 efforts of some London Whigs to extend political participation in the Corporation in ways once favoured by the Levellers and their early 1680s’ successors were shelved, not without protests, but nevertheless without a notable reaction from urban sectarians.6 Satisfed with their religious freedom, despite its failure to include full civil rights, the sects became quiescent: Baptist regulators and other political activists of the 1680s largely vanished from sight. The politically creative period of sectarianism was, in fact, over, and the gathered churches of London probably were experiencing the con- striction in numbers and enthusiasm that followed the passing of the generations that had come of political age from the 1640s through the 1670s. Some of the steam went out of all the dissenting persuasions once toleration was provided. The separatist spokesmen for James’s toleration of 1687–1688 were the last sectarian writers whose arguments and following were reminiscent of the Levellers. Compromised by their stance towards James, most of them embraced the revolution and lapsed into political silence thereafter. Nevertheless, few historical minorities have had so unsettling a political impact on their times as the sectarian persuasions from which the Levellers and their successors derived so much support. 330 Conclusion: Following the Levellers

Libertarian and republican ideas would continue to attract atten- tion, and popular hostility to the oligarchic management of civic institutions would persist in the city of London. But urban sectarians were no longer the leading supporters of old libertarian and republican ideas, which were either defused through their inclusion in the offcial rheto- ric about the events of 1688–1689 or rarefed in the abstract writings of opposition intellectuals. In London, when the next popular reaction to urban oligarchy occurred in 1711–1714, it was a Tory rebellion against Whig magistrates and the new Whig fnancial and commercial machin- ery forged in post-1689 global warfare.7 The sectarian dissenters of London’s marginal wards and parishes were among the targets of such protest rather than participants in it. New links between Protestant dissent and political reform would emerge later in the eighteenth century, but when they did so, these connections largely refected the activism of educated, prosperous dissenters rather than that of the sectarian tradesmen and artisans of London’s suburban fringe who had once sustained the Levellers and their successors.

Notes 1. The Last Words of Col. Richard Rumbold (1685) Wing R2269, p. 3. Rumbold’s words, similar to some last words of Thomas Jefferson, may actually have originated with Paoli Sarpi, the Venetian historian and reformer: Douglass Adair, ‘Rumbold’s Dying Speech, 1685, and Jefferson’s Last Words on Democracy, 1826,’ WMQ, 3rd. ser., 9, no. 4 (1952), 526, 530n. 2. Robin Clifton, ‘Rumbold, Richard,’ ODNB; ‘Proceedings against Richard Rumbold for High Treason,’ ST, 9: 882. 3. Last Words of Rumbold, pp. 2–3. 4. Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (1972), p. 99; Christopher Hill, The Experience of Defeat (New York, 1984), pp. 29–37. 5. BL Add. MS 34512 (van Citters correspondence), fol. 82; Add. MS 29563 (Hatton-Finch correspondence), fols. 192–193, 207; Add. MS 34487 (Macintosh Newsletters), fols. 9, 13; Roger Thomas, ‘The Seven Bishops and their Petition, 18 May 1688,’ Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 12, no. 1 (1961), 56–70; G. V. Bennett, ‘The Seven Bishops: A Reconsideration,’ in Religious Motivation, Derek Baker, ed., Studies in Church History, 15 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 267–287; Sowerby, Toleration, pp. 153–192. Conclusion: Following the Levellers 331

6. [John Wildman], A Letter to a Friend advising … how to free the Nation from Slavery Forever (1689) Wing L1638; Wildman, Good Advice before it be too Late (1689) Wing W2169; Mark Goldie, ‘The Roots of True Whiggism 1688–94,’ History of Political Thought, 1, no. 2 (1980), esp. 195–220; Tim Harris, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720 (2006), pp. 316–319; Gary S. De Krey, A Fractured Society; the Politics of London in the First Age of Party, 1688–1715 (Oxford, 1985), pp. 45–73. While I accept the conventional attributions of A Letter and of Good Advice to Wildman, I am unconvinced, on stylistic and textual grounds, that Wildman was the author of the Harringtonian Some Remarks upon Government (1689) Wing B31. 7. De Krey, Fractured Society, pp. 247–258. Selected Bibliography

Manuscript and Digitized Sources Bodleian Library Clarendon State Papers 46, 49–53, 59–62, 65, 67–68 MS Engl. Hist. c.487 Edmund Ludlow ‘Voyce from the Watch Tower’ Nalson Manuscripts 15, 22 British History Online (https://www.british-history.ac.uk) London Hearth Tax British Library Additional Manuscripts 10117 Thomas Rugge, Mercurius Politicus Redivivus, 1659–72 20006 Autobiography of Goodwin Wharton, vol. 1 24861 Papers of Richard Major 29563 Hatton-Finch Correspondence 34487 Macintosh Newsletters 34512 Van Citters Correspondence 36916 Aston Papers, vol. XVI, Newsletters, 1667–72 41812, 41818–19 Middleton Papers Egerton Manuscripts 1048 Parliamentary Papers 2543 Sir Edward Nicholas Papers, Miscellaneous Stowe Manuscripts 186 Transcripts of State Papers, 1631–1727

Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies, Aylesbury D102/19 Samuel Edmonds list of marriages &c D135/A2/1 Duke of Buckingham’s Estate Accounts Find My Past (www.fndmypast.co.uk) Boyd’s Inhabitants of London and Family Units 1200–1946 Boyd’s London Burials England Marriages 1538–1973 Guildhall Library, London MS 3589 Parliamentary Proceedings, temp. Charles II, 1676–8 Henry E. Huntington Library HM 68 London Inhabitants Petition to Charles II, 1680 HM 30314 Newsletters of Francis Benson to Sir Leoline Jenkins Hastings: Correspondence Boxes 19, 50–2 Hastings: Manorial Papers Box 49 Stowe: Elections Box 8 Stowe: Grenville Box 3 Stowe: Temple Correspondence Boxes 23–4 Stowe: Temple Manorial Box 6 Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies NQ2/5B/2 Hertford Monthly Meeting 1658–1755, Register QSB/4 Quarter Sessions Book 1668–86 QSR/15 Quarter Sessions Rolls, 1669–72 Library of Congress, Washington, DC MS 18,124 London Newsletters Collection London Metropolitan Archives CLA/047/LJ/04/034 1670 Sessions Minute Book CLC/B/050/A/023/MS15818 Account book of Robert Clayton and John Morris as fnancial agents for George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, 1662–70 CLC/179/MS20228 Devonshire Square (Particular) Baptist Church Books CLC/179/MS20230 Devonshire Square (Particular) Baptist, Register of Members, ca. 1664-ca. 1706 COL/AC/06/002 Petition to the London Common Council, 1679 The National Archives E 121/3/4 Trustees for the Sale of Crown Lands, Certifcates, Middlesex E 179/143/323 Middlesex Assessment, 1642 (Ossulstone Hundred) PROB 11 Prerogative Court of Canterbury: Will Registers SP 29 State Papers, Domestic, Charles II, 1660–85 Selected Bibliography 335

SP 46/97 State Papers Domestic, Supplementary SP 105/144 Register Book of the Levant Company, 1648–1668 The National Art Library, Victoria and Albert Museum MLS/1876/Forster/360 Letter of Elizabeth Lilburne Worcester College, Oxford Clarke Manuscripts 110

Printed Primary Sources The spelling in all titles has been modernised. The place of publication is London, unless otherwise indicated.

News-books and newspapers Dates provided are those consulted for this study. Certain Passages of every Day’s Intelligence (1654). The Faithful Intelligencer (1659). The Faithful Post, Robert Eeles, ed. (1653). The Faithful Post, George Horton, ed. (1653). The Faithful Scout (1652–3, 1659). The Flying Eagle (1652–3). The Impartial Intelligencer (1649). The Kingdom’s Faithful and Impartial Scout (1649). The Kingdom’s Weekly Intelligencer (1649). The Kingdom’s Weekly Post (1649). The Loyal Scout (1659). The Man in the Moon (1649). Mercurius Elencticus (1649). Mercurius Pacifcus (1649). Mercurius Politicus (1653–5, 1657–9). Mercurius Pragmaticus (for King Charles II) (1649–50). The Moderate (1649). The Moderate Intelligencer (1649, 1653). The Moderate Publisher of every day’s Intelligence (1653). A Modest Narrative of Intelligence (1649). The Observator (1654). The Parliamentary Intelligencer (1659). A Particular Advice from Foreign Parts (1659). A Perfect Account of the Daily Intelligence (1652–4). A Perfect Diurnal (1649, 1653, 1655). Perfect Occurrences (1649). 336 Selected Bibliography

The Perfect Weekly Account (1649). The Public Intelligencer (1658–9). Public Occurrences (1688). Several Proceedings in Parliament (1649). Several Proceedings of State Affairs (1654). The Weekly Intelligencer (1659). The Weekly Post (1659).

Contemporary books, pamphlets, broadsides and sermons Numbers from the Thomason Collection in the British Library or Donald Wing, Short-Title Catalogue 1641–1700, 2nd ed. (1972–8) are provided. Salutations at the beginnings of titles of petitions have generally been omitted for better alphabetization. Many titles are shortened.

XXV Queries (1659) E 968/5. The Abridgement of the Charter of the City of London (1680) Wing A102. An Account of the Proceedings at Guild-hall, London, at the tolke-moot [sic] (1676) Wing A355. An Agreement of the Free People of England (1649) E 571/10. An Agreement of the People for a frm and present Peace (1647) [frst Agreement] E 412/21. An Agreement of the People of England and the Places therewith Incorporated (1649) 669.f.14/59. Allen, William. A Faithful Memorial of that remarkable meeting of many offcers … at Windsor Castle, in the year 1648 (1659) E 979/3. Allen, William. A Word to the Army touching their Sin and Duty (1659) Wing A1053. An Answer to a Letter from a Freeholder of Buckinghamshire (1679) Wing A3313. An Answer to the Letter to a Dissenter (1687) Wing A3416A. An Apology for the Common Soldiers (1647) E 385/18. The Army’s Duty (1659) E 980/12. The Army’s Martyr (1649) E 552/11. At A Council of War (1654) 669.f.19/32. Baker, Richard. A Chronicle of the Kings of England (1670) Wing B506. Bethel, Slingsby. The Interest of the Princes and States of Europe (1680) Wing B2064. [Billing, Edward]. A Mite of Affection, manifested in 31 Proposals (1659) E 1001/5. Bishop, George. Mene Tekel, or, the Council of Offcers of the Army, against the Declarations, &c. of the Army (1659) E 999/13. Bray, William. The Afficted Prisoner’s Appeal (1651) Wing B4300. Bray, William. Heaven and Earth, Spirit and Blood, demanding real Commonwealth Justice (1649) E 562/9. Bray, William. The Humble Petition of Capt. William Bray (1659) Wing B4311. Selected Bibliography 337

Bray, William. Innocency and the Blood of the slain Soldiers and People (1649) E 568/12. Bray, William. A Plea for the People’s Fundamental Liberties and Parliaments (1659) B4306. Bray, William. A Plea for the People’s Good Old Cause (1659) E 763/7. B[ray], W[illiam]. The Sentinel’s Remonstrance (1659) 669.f.21/46. Bray, William. A Serious Charge and Accusation against Mr. Edward Winslow (1652) Wing B4314. [Brooke, Humphrey]. The Craftsman’s Craft (1649) E 561/11. Canne, John. Lieut. Colonel John Lilburne tried and cast (1653) E 720/2. Care, Henry. Animadversions on a late Paper entitled, A Letter to a Dissenter (1687) Wing C505. [Care, Henry]. Animadversions upon Mijn Heer Fagels Letter (1688) Wing A3204. [Care, Henry]. A Discourse for taking off the Tests and Penal Laws (1687) Wing D1593. Care, Henry. Draconica; or, an Abstract of all the Penal Laws (1687) Wing C510. Care, Henry. English Liberties, or, the freeborn Subject’s Inheritance (1682) Wing C517. The Case of the Army truly Stated (1647) E 411/9. A Caveat to those that shall resolve, whether right or wrong, to destroy J. L. (1653) E 705/21. A Charge of High Treason exhibited against Oliver Cromwell Esq. (1653) 669. f.17/52. Cheesman, Christopher. Berkshire’s Agent’s humble address to the honourable Commissioners for Compounding (1651) E 636/6. [Cheesman, Christopher]. The Case of the Town of Reading Stated (1656) Wing T1367A. Cheesman, Christopher. The Lamb contending with the Lion (1649) E 563/10. Cheesman, Christopher. The Oppressed Man’s second Outcry for Justice (1652) Wing C3773C. [Chidley, Samuel]. The Dissembling Scot set forth in his Colours or a Vindication of Lieu. Col. John Lilburne (1652) E 652/13. Chidley, Samuel. To the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England (1657) E 905/3. Cole, William. A Rod for the Lawyers (1659) E 989/15 and Wing C5039A. Cole, William. Several Proposals humbly tendered to the Consideration of those that are in Authority (1659) Wing C5040. A Conference with the Soldiers (1653) E 705/25. [Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury]. Letter from a Parliament man to his Friend (1675) Wing S2986. 338 Selected Bibliography

[Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury]. Two Seasonable Discourses concerning this present Parliament (Oxford, 1675) Wing S2906. [Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury with John Locke]. A Letter from a Person of Quality, to his Friend in the Country (1675) Wing S2897. A Copy of a Letter from the Com. Gen. Regiment to the Convention of Agents resid- ing at London (1647) WCO Library AA.1.19 (145). A Copy of a letter sent by the Agents of Several Regiments (1647) E 413/18. The Copy of Three Petitions … from Oxford, Bucks, and Hertford (1647) E 407/29. [Danvers, Henry]. The Mystery of Magistracy Unveiled (1663) M3188. A Declaration of all the Watermen in and about the City of London (1660) Wing D604A. A Declaration of the Army (1652) E 654/11. A Declaration of the Commoners of England (1652) E 654/10. A Declaration of the General Council of the Offcers of the Army (1659) E 1001/12. A Declaration of many thousand well-affected Persons inhabitants in London and Westminster (1660) 669.f.23/5. The Declaration of the Offcers of the Army Opened (1659) E 1012/16. A Declaration of the Parliament assembled at Westminster (1660) E 1013/24. A Declaration of the Parliament of England, in vindication of their proceedings, and discovering the dangerous practices of several Interests (1649) E 575/9. A Declaration of the poor oppressed People of England (1649) E 557/9. A Declaration of several of the Churches of Christ (1654) E 809/15. Declaration of Several of the People Called Anabaptists (1659) Wing D619. The Declaration of the well-affected in the County of Buckinghamshire (1649) E 555/1. A Declaration of the well-affected to the Good Old Cause in the Cities of London, Westminster, and Borough of Southwark (1659) 669.f.21/27. A Declaration of Vice-Admiral John Lawson (1659) Wing L718. A Declaration or Representation of the actions, intentions, and resolutions of divers of the Inhabitants of the County of Hartford (1650) E 592/2. A Dialogue at Oxford between a Tutor and a Gentleman (1681) Wing D1290. A Discourse betwixt Lieutenant Colonel John Lilburne … and Mr Hugh Peter (1649) E 556/26. Docwra, Ann. Spiritual Community, Vindicated amongst People of different Persuasions (1687) D1781. A Door of Hope (1661) E 764/7. Duncon, Samuel. Several Proposals (1659) E 989/10. The Engagement Vindicated and Explained (1650) E 590/4. England’s Confusion (1659) E 985/1. England’s Freedom; Soldiers Rights (1647) E 419/23. Selected Bibliography 339

England’s Remembrancers; or, a Word in Season to all English men about their elections of the members for the approaching Parliament (1656) E 884/5. England’s Safety in the Law’s Supremacy (1659) E 988/13. England’s Standard … or a Remonstrance of the lovers of the Commonwealth, Inhabitants of Hampshire (1659) Wing E3054. The Englishman, or a Letter from a Universal Friend (1670) Wing E3097. An Essay toward Settlement upon a Sure Foundation (1659) 669.f.21/73. Everard, Robert. An Epistle to the Several Congregations of the Non-conformists, 2nd ed. (1664) Wing E3539. An Expedient for Peace (1688) Wing E3872aA. Eyre, William. The Serious Representation of Col. William Eyre (1649) Wing E3945A. Freize, James. Outcry and just Appeal of the enslaved People of England (1659) E 983/17. Freize, James. Why not? Eight Queries made to the Parliament (1649) 669.f.14/67. The Fundamental Laws and Liberties of England (1653) E 705/5. The Groans of Kent; or an Humble Remonstrance from divers well-affected in the County of Kent (1648) E 453/4. A Guide to English Juries (1682) Wing G2184D. [Harris, John]. A Lash for a Liar (1648) E 428/8. Harris, John. Peace and Not War (1659) E 1000/25. H[arrison], E[dward]. A True Copy of a Petition signed by very many peaceable and well- affected People inhabiting in and about the City of London (1658) E 936/5. The Hearty Congratulations and Humble Petition … of the County of Kent (1659) 669.f.21/45. Hill, William. A Brief Narrative of that Stupendous Tragedy (1662) Wing B4611. An Hue and Cry after the Fundamental Laws and Liberties of England (1653) E 714/1. The Humble Address and Congratulation of many thousands of Watermen (1660) 669.f.23/28. The Humble Address of the Agitators (1647) E 402/8. The Humble Declaration of many of the … Inhabitants of the County of Kent (1651) Wing T1750. The Humble Desires of a Free Subject (1659) E 980/8. Humble Petition and Address of the offcers of the Army to the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England (1659) E 983/7. The Humble Petition and Advice of divers well-affected … Inhabitants … of Southwark (1659) E 980/1. The Humble Petition and Representation of the Offcers and Soldiers of the Garrisons (1649) 669.f.13/71. 340 Selected Bibliography

The Humble Petition and Representation of several Churches of God (1649) E 549/14. The Humble Petition of divers afficted Women (1653) 669.f.17/26. The Humble Petition of divers citizens and inhabitants in and about London (1654) 669.f.19/6. The Humble Petition of divers constant adherers to this Parliament (1652) 669.f.16/54. The Humble Petition of divers Freeborn Englishmen inhabiting in the Cities of London and Westminster, the Borough of Southwark, Hamlets, and places adjacent (1650) E 598/14. The Humble Petition of divers freeholders … in the county of Hertford (1659) 669.f.21/55. The Humble Petition of divers well-affected inhabitants of the County of Wilts (1659) Wing T1741A. The Humble Petition of divers well-affected Persons (1648) [petition of 11 September 1648] E 464/5. The Humble Petition of divers well affected Persons (1659) E 989/11. The Humble Petition of divers well affected Persons inhabitants of the Town of Portsmouth (1659) Wing T1747A. The Humble Petition of divers well-affected … young men and Apprentices (1653) 669.f.17/38. The Humble Petition of diverse citizens and inhabitants in and about the City of London (1658) 669.f.20/71. The Humble Petition of many grieved People (1653) 669.f.17/35. The Humble Petition of many inhabitants in and about the city of London (1659) Wing H3471. The Humble Petition of many thousand Citizens and Inhabitants (1659) E 968/6*. The Humble Petition of the well-affected in and about the City of London (1649) E 579/9. The Humble Petition of many well affected People … highly concerned in the sen- tence against Lieutenant Col. John Lilburne (1652) 669.f.16/37. The Humble Petition of many of the well affected of the County of Kent (1653) 669.f.17/40. The Humble Petition of several Colonels of the Army (1654) 669.f.19/21. The Humble Petition of the Sea-men (1654) 669.f.19/33. The Humble Proposals of the Agitators (1647) E 406/21. The Humble Representation and desires of … the County of Bedford (1659) 669.f.21/51. The Humble Representation and Petition of the offcers of the Army, to the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England (1659) E 1000/5. The Humble Representation of divers afficted Women (1653) 669.f.17/36. Selected Bibliography 341

The Humble Representation … of the Trained Bands of the City of London. With a Letter to the General Council (1659) E 977/4. Hunt, Thomas. A Defence of the Charter … of London [1683] Wing H3750. Hunt, Thomas. Mr. Hunt’s Postscript (1682) Wing H3758. The Husbandman’s Plea against Tithes (1647) E 389/2. Hyland, Samuel. An Exact Relation of the Proceedings and Transactions of the late Parliament (1653) E 729/6. Ives, Jeremiah. Eighteen Questions Propounded (1659) E 1010/12. Johnson, Samuel. Julian the Apostate (1682) Wing J830. [Jones, Roger]. Mene Tekel, or the Downfall of Tyranny (1663) Wing J988. Joyce, George. A Letter or Epistle to all well-minded People (1651) E 637/3. Joyce, George. A True Narrative (1659) 669.f.21/50. The Kentish Petition … the humble Petition of divers well-affected in the County of Kent (1648) 669.f.13/64. The King’s Dispensing Power explicated and asserted (1688) Wing K592. The Last Words of Col. Richard Rumbold (1685) Wing R2269. A Letter from a Freeholder of Buckinghamshire (1679) Wing L1372A. A Letter from a Gentleman in the City to one in the Country (1680) Wing L1390. A Letter from J.B. alias Oldcutt (1679) Wing B111. A Letter from the North (1653) 669.f.17/54. A Letter from Sir Arthur Hesilrige (1659) Wing H1123. A Letter sent from Portsmouth (1659) 669.f.22/30. The Levellers (falsely so called) Vindicated, or the Case of the twelve troops lately sur- prised, and defeated at Burford (1649) E 571/11. The Levellers Remonstrance (1652) E 652/12. Light shining in Buckinghamshire (1648) E 475/11 and (1649) E 548/9. Lilburne, John. The Afficted Man’s Outcry (1653) E 711/7. Lilburne, John. As You Were (1652) Wing L2084. Lilburne, John. The Case of the Tenants of the Manor of Epworth in the Isle of Axholme (1651) E 644/8. Lilburne, John. The Charters of London (1646) E 366/12. Lilburne, John. A Declaration of Lieutenant-Colonel John Lilburne (1652) E 652/1. Lilburne, John. A Defensive Declaration of Lieut. Col. John Lilburne (1653) E 702/2. Lilburne, John. The Exceptions of John Lilburne Gent. (1653) E 705/20. Lilburne, John. An Impeachment of High Treason against Oliver Cromwell (1649) E 568/20. Lilburne, John. The Innocent Man’s First Proffer (1649) 669.f.14/83. Lilburne, John. The Innocent Man’s Second Proffer (1649) 669.f.14/85. Lilburne, John. A Just Reproof to Haberdasher’s Hall (1651) E 638/12. 342 Selected Bibliography

Lilburne, John. L. Colonel John Lilburne his Apologetical Narration (1652) E 659/30. Lilburne, John. L. Colonel John Lilburne Revived (Amsterdam?, 1653) E 689/32. Lilburne, John. The Legal Fundamental Liberties of the People of England (1649) E 560/14. Lilburne, John. Malice Detected in printing Certain Informations (1653) E 705/19. [Lilburne, John]. More Light to Mr. John Lilburne’s Jury (1653) Wing L2145. Lilburne, John, et al. A Plea for Common-Right and Freedom (1648) E 536/22. Lilburne, John. A Preparative to an Hue and Cry against Sir Arthur Hesilrige (1649) E 573/16. Lilburne, John. A Remonstrance of Lieut. Col. John Lilburne (1652) E 652/5. Lilburne, John. The Resurrection of John Lilburne, now a prisoner in Dover-Castle (1656) E 880/2. Lilburne, John. A Salva Libertate sent to Colonel Francis West (1649) 669.f.14/76. Lilburne, John. Strength out of Weakness (1649) E 575/18. Lilburne, John. To every individual member of the Supreme Authority of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England (1652) E 647/7. Lilburne, John. The Upright Man’s Vindication (1653) E 708/22. Lilburne, John and Richard Overton. The Copy of a Letter written to the General (1649) 669.f.14/23. Lilburne’s Ghost E 988/9 (1659). [Lobb, Stephen]. A Second Letter to a Dissenter (1687) Wing L2729A. [Lockyer, Nicholas]. Some seasonable and serious Queries upon the late act against Conventicles (1670) Wing L2801. London’s Choice of Citizens to represent them in the Ensuing Parliament (1679) Wing E9. London’s Liberties; or a learned Argument of Law & Reason (1650) E 620/7. London’s Liberties, or, a learned Argument of Law and Reason (1682) Wing L2936B. London’s Liberties: or, the Opinions of those Great Lawyers, 2nd ed. (1683) Wing L2936C. M., R. Speculum Libertatis Angliæ re restitutæ; or The Looking Glass of England’s Liberty really Restored (1659) E 989/19. Masterson, George. A Declaration of Some Proceedings (1648) E 427/6. Matters of Fact in the Present Election of Sheriffs (1682) Wing M1304. More Light shining in Buckinghamshire (1649) E 548/33. More Light to Mr. John Lilburne’s Jury (1653) E 710/23. N., A. A Letter from A Gentleman in the City to a Gentleman in the Country about the odiousness of Persecution (1687) Wing N3. Selected Bibliography 343

N., H. An Observation and Comparison between the Idolatrous Israelites and Judges of England (1659) E 983/29. N., N. Old Popery as Good as New (1688) Wing N47. A Narrative of the Late Parliament (so called) (1658) E 935/5. A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Committee of the Militia of London (1659) 669.f.22/6. Naylier, John. The Foxes’ Craft Discovered (1649) E 549/7. Naylier, John. The New Made Colonel or Ireland’s juggling pretended Reliever (1649) E 552/10. Nedham, Marchamont. A Packet of Advices and Animadversions (1676) Wing N401. New News of a Strange Monster found in Stow Woods near Buckingham (1679) Wing N688. News from Guildhall; or a Premonition to the Citizens of London (1650) E 620/5. Nicholets, Charles. The Dissenters’ Jubilee (1687) Wing N1086. No Age like unto this Age … Being the Cries in Kent against the great oppression of Tithes (1653) E 702/13. No Return to Monarchy and Liberty of Conscience secured (1659) E 985/16. An Orthodox Creed (1679) Wing O503. An Outcry of the Young men and Apprentices of London (1649) E 572/13. [Overton, Richard]. The Arraignment of Mr. Persecution (1645) E 276/23. Overton, Richard. The Baiting of the Great Bull of Bashan (1649) E 565/2. Overton, Richard. Overton’s Defance of the Act of Pardon (1649) E 562/26. Overton, Robert. The Humble and Healing Advice (1659) Wing O637. Oyes, Oyes, Oyes (1653) E 708/7. Panarmonia, or the Agreement of the People Revived (1659) Wing P257. The Parliaments Plea; or, XX reasons for the reunion of the Parliament and Army (1659) E 1001/7. [Penn, William]. Advice to Freeholders and other Electors (1687). Wing P1250. Penn, William. England’s Great Interest in the Choice of this New Parliament (1679) Wing P1278. Penn, William. England’s Present Interest Discovered (1676) Wing P1281. Penn, William. The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience (1670) Wing P1299. Penn, William. A Letter from a Gentleman in the Country to his Friends in London (1687) Wing P1318. Penn, William. A Second Letter from a Gentleman in the Country to his Friends in London (1687) Wing P1361. Penn, William. A Third Letter from a Gentleman in the Country to his Friends in London (1687) Wing P1381. Penn, William and Thomas Rudyard, The People’s Ancient and Just Liberties asserted in the Trial of William Penn and William Mead (1670) Wing P1335. 344 Selected Bibliography

The Petition of his Excellency Thomas Lord Fairfax, Lord General and his Council of Offcers, for the recalling of all Penal Laws (1649) E 569/22. The Petition of many of the Well-affected of the County of Kent (1653) 669.f.17/40. The Petition of Mr. Praisegod Barebon (1659) Wing B753. Philolaus. A Character of Popery and Arbitrary Government (1681) Wing C2023. A Plain Word of Truth to all the offcers and soldiers of the Army (1659) 669.f. 21/23. Plant, Thomas and Benjamin Dennis, The Mischief of Persecution Exemplifed (1688) Wing P2377A. [Popple, William]. Some Free Refections upon … Liberty of Conscience (1687) P1366. [Popple, William]. Three Letters tending to … the establishment of a new Law for universal Liberty of Conscience (1688) Wing P1384. The Power and Privilege of Juries Asserted (1681) Wing P3103. Prince, Thomas. The Silken Independents’ Snare Broken (1649) E 560/24. Prince Charles His Message to the Levellers in the West (1649) E 573/18. The Privilege and Right of the Free-men of London (1682) Wing P3533. The Proceedings of the Parliament upon the Petition and appeal of Josiah Primat of London, Leatherseller (1652) E 1061/61. Proposition in order to the Proposing of a Commonwealth or Democracy (1659) 669.f.21/49. The Reasonableness of Toleration (1687) Wing P1352. Reasons for the Repeal of the Tests (1687) Wing R519. The Remonstrance and Protestation of the well-affected People of the Cities of London, Westminster, and other the cities, counties, and places within the Commonwealth of England (1659) Wing R972. The Remonstrance of many thousands of the Free People of England. Together with the resolves of the young men and apprentices of the City (1649) E 574/15. A Remonstrance or Declaration touching the re-establishing and sitting of the Parliament (1659) Wing R1025. The Representation of divers young men, Apprentices (1653) E 710/5. The Resolution of the Agitators of the Army (1647) E 405/22. The Rights of the City Farther unfolded (1682) Wing R1516. Robinson, Henry. Certain Considerations in order to a more speedy, cheap, and equal distribution of Justice (1651) Wing R1668. [Rogers, John]. The Plain Case of the Commonweal (1658) E 972/5. Rogers, John. The Sad Suffering Case of Major-General Rob. Overton (1659) E 972/4. Rudyard, Thomas. The Second Part of the People’s Ancient and Just Liberties Asserted (1670) Wing S2312. Selected Bibliography 345

A Second Narrative of the late Parliament (so called) (1659) E 977/3#. The Second Part of the Trial of Lieut. Col. John Lilburne (1649) E 598/12. A Second Word to the Army (1653) E 713/16. A Seasonable Argument to persuade all the grand juries of England to petition for a New Parliament (Amsterdam?, 1677) Wing M885. The Serious Attestation of many Thousands … living in London … and parts adjoining (1657) 669.f.20/52. Settle, Elkanah. The Character of a Popish Successor (1681) Wing S2670. Several Informations and Examinations taken concerning Lieutenant Colonel John Lilburn (1653) E 705/14. Several Proposals for the General Good of the Commonwealth (1651) E 624/7. Sexby, Edward and Silius Titus, Killing no Murder (1657) E 510/4. The Sheriffs of London for the time being (1682) Wing S3235. Shute, Giles. A New Naked Truth (1688) Wing S3709. Shute, Giles. A New Test in lieu of the old One (1688) Wing S3710. [Sidney, Algernon]. A Just and Modest Vindication of the Proceedings of the two last Parliaments (1681) Wing F741. The Soap-makers complaint for the loss of their Trade (1650) E 615/2. Some Mementos of the offcers and soldiers of the Army (1654) E 813/20. Some Necessary Disquisitions and close Expostulations (1688) Wing S4528. Some Reasons humbly proposed to the offcers of the Army for the speedy re-admission of the Long Parliament (1659) E 979/8. Spittlehouse, John. Certain Queries Propounded to … those persons now in Power (1654) E 809/14. Sprat, Thomas. Copies of the Informations and original papers relating to the proof of the horrid Conspiracy (1685) Wing S5029. A Standard Set Up (1657) E 910/10. Streater, John. A Further Continuance of the Grand Politick Informer (1653) E 221/4. Streater, John. A Letter sent to his Excellency the Lord Fleetwood (1659) Wing S5948. Streater, John. A Shield against the Parthian Dart (1659) E 988/11. Thompson, William. England’s Freedom, Soldiers Rights (1647) E 419/23. The Trial of L. Col. John Lilburne (1653) E 711/9. The Trial of Lieut. Colonel John Lilburne (1649) E 584/9. The Trial of Mr. John Lilburne at the Sessions House (1653) E 710/21. The Trial of Mr John Lilburne Prisoner in Newgate (1653) E 708/3. To his Excellency the Lord Charles Fleetwood and the rest of the offcers of the Army (1659) 669.f.21/24. A Treatise of the Execution of Justice [1663] Wing T2095. A True Account of … the election of Knights of the Shire for the County of Bucks (1679) Wing T2409. 346 Selected Bibliography

A True Declaration of the Present Proceedings of the Army (1647) E 392/26. Truth’s Victory over Tyrants and Tyranny (1649) E 579/12. Twelve Plain Proposals (1659) 669.f.21/26. Two Letters from the Agents of the fve Regiments (1647) E 412/6. Two Petitions to the General’s Excellency (1647) E 412/18. Vane, Sir Henry, the younger. A Healing Question (1656) E 879/5. Vane, Sir Henry, the younger. The Proceeds of the Protector (so called) and his council against Sir Henry Vane, Knight (1656) E 889/11. Venn and his Mermydons (1679) Wing V193. The Vindication of Slingsby Bethel Esq (1681) Wing B2078. A Voice from the heavenly Word of God (1653) 669.f.17/43. Vox Pacifca, or a Persuasive to Peace (1649) E 1365/2. Vox Patriae, or, the Resentments & Indignation of the free-born subjects of England (1681) Wing V725. Vox Plebis: or, the Voice of the Oppressed Commons of England against their Oppressors (1653) E 691/13. Vox Populi, or, the People’s Claim to their Parliament’s Sitting (1681) Wing V729. Walwyn, William. The Fountain of Slander Discovered (1649) E 557/4. Walwyn, William. Juries Justifed (1651) E 618/9. [Walwyn, William]. A Manifestation (1649) E 550/25. Walwyn, William. Walwyn’s Just Defence (1649) Wing W685. The Whole Business of Sindercombe, from frst to last (1656) E 903/7. [Wildman, John]. A Declaration of the Free-born People of England, now in Arms against the Tyranny and Oppression of Oliver Cromwell Esq. (1655) 669.f.19/70. [Wildman, John]. Good Advice before it be too Late (1689) Wing W2169. [Wildman, John]. A Letter to a Friend advising … how to free the Nation from Slavery Forever (1689) Wing L1638. [Wildman, John]. The Leveller (1659) E 968/3. A Word to the Jury in the behalf of John Lilburne (1653) 669.f.17/44.

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Note: Names and biographical details provided in the three alphabetical chapter appendices are not indexed here.

A [A Petition … concerning the draft Aberdeen, 140 of an Agreement (1649)] Abingdon, 169, 292, 305 Agreement of the People, An (1647) [frst Abney, Sir Edward, 289 Agreement], 4, 29, 62, 65, 67, 75, Abney, (Sir) Thomas, 264, 287 76–78, 79, 81, 94, 95, 101, 139, Accountability of MPs, offceholders, 143, 192, 226, 297, 300 21, 162, 184, 186, 190, 208, Alexander, Capt. Ralph, 229–230, 273 221, 248, 249, 252, 291, 307 Allen, Adjutant General William, 142, Adams, Richard, 302 170, 194, 198, 211 Agreement of the Free People, Alton, 217 An (1649) [third Leveller Alured, Col. Matthew, 135, 138, 139, Agreement], 13–14, 16, 41, 43, 147, 156, 160, 198, 201, 204, 50, 139, 185, 212, 326 207, 298 Agreement of the People (general), 1–2, Amersham, 92, 93, 274, 283 4, 8, 11, 13–14, 16–18, 20–21, Ancient constitution, Saxon past, 3, 28, 35, 39, 43, 49, 52, 61, 75, 37, 39, 132, 151, 156, 205, 238, 77, 81, 145, 153, 154, 157, 243, 247, 257, 294, 295 160, 162, 179, 183, 184, 186, Anglo-Dutch Wars 188, 191, 194, 197, 198–199, First (1652–1654), 32 201–203, 212, 221, 250, 258, Second (1665–1667), 228–230 300. See also An Agreement of the Third (1672–1674), 239–240, 244 Free People (1649); An Agreement Anti-Catholicism, 241, 249, 300, of the People (1647); Foundations 327–328 of Freedom; or, an Agreement of the Apocalyptic, millenarian expectations, People (1648); Offcers’ Agreement 72, 89, 137, 149, 223

Archer, John, 89 Beaumont, Sir Henry, 306 Argyll, Earl of (Archibald Campbell), Bedford, 288, 302, 305 323 Bedfordshire, 43, 86, 87, 89, 90, 139, Armiger, John, 168 169, 180, 190–191, 214, 233, Arminianism, 95 305 Ashcraft, Richard (political scientist), Berkhamsted, 89, 91 219–220 Berkshire, 32, 80, 86, 107, 203, 305 Ashurst, William, 192 Berners, Josias, 156, 199, 201, 204, Audley, Lieutenant (Major) Lewis, 77, 211 224 Berry, Col. James, 78 Axtell, Daniel, 63, 89 Best, James, 286 Aylesbury, 92, 94, 213, 273, 280, Bethel, Slingsby, 207, 229–231, 251, 285–286, 304 253, 254, 259, 266, 271, 272, Aylesbury Vale, 189 276, 278, 300, 303, 317 Ayloffe, John, 271, 276, 292 Biddle, John, 140, 211 Biggs (soldier), 18 Billing, Edward, 192, 233, 234, 264 B Bill of Rights (1689), 8 Ball, Henry, 105, 189 Birmingham, 19 Baptists, ‘anabaptists’, 1, 27, 29, 62, birthrights, native rights, 3, 20, 30, 64, 77, 80, 84, 85, 87, 89, 92, 32, 34, 35, 40, 84, 191, 199, 95, 97, 98, 99, 103, 133, 137, 236, 238, 250, 295, 301, 308. 142, 145, 148, 156, 157, 165, See also Natural rights 168, 189, 190, 191, 206, 210, Bishop, Capt. George, 135, 142, 193 212, 213, 221, 223, 226, 227, Bishop, Col. Henry, 142, 234 232, 233, 234–235, 242, 273, Bishopstoke, 85 277, 279, 285, 287, 288–290, Blaney, Robert, 280 291, 301–303, 305, 307, 308, Blood, Capt. Thomas, 229, 230 326, 327, 329 Blount, Charles, 190, 284, 285, 288, General, 62, 64, 77, 91, 92, 94, 95, 312 97, 98, 189, 191, 217, 226, Blount, Sir Henry, 190, 201, 271, 288 273, 285, 289–290, 296, 324 Blount, Sir Thomas Pope, 288, 304, Orthodox Creed, 105, 189 305 Particular, 64, 89, 91, 95, 97, 189, Bolton, John, 72, 235 226, 302 Booth, George, 195 Barber, Edward, 64 Booth’s rising, 188, 193 Barbon, Praisegod, 25, 27, 44, 53, Booth, Henry, 271 206, 224 Boreman, Capt. (Major) Thomas, 84 Barton, Emmanuel, 76, 101 Bourne, Zachary, 276, 278, 280 Basket, Capt. John, 76 Bracton, 251 Bateman, Charles, 275, 293 Bradshaw, John, 135, 136, 140, 147 Baxter, Richard, 92 Brandreth, Henry, 71, 231 Index 361

Bray, Capt.-Lt. William, 13, 76, Carlisle, 19 79–80, 102, 179, 199, 214, 261, Carstares, William, 287 273 Casswell, Richard, 78 Breman, Major (Lt.) John, 78, 140, Chalfont St. Giles, 92 201, 205, 217, 249, 271, 272, Chamberlen, Peter, 35, 73, 278 290, 292, 306–307, 329 Chapman, Livewell, 161, 173 Bristol, 142, 233 Charles I, king of England, Scotland, Brod, Manfred (historian), 80, 106 and Ireland, 14, 27, 29, 92–93, Brooke, Humphrey, 13, 65, 68, 151, 96, 136, 229, 241, 323 211 Charles II (Charles Stuart), king of Browne, Nathaniel, 281 England, Scotland, and Ireland, 2, Browne, Sir Richard, 225 6, 8, 14, 18, 34, 37, 71, 80, 84, Buckingham (borough), 92, 283–286, 144–145, 146, 150, 151, 153, 292, 305, 312 221, 222, 230, 232, 239–240, Buckingham, Duke of (George 241, 242, 245, 246, 248–249, Villiers), 7, 38, 220, 231, 239, 258, 273, 276, 287 240–241, 243–244, 245, 246, Cheesman, Christopher, 13, 79–80, 251, 256, 258–259, 261, 264, 232, 305 271, 273–274, 283–284, 314 Chesham, 91 Buckinghamshire, 4, 8, 68, 86–87, 90, Cheshunt, 233, 287, 312 91–94, 105, 106, 189, 190, 191, Chester, 233 203, 270, 280, 284–286, 304, Chichester, 217, 249, 290, 292, 306 314 Chidley, Katherine, 43–44, 64, 65, 68, Bunyan, John, 91, 288, 302, 305 72, 74 Burford. See New Model Army: Chidley, Samuel, 36, 56, 64, 65, 68, Burford mutiny (1649) 91, 105, 149, 155, 288 Burgess, Glenn (historian), 98 Child, Giles, Sr. and Jr., 93, 105, 106, Burthogge, Richard, 296 283 Burton, James, 281 Child, Josiah, 204 Bushell, Edward, 238, 263 Chillenden, Lt. Edmund, 63, 80 Bushell’s Case, 238, 255 Chiltern hundreds, 92, 283, 286 Chipping Wycombe, 283 Church, established, 6, 36, 37, 158, C 186, 208, 221, 223, 225, 231, Cabal ministry, 231, 239–240 239–242, 243, 251, 285, 291, Calvert, Giles, 13 294, 301, 308, 327 Canne, John, 46, 74 bishops, 223, 225, 241, 249, 276, Canterbury, 95, 307 327–328 Cantrell, John or Jonathan, 271, 280 clergy, 40, 94, 223, 251, 252 Care, Henry, 253–254, 255, 266, parish order, 70, 177, 278 295–296, 297, 298–299, 328 Citizenship, 7, 12, 31, 59, 85, 134, Carisbrooke Castle, 82, 83, 84 185, 244, 248, 256–258, 282. 362 Index

See also John Lilburne: and restoration of (1659), 132, 133, citizenship 134, 159, 161, 163, 164, 175, Civil wars, 63, 87, 96, 101, 136, 200, 179–180, 181, 299, 308 239, 241 Conscience, liberty of, 5, 7, 147, 160, Clarkson, Laurence, 79, 89 162, 171, 178, 180, 189–190, Climacteric, concept of, 2–4, 6–8, 326 193, 196, 200, 203, 204, 208, Cobbett, Col. Ralph, 140, 188, 195, 221–222, 223, 228, 229, 230, 198, 228 231, 232, 237–238, 240, 242, Cobbett, Maj. John, 140, 198 247, 250, 251, 270, 276, 291, Cokayn, George, 53, 139, 160, 161, 293, 294–296, 300, 304, 307, 230, 281 308, 318, 328 Coke, Sir Edward, 236, 237 and the Levellers, 2, 3, 6, 8, 35, Cole, Peter, 275 46, 48, 62, 97, 136, 145, 156, Cole, William, 85, 183, 184, 187, 157–158, 161, 184, 186, 192, 188, 203, 212, 226–227 203, 212, 238, 252, 304, 305, College, Stephen, 254, 273, 286, 292 326, 328–329 Collins, Charles, 28 Consent and government, 7, 15, 30, Collins, Hercules, 280 40, 47, 97, 134, 147, 150, 153, Collins, William, 302, 303 154, 177, 182, 184, 198–199, Common law, 190, 235–237, 238, 229, 248, 252, 256–258 250, 255, 258. See also Lawyers, Contractual basis of government, 1, Legal reform 14, 236, 324 Commonwealthmen, 5, 81, 134, Conventicle Acts (1664, 1670), 7, 141, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154, 220, 232–234, 235, 236, 237, 155, 160, 163, 179, 181, 217, 239, 243, 247, 250, 258, 282, 220, 243, 246, 273, 279, 282, 289, 292 285, 290, 298, 305, 329. See also Copyholds, copyholders, 40, 73, 97, Republicans, republicanism 187, 189, 190 Commonwealth of England, 2, 3, 4, Cornish, Henry, 293 6, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 27, 28, 32, Corporation Act (1661), 224, 231 34, 36, 38, 39, 46, 73, 78, 92, Courtney, Hugh, 154, 172, 194, 198, 93, 97, 134, 145, 164, 176, 191, 224, 230 193, 194, 195, 198, 207, 208, Cowell, John, 255 218, 267, 326 Cowes, 84, 85, 183, 227 Committee, commissioners for com- Cowper, Sir William, 286–287, 288, pounding, 33, 80 304, 305 Committee of Safety (1659), 6, Cox, Benjamin, 89, 288, 302 177, 195–200, 201–202, 203, Cox, Henry, 85 204–205, 290 Cox, Nehemiah, 288, 302 Council of State, 4, 17, 19, 26, 32, Crab, Roger, 67 36, 37, 38, 41, 43, 45, 47, 52, Cromwell, General Oliver, Lord 78, 80, 83, 175, 197, 199, 202 Protector of England, 12, 16, 19, Engagement, 21, 26, 27, 90 79, 103, 137, 144, 167, 196 Index 363

and Levellers, commonwealthmen, 283, 293, 296, 297, 303, 304, 14, 29, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 45, 318, 327 46, 47, 48, 59, 105, 139, 141, Denne, Cornet Henry, 13, 77, 89, 95, 147, 148, 150, 153, 155 273, 288 and the climacteric of 1653, 4, Dennis, Benjamin, 297, 301–302 36–38, 39, 46 Derby, 194, 195, 199, 215 and the Commonwealth, 4, 37, 39, Derbyshire, 17, 19 44 Devon, 142, 180 and the Protectorate, 46, 131–132, Diggers, 35, 65, 91, 93, 94, 189, 283, 136, 139, 141, 144, 148–149, 325 151, 152, 153–154, 176. See Disbrowe, Dr. James, 287 also Protectorate Disbrowe, Major-General John, 157, and the Rump, 12, 36, 56, 135, 138 159, 195, 227, 287 assassination plots against, 82, 142, Dissenters (Restoration), 189, 220, 146–147, 148, 150 223, 225, 229, 230–232, regiment, 153, 229 236, 239–241, 247, 250, 251, Cromwell, Richard, 6, 155–157, 258, 269, 277, 283, 286–290, 159–160, 161, 164, 287 292–293, 298, 308, 314, 326, Crown and prerogatives (constitu- 329. See also Baptists: General tional), 8, 238, 242, 248, 249, and Particular; conscience, liberty 250, 256, 258, 276, 291, 300, of; Independents; Presbyterians; 327 Quakers; sectarians, separatists and James II, 270, 293–297, 299–300, 304–307 D Commission of Enquiry of 1688, Dafforne, Thomas, 24, 64, 73, 150, 304, 307 158 persecution of, 7, 222–223, 228, Dagnall, Stephen, 92, 93, 105, 273, 231–234, 235, 237, 251, 286, 280, 311 288, 291, 292, 307, 326, 329 Danby, Earl of (Thomas Osborne), Dissolution of government, 237 240, 245, 249, 284 Dober, Cornet (Lieutenant), John, 77 Danvers, Col. Henry, 103, 150, 194, Dornford, John, 85 226, 228, 229, 273, 274, 277 Dornford, Robert, 85 Darby, John, 275 Dorset, 83, 142, 180 Dartford, 86, 95–96 Dover, Dover Castle, 34, 48, 95, 96, Davies, Lady Eleanor, 89, 91 191, 232, 233, 289, 292 Deal Castle, 144, 191, 230, 260 Dublin, 141, 168, 237 Debt, imprisonment for, 40, 72, 176, Duncon, Samuel, 182–184, 187, 192 180, 187, 221, 223, 253 Durham (city and county), 33, 78, Declarations of Indulgence (1662, 140, 168, 201 1672, 1687-1688), 222, 240, 364 Index

Dutch Republic. See Anglo-Dutch Falmouth, 233 Wars, Netherlands Farrington, John, 290 Dyke, Daniel, 273, 303 Farrington, Richard, 290, 306–307 Feake, Christopher, 25, 33, 34, 36, 72, 73, 84, 89, 137, 140, 287 E Ferguson, Robert, 275, 279, 280 Eades, Francis, 278, 281 Fifth Monarchists, 5, 72, 73–74, 92, Eames, Samuel, 69 133, 135, 136, 137, 144, 145, Eddington, James, 69 147, 149–150, 151, 152, 154, Edinburgh, 188, 323 164, 167, 169, 170, 192, 193, Edwards, Thomas, 92 194, 198, 204, 222, 223, 224, Elsam, Thomas, 76 226, 227 Elsing, Valentine, 65 Firmin, Thomas, 140 Eltham, 96 Firth, Charles (historian), 170 Embry, Capt. George, 85 Flanders, 79, 151. See also Low Enclosures, 29, 40, 54 Countries England’s Safety in the Law’s Fleetwood, General Charles, 141, 157, Supremacy (1659), 182–187 159, 162, 195, 199, 289 English Revolution. See Revolution of Wallingford House residence and 1649 army leaders, 159, 160, 173, Enlightenment, the, 300, 329 175 Epworth, 29–30 Floyd, Edward, 66 Equality, natural and legal, 30, 72, 93, Foundations of Freedom; or, an 157–158, 181, 185, 188, 223, Agreement of the People (1648) 242, 255, 323, 324 [second Leveller Agreement], 55, Erbery, William, 80, 87, 91 71, 98, 156, 178 Essex, 86, 252 Fox, George, 234, 235 Essington, Peter, 280 Freize, James, 68, 180 Everard, Capt. Robert, 15, 77, 94 Freke, John, 245, 263 Everard, William, 80 Fulham, 79 Excise, 18, 28, 30, 40, 82, 149, 152, Fundamental Laws and Liberties of 164, 281 England (1653), 40–41, Exclusion Crisis. See Restoration Crisis, 43, 158 1678-1683 Eyles, Stephen, 53 Eyre, Col. Thomas, 85, 201 G Eyre, Col. William, 17, 24, 51, 81–82, Gathered churches, 4, 11, 37, 41, 135, 139, 141 44, 62, 73, 95, 226, 227, 277, 300, 303, 326, 329. See also Baptists; Independents; sectarians, F separatists Fairfax, Lord General Sir Thomas, and Gatton, 78 regiment, 29, 77, 79, 96, 103, Gaunt, Elizabeth, 279, 303 231 Gaunt, William, 279, 303 Index 365

Gentry, landed families, 90, 93, 96, Hampden, John, 283–284 159, 176, 204, 260, 264, 282, Hampden, Richard, 304, 305, 317 283, 284, 285, 305, 312, 317 Hampshire, 41, 82, 85, 86, 103, 180, Gladman, Major (Capt.-Lt.) John, 89, 191, 202–203 105, 153, 161, 229, 273, 277, Hampton, 78 287 Hanham, Robert, 74 Glorious Revolution, 3, 8–9, 221, Harding, Major William, 84, 103 234, 270, 293, 294, 308, 327, Harrington, James, 5, 134, 157, 158, 328–329 163, 164, 172, 173, 181, 182, Gloucestershire, 169, 183, 184, 188, 185, 193, 197, 208, 211, 224, 202, 211–212 275, 296. See also Republicans, Goddard, Thomas, 66 republicanism: Harringtonian Goldie, Mark (historian), 243, 270, republicanism 294 Oceana (1656), 147, 172, 173 Goodenough, Richard, 271, 276, 278, Harris, John, 137, 159, 166, 199, 292 216, 275, 302 Goodwin, John, 27, 30, 62, 69, 71 Harris, Tim (historian), 220 Gracedieu, Sarah, 64, 68, 72, 74 Harrison, Edward, 64, 68, 89, 91, 92, Gracedieu, Thomas, 64, 68, 100 149, 152, 154, 211, 234, 277, Grainge, Crispe, 278 280, 303 Grand Remonstrance (1641), 200 Harrison, Major-General Thomas, 84, Gravesend, 204 135, 137, 150, 154, 287 Great Bedwin, 256 Hartle, Robert (archaeologist), 264 Greaves, Richard (historian), 220, 222 Hartopp, Sir John, 289, 306 Greenhill, William, 279 Hayes, James, 235, 264, 280 Green Ribbon Club, 270–272, 274, Hedworth, Capt. Henry, 140, 146, 280, 285, 286, 288, 304 245, 264 Grey, Ford, Baron Grey of Warke, Hedworth, John, 146 290, 292 Hedworth, Randolph, 146 Grey, Isaac, 73, 100, 280 Helby, Joseph, 279, 281–282, 303 Groby, Baron of (Thomas Grey), 26, Hemel Hempstead, 87, 89 139, 142 Hertford, Hertford Castle, 89, Gurney, John (historian), 106 286–287, 304 Hertfordshire, 4, 8, 27, 41, 64, 86–87, 89–91, 92, 180, 189, H 190, 201, 233, 270, 273, 276, Hacker, Col. Francis, 78, 275 286–288, 302, 304, 323 Halford, Edward, 311 Hesilrige, Sir Arthur, 14, 27, 32–33, Halford, Richard, 263, 280, 311 135, 136, 140, 152, 155, 159, Halifax, Earl of (George Saville), 256, 193, 195, 197, 199, 203–204, 267 205, 207 Hammersley, Rachel (historian), 171 Hickes, Joseph, 278 366 Index

High Court of Justice, 45 Independents, 16, 27, 30, 33, 55, 64, High Wycombe, 18–19, 106 73, 95, 97, 145, 156, 157, 176, Hill, Christopher (historian), 325 212, 221, 223, 227, 279, 296 Hills, Henry, 302 grandees, politicians, 4, 13, 46, 82, Hitchin, 86, 89, 91, 288 326 Hobson, Capt. (Lt. Col.) Paul, 91, 92, in London, 11, 27, 30, 62–63, 71, 140, 201, 229, 261 230, 234–235, 277, 278–279 Hoddesdon, 273, 286 Ingoldsby, Richard, 245, 264, 304, Holles, Gilbert, Earl of Clare, 274 305 Holmes, Clive (historian), 54 Ingoldsby, Sir Richard (Col.), and Holmes, Lt. Col. Abraham, 229 regiment, 18, 26, 245, 285 Hone, William, 278, 280–281, 292 Instrument of Government, 131, Hopgood, Capt.-Lt. Edward, 85, 104, 134–135, 136, 137, 138, 143, 217 148 Horn, Andrew, 243 Ireland, 3, 12, 16, 21, 27, 29, 33, 82, Horton, George, 35, 161, 173, 198, 139, 141, 154, 205 199 Ireton, Commissary General Henry, Howard, Luke, 95, 233 86–87 Howard, William (Baron Howard of Ireton, Henry, the younger, 272, 283 Escrick), 144, 146, 168, 207, Isle of Axholme, 29–30 254, 271 Isle of Wight, 82, 83, 84, 91, 204 Hull, 43, 86, 198, 207, 233 Ives, Jeremiah, 77, 80, 92, 197, 273 Humble Petition and Advice, 149, 150, 152, 153, 155 Hunt, Edmund, 303 J Hunt, Thomas, 248, 251, 258 James II, king of England, Scotland, Huntingdon, 81 and Ireland, 270, 289, 291, 292, Huntingdon, Earl of (Theophilus 294, 302, 303, 304, 306, 323, Hastings), 289, 306 327, 329 Hurst, Capt. Thomas, 84 and toleration, 293–296, 300, 308 Hurst Castle, 85, 201, 204 as Duke of York, 157, 225, 239, Hutton, Capt. Robert, 78, 229 240, 241, 242, 248, 270, 274, Hyde, Sir Edward (Earl of Clarendon), 286 41, 46, 224, 231 Jeffreys (conspirator), 278 Hyland, Samuel, 41, 46, 67, 72, 74, Jekyll, John, 235, 280 198 Jenks, Francis, 8, 244–246, 253, 256, 259, 263, 271, 272, 285, 304, 311 I Jenks, Hanna, 69, 99 Impressment, 35, 40, 139, 149, 164, Jenks, Sarah (subsequently Sarah 179, 204 Williams), 245, 263–264, 267, Independent alliance or coalition, 62, 304 92, 97, 164, 246 Jennings, Ralph, 146, 168 Index 367

Jermyn, Philip, 25 Larkin, George, 302 Jersey, 48, 77, 158 Larner, William, 137, 275 Jews, 144, 299 Latitudinarians, 296, 299 Johnson, Samuel, 250–251, 275 Laud, Archbishop William, 93, 251 Jones, Capt. Roger, 228, 229 Lawson, Vice Admiral John, 135, 138, Jones, James, 302 139, 147, 150, 163, 166, 201, Jones, John, 302 204 Joyce, Cornet (Capt.) George, 47, 59, Lawyers, 152, 271, 272, 276, 281, 76, 82–83, 84, 227, 230 304. See also common law, legal Jurors, role of, 24–25, 32, 221, 237, reform 238–239, 255–256 Levellers and hostility to, 25, 37, Jury trial, right to, 28, 31, 40, 59, 65, 93, 187–188 136, 179, 187, 235, 236, Lea, Thomas, 281, 303 255–256 Lee, Sir Thomas, 285 Leeds, 233 Legal reform, 16, 18, 22, 29, 31, 35, K 46, 73, 82, 96, 149, 164, 176, Keach, Benjamin, 92, 189 179, 180, 187, 190–191, 223, Keach, Joseph, 189 238, 255 Keble, Richard, 23, 25 Leicester, Leicester Castle, 94, 233, Keeling, Josiah, 277, 278, 281, 303 287, 288–289, 306 Kelyng, Sir John, and Kelyng’s Case, Leicestershire, 19, 81, 87, 94–95, 139, 237, 238 288–289, 306 Kendrick, Andrew, 264 Levant Company, 32 Kensworth, 64, 87, 89, 277 Levite, Robert, 66 Kent, 19, 73, 86, 94, 95–96, 180, Lichfeld, 19 191, 226, 230, 289, 306, 307 Liddall, Dennis, 65, 279 Kiffn, William, 34, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72, Light shining in Buckinghamshire and 89, 95, 98, 156, 171, 198, 211, sequels, 93, 96, 106 226, 231, 234, 273, 288, 293, Lilburne, Elizabeth (wife of John 315 Lilburne), 71 King’s Bench, Court of, 237, 291 Lilburne, Elizabeth (daughter of John Kinsale, Ireland, 85 Lilburne), 256, 267 Knollys, Hanserd, 149 Lilburne, George, 33 Lilburne, John, 27, 28–30, 48, 49, 68, 237, 242, 245, 255, 291 L and agitators, soldiers, General Lambe, Thomas, 64, 69, 92, 94, 95, Council, 14, 15–16, 18, 24, 26 288 and Agreements, civil association, Lambert, Major-General (Col.) John, 11, 14, 35, 43, 52, 95, 132 18, 37, 131, 150, 161, 193, 195 and citizenship, electoral participa- Lancashire, 16 tion, 7, 244, 246, 256 368 Index

and Commonwealth, 14, 22, 26, common council, common council- 27, 34, 37, 38, 45–46 men, 12, 27, 30, 65, 69, 205, and friends, associates, followers, 7, 232, 244, 257 13, 22, 26, 33–34, 37, 39, 41, common hall, 31, 234, 244–245, 45, 62, 64, 65, 72–74, 81, 84, 246, 257 91–92, 95, 96, 98, 150, 158, freemen, 30–31, 244, 245, 254, 193, 224, 230, 234, 280, 287, 256, 257 301 guilds (livery companies), 66, 68, and mutinies, 13 253, 292 and parliament, 32–33, 35, 41, 43, liverymen, 30, 31, 72, 244, 45 256–257 and public education, discussion, lord mayor, 23, 244 185, 248, 254, 328 militia (trainbands), 160, 225, 232, and republicanism, 39, 57, 134 233 and royalists, royalism, 37–38 militia commission, 77, 197, 201, England’s New Chains Discovered 263 (1649), 76 MPs, 31, 257 Impeachment of High Treason Recorder, 42, 236 against Oliver Cromwell Sheriffs of London and Middlesex, (1649), 14, 24 30, 31, 234, 253, 254–255 Outcry of the Young Men and London (social and economic) Apprentices of London (1649), apprentices, 15, 20, 43, 65, 66, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24 180, 204 religious activities, views, 48, 62, 73 artisans, tradesmen, menu peuple, treason trials, 3–4, 12, 17, 18, 27, 66, 71, 74, 97, 152, 225, 22–26, 37, 38, 41–42, 44–45, 234, 244, 271, 272, 273, 276, 72, 235 276, 278, 282, 325, 330 Lilburne, Col. Robert, 23 clothing trades, 65, 69 Lilburne’s Ghost (1659), 182–184, 186 merchants, 65, 66, 71, 271 Lilly, William, 180, 193 middling sort, shopkeepers, retailers, Limbrough, Edward, 76, 101 65, 66, 71, 74, 278 Lincolnshire, 29 poor, 66, 68, 71, 152, 278 Locke, John, 3, 219, 231, 285, 292 soap-boilers, 27, 30 Lockyer, Nicholas (Independent victuallers, 65, 66 cleric), 233, 235 watermen, 78, 204, 206–207, 218 Lockyer, Capt. Nicholas, 78, 89 weavers, 65, 94, 234, 244 Lockyer, Robert, 64, 81, 83 London and environs (topographical) London (constitutional): Corporation Aldersgate Street, 81 of London Aldersgate Without (ward), 65, 246, aldermen, 23, 27, 231, 235, 244, 274, 278, 302 245, 257 Aldgate (ward), 277 charter, 254, 257–258, 276, 281, Barbican, 275, 278, 301 291 Bassishaw (ward), 69 Index 369

Battersea, 277 Middle City, 69, 233 Bedford Street, 78 Mile End, 149, 301 Bishopsgate Without (ward), 48, Millbank, 278 64, 65, 68, 74, 179, 234, 235, Moorfelds, 34, 62, 302 278, 302, 316, 325 Nag’s Head Tavern, 161, 272 Blackfriars, 41, 81, 225, 302 Newgate Prison, 25, 37, 42 Bridge (ward, including London Newgate Street, 278 Bridge), 69 Old Bailey, 29, 44, 45, 235 Castle Baynard (ward), 69, 74 Old Street, 278, 281 Cheapside (ward), 229, 272, 278 Petty France (Moorfelds), 64, 68, Christ Church, Newgate Street, 89 98, 234, 277, 302, 316 City without the Walls, 67–69, 233, Pinners’ Hall, Broad Street, 302 278 Poplar, 301 Coleman Street (ward), 69, 71, 149, Portsoken (ward), 278 272 Rotherhithe, 78, 146 Cordwainer (ward), 70 St. Benet Paul’s Wharf, 66 Cornhill (ward), 70, 244 St. Botolph without Aldgate, 234 Covent Garden, 144 St. Botolph without Bishopsgate, Cripplegate Without (ward), 28, 54, 74, 100 68, 275, 278, 301, 302, 325 St. Giles Cripplegate, 276 Dowgate (ward), 69 St. George’s Fields, 198 eastern suburbs (general), 67–68, St. Katherine’s by the Tower, 66, 148, 149, 234, 273, 281, 303 68, 150, 226 East Smithfeld, 66, 150, 225, 277, St. Lawrence Jewry, 71 279 St. Mary Matfelon, Whitechapel, Exchange, the, 34, 225, 234 234, 279 Farringdon Within (ward), 27, 74, Shadwell, 234, 278, 279, 301 272 Shoreditch, 65, 66, 149, 277 Farringdon Without (ward), 25, 29, Soho, 273, 278 53, 74, 272, 274, 278, 301 Southwark (borough), 34, 35, 67, Fleet Bridge, 225 74, 92, 160–161, 180, 188, Fleet Street, 78, 272, 278 206, 214, 228, 233, 234, 302, Gatehouse, 244 303, 325; militia and commis- Guildhall, 23, 26, 71 sion, 198 Houndsditch, 65, 280 Spitalfelds, 271, 277, 278, 280, Inner City, 69–70 301 Inns of Court, 27 Stepney, 66, 74, 100, 135, 234, Kennington, 228 277, 279, 280, 303 King’s Head Tavern, Fish Street, 26 suburbs, periphery (general), 8, 25, King’s Head Tavern, Fleet Street, 28, 72, 74, 149, 152, 243, 272 246, 258, 269, 276, 277, 302, Langbourn (ward), 70, 272 303, 330 Limehouse, 66, 279, 301, 302 Thames riverside, 69, 70, 206 370 Index

Thames Street, 225 Mahlberg, Gaby (historian), 173, 211 Tower (ward), 69, 99 Maidstone, 95, 307 Tower Ditch, 225 Malyn, William, 285 Tower Hamlets, 278 Marner, William, 302, 303 Tower of London, 13, 16, 22, 24, Marshall, Alan (historian), 222 26, 45, 48, 78, 83, 141, 143, Marston, Humphrey, 76, 80–81 151, 204, 206, 226, 232, 234, Marten, Henry, 22, 26, 32, 33, 65, 246 78, 81, 92, 163, 201 Vintry (ward), 69 Marvell, Andrew, 235, 275, 298 Walbrook (ward), 70 Mayhew, Richard, 183, 192, 211. See Wapping, 65–66, 67, 206, 225, also Looking Glass of England’s 235, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279, Liberty, by R. M. (1659) 281, 301, 303, 325 Maynard, Sir John, 260, 267 Westminster (borough), 35, 67, 74, Mayne, Samuel, 277, 278, 303, 304 76, 135, 158, 178, 181, 197, Mayne, Simon, 304, 305 200, 202, 224, 234, 278, 324; Mead, William, 235, 238, 263 militia and commission, 78, Meade, Matthew, 73, 279, 280, 303, 201, 204 310 West End, 270, 272, 276, 278 Merihurst, John, 66, 279 Whalebone Tavern, Lothbury, 13, Middlesex, 66, 67, 86, 233–234 14, 49, 225, 272 Militias, county, 19, 40, 47, 136, 157, Whitechapel, 65, 66, 234, 245, 277, 276 325 Milton, John, 158, 171, 179, 181, Whitehall, 89, 148, 323 186, 210, 275 Windmill Tavern, Coleman Street, Minge, James, 54, 68 69 Mirror of Justices, 243, 246, 255 Looking Glass of England’s Liberty, by Moderate, The, 17 R. M. (1659), 183–188 Monck, General George, 140, 141, Low Countries, 32, 144. See also 196–197, 198, 199, 200, 201, Dutch Republic, Flanders 205, 206, 207 Ludlow, Lt. General Edmund, 22, 26, Monmouth, Duke of (James Scott), 139, 141, 173, 180, 181, 198, 242, 279, 286, 290 207, 225, 230, 233 Monmouth’s Rebellion, 270, 271, 279, 292, 302, 314, 323 Monopolies, 21, 29, 32, 40, 72, 73, M 82, 162, 188, 191, 221, 227, 253 Magna Carta (1215), 15, 23, 35, 207, Morrice, Roger, 303 233, 235–238, 244, 250, 254, Moulson, Thomas, 28 280, 296 Moyer, Samuel, 27, 55, 156, 178, Magna Carta, Great Charter for 197, 211, 224 conscience (1687–1688), 8, Murphy, Andrew R. (political scien- 295–297, 298, 304 tist), 262 Index 371

N Council of war, 26, 139 Natural law, natural state, 157, 250 General Council, 14, 15, 18, 79, Natural rights, 3, 96, 157, 186, 233, 138, 273 236, 250 General Council of Offcers (1659), Navigation Act (1651), 32 159, 195, 198, 203, 204, 217 Navy, feet, 149, 195, 204 Oxford mutiny (1649), 3, 12, Nedham, Marchamont, 39, 134, 166, 17–19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 83, 245, 245 285 Excellency of a Free State (1656), Putney, Putney debates, 15, 77, 79, 134, 147 81, 82, 83, 94, 135, 193, 224, Nelthorpe, Richard, 271, 274, 276, 283 292, 293 Solemn Engagement of the Army, A Netherlands, 80, 226, 227, 273, 275, (1647), 14, 40, 84, 85, 141, 292, 293, 303 160 Neville, Henry, 5, 147, 156, 157, 158, Ware rendezvous, 14, 29, 78, 81, 87 163, 181, 194, 197, 199, 201, Whitehall Debates, 89 208, 209, 224, 256, 271, 275 Nicholas, Sir Edward, 234 Newcastle upon Tyne, 14, 87 Nicholets, Charles, 301 Newport, Treaty of, 145 Nonconformists. See dissenters Newport Pagnell, 87, 91 (Restoration) New England, 79, 81, 85 Nonsuch House plot, 224, 225 New Model Army, 1, 3, 4, 6, 11, Norfolk, 87 13, 35, 38, 47, 61, 63, 75–82, Norman institutions, 90, 91, 199. See 85–87, 133, 135, 138, 139, 140– also William I (the Conqueror), 141, 159–161, 178, 193, 195 king of England agitators and new agents, 4, 8, 18, Northamptonshire, 19, 81, 188, 201 61, 63, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, Northern conspiracies (1663), 228 82, 89, 92, 94, 103, 118, 138, Norwood, Richard, 105, 283 139, 159, 161, 170, 197, 198, Nottingham, 78 201, 205, 218, 223, 226, 229, Noyes, John, 278 230, 245, 249, 253, 260, 271, Nye, Philip, 25, 53 273, 276, 286, 290, 292, 293, 323 arrears, 18, 80, 101, 176 O Burford mutiny (1649), 1, 11, 13, Oates, Samuel, 8, 64, 67, 94–95, 140, 15, 22, 46, 75, 77, 79, 82, 83, 141, 273 89, 103 Oates, Titus, 95, 273 Channel garrisons, 19, 76, 85, 183, Offcers’ Agreement [A Petition ...con- 217 cerning the draft of an Agreement Council of Offcers, 13, 16, 22, 36, (1649)], 13, 38, 76, 81, 93, 105, 39 372 Index

106, 136, 138, 149, 153, 156, Country opposition (1670s), 221, 158, 187, 193 240–241, 243, 246, 249, 258, Okey, Col. John, 135, 138, 139, 147, 271 156, 161, 198, 204, 211 dissolutions of, 4, 12, 18, 32, 39, Orpington, 95 45, 56, 59, 135, 136, 137, Overton, Richard 141, 145, 153, 160, 241, 246, and Agreements, 11, 13 247, 249, 272, 290 and mutinies, 13 elections and issue of elections, 4, 5, and plotting, opposition to the 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 28, 33, Protectorate, 5, 131–133, 135, 35, 37, 39, 40, 43, 46, 90, 97, 142, 143, 144, 145, 152, 163 134, 143, 147–148, 153, 155, and the Commonwealth, 17, 26, 162–163, 165, 173, 176, 178, 39–40, 42, 47, 48 179, 180, 182, 190, 195, 204, printing activities, 62, 202, 228, 205, 208, 241, 243, 244, 245, 275 247, 252, 258, 284, 286, 289, religious activities, views, 62, 64, 94, 294, 301, 302, 326, 328 298, 300 electors (parliamentary), 7, 20, 21, residence, location, 78, 132, 144, 36, 93, 178, 185, 202, 204, 167, 202, 228 212, 221, 227, 242, 246, 247, social thought, 93, 188 249, 252, 258, 264, 284, 285, Overton, Col. Robert, 158, 207, 224 287, 289, 292, 293, 294, 297, ‘Overton plot’, 140–141, 146, 245 304, 305, 306–307 Owen, John, 289 ‘Exclusion’ Parliaments (1679– Oxenbridge, Clement, 72, 224, 280 1681), 246, 254, 256, 272, Oxford, 254, 290 279, 290, 293 Oxford mutiny. See New Model Army: House of Commons, 28, 87, 152, Oxford mutiny (1649) 153, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, Oxfordshire, 87, 90, 102 170, 180, 181, 195, 227, 235, 237, 241, 242, 247, 249, 250, 284, 297; representative char- P acter, 13, 15–16, 27, 46, 90, Packer, Samuel, 280 93, 133, 135, 136, 155, 157, Packer, Col. (Major) William, 91, 105, 160, 162–163, 178, 179, 181, 153, 161, 195, 287, 312 189, 191, 206, 207, 246–247, Panarmonia, or the Agreement of the 248, 250, 251, 297; supremacy People Revived (1659), 183–188, of, 28, 40, 93, 135, 136, 181, 202, 211 184, 238, 280 Parker, Dr. William, 201 House of Lords, 27, 94, 132, 152, Parliament 160, 161, 203, 204, 227, 241, Cavalier Parliament, 222, 243, 258 246, 247, 249 Convention Parliament (1689), James II and parliament, 293–294, 289, 329 296, 297, 298, 328 Index 373

Long Parliament (1640–1648, Pennsylvania, 264 1660), 78, 90, 163, 195, 205, Penruddock’s rising, 142 207, 208, 304 Perrot, Edward, 93, 106 Nominated Parliament (1653), 4, People, as source of authority, 43, 12, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43–44, 46, 160, 162, 191, 194, 245, 250 47, 48, 72, 73, 74, 96, 97, Peter, Hugh, 13 131, 135, 137, 150, 156, 193, Petition of Right, 15, 23, 158, 207, 194 236, 254 ‘other house’ (1657–1658), 152 Petitions and addresses, petitioning, Oxford Parliament. See Parliament: 9, 33, 137, 154, 159, 180, 188, ‘Exclusion’ Parliaments 191, 193, 220, 244–245, 252, (1679–1681) 279–281 prorogations of, 241, 243, 246 apprentices, 43, 204 Protectorate Parliaments, 46, 77, army, 16, 76, 82–84, 135, 141, 79, 136, 138, 141, 147–148, 157, 178, 193, 194–195, 199 152–153, 155, 156 borough, 83, 86–87, 180, 188, Rump of the Long Parliament 191, 213, 307 (1648–1653), 4, 12, 14, 15, county, 43, 73, 86–87, 90, 92–95, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31, 96, 105, 106, 180, 183, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 188–191, 213, 283 42, 43–44, 45, 90, 99, 133, for a parliament, 43, 244, 245, 134–135, 138, 145, 161–163; 279–281, 285 restored Rump (1659–1660), The Humble Petition of divers 6, 175–178, 179, 181, 188, Citizens (1654) and subse- 193, 194–195, 200, 202, quent versions, 136–137, 138, 203–205, 207, 213, 216, 224, 152–153, 154, 156–157 227, 233, 272 The Humble Petition of several senate, proposals for, 162–163, 178, Colonels (1654), the ‘three 179, 180, 181, 185, 193, 194, colonels’ petition, 81, 137– 196, 199, 214 138, 139, 142, 156, 224 Participation, Leveller emphasis upon, Leveller, 14, 17, 22, 28, 29, 34, 7, 20, 31, 64, 66, 74, 188, 191, 35, 41, 42, 43, 48, 64, 72–73, 253, 256, 285 76, 82–84, 86–87, 91, 94, 96, Partridge, John, 280 103, 136, 149, 160–161, 164, Patchell, John, 281 177, 188–191, 202, 208, 210, Peacey, Jason (historian), 267 279–280 Peacock, Capt. Richard, 217 London, 30–31, 160, 178, 181, Peasantry, 90, 189, 253, 255 206–207, 244–245, 279–281, Pendarves, John, 169, 305 285, 303 Penn, William, the elder, 138 naval, 138–139 Penn, William, the younger, 220, 235– Remonstrance and Protestation of 238, 243, 248, 250, 255, 263, the well-affected People (1659), 283, 295, 297, 298, 304, 327 200–202, 204 374 Index

sectarian, 64, 72–73, 90, 96, 105, Levellers and, 3, 19–20, 22, 65, 91, 160, 169, 180–181, 189–191, 202 206–207, 209, 213, 301 printers, 13, 24, 65, 69, 74, 137, women, 43–44, 69, 72, 74 147, 159, 166, 198, 202, 228, Petty, Maximilian, 65, 197, 201, 211 275, 297, 302 Piggen (soldier), 18 printing liberty, 12, 19, 20, 21, 146, Pincus, Steven (historian), 294 292, 328 Pirton, 89 Protectorate, 4, 12, 38, 39, 82, Plant, Thomas, 296, 301, 302 135, 146, 148, 152, 154. See Prideaux, Edmund, 24, 27, 42 also Cromwell, General Oliver, Plymouth, 19–20 Lord Protector of England: and Pocock, J. G. A. (historian), 3 the Protectorate; Instrument Poole, 18, 51, 83, 84, 85, 201 of Government; Heads of Poole, Elizabeth, 41, 72 the Proposals; Parliament: Poole, Randolph, 65 Protectorate Parliaments Poor, Leveller concern for, 16–17, collapse of, 6, 155, 159–161, 162, 21, 31, 35, 36, 40, 80, 90, 91, 164 93–94, 96, 106, 179, 187–188, opposition to, 2, 5, 78, 81, 131– 190 134, 135–139, 143, 147–148, Poortmans, John, 154, 172, 194, 224 149–150, 151–152, 154–155, Popish Plot, 241, 273 156, 161, 164. See also Popple, William, 298, 315, 316 Overton, Richard: and plotting, Pordage, John, 80 opposition to the Protectorate; Portland, Portland Castle, 83, 84, 142 Sexby, Edward: plotting; Portsmouth, Portsmouth Castle, 77, Wildman, John: and plotting 82, 85, 103, 138, 144, 191, 201, against the Protectorate 203, 204–205, 217, 290 Prynne, William, 218 Powell, Vavasor, 73, 96 Pryor, William, 81–82, 103, 139, 141, Presbyterians, Presbyterianism, 62, 92, 226 145, 150, 176, 218, 221, 223, Puritanism, 87, 89, 95, 283, 304, 326 233, 252, 271, 289, 296, 303 Putney, Putney debates. See New in London, 192, 206, 233, 235, Model Army: Putney, Putney 277 debates in Parliament, 86–87, 90 Price, John, 30–31, 63, 66, 71, 267 Pride, Col. Thomas, and regiment, 22, Q 37, 140 Quakers, Society of Friends, 30, 48, Primat, Josiah, 33 77, 78, 80, 85, 92, 94, 95, 160, Prince, Thomas, 17, 26, 40, 42, 65, 176, 180–181, 183, 192–193, 69 222, 227, 233–238, 242, 264, Print culture, 158, 161, 242, 275, 293 283, 286–287, 288, 291, 296, Index 375

297, 298, 299, 302, 304, 306, 207–208, 222, 224, 227, 238, 308, 325 242, 246, 249, 250, 252, 259, Upperside (Bucks) monthly meet- 272, 287–289, 291, 293, 304 ing, 93, 106, 189 Resistance, 21, 52, 81, 98, 180, 200, 202, 205, 228, 233, 236, 250, 251, 252, 276, 290 R Restoration (1660), 1, 3, 6–7, 177, Radman, Sergeant John, 17, 18, 51, 195, 205, 208, 219, 220, 222, 83 230, 258, 267, 276 Rainborowe, Col. Thomas, and regi- Restoration Crisis (1678–1683), 7, ment, 64, 65, 67, 77, 79, 305 220, 221, 222, 239, 241–242, Rainborowe, Major (Col.) William, 246, 247, 248, 252, 255, 259, 64, 65, 67, 79, 89, 188, 201, 224 269, 272, 274, 275, 276, 282– Reading, 80, 145, 232, 305 284, 285, 288, 290, 291, 294. Rede, Lt. Col. John, 83–84, 201 See also Parliament: ‘Exclusion’ Rees, John (historian), 49, 50, 103 Parliaments (1679–1681) Republicans, republicanism, 1, 2, 6, Revolutionary change, 20, 150, 179, 7, 39, 81, 82, 84, 132–134, 143, 188, 191, 221, 243, 325–326 144, 145, 146, 147, 151–152, Revolution of 1649, 4, 6, 12, 22, 72, 154, 156–157, 162–164, 85, 93, 132, 134, 163, 208, 270, 177–178, 193, 196, 201, 295 219–220, 222, 224, 225–226, Revolution of 1688-1689. See 228, 230, 231, 271, 275, 276, Glorious Revolution 281, 301, 325–326, 329–330. Reynolds, Capt. (Col.) John, 75, 76, See also Commonwealthmen; 79, 140 Protectorate: opposition to Reynolds, Richard, 146 classical republicanism, 5, 39, 134, Rich, Col. Nathaniel, 166 147, 192 Rickmansworth, 89 ‘godly’ republicans, 158, 171, 181, Riggs, Edward, 226–227, 260 185, 193 Robinson, Henry, London merchant, ‘good old cause’, 132, 153, 155, 31 160, 161, 162, 190, 193, 200, Robinson, Henry, of Buckingham 205, 224, 227, 229, 288 borough, 284, 305 Harringtonian republicanism, 5, Robinson, Sir John, 232, 234, 235 181, 182, 192, 208, 210, 211, Rockwell, Lt. Nathaniel, 78 214, 331 Roe, Robert, 65 parliamentary republicans, 132, Rogers, John, 84, 154, 158 134–135, 147–148, 152, 155, Rolph, Capt. (Major) Edmund, 76, 157, 159, 164, 176, 193–194, 82–83, 287 195, 204 Roman Catholicism, 77, 145, 179, popular republicanism, 5, 39, 48, 239, 240–241, 251, 270, 291– 97, 134, 153, 158, 161, 164, 296, 298, 300, 308, 327–328 169, 180, 184–189, 198, 199, Rosier, Edmund, 62, 64 376 Index

Rota, the, 197 Schwoerer, Lois (historian), 270, 294, Rotterdam, 229, 230 315 Rouse, John, 273, 277, 281, 292 Scotland, 14, 29, 33, 34, 79, 80, 103, Royalists, royalism, 3, 12, 29, 77, 96, 135, 140–141, 146, 148, 167, 145, 146, 176, 178, 185, 191, 188, 192, 196, 198, 200, 229, 193, 194, 196, 205, 206, 230 241, 287, 323 and Levellers, 5, 12, 19, 37–38, 44, Scot, Thomas, 38, 152, 155, 159, 82, 91, 132, 133, 141–144, 195, 198, 201, 204 146, 148, 151, 157, 224 Scott, Jonathan (historian), 220, 241 Restoration Anglican loyalism, 6, Scrope, Col. Adrian, regiment, 54 232, 239–240, 241, 243, 251, Sectarians, separatists, 6–8, 67, 77, 252, 255, 258, 283–287, 289, 97, 137, 152, 154, 155, 159. See 292, 305, 306. See also Tories also Baptists: General, Particular; Rudyard, Thomas, 235, 236–237, 243 Dissenters (Restoration): per- Rugg, Thomas, 201, 202 secution of; Fifth Monarchists; Rumbold, Richard, 273, 277, 279, Gathered churches; Quakers 281, 286, 287, 293, 303, and the army, 62, 77, 84, 85, 196, 323–324 197, 198 Rumbold, William, 303 and the Commonwealth, 1, 6, 16, Rumsey, John, 272–273, 276 27, 35–36, 37, 48, 73, 97, Russell, Conrad (historian), 1 176, 177, 181, 193, 195, 196, Russell, William, Lord Russell, 250, 206–207, 214 251, 254, 275, 292 in counties and boroughs, 4, 30, 87, Rutland, 87, 94 89, 92, 94, 96, 189, 213, 232, Rutland, Earl of (John Manners), 17, 282, 286–287, 288, 289, 291, 289 294, 306–307, 325 Rye House plot, 73, 81, 273, 275, and the Glorious Revolution, 276–282, 286, 287, 293, 303, 328–330 304, 318–322 and the Levellers, 1–2, 4, 5, 12, 19, 25, 27, 33, 34, 35, 62–63, 64, 66, 72–74, 75, 96, 97, 98, 137, S 154, 155, 164, 177, 183, 188, Salisbury, 142 206, 220, 221, 238, 269–270, Salutation Tavern club, 273, 300–301, 325, 326, 327, 328, 275, 277 329 Sandham Castle, 84 and the London peripheral popula- Sandridge, 89 tion, 3, 7, 72, 74, 75, 243, Sandwich, 95 281, 301–303, 324, 325, 330 Saunders, Col. Thomas, 135, 138, and the Protectorate, 5, 48, 132, 139, 161, 165, 198, 201, 224 134, 149, 152, 154, 155, Saunders, Lt. Col. Robert, 85 159–160, 161, 164, 170 Sawyer, Roger, 65–66, 279 and the reign of Charles II, 2, Scarborough, 135 208–209, 220, 222, 223, 225, Index 377

227, 228, 234, 239, 240, 243, Sowle, Andrew, 297, 302 246, 271, 282, 326 Spanish government, 132, 146, 148, and the reign of James II, 8, 270, 151, 157 291, 293, 294–295, 296–297, Spencer, Capt. John, 91, 286, 287 298–301, 301–303, 307, Spinage, Capt. Anthony, 280, 287 327–328, 329 Spittlehouse, John, 137 Settle, Elkanah, 251 Staffordshire, 229 Sevenoaks, 95 St. Albans, 64, 79, 89, 91, 105, 288, Sewall, Samuel, 85 292 Sexby, Col. Edward, 48, 76, 82, 83, Starkey, John, 275 84, 103, 133, 134, 139, 149, Streater, John, 46, 59, 134, 147, 180, 151, 167, 231, 288, 304 199, 201, 204, 207, 224 Killing No Murder (1657), 150– Stubbe, Henry, 210 151, 170 Sturgion, John, 145, 146, 150, 154, plotting, 5, 81, 132, 142, 143–144, 170 145, 146, 148, 163–164 Styles, Lt. Col. William, 201 Shaftesbury, Earl of (Anthony Ashley Suffolk, 87 Cooper), 7, 183, 200, 201, 204, Surrey, 19, 77, 87, 278 219–220, 231, 239, 240–241, 243, 246, 247, 249, 251, 254, 258, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, T 286, 301, 327 Tarrant, John, 85 Sheldon, Bishop Gilbert, 225 Taverner, Capt. Samuel, 191, 226, Shute, Giles, 295–296, 298, 299, 300, 230, 232, 233, 260, 289 301, 302, 303, 315 Taxation, 30, 152, 153, 158, 162, Shute, Samuel, 264, 287 196, 200, 253, 276, 281, 328. Sidney, Algernon, 37, 220, 230, 246, See also Excise 256, 265, 271, 273–274, 275, Taylor, Daniel, 71 283, 285, 288, 292, 311 Temple, Sir Richard, 284, 285–286, Simpson, John, 74, 137 305 Sindercombe, Miles, 69, 133, 140, Test Act (1673), 240, 293 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 168 Theobalds, Theobalds Park, 91, 105, Skippon, Major General Philip, 25 233, 286, 287 Smith, Francis, 273, 275 Thurloe, John, 46, 132, 135, 136, Socinians, anti-Trinitarians, 140, 146, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 212, 245 147, 148, 150, 151, 160 Somerset, 87, 142, 180 Tichborne, Sir Robert, 27, 71 Southampton, 85, 103, 183, 203, Tindall, Lazarus, 76 204, 226–227 Tithes, 16, 18, 22, 35, 37, 40, 46, Southsea Castle, 85 73, 82, 90, 92, 94, 96, 106, 145, Sowerby, Scott (historian), 270, 295, 149, 152, 176, 180–181, 189, 316, 318 378 Index

190, 204, 206, 208, 210, 223, W 308 Wade, George, 70–71 Titus, Col. Silius, 150, 170, 274, Walcott, Thomas, 81, 103, 139, 207, 288, 304. See also Sexby, Edward: 230, 272–273, 292 Killing No Murder (1657) Wales, 201 Toleration. See Conscience, liberty of Walwyn, William, 48, 62, 63, 64, 65, Toleration Act (1689), 8, 328 68, 71, 132, 253, 298, 302, 324 Tolmie, Murray (historian), 1–2, 98 and juries, 31–32, 40, 235, 255 Tories, 239, 241–243, 251, 252, and the Commonwealth, 12, 17, 253, 254, 257, 258, 259, 270, 26–27, 45, 47, 211 284, 291–292, 293, 294, 296, and trade, 32, 253 330. See also Royalists, royalism: family and friends, 8, 11, 13, 65, 98, Restoration Anglican loyalism 151, 231, 244–245, 263, 267, Tracy, Daniel, 275, 301 280, 285, 286, 304, 311 Triennial Act (1694), 8 Wansey, Henry, 257 Tring, 91 Ward, Sir Patience, 275 Trumper, Ralph, 105, 189 Ware rendezvous. See New Model Trust, government as a, 28, 31, 40, Army: Ware rendezvous 136, 149, 162, 175, 179, 186, Warwick Castle, 24, 51 194, 197, 247, 248, 249, 252, Warwickshire, 139 256, 257, 276, 297 Watford, 86, 89, 302 Tue, Nicholas, 69 Watson, Randolph, 274 Tulidah, Maj. Alexander, 245, 263 Watson, Thomas, 233 Twistleton, Col. Philip, regiment, 76, Wendover, 304 78 West, Robert, 271, 276 Tyrrell, James, 285 West (New) Jersey, 193, 264 Tyrrell, Sir Peter, 284, 285, 304–305, Westminster Assembly of Divines, 160 312 Wetton, Col. William, 67, 76, 78, 144, 201, 202, 204, 206–207 Weymouth, 84, 103, 142 U Wharton, Goodwin, 313 Uniformity Act (1662), 224 Wharton, Thomas, 283–284 Whetham, Col. Nathaniel, 201, 204 Whig-liberal historiography, 9, 294 V Whigs, Whig thought, 7, 220, Vane, Sir Henry, the younger, 134, 221, 239, 241–243, 246, 247, 147, 156, 158, 181, 185, 195, 248–252, 254–256, 259, 264, 210 269, 275–276, 282, 292–293, Vaughan, Sir John, 255 308, 326, 328 Venner, Thomas, and risings, 149– and James II, 270, 291–292, 294, 150, 223, 281 296, 297, 300–301, 303, 307, Verney, Sir Ralph, 284 327 Index 379

in counties and boroughs, 283–285, 245, 271, 274, 280, 283, 285, 287, 288–291, 304 288, 304 in London, 8, 95, 246, 248, Leveller, The (1659), 157–158, 162, 252–253, 254, 256–258, 267, 172, 182, 212 274–276, 278, 279, 280, 281, William I (the Conqueror), king of 291, 293, 327, 329, 330. See England, 187, 248 also Rye House plot William of Orange (William III), 293, political clubs, 7, 271–273 307, 308 Whitehead, George, 234 Wilson, Rowland, 24, 53 Whitelocke, Bulstrode, 142–143, 197 Wiltshire, 81, 87, 142, 180, 190–191, White, Lt. Col. Francis, 79 201, 203, 205, 256 Wildman, John, 7, 13, 33, 65, 95, Winchester, 103 170, 313–314 Windsor, Windsor Castle, 79, 205 and plotting against the Winslow, 92 Protectorate, 5, 81, 82, 84, Winstanley, Gerrard, 35, 91, 93, 94 131, 132–133, 142–143, 144, Women, political and religious involve- 146, 148, 151, 157, 163–164 ment, 69, 75 and republicanism, 5, 48, 134, and the Levellers, 43–44, 65, 69, 135, 139, 143, 152, 154, 158, 72, 74 162–163, 164, 181–182, 192 Wood, Benjamin, 66 and the Commonwealth, 5, 12, Wood, James, 278 29–31, 47, 63, 197, 201, 205, Woolrych, Austin (historian), 38 211, 257 Worcester, 65, 233 and the Glorious Revolution, 289, Writer, Clement, 65 290, 307, 328 and the Restoration, 224–225, 231, 243–244, 256, 259, 267, Y 276–277, 283–284, 292 Yarmouth, 201, 233 authorship questions, 57, 138, 170, Yorkshire, 43, 87 171, 246, 318, 331 Youghal, Ireland, 85 friends and associates, 75, 77, 79, 81, 98, 135, 137, 140, 142, 145, 147, 150, 160, 163, 166, Z 181, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, Zook, Melinda (historian), 220 204, 206, 224–225, 226, 231,