Geonauka Vol. 2, No. 3 (2014)

UDC: 551.26 DOI: 10.14438/gn.2014.16 Typology: 1.02 Review Article

Intrusive rocks from Polumir and Željin (): two constrasting granit оid types Milenko VUKOV 1* 1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade, Serbia

Abstract . This paper outlines correlation of the most distinctive features of intrusive rocks from Polumir (granite from Polumir, Polumir granite) and from Željin (Željin granitoid). Although these two intrusions are notable similar in space (10-12 km) and time (beginning of Miocene), they are very different, even contrasting concerning their petrography, genesis and geotectonic. Mineralogy, petrology and chemistry of 2 Polumir granite (P ≈2.5 km ), and of Željin quartz diorite and tonalite, as well as of granodiorite and granite 2 (P ≈56 km ), i.e. properties that directly reflect on their genesis and geotectonic setting, are presented in this paper. Chemistry of biotite, the only mineral observed in both plutons, as the direct evidence of different physical-chemical conditions during consolidation and proof for their genetic contrast, is contributed. Keywords : Polumir, Željin, biotite, genesis, geotectonic, I- and S- type

* Milenko Vukov> [email protected] 1

Geonauka Vol. 2, No. 3 (2014) 1 Introduction In central Serbia, northern and north -eastern from from Željin intrusive body. the Mt. outcrops one large and a several smaller granitoid bodies. Among them clearly could 2 Analytical procedures be recognized two contrasting intrusions concerning Results of wet chemical rock analyses ( WC ): 36 their petrography, genesis and geotectonic known as analyses of Željin granitoid (Contribution 1) and 10 Polumir granites and Željin granitoid (Fig. 1). analyses (already published) of Polumir granite [32]; The term granite of Polumir is applied to igneous X-Ray Fluorescence ( XRF ) analyses: 8 – of Željin body discovered by erosion as seven smal ler masses 2 [37] and 5 of Polumir [41] including 441 analyses of at the area of about 2,5 km , in south -eastern part of alkalis [33] performed by fla me photometry method Č the emerno Mt. (below 1200 m altitude), between (FPM ) are presented in this paper. Padež and Ibar river. This term is not applied to fine - Chemistry of biotite, obtained by electron grained granite variety, mostly exposed as dykes, microprobe ( EMP ): 32 analyses of biotite from Željin pegmatite and aplite in the central part of the rocks [34] and 15 from Pol umir [41] are also Č emerno Mt. (above 1300 m altitude). presented. The term Željin granitoid is applied to particular Distinct features for these two intrusive bodies igneous body discovered by erosion in the uppermost 2 (their chemical-mineralogical -petrographic properties) part of the mountain, which covers about 56 km . This were correlated including biotite chemistry, which as term is not applied to a smaller exposures discove red already was noted above, directly indicates on their 2 č in the following localities: Crvanj (1 km ), Kova (2.5 petrography, genesis and geotectonic setting km 2), Kavanj (2 km 2), Drenj (1.7 km 2), Jošani čka 2 synchronously displaying their contrast on the b est (1.4 km ). way. Polumir granite outcrops about 10 -12 km eastern

Fig. 1 . Geological map of Kopaonik region and its surrounding ([22, 14, 18], simplified). Explanation: i – Carpatho- balkanides (Composite terrane), ii – Serbian -macedonian mass (ibid), iiia – Vardar zone (ibid), iiib – Dinarides (ibid); 1 – Mesozoic sedimentary and metamorphic rocks (T, J, K), 2 – Jurassic peridotites and serpentinites, 3 – Miocene volcano- sedimentary products, 4 – Tertiary granites, 5 – Mio-Pliocene sediments (Morava basin); 6 – faults

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Geonauka Vol. 2, No. 3 (2014) 3 Results and discussion Željin granitoid was according to radiometric data (K/Ar-method on biotite) formed before 17.5-24 ±±±3 3.1 Geological Setting Ма [35]. Both intrusions are considered (as well as Kopaonik granitoid body) in geotectonic sense to the 3.2 Petrologycal Setting Vardar zone [14]; actually to the Vardar zone Intrusive of Polumir (P ≈2.5 km 2), is represented Composite terrane [18]. Željin granitoid, including due to mineral composition (Fig. 2) with mesocratic southern Kopaonik granitoid mass and outcrops of the (M=7-10 % vol.) two-mica granites (IUGS - [4]). adjacent substratum building «Kopaonik ridge» Rocks are medium grained (1-3 mm), light in displays parquet texture as it most distinctive feature color to pale-pinkish, sometimes grayish blue and (Fig. 1). occasionally with well-developed schistosity. Their Intrusive of Polumir (Polumir granite) is texture is hypidiomorphic granular. Main constituents concordantly emplaced into biotite schists, i.e. into are quartz, K-feldspar (orthoclase: Or 82,5-92,9 Ab 7,1- 0 «Mršave Livade series » [26], actually into the upper 17,3 An 0,0-0,3 ); -2V=45-64 , ∆=0.10-0.12; microcline: - part of «lower Studenica series» - Early Paleozoic 2V=78-86 0, ∆=0.75-0.93; orthoclase-micro-perthite, [25], more probably Triassic in age [19, 22], primary microcline-micro perthite), plagioclase (An 14.4- 0 built of clayey, marly, sandy and carbonaceous rocks. 30.2 Ab 68.0-84.1 Or 1.2-2.2 , 2V=80-98 ), myrmekite (An 18.8- Granites and associated contact metamorphic rocks, 0 22.8 Ab 75-79.8 Or 1.1-1.9 ), biotite (-2V ≈11 ) and muscovite including products of diabase-chert formation (J), (primary, -2V ≈39 0). Neo-biotite, neo-muscovite and were discovered inside one «tectonic half-window». neo-albite (Ab 96.5 An 1.6 Or 1.9 ) were noted also. Among These rocks are at east and at north in contact with accessory compounds were observed: apatite, overlying serpentinites (J). On south they are monazite, xenotime, allanite, zircon and magnetite, subsiding along a large sub-vertical fault extending while sericite, chlorite and clay minerals are ESE-WNW. Products of diabase-chert formation (J) secondary minerals [32, 23]. Chemistry of these rocks are in contact with almost whole complex towards considered them as acid to slightly alkali (Fig. 3). NW along faults. Endo-contact and external-contact Crystallization of these rocks took part at effects are weak. temperatures of about 660 0C and pressures of 2-4 It was considered as Paleozoic – Late Hercynian kbar. Most of them were emplaced in this level either in age ([30, 6]; Carboniferous [19] or Permian [26]. as already crystallized masses or as rheomorphic, However, the age of 16-17 ±±±2 Ma [27, 31] was additionally heated and upward intruded granite mass obtained by K/Ar-method on biotite finely [32]. These rocks underwent most probably a several considering it as Miocene in age. Results of the same remobilization phases, with the last one at Т≈400 0C method implied that the fine-grained «monzonites» [32, 41]. Č from central parts of the emerno Mt. is younger – 9 Intrusive of Željin (P ≈56 km 2) consists of light Ма [13]. gray to dark gray rocks, of variable qualitative and Intrusive of Željin (Željin granitoid) , was mostly consistent quantitative mineral composition. tectonically emplaced, as well as Kopaonik granitoid, Main constituents are: quartz, plagioclase (An 33.2- into the central parts of brachy anticline, the most Ab Or ), K-feldspar -orthoclase (Or notable structure of the Željin-Kopaonik anticlinorium 45.7 53.1-65.7 0.8-1.9 88.5- 91.7 Ab 7.9-11.30 An 0.1-0.5 ), myrmekite, biotite and [12]. This structure involves central parts of Kopaonik hornblende. Accessory minerals are: epidote, allanite, area following the NS direction from to sphene, apatite, zircon and magnetite; while Priština, slightly bending and dipping northward. The secondary minerals are: calcite, sericite, chlorite and same orientation displays almost the all other clay minerals including almost 40 rare accessory formations. The entire substratum of granitoid is minerals (found in heavy rare assemblage). Modal represented with Triassic ([22], earlier Pz) mineral composition (Fig. 2) considered these rocks metamorphic series, composed primary of different as mesocratic ( М=12-30% vol.) amphibole-biotite pelitic-psammitic rocks and carbonaceous sediments varieties of quartz diorite and tonalite (2. rock group, that were not affected significantly during the i.e. second) and subordinated – 15 % of the area (1. intrusion of granitoid. Endo-contact phenomena are rock group, i.e. the first) varieties of granodiorite and marked with a narrow cataclasis zone. (monzo) granite (IUGS – [4]).

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Fig.2. Q-A-P diagram (IUGS – [4] ) and Q -(A+P)-M diagram for granitoid rocks of I-, S - and A-type in Australia (B owden et al., 1984) and intrusive rocks from Polumir and Željin ( modal analyses )

Fig. 3. SiO 2–(Na 2O+K 2O) diagram (TKPK - [2]) for Polumir and Željin intrusive rocks ( WC analyses )

Rocks exhibit hypidiomorphic granular texture, due to К-feldspar metasomatism (along foliation medium grained, rarely fine grained and porphyroid, planes), at T=560-600 0C, Ps<4 -5 kbar, crystallized K- but myrmekitic, symplectic or poikilitic texture feldspar [36] producing some small granodiorite and (porphyry-poikilo-blastic) occu r also. Their structure granite (K 2O>2.42 %) occurrences. is massive, in places schlieren, foliatied (sometimes almost schistose) and banded. Chemistry of these rocks considers them as intermediate to slightly acid 3.3 Biotite normal alkali-calcoalkali rocks (Fig. 3). Physical-chemical conditions during genesis of Mineral constituents of this intr usive were both igneous bodies are the best recognizable using crystallized during the two sub-phases. In the first one biotite that synchronously indicates on their genetic were formed all essential constituents, excluding K- consideration. feldspar: hornblende, biotite, plagioclase, epidote and Biotite of Polumir corresponds concerning Si:Al < sphene (i.e. quartz diorite and tonalite – K2O 2.42 ration and (Mg+Fe):Al to two -mica granite, while 0 %), at following conditions - T≈700 C, Ps=7(8) kbar, biotite from Željin corresponds to biotite granite (Fig. h=24-25 km, P H20 =6.6 kbar, H 2O=13 -14%, fO2 =10- 4). Biotite of Polumir crystallized at l ower pressure- 18,5 bar. When hornblende, biotite, epidote and major temperature conditions while the later crystallized part of plagioclase crystallized, Željin magma, under some higher pressure -temperature conditions – actually mixture of magma and already formed higher potassium potential (Fig. 5). crystals, intruded in shallower levels and late magmatic mineral homogenisation took part at T≈630-640 0C, P ≈5 kbar and h ≈18 km (?). Later on,

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Fig. 4. (Si:Al) −(Mg+Fe t):Al diagram [21] of biotite in Polumir and Željin intrusive rocks ( EMP analyses )

Fig. 5. I−f diagram [15] of biotite in Polumir and Željin intrusive rocks as a function of K - and water potential. Explanation: f=Fe t:(Fe t+Mg); l=Al :(Si+Al t+Fe t+Mg) atom . ( EMP analyses )

Biotite of Polumir ( ΧAl2O3 =15.14, ΧFeO =18.56, similar to those in granites of Serbia, actually to ΧMgO =11.67 [41] ) greatly differs from Željin biotite Bukulja and Cer granites («fine grained, leucocratic» (ΧAl2O3 =15.14, ΧFeO =18.56, ΧMgO=11.67 [40]) due and «muscovite-aplitic» [40] ). to distinct oxide amounts and corresponding The amount of Al VI is lower in Željin biotite discriminants [1] . Those from Željin are analogous to (0.121-0.467), than in Polumir (0.691 -1.006), orogenic, calc-alkaline I-type g ranitoid complexes reflecting [29, 9, 88] that the first one is of I -type and [40] while those from Polumir correspond to that the other is of S -type (>0.5). Higher TiO 2 peraluminous collision complexes of S type. Calc - contents in biotites from Polumir ( Σ=3.20), than in alkaline character of biotite in Željin rocks and its Željin biotite (Σ=2.50), is additionally in agreement peraluminous character in rocks from Polumir are in with TiO 2 content in I- and S -type [10]. agreement with chemistry of country rocks (Fig. 6). Biotite from Polumir rocks are with its chemistry

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Fig. 6. ACNK −ANK diagram (M aniar & P iccoli , 1989) for Polumir and Željin intrusive rocks. Explanations: ANK –

Al 2O3:(Na 2O+K 2O) mol .; ACNK - Al 2O3: (CaO+Na 2O+K 2O) mol . ( XRF analyses )

S-type Ž I-type 3.4 Genetic and geotectonic setting P Ba 471 480 549 250 There are a plenty mineralogical and petrochemical criteria for distinguishing I - and S- Rb 217 180 116 132 granitoid types proposed by numerous authors (mostly Sr 293 139 407 253 for granitoid roc ks of southeastern Australia – Pb 29 27 16 Lachlan Fold Belt, for example, [9, 10, 43, 46, 7, 8, 28, 44, 45, 11, 5, etc.] . In this paper we have used Th 13 19 16 16 only some of these criteria, reachable and the mostly U 2 3 3 instructive. Zr 128 170 174 143

Nb 9 11 9 9 Table 1. Average chemical composition of granitoid rocks I- and S-type (Australia) and of Polumir (P) and Żeljin ( Ż) Y 7 32 22 27 intrusives Ce 40 69 44 63 Ż P S-type Ž(1g.) (2g.) I-type Nd 16 25 23

SiO 2 71.84 69.08 64.07 59.40 67.98 Zn 52 64 68 52

TiO 2 0.25 0.55 0.59 0.78 0.45 Ga 18 17 17 16 Al 2O3 16.41 14.30 16.03 17.43 14.49 P – Polumir (10 WC analyses); Ż – Żeljin

Fe 2O3 0.68 0.73 2.24 3.36 1.27 (Contribution 1; 1g. - Rock of the 1. group - FeO 1.08 3.23 3.26 4.65 2.57 metasomatic, 2g. – rock of the 2. group - primary); I-, S – referent rocks from Australia [10]: I - I-type (532 MnO 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.11 0.08 analyses); S – S-type (316 analyses). MgO 1.00 1.82 2.36 2.83 1.75 CaO 1.83 2.49 4.65 5.73 3.78 1. Following criteria indicate that Polumir intrusive is S-type: Na 2O 2.43 2.20 2.62 2.90 2.95 - relatively high content of quartz and K -feldspar

K2O 3.46 3.63 3.13 1.95 3.05 (Fig. 2); - narrow and high range of SiO 2 content (Table 1; P2O5 0.03 0.13 0.01 0.07 0.11 Fig. 3); Trace elements (ppm) - common muscovite presence;

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Geonauka Vol. 2, No. 3 (2014) - the absence of enclaves (including mafic ).

2. Željin intrusive is I-type concerning: - relatively low quartz and K-feldspar content (Fig. 2); - wide range of SiO 2 content (Tab.1; Fig. 3); - common presence of amphibole; - presence of mafic enclaves (fine grained diorite/gabbro with quartz to qu artz diorite; in size few tens of cm, rarely up to 150 cm). On contrasting character of these two intrusives implies some other discriminants, united as: 1. Alumina content /defined as: norm. corundum: diopside; Al:(Na+K+Ca); etc. Most of Željin rocks (> 72 % of population) does not contain normative corundum or its amount is <1 %, analogous to its amount (absence) in I -type [9]. Polumir granite, on contrary completely corresponds to S-type as normative corundum is ordinary and present in significant amounts (2.45-8.36 %). Fig. 8. Combined diagram of: (a) frequency K:(Na+K) Ratio Al:(Na+K+Ca) /, is coinciding completely and (a) correlation of K:(Na+K) −Fe 3:(Fe 3+Fe 2) I- and S- with previous mentioned, whereas Polumir granite type granites from Australia (T akahashi et al., 1980), and displays notable Al «excess» compared with referent intrusive rocks from Polumir (granite) and Željin (1 – S-type granites (Fig. 7). granodiorite and granite; 2 – quartz-diorite and tonalite) 2. The amount of alkal i /defined as: K:(Na+K) (WC analyses ) and K2 О-Na2 О/. K:( Na+K) ratio implies, as well as the K -feldspar ratio towards sialic minerals that Polumir granite corresponds to S-type. Primary Željin rocks (2. group) are analogous, as up to now, with I -type, while metasomatic rocks (1. group – K2O>2.42 %) only receive some features of S-type (Fig. 8).

Fig. 9. K2O–Na 2O (mas .) diagram of I- and S-type granites from Australia [9] and intrusive rocks from Polumir and Željin ( FMP analyses )

Amounts of K 2O and Na 2O (K 2О>3.09 %, Na 2О<2.70 %) distinctly consider rocks of Polumir as S-type [9] , and from Željin as I-type excluding some of metasomatic derived (Fig. 9). 3. Calcium amount (defined as CaO % mas. and C:(A+C+F) - C=Ca ; A=Al -Na-K; F=Fe+Mg). Contents of CaO in entire samples including average values for intrusive rocks of Polumir and Fig. 7 . Frequency diagram Al:(Na+K+Ca) for I- and S- Željin (Table 1) ar e notable higher (4.65 %, followed type granites in Australia (T akahashi et al., 1980) and for with higher content and more basic plagioclase), i.e. Polumir and Željin intrusive rocks ( WC analyses ) notable lower (1.83 % followed with lower content and more acid plagioclase) than average values for corresponding rocks of I –type (3.78 % [10]), i.e. of S-type (2.49 %).

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Synchronously with its consolidation, or just a little later (h=24-25 km), consolidation of Polumir magma took part. Syn -collision Polumir magma gene rated during the collision of two continental (micro) plates. Possibility of additional influence of deeper Željin magma should not be excluded. Conclusions about geotectonic setting of investigated intrusive bodies are in well agreement with the already e xisted opinion [16, 17] about the existence of volcanic arc and micro plates collision in investigated area. Fig. 10. Frequency diagram C:(A+C+F) for I - and S-type granites from Australia [28] and for Polumi and Željin intrusive rocks ( WC analyses ) Distribution of C: (A+C+F) is almost ideal confirmation that these intrusive rocks are of S −, i.e. of I–type (Fig. 10). 4. Ferri:ferro ratio /potential О2; -defined as Fe 3:(Fe 3+Fe 2)/. Fe 3:(Fe 3+Fe 2) ratio in Željin rocks is higher than in standard I-type [10] , as concerning average values (0.382:0.315) for the whole group (Fig. 11). The presence of primary epidote in Željin rocks is expectable with the above noted [39] . This amount is in rocks from Polumir vary variable (0.105 -0.769) from unknown reasons, mostly higher than the average value in S-type (0.173). Significant differences in chemical composition confirm ed that these two intrusive bodies are of Fig. 12. R1−R2 diagram of granitoid rocks from different different geotectonic setting and of different genesis, geotectonic environments [3] and Polumir and Željin in spite their great similarity in space and time. intrusive rocks. Explanation: 1 - Mantle-Fractionates, 2 - According to R and R -parametres and amounts Pre-plate Collision, 3 - Post -collision Uplift, 4 - Late- 1 2 orogenic, 5 – Anorogenic, 6 – Syn-collision, 7 – Post- of Rb, Nb and Y, Željin rocks correspond to pre -plate orogenic ( XRF analyses ). collisi on granitoids (Fig. 12 and 13). These magmas derived most probably in volcanic arc exactly in the “moment” of their transition on continental block (with taking their age into consideration, too).

Fig. 11. Frequency diagram Fe 3:(Fe 3+Fe 2) for I - and S-type Fig. 13. Diagrams: a) Nb −Y; and b) Rb −(Y+Nb) of granites from Australia [28] and for Polumir and Željin granitoid rocks from different geotecton ic environments intrusive rocks ( WC analyses ) [24] and Polumir and Željin intrusive rocks ( XRF analyses )

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Geonauka Vol. 2, No. 3 (2014) 4 Conclusions to syn-collision type but its magma derived synchronously or little later than Željin one, during Biotite chemistry, chemical, mineral and the continental (micro) plates collision. normative rock composition reflects that these two intrusive bodies, very close in space and time are References contrasting. Željin intrusive corresponds to calc- alkaline orogenic I-type, whereas Polumir is [1] Abdel-Fattah , M.A.: Nature of Biotites from Alkaline, peralkaline syn-kinematic S-type. Calc-alkaline, and Peraluminous Magmas . Journal of The amount of Al VI and TiO in biotite, as well as Petrology, 35 (2): 525-541., 1994. 2 [2] Andreeva , E.D., B ogatikov , O.A., B orodaevskaia , M.B., content of Al O , FeO and MgO are in agreement with 2 3 Gonshakova , V.I., E gorov , L.S., E fremova , S.V., K ovalenko , their contrasting character. Additionally, amounts of V.I., M arkovski , B.A., M asaitis , V.L., M ihailov , N.P., Si :Al and (Mg+Fe) :Al, are analogous to their mineral Petrova , M.A., P olunina , L.A., R otman , V.K., R umiancova , assemblages - biotite-amphibole, i.e., muscovite- N.A., F ilipova , T.P., F rolov , V.T., F rolova , T.I., H varova , I.V., biotite, while Fet:(Fet+Mg) and Al:(Si+Alt+Fet+Mg) Nasedkin , V.V., M aleev , E.F. & S Herbakova , M.N. implies on some higher PT-conditions during Classification and nomenclature of igneous rocks . In : crystallization of minerals within Željin intrusive Bogatikov , O.A., G onshakova , V.I. & E fremova , S.V. (eds.), body. 161. pp., Nedra, Moskva (in Russian) , 1981. Intrusive rocks from Polumir display [3] Batchelor , R.A. & B owden , P. Petrogenetic characteristics of S-type i.e. have relative high quartz interpretation of granitoid rock series using multicationic parameters . Chemical Geology, 48: 43- and K-feldspar amounts followed with narrow but 55, 1985. high range of SiO 2 content (correspond to granites), [4] Bateman , P., D udek , A., K eller , J., L ameyre , J., Le B as , muscovite presence is ordinary while enclaves are M.J., S abine , P.A., S chmid , R., S orensen , H., S treckeisen , lacking. Intrusive rocks from Željin display A., W oolley , A.R. & Zanattin , B. In . Le M aitre , R.W. characteristics of I-type i.e. have relative low quartz (eds.), A Classification of Igneous Rocks and Glossary and K-feldspars amount followed with a wide range of Terms , 193 pp., Bleckwell, Oxford, 1989. of SiO 2 content (correspond to tonalite and [5] Bowden , P., B atchelor , R.A., C happell , B.W., D idier , J. & granodiorite), usually contain amphibole while mafic Lameyre , J. : Petrological, geochemical and source enclaves are often. criteria for the classification of granitic rocks: a Some significant petrochemical parameters discussion. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, reflect on their contrasting character too: 35: 1-11, 1984. [6] Brkovi ć, T., M aleševi ć, M., U roševi ć, M., T rifunovi ć, S., Alumina content - in Željin rocks normative Radovanovi ć, Z., D imitrijevi ć, M. & D imitrijevi ć, M.N. corundum is lacking or present in negligible amounts Explanatory booklet, Sheet Ivanjica, Basic Geological (typical for I–type), while Polumir rocks display Map 1:100000 . Federal Geological Survey, Belgrade, notable “excess” of Al:(Na+K+Ca) compared with the 61 pp. (in Serbian, English summary) , 1977. referent S-type samples. [7] Chappell , B.W.: Source rocks of I- and S-type granites in Alkali amount - /K:(Na+K) and K 2О-Na 2О/ the Lachland Fold Belt, southestern Australia. clearly distinguish Željin rocks as I-type and Polumir Philosophical Translations of the Royal Society of rocks as S–type, although metasomatic Željin rocks London, A, 310: 693-707, 1984. (1. group) only receive some features of S-type. [8] Chappell , B.W. Aluminium saturation in I- and S-type Calcium contents /CaO; C:(A+C+F)/, are either granites and the characterization of fractionated completely in agreement or some higher than in halpogranites. Lithos, 46: 535-551, 1999. [9] Chappell , B.W. & W hite , A.J.R. Two contrasting granite referent rocks from Australia. 3: 3 2 types. Pacific Geology, 8: 173-174, 1974. Ferri:ferro ratio /Fe (Fe +Fe )/ is the least [10] Chappell , B.W. &W hite , A.J.R.: I- and S-type instructive in Polumir rocks, while is higher in Željin granites in the Lachland Fold Belt, southeastern rocks than in referent samples of I-type. Australia. In: Keqin , X. & G uangchi , T. (eds.), Geology Investigated intrusives were formed in different of granites and their metallogenetic relations. Science geotectonic settings according to R1- and R2- Press, Beijing, China, 87-101, 1984. parameters, amounts of Rb, Nb and Y, with taking into [11] Collins , W.J., B eams , S.D., W hite , A.J.R. & C happell , account their age. Željin granitoid corresponds to pre- B.W.: Nature and origin of A-type granites with particular plate collision type, i.e. its magma was formed in references to Southeastern Australia. Contributions to volcanic arc in the “moment” when it overturned into Mineralogy and Petrology, 80: 189-200, 1982. Ćiri ć, aramata mejkal the continental margin. Polumir intrusive corresponds [12] B., K , S. & S , S.: An overview of the Kopaonik mountain geology – Igneous rocks, geology 9

Geonauka Vol. 2, No. 3 (2014) and mineral resources of the Kopaonik . Fifth Meeting of Zavoda za geološka i geofizi čka istraživanja NRS, 13: 95- geologists of FNRJ, geological guide-book, 36 pp., 106 (in Serbian, English summary) , 1957 . Belgrade (in Serbian) , 1962. [27] Stajevi ć, B.: Metallogeny of Golija region and its ore [13] Deleon , G.: A review of absolute age potential. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Mining determinations on granitic rocks from Yugoslavia. and Geology, University of Belgrade, 158 pp. (in Serbian) Radovi Geoinstituta, 6: 165-182 (in Serbian, English , 1980. summary) , 1969. [28] Takahashi , M., A ramski , S. & I sihara , S.: Magnetite- [14] Dimitrijevi ć, M.: The Dinarides: A model based on series/Ilmenite-series vs. I-type/S-tupe granitoids. Mining New Global Tectonics . In: Metallogeny and Concepts of Geology, Special Issue, 8: 13-28, 1980. the Geotectonic Development of Yugoslavia, [29] Tetley , N. 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Geonauka Vol. 2, No. 3 (2014) poluostrva, 64: 167-185 (in English, Serbian abstract) , composition of granites . In: K eqin , X. & G uangchi , T. 2002. (eds.), Geology of granites and their metallogenetic [42] Whalen , J.B. & C happel , B.W.: Opaque mineralogy relations, 737-751. Science Press, Beijing, China, 1984. and mafic minerals chemistry of I- and S-type granites of [45] White , A.J.R., C lemens , J.D., H olloway , J.R., S ilver , the Lachlan fold belt , southeast Australia. American L.T., C happell , B.W. & W all , V.J. S-type granites and their Mineralogist, 73: 281-296, 1988. probable absence in southwestern North America. [43] White , A.J.R. & C happell , B.W. Ultrametamorphism Geology, 14 (2): 115-118, 1986. and granitoid genesis . Tectonophysics, 43: 7-22, 1977. [46] White , A.J.R. & C happell , B.W.: Petrographic [44] White , A.J.R., C ollins , W.J. & C happell , B.W. discrimination of low- and high-tempeature I-type Influence of melt structure in the trace element granites . Resource Geology, 54(3): 215-226, 2004 .

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