Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary

A glossary of terms, abbreviations, acronyms, infographics and slang related to eVTOL, UAM, and UAS aviation

Updated August 7, 2021

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 1 Table of Contents

Abbreviations ...... 3 Glossary ...... 9 Infographics ...... 40 Slang ...... 52

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 2 Abbreviations AAM ANSP BNF Advanced Aerial/Air Mobility air navigation service provider bind and fly

AC AP BRLOS Advisory Circular [FAA and aerial photography beyond radio line of sight ICAO] ARF BVLOS ACAS almost ready to fly [also ARTF] beyond visual line of sight airborne collision avoidance system ASM BVR

airspace management beyond visual range ACR Airman Certification ASTM AC377 F38 CAA Representative ASTM International Advisory civil aviation authority

Committee on Unmanned ADS-B Aircraft Systems C-UAS Automatic Dependent counter unmanned aircraft Surveillance—Broadcast ATC systems

air traffic control AFM C2 aircraft flight manual ATM Command and Control

air traffic management AGL C2 Range above ground level ATS Command and Control Range

Air Traffic Service AGV CAA autonomous ground vehicle AUVSI Civil Aviation Authority

Association for Unmanned AHJ Vehicle Systems International CAP 722 authority having jurisdiction Operational Guidance [UK]

BASH AIP bird aircraft strike hazard CASA aeronautical information Australian Civil Aviation publication Baughman’s Safety Agency

Baughman’s Aviation ALFUS Dictionary and Reference Guide CAT Autonomy Levels For [archaic] commercial air transport Unmanned Systems

BCI CBR ALT brain-computer interface community-based rules Altitude

BLOS CF beyond line of sight carbon fiber

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 3 Abbreviations CFI DARPA ESC certified flight instructor Defense Advanced Research electronic speed controller Projects Agency CFR ETA Code of Federal Regulations DARPA ALIAS estimated time of arrival Defense Advanced Research CL Projects Agency Aircrew Labor EVLOS In-Cockpit Automation Connectionless extended visual line-of-sight System

CNPC eVTOL control and non-payload DPE electric vertical take-off and designated pilot examiner communications landing aircraft

CNSI DSA FAA detect, sense, and avoid communication, navigation, Federal Aviation surveillance, information Administration [US] DST COA decision support tool FAR

Certificate of Authorization Federal Aviation Regulations [also Certificate of Waiver] EASA European Union Aviation FATO Safety Agency CONOPS final approach and takeoff concept of operations EC FC environment complexity COTS flight controller/crew commercial off-the-shelf EFB FFF Electronic Flight Bag CPLA fast forward flight close proximity low altitude EIS FIMS entry into service CS flight information control station management system ELOS CTOL electronic line of sight FLIR conventional take-off and forward looking infrared landing EMI electromagnetic interference FMRA

C-UAS FAA Modernization and counter unmanned aircraft EO/IR Reform Act of 2012 [US] systems electro-optic / infrared F/O D&A / DAA EP first officer detect and avoid external pilot

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 4 Abbreviations FOD HI Kp-Index foreign object debris human independence Global geomagnetic activity

FOQA HL KTC flight operational quality hand launched Knowledge Testing Center assurance FOV hVTOL L&R, L/R field of view hybrid vertical takeoff and launch and recovery landing FP LAANC flight plan IACRA Low Altitude Authorization Integrated Airmen Notification Capability FPV Certification and/or Rating Application first person view LIDAR

light detection and ranging FSDO IAW in accordance with Flight Standards District LOC

Office localizer ICAO GA International Civil Aviation LOS Organization general aviation line of sight

GCS ILS LRPAS instrument landing system ground control station light remotely-piloted aircraft

system GIS IMU inertial measurement unit geographic information system LZ

landing zone GPS IOC intelligent orientation control Global Positioning System MAAS

mobile aircraft arresting HC IoT-A system Internet of Things- Hexacopter architecture MAV

HEC micro/mini air vehicle ISO high-end computing International Organization for MC Standardization mission Complexity Hexa

Hexacopter ISR MOC Intelligence, surveillance, mobile operations center HF reconnaissance human factors

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 5 Abbreviations MOQA OEM Quad maintenance operational original equipment quadcopter quality assurance manufacturer RAM MOSAIC OOP rural/regional air mobility Modernization of Special operations over people Airworthiness Certification OPS RC MRO air operations radio/remote controlled maintenance, repair, and overhaul OPV RF

optionally piloted vehicle radio frequency MSA minimum safe altitude ORA RFI

operational risk assessment radio frequency interference MSL mean sea level OSD RFID

on screen display radio frequency identification NAS National Airspace System OV RID

operational view remote identification NASA National Aeronautics and PAX RLOS Space Administration [US] Passenger, passengers. radio line of sight

Naza PBN RNAV Autopilot system (Registered performance-based navigation area navigation trademark of DJI Innovations)

NMAC PIC ROA pilot in command remotely operated aircraft near mid-air collision

NOTAM POI ROC point of interest RPAS Operator Certificate Notice to Airmen

OC PSU RocDocs provider of services to UAM recent domestic aircraft octocopter crashes

Octo QC quadcopter ROI octocopter region of interest

ODM QE qualified entity RP on-demand mobility route plan, remote pilot]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 6 Abbreviations RPA SMS UA Remotely Piloted Aircraft safety management system unmanned/uncrewed/ uninhabited Aircraft RPAS SOP remotely piloted aircraft standard operating procedures UAM system urban air mobility STOL RPIC short take-off and landing UAS remote pilot in command unmanned/uncrewed/ SUA uninhabited aircraft System

RPS small unmanned aircraft. [also remote pilot station special use airspace] UAV unmanned/uncrewed/ RTF sUAS uninhabited aerial vehicle ready to fly small unmanned aircraft system UCAT RTH UAM Coordination and Assessment Team return to home SUSA

small unmanned surveillance RTL aircraft UCAV unmanned combat aerial return to launch vehicle TBO

Rx trajectory-based operations receiver UML UAM Maturity Level TLOA

SA touchdown and lift-off area UOC situational awareness Unmanned Aircraft System TLOF Operator’s Certificate [ICAO] touchdown and lift-off SAA sense and avoid. [also special UOE activity airspace] TO, T/O UAM operating environment take-off

SACAA UTM South African Civil Aviation Tri UAS traffic management Authority Tricopter

SAR TSA V2V vehicle-to-vehicle search and rescue Transportation Security

Agency [US] SDO VFR visual flight rules standards development Tx organization transmitter / radio controller

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 7 Abbreviations VLOS visual line-of-sight

VMC visual meteorological conditions

VO visual observer

VRS vortex ring state

VTOL vertical take-off and landing aircraft

VTx video transmitter

WP waypoint

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 8 Glossary 4th Industrial Revolution aerodrome (ADRM) A way of describing the blurring of boundaries A defined area on land or water (including any between the physical, digital, and biological buildings, installations and equipment) worlds. A fusion of advances in artificial intended to be used either wholly or in part for intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of the arrival, departure and surface movement of Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic engineering, aircraft. [ICAO] quantum computing, and other technologies. [see graphic] aerodrome pilot above ground level (AGL) Remote pilot familiar with a defined aerodrome or landing site, which transfers [see altitude] responsibility to another pilot a few minutes after take-off or accepts responsibility for absolute altitude approach, landing and possibly taxing and [see altitude] parking. [ISO] advanced air mobility (AAM) aerodyne Safe, sustainable, affordable, and accessible Archaic technical term for any type of heavier- aviation for transformational local and than-air aircraft. [See aerostat] intraregional missions. AAM includes UAM as aeronaut well as many other missions, including different forms of passenger transport, cargo The pilot of an aerostat. transport, and aerial work missions. These missions may be performed with many types of aeronautical information aircraft (e.g., manned or unmanned; publication (AIP) conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL), short takeoff and landing (STOL), or VTOL), A publication issued by or with the authority over/between many different locations (e.g., of a State and containing aeronautical urban, rural, suburban), and to/from far more information of a lasting character essential to locations than typical commercial aviation air navigation. [ICAO] (e.g., novel UAM aerodromes, existing underutilized small/regional airports). Local aeronautics and intraregional missions are likely less than A general term applied to everything approximately 75 nautical miles and 300 associated with or used in any way in the study nautical miles, respectively, though these or design, construction and operation of an ranges are not strict upper limits. [NASA] aircraft. [Baughman’s] aerial work aerophobia Aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used [see aviophobia] for specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, aeroplane observation and patrol, search and rescue, A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, aerial advertisement, etc. [ICAO, ISO] deriving its lift in flight chiefly from

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 9 Glossary aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which air shuttle remain fixed under given conditions of flight. [ISO] Advanced air mobility with a defined route between specific sites such as metropolitan aerostat areas and airports. A generic for aircraft whose support is chiefly air taxi due to buoyancy derived from aerostatic forces. The classification includes lighter-than- An advanced air mobility service with on- air craft, i.e., airships and balloons. [See demand, door-to-door ride-sharing or ride- aerodyne] hailing VTOLs where consumers specify their desired pick-up locations and drop-off aerotourism destinations at rooftops throughout a given city. Visiting an airport, heliport, or vertiport as a touristic destination. air taxi operator aerotropolis A U.S. aircraft company that operates under A metropolitan subregion whose FAR Part 135. infrastructure, land use, and economy are air traffic management (ATM) centered on an airport. It fuses the terms “aero” (aviation) and “metropolis”. Dynamic, integrated management of air traffic and airspace including air traffic services, air ambulance airspace management and air traffic flow [see air first response] management, safely, economically and efficiently, through the provision of facilities air first response and seamless services in collaboration with all parties and involving airborne and ground- Advanced air mobility specific to paramedic based functions. [ISO] (air ambulance and air evac), fire and police. air traffic service (ATS) air metro Generic term that can refer to flight Advanced air mobility similar to current public information service, alerting service, air traffic transit options with pre-determined routes, advisory service, air traffic control service (area regular schedules, and set stops in high traffic control service, approach control service or areas throughout each city. [see vertiport] aerodrome control service). [ICAO, ISO] air pooling airborne collision avoidance A largely on-demand service where multiple system (ACAS) individual users are aggregated (“pooled”) into a single aircraft for flights. Flight departure Aircraft system based on secondary times and/or origin-destination pairs may be surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals set by a single user with other users fitting into which operates independently of ground-based that schedule, or the operator may adjust all equipment to provide advice to the pilot on users’ desired schedules to enable passenger potential conflicting aircrafts that are aggregation. equipped with SSR transponders. [ISO]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 10 Glossary aircraft airfoil 1) Any contrivance invented, used, or designed [see graphic] to navigate, or fly in, the air. 2) Machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the airframe reactions of the air other than the reactions of The airfoil surfaces (including rotors but the air against the Earth’s surface. [ICAO, ISO] excluding propellers and rotating airfoils or aircraft category engines)booms, cowlings, fairings, fuselage, nacelles, and landing gear of an aircraft and Classification of aircraft according to specified their accessories and controls. basic characteristics. [ISO] airship aircraft crew Power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft. [ISO] A human or humans partially responsible for the safe flight of the aircraft who share this airspace management (ASM) responsibility with some automated system(s). Planning function with the primary objective An aircraft crew member is not a traditional of maximizing the utilization of available pilot, but rather performs the role of aircraft airspace by dynamic time-sharing and, at operator, multi-aircraft operator, or aircraft times, the segregation of airspace among steward. An aircraft operator may be either various categories of users based on short-term onboard or off-board, a multi-aircraft operator needs, while securing aviation safety. [ISO] is located off the aircraft, and an aircraft steward is located onboard. One aircraft crew altitude member is designated the PIC (or RPIC) at a 1) The height measured from directly above time, though the PIC or RPIC may change during flight. Typically, the aircraft crew work ground (AGL) is the absolute altitude. The on behalf of the fleet operator to support UAM height measured from mean sea level (MSL) is operations. A fleet operator can utilize a the true altitude. 2) Vertical distance of a level, traditional pilot, a single aircraft crew member, a point or an object considered as a point, or a combination of aircraft crew members as measured from mean sea level (MSL). [ISO] required for safety in light of their particular amateur-built unmanned business model. For example, the use of an onboard aircraft crew may bolster public aircraft system acceptance by providing human interaction [see home-built unmanned aircraft system. throughout the UAM experience. [NASA] FAA] aircraft principle axes approved UA area An aircraft in flight is free to rotate in three A defined area as approved under 101.9. [ICAO] dimensions: pitch, forward (nose) up or down about an axis running from left to right, yaw, ATS communication link forward (nose) left or right about an axis running up and down; and roll, rotation about Digital or analogue communication link to an axis running from front to back (nose to transfer voice or data between remote crew tail). [see graphic]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 11 Glossary members, ATS, airspace users and other autopilot airspace users. [ISO] The component of an aircraft that is capable of ATTI mode guiding movement of the aircraft without real- Flight mode where the altitude is set, but time human guidance. [Formerly automatic lateral movement is not stabilized when the pilot, gyropilot, mechanical pilot, robot pilot] controls are released. [see flight modes] [See George in Slang] Automatic Dependent aviator Surveillance—Broadcast 1) The pilot of an aircraft. 2) Gender-neutral replacement term for “airman”. [FAA Drone (ADS-B) Advisory Committee] 3) U.S. Navy pilot. Surveillance technology in which an aircraft aviatrix determines its position via satellite navigation and periodically broadcasts it, enabling it to be Archaic term for female pilot. [also aviatress] tracked. avionics autogyro The science and technology of electrical and A type of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered electronic devices in flight. [see graphic] rotor in free autorotation to develop lift. Forward thrust is provided independently, by aviophobia an engine-driven propeller. While similar to a The fear of flying. [also aerophobia] helicopter rotor in appearance, the autogyro’s rotor must have air flowing across the rotor barrier disc to generate rotation, and the air flows Challenge(s) across the entire UAM ecosystem upwards through the rotor disc rather than that must be addressed to enable the UAM down. vision. Barriers include, but are not limited to, autonomic challenges that have no currently known solution pathway. Flight mode requiring no command inputs from a UAV pilot. Also, systems that function beyond visual line of sight without specific operator commands. (BVLOS) autonomous aircraft Operation of a UAS other than VLOS or An aircraft that does not require pilot EVLOS. [ICO] intervention in flight operations. [see graphic] binding autonomous system The receiver needs to be ‘bound’ to the System that, perceiving its environment and transmitter before it can receive signals from determining if this affects its goals, takes it. The process involves the receiver (Rx) action to ensure as far as practicable that its identifying a unique code being emitted from goals will be safely achieved. [ISO] [see the transceiver (Tx), and then the two graphic]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 12 Glossary components lock together on an available chase aircraft frequency. A manned aircraft flying in close proximity to bird strike UA (RPA) that carries a qualified observer and/ A bird strike—sometimes called birdstrike, or UA (RPA) pilot for the purpose of seeing bird ingestion (for an engine), bird hit, or bird and avoiding other aircraft and obstacles. aircraft strike hazard (BASH)—is a collision co-pilot between an airborne animal (usually a bird or bat) and an aircraft. [also wildlife strike] [see [see first officer] snarge in Slang] [see graphic] collision avoidance brain-computer interface Action taken to prevent flying into a fixed (BCI) object or another aircraft. [see detect and avoid and flight modes] Device that creates a pathway between the brain and aircraft. collision avoidance threshold broadcast Boundary around the unmanned aircraft at which the collision avoidance function To send information from an unmanned declares that action is necessary to avoid a aircraft using radio frequency spectrum. [FAA] collision, by preventing the threat from carbon fiber (CF) penetrating the collision volume. [ISO] Carbon fiber is a material consisting of collision boundary extremely small fibers. The properties of Closest point of approach or minimum carbon fibers, such as high stiffness, high distance to be achieved between two aircrafts tensile strength, low weight, high chemical to ensure that a collision is avoided taking resistance, high temperature tolerance and low account of any inaccuracies in the system. thermal expansion, make them very popular in [ISO] remotely piloted aircraft. [also graphite fiber and carbon graphite] command and control (C2) ceiling The exercise of authority and direction by the pilot. Height above ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 20,000 feet command and control (C2) [~6000 meters] which covers more than half of the sky. link 1) Spectrum and associated equipment used to Certificate of Waiver or fly the aircraft from the control station. 2) Data Authorization (COA) link between the remotely-piloted aircraft and the remote pilot station for the purposes of A Federal Aviation Administration grant of managing the flight. [ISO] 3) The data link approval for a specific flight operation. [FAA] between an unmanned aircraft and a remote pilot station or control station that is used in

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 13 Glossary the management of a flight. [ICAO] [also contact flight control and non-payload communications (CNPC)] Flight in which the altitude of the aircraft and its flight path can at all times be controlled by command and control range means of visual reference to the ground or Distance between ground control station and water. [see pilotage, visual line of sight] aircraft at which positive control of the aircraft control and non-payload can be maintained. communications (CNPC) commercial air transport [see command and control] operation (CAT) control station (CS) Aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or 1) An interface used by the remote pilot or the hire. [ISO] person manipulating the controls to control the flight path of the small unmanned aircraft. commercial operation [FAA] 2) Defined location containing one or An aircraft operation conducted for business more controls. [ISO] 3) The equipment used to purposes (mapping, security surveillance, maintain control, communicate, guide, or wildlife survey, aerial application, etc.) other otherwise pilot an unmanned aircraft. 4) than commercial air transport, for Apparatus for hosting the remote pilot and remuneration or hire. her/his device to operate the UAS. [ASTM] [also transmitter and ground control station] conjoint analysis controller Trade-off survey method to evaluate relevance and extent of decision factors. [EASA] [see control station] connectivity aircraft corrective lenses An aircraft outfitted with networking Spectacles or contact lenses. [FAA] equipment that enables it to provide internet counter-UAS access or other communications to the area over which it flies. Counter-UAS, counter-drone technology, C- UAS, or counter-UAV technology, refers to concept of operations systems that are used to detect and/or (ConOps) intercept unmanned aircraft. A user-oriented document that describes course lock systems characteristics for a proposed system [see intelligent orientation control and flight from a user’s perspective. A ConOps also modes] describes the user organization, mission, and objectives from an integrated systems point of creative pattern view and is used to communicate overall quantitative and qualitative system [see formation] characteristics to stakeholders. [JARUS]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 14 Glossary Defense Advanced Research down link Projects Agency (DARPA) direct or indirect data link from the unmanned Aircrew Labor In-Cockpit aircraft. [ISO] Automation System (ALIAS) drone The Defense Advanced Research Projects 1) Unmanned aircraft. [FAA] 2) Unmanned Agency (DARPA) created the Aircrew Labor In system which is remotely or autonomously -Cockpit Automation System (ALIAS) operated. [ISO] 3) Term used by the general program. ALIAS envisions a tailorable, drop-in, public to refer to an “unmanned removable kit that would promote the addition aircraft.” [EASA] Also: of high levels of automation into existing Ö bird (slang) aircraft, enabling operation with reduced onboard crew. Ö craft (slang) detect and avoid (DAA) Ö crewless, radio-controlled airplane (1946) Ö drone (1946) 1) The capability to see, sense or detect conflicting traffic or other hazards and take the Ö Equipment (commercial aviation) appropriate action. [ICAO] 2) Capability to see, Ö eye in the sky / spy in the sky (slang) sense or detect conflicting traffic or other [surveillance drone] hazards and take the appropriate action. [ISO] Ö flying machine 3) Systems that provide situational awareness to an aircraft that enable the identification of Ö flying robot other air traffic or hazards and the ability to Ö micro aerial vehicle (MAV) take appropriate action to mitigate collision risk. DAA systems are typically categorized as Ö mini aerial vehicle onboard or ground-based depending on where Ö platform the hardware of the system is located. [NASA] Ö remotely operated aerial vehicle (ROAV) detect, sense and avoid Ö remotely operated aircraft (ROA) (DSA) Ö remotely piloted aerial vehicle (RPAV) DSA can be defined as: Detect-is something Ö remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) there? Sense-is it a threat/target? Avoid- Ö remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) maneuver to miss. [also detect and avoid D&A/ [EASA] DAA, and sense and avoid SAA] Ö remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) disorientation Ö small unmanned aircraft (SUA) When the orientation and direction of the Ö small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) aircraft cannot be determined because of distance, obstruction or low light levels. Ö small unmanned surveillance aircraft (SUSA)

Ö uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV)

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 15 Glossary Ö uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) [FAA electronic flight bag (EFB) Drone Advisory Committee] An electronic information management device Ö uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV) that helps flight crews perform flight Ö unmanned aerial system (UAS) management tasks more easily and efficiently Ö unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with less paper providing the reference material often found in the pilot’s carry-on Ö unmanned aircraft (UA) flight bag, including the flight-crew operating Ö unmanned aircraft system (UAS) [FAA & manual, navigational charts, etc. ICAO] electronic speed controller Ö unmanned flying machine (ESC) drone landing pad An electronic device that takes the power from Type of ‘mat’ from which UAV can be launched the battery pack and the signal from the or landed. Typically an orange circle with a receiver and measures a certain amount of white letter H (N America) or a blue circle power to the motor. with a white letter H (Europe). Also, helipad. en route area drone park The airspace where aircraft can cruise during Large area dedicated to UAS recreation and/or flight that is away from the terminal areas. research and open to the public for free or a [NASA] usage fee. envelope droneport The maximum performance parameters of an Any aerodrome including vertiports exclusively aircraft. dedicated to landing, ground-handling and take-off of unmanned aircrafts. [ISO] eVTOL DROTAM An electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft. [see Notice to Airmen] extended visual line-of-sight dual instruction time (EVLOS) Time during which a person is receiving Operation beyond the unaided visual range of instruction from a properly authorized remote the remote pilot, but where the remote pilot is pilot at the controls of the remote pilot station. supported by vision systems or one or more [ISO] visual observers. [ISO] electromagnetic interference failsafe function (EMI) If a lost link occurs, the aircraft enters failsafe A disturbance in radio frequency by an mode in it either returns to launch or lands external source that disrupts the operation of autonomously. electronic devices.

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 16 Glossary Federal Aviation first person view (FPV) device Administration (FAA) A device that generates and transmits a streaming video image to a control station The division of the United States Department display or monitor that gives the pilot of a of Transportation that inspects and rates unmanned aircraft the illusion of flying the civilian aircraft and pilots, enforces the rules of aircraft from an on-board pilot’s perspective. air safety, and installs and maintains air- [ICAO] navigation and traffic-control facilities. federated first person view (FPV) mode The first person view mode setting “freezes” the A group of systems and networks operating in gimbal so the camera tilts with the aircraft a standard and connected environment. In the rather than stabilizing horizontally. It creates UAM ecosystem, a federated network leverages more of the sensation of flying. [see flight commercial services and enables a flexible and modes] extensible construct that can adapt and evolve as the trade space changes and matures . fixed-wing aircraft [NASA] An aircraft capable of flight using forward final approach and takeoff motion that generates lift as the wing moves (FATO) area through the air. [also airplane, aeroplane or plane. See rotary-wing aircraft] [see graphic] The FATO is a defined area over which the pilot completes the final phase of the approach fleet operator to a hover or a landing and from which the The fleet operator of the aircraft who hires the VTOL pilot initiates takeoff. aircraft crew (if the aircraft fleet operator is not firmware also the aircraft crew) and in some instances performs dispatch duties. A fleet may consist Firmware is the control program for the of one aircraft. [NASA] aircraft. ‘Software for hardware.’ flight controller first officer F/O [see control station] In aviation, the first officer (FO) is the second pilot (also referred to as the co-pilot) of an flight duty period aircraft. [see second in command SIC] Period which commences when the first first person view (FPV) remote crew member (3.61) reports for duty that includes a flight or a series of flights and A technique that enables an operator to which finishes when the last remote crew assume a cockpit view using a display screen or member’s duty ends. [ISO] video goggles, with a wireless, real-time connection to an on-board video camera.

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 17 Glossary flight information Ö collision avoidance & brake mode management system (FIMS) Ö course lock Ö first person view (FPV) An interface for data exchange between FAA systems and UTM/UAM participants. FIMS Ö follow me enables exchange of airspace constraint data Ö geofencing & safe circle between the FAA and the PSU Network. The FAA also uses this interface as an access point Ö GPS hold, loiter mode for information on active UAM operations. Ö home lock, carefree, head free, headless, FIMS also provides a means for approved FAA heads-up, simple, smart mode [see headless stakeholders to query and receive post-hoc/ mode and intelligent orientation control] archived data on UAM operations for the Ö horizon, stable mode (aerobatic with self- purposes of compliance audits and/or incident leveling) or accident investigation. FIMS is managed by the FAA and is a part of the UAM ecosystem . Ö hover mode [see hover mode] [NASA] Ö magnetic (mag) mode flight level Ö positioning mode, p-mode (all sensors activated) Surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific pressure datum, Ö sport mode, s mode (rate controlled 1 013,2 hPa, and is separated from other such stabilize plus altitude hold) surfaces by specific pressure intervals. [ISO] Ö standard, angle, free flight, normal, self- flight manual level, stabilize mode (GPS or non-GPS) Ö point of Interest, orbit, circle mode Manual, acceptable by the local aviation authority, containing the order of actions in Ö return to home (RTH), auto return, GPS normal, abnormal and emergency procedures, home, return-to-launch (RTL) checklists, limitations, performance Ö throw mode [see failsafe function] information, details of the aircraft systems. [ISO] [see graphic] flight modes flight plan (FP) Flight modes [also stabilization modes] The operator’s plan for the safe conduct of the include: flight based on considerations of aircraft performance, other operating limitations and Ö aerobatic, acro, agility, manual, rate (non- relevant expected conditions on the route to self-leveling) be followed. [also operational flight plan] Ö air mode (zero throttle) flight recorder Ö altitude hold, ATTI mode, baro, a mode, barometric altitude mode (non-GPS) Any type of recorder installed in the aircraft for the purpose of complementing accident/ Ö auto mode, autonomous flight, incident investigation. [ISO] programmed flight, waypoints

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 18 Glossary flight termination system frangible 1) A system that when activated, terminates Designed to break, distort or yield on impact the flight of an unmanned aircraft. [ICAO] 2) so as to present minimum hazard. Means and/or procedure triggered manually or automatically to initiate a pre-programmed gender-neutral language action or a set of actions designed to terminate Current → Gender-Neutral UA flight, minimizing risks to third parties. [ISO] airman/airmen → aircrew, aviator(s) flight time cockpit → flightdeck manmade obstacles → structural obstacles Total time from the moment the on-board systems are activated with the intent to manned aviation → traditional aviation perform a flight, until the moment the on- notices to airmen (NOTAM) → notam, notice board systems are de-activated. [ISO] to all missions, notice for American airspace, notice to all aviators (NOTAV) flyaway small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) → small 1) Unintended flight outside of operational uncrewed aerial system, small drone system boundaries (altitude/airspeed/lateral) as the unmanned aviation → uncrewed aviation, result of a failure of the control element or drone aviation onboard systems, or both. Flyaways do not have or do not initiate failsafe mode to return unmanned aerial system (UAS) → uncrewed to launch. 2) In respect to a remotely piloted aerial system aircraft, an interruption or loss of the C2 link unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) → uncrewed such that the remote pilot is no longer aerial vehicle, drone controlling the aircraft and the unmanned aircraft is not flying its preprogramed [FAA Drone Advisory Committee] procedures in the predicted manner. [ICAO] [also fly away, fly-away] general aviation All civil aviation operations other than flyaway protection system scheduled air services and non-scheduled air A system that will return the aircraft safely to transport operations for remuneration or hire. the surface, or keep the aircraft within the [ICAO] intended operational area when the command and control link between the pilot and the general aviation operation aircraft is lost. [see failsafe function] Operation of a manned aircraft other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial formation work operation. [ISO] Flying several drones or swarm that form a shape or pattern. When flown close together, geo-fence this is a tight formation. [also creative pattern] 1) A virtual perimeter for a real-world geographic area. A geo-fence could be dynamically generated—as in a radius around

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 19 Glossary a point location, or a geo-fence can be a velocity data and global time synchronization predefined set of boundaries (such as school for air, sea, and land travel. zones or neighborhood boundaries). 2) A two- dimensional virtual boundary defined by GPS mode geographical coordinates that divides a real Flight mode where the craft will remain in the world volume in two parts. An automatic altitude, position and orientation that it is in limitation of the airspace a UA can enter. when the controls are released. GPS mode is [JARUS] [see flight modes] necessary for automatic return to home. [see geo-limitation flight modes] 1) Process of creating boundaries to contain or grades exclude UAS operations. [ISO] 2) Any Drones are generally graded according to their limitation applied to a UAS to constrain the size and use. unmanned aircraft access to or exit from a defined zone or airspace volume (“geo-limited Toy grade—Small (mini/nano) and zone”). [EASA] inexpensive UAVs primarily for novice, indoor flyers. These are typically less than $100. geo-limited zone Hobby grade—Mid-size UAVs with some A geographically limited zone is any zone or additional features (e.g. camera) primarily for airspace volume where a geo-limitation is novice, indoor and outdoor flyers. These are defined in accordance with the “sensitivity” typically less than 500 USD. This grade classification of that zone. (The zones under includes racing drones that are small, fast, consideration are “restricted” and agile and designed for first person view (FPV) “prohibited.”) [EASA] racing, and selfie drones that are easily portable and have a programmable camera. geographic information Consumer or commercial grade— system (GIS) Commercial (non-model) drones have sophisticated avionics, programmability and System for collection, storage, transformation, equipment, and can cost thousands of dollars analysis, management and display of spatial or depending on size and equipment. They are geographic data. typically less than 10,000 USD with an average gimbal price of around 2,500 USD. Consumer grade drones dominant the non-model sector with A mechanism, typically consisting of rings approximately a 95 percent share. pivoted at right angles (3-axial stabilized), for Professional grade—Drones used primarily keeping a camera or other instrument for government agencies or large corporations. horizontal during flight. These are for specific applications such as Global Positioning System disaster response, border security, and military. Professional grade drones are (GPS) typically more than 10,000 USD with an A global system of U.S. navigational satellites average price of 25,000 USD. developed to provide precise positional and

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 20 Glossary ground control station (GCS) when you turn your drone 90 degrees to the left, it will still go forward when you push the [see control station and remote pilot station] rudder forward (on a non-headless mode ground effect drone, this would make the drone go left). [see flight modes] Described as an increase of performance near the ground. Which means, near the ground height your rotors/wings produce more lift. [also Vertical distance of a level, a point or an object floating, cushioning] considered as a point, measured from a ground effect zone specified datum. [ISO] The area where proximity to the ground affects hexacopter an aircraft’s performance. For fixed wing, it is An aircraft with six (6) main rotors. [see half the distance of the wingspan (or less). For graphic] ‘rotor-craft’, it depends on rotor and propeller type and configuration, but the effect is high-density route generally low for recreational UAV. The ‘suckdown’ and ‘fountain’ currents near the An area of the UOE that is designated for high- ground can cause a variation in hovering density traffic. What differentiates these routes ability, and increased thrust. from other parts of the UOE is that they may be limited to aircraft that meet certain gyro performance characteristics in other to enable safe, seamless high-density operation. [NASA] A device used to help stabilize the yaw of a helicopter or multi-rotor. hobbyist gyrocopter / gyroplane Non-commercial, recreational model aircraft pilot. [also aeromodeller] [see autogyro] handover home lock [see intelligent orientation control and flight The act of passing piloting control from one modes] remote pilot station to another. [ICAO, ISO] hard-locked geo-limitation home-built unmanned aircraft system Geo-limitation that the automatic function (geo-limitation function) does not allow to be An unmanned aircraft that an individual built disabled (un-locked) or only by authorized solely for education or recreation. [FAA] personnel. [EASA] homing headless mode [see failsafe function, flyaway protection When you take off with the drone pointing in system, return to launch, and flight modes] the front, algorithms inside of the drone’s micro-controller ensure that any directional change is compensated. In other words, even

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 21 Glossary hover inclusion zone Stationary or suspended at one spot above the A zone within which UAS operations are earth. Tail-in hover is with the drone tail permitted and confined. [EASA] towards the remote pilot so the flight controls are oriented to the remote pilot’s point of view. inertial measurement unit Nose-in hover is with the aircraft front towards (IMU) the remote pilot, and side-in hover is with the aircraft front to either side of the remote pilot. An electronic device that measures and reports on a craft’s velocity, orientation, and hover mode gravitational forces, using a combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes, sometimes An aircraft maintaining a specified altitude and also magnetometers. position via GPS. Hover mode is often related to a point of interest. [see flight modes] instrument flight time hoverbike, hovercycle Time during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft solely by reference to instruments and A vehicle that can hover, but that otherwise without external reference points. [ISO] resembles a motorbike. [see graphic] instrument meteorological hybrid conditions An aircraft made by combining two different elements. Common hybrid aircraft combine Meteorological conditions expressed in terms VTOL with fixed wing; or electric and gas of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, engines. less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions (VMC). [ICAO] hybrid VTOL intelligent orientation control Combined multi-rotor and fixed-wing aircraft that transition between the two modes during (IOC) flight. [see graphic] Usually, the forward direction of a flying multi- identification rotor is the same as the nose direction. By using intelligent orientation control, wherever Identification is a means for a third party to the nose points, the forward direction has positively identify an individual unmanned nothing to do with nose direction: In course aircraft in flight without direct physical access lock flying, the forward direction is the same as to that aircraft; it requires that the unmanned a recorded nose direction. In home lock flying, aircraft be capable of interfacing with third the forward direction is the same as the party systems. [EASA] direction from home point to the multi-rotor. incident [see flight modes]

An occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation. [ICAO]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 22 Glossary International Civil Aviation lift and cruise eVTOL Organization (ICAO) Completely independent thrusters used for cruise vs. for lift without any thrust vectoring. The International Civil Aviation Organization [see graphic] (ICAO) is a United Nations specialized agency that works with 191 nations, global industries light remotely piloted aircraft and aviation organizations to develop international Standards and Recommended Remote piloted aircraft with a mass less than Practices which are then used by the nations 150 kilograms [330 pounds]. when they develop their legally-binding national civil aviation regulations. line-of-sight (LOS) Many small aircraft are line-of-sight machines, intruder meaning the person controlling the device Aircraft within the surveillance volume but must be in direct sight of the aircraft so that outside the self-separation threshold. [ISO] radio signals can be transmitted back and forth. Most larger aircraft are not line-of-sight lasing aircraft because the radio signals that control them are bounced off of satellites or manned Directing a laser or another bright light at a aircraft. moving aircraft. last-mile delivery line-of-sight command and control link The movement of goods from a transportation hub to the final delivery destination. The final Aircraft system operating within visual/radio delivery destination is typically a personal range. residence. The focus of last mile logistics is to deliver items to the end user as fast as possible. lost link launch and recovery system Loss of command and control link contact with the unmanned aircraft such that the System from which or by means of which an remote pilot can no longer manage the flight unmanned aircraft is launched or by which it is of the UA. [ISO] recovered. [ISO] Low Altitude Authorization leading edge Notification Capability The foremost edge of an airfoil or propeller (LAANC) blade. (The trailing edge is the rearmost edge of an airfoil or propeller blade.) LAANC is the Low Altitude Authorization and Notification Capability, a collaboration LIDAR between FAA and Industry. It directly supports Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote UAS integration into the airspace. sensing method that uses light in the form of a maintenance programme pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. Document which describes the specific scheduled maintenance tasks and their

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 23 Glossary frequency of completion and related Ö Flown for hobby or recreational purposes procedures, necessary for the safe operation of [FAA, ANSI] the UAS. [ISO] 2) UA that is capable of sustained flight in the manned aircraft atmosphere and that is used exclusively for leisure flights, air displays, sport or Aircraft which is intended or designed to be competition activities. [ISO] operated with at least one human pilot on board. [ISO] monitoring Mayday Process of observing on a regular basis over a period of time. [ISO] The ultimate international radio distress call, indicating imminent danger to the life of the multi-rotor, multi-copter occupants onboard and requiring immediate An aircraft with two or more main rotors. [see assistance. graphic] micro air vehicle (MAV) nadir An aircraft weighing less than 2 pounds [1 The point of the celestial sphere which is kilogram]. [also micro UAV] directly beneath an observer, i.e., opposite minimum safe altitude (MSA) zenith. [see orthographic] The public domain for airspace starts at the National Airspace System minimum safe altitude (MSA). In general, (NAS) people’s property ends at the highest of the underlying land’s trees, buildings, fences, or The common network of U.S. airspace; air how high the owner can use the airspace in navigation facilities, equipment and services, connection with the land. airports or landing areas; aeronautical charts, information and services; rules, regulations mission plan and procedures, technical information, and The route planning, payload planning, data manpower and material. link planning, and aircraft emergency recovery network planning for a flight. “Network,” “network-based requirement,” mode 1, mode 2 “network solution,” “network framework,” and [see stick] “network transmission” typically refer to the transmission of remote identification message model aircraft elements through an Internet connection to a Remote ID USS. 1) An unmanned aircraft that is: Ö Capable of sustained flight in the night atmosphere Period between the end of evening civil Ö Flown within VLOS of the person operating twilight and the beginning of morning civil the aircraft; and twilight or such other period between sunset

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 24 Glossary and sunrise as may be prescribed by an operational control aviation authority. [ISO] Exercise of authority over the initiation, No Drone Zone continuation, diversion or termination of a [see No Fly Zone] flight in the interest of safety of the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of the flight. No Fly Zone [ISO] Areas where aircraft are prohibited by operational volume government regulation. [see Prohibited Zone] Volume of airspace in which the aircraft is non-collaborative things proposed to operate, defined by points on the ground and altitudes. [ISO] Moving and stationary objects in the air (such as balloons and birds) and on the ground that operating manual are not electronically communicating with the aircraft for collision avoidance. Publication issued by the manufacturer which contains detailed data and instructions related non-cooperative aircraft to the design, installation, operation and maintenance of equipment. [ISO] Aircraft that do not have an electronic means of conspicuity (i.e., a transponder) aboard or operational risk management not operating such equipment due to malfunction or deliberate action. [ISO] Continual cyclic process which includes risk assessment, risk decision making and nose-in hover implementation of risk controls, which results in acceptance, mitigation, or avoidance of risk. [see hover] [ISO] Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) operations manual A notice distributed by means of Publication issued by the operator under its telecommunication containing information responsibility, containing procedures, concerning the establishment, condition or instructions and guidance for use by change in any aeronautical facility, service, operational personnel in the execution of their procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of duties. [ISO] which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. [ICAO] [Notices to Airmen operations specification for drones are DROTAMs] Authorization, condition and limitation oblique aerial photo associated with the RPAS operator certificate and subject to the conditions in the operations Photograph taken at any angle other than manual. [ISO] vertical. [see orthophoto] operator octocopter Person, organization or enterprise engaged in An aircraft with eight (8) main rotors. [see or offering to engage in an operation of an graphic] unmanned aircraft system. [ISO] Note—In the

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 25 Glossary context of remotely piloted aircraft, an aircraft pax operation includes the remotely piloted aircraft system. [ICAO] Passenger or passengers. A person who travels in a vehicle but bears little or no responsibility optionally piloted aircraft for the tasks required for that vehicle to arrive at its destination or otherwise operate the Aircraft that may be operated by an on-board vehicle. pilot or by a remote pilot. [ISO] [also optionally piloted vehicle OPV] payload optionally piloted vehicle 1) All elements of an unmanned aircraft that are not necessary for flight but are carried for (OPV) the purpose of fulfilling specific mission A hybrid between a conventional piloted objectives. [ISO] 2) That part of the useful load aircraft and an unmanned aerial vehicle from which revenue is derived, viz. passengers (UAV). and freight. ornithopter payload link A form of aircraft heavier-than-air, deriving its Data link for up-linking command instructions chief support and propelling force from to the unmanned aircraft payload and down- flapping wings. linking payload data, which is not critical to the safe operation of the unmanned aircraft orthophoto system. [ISO] An aerial photograph or satellite imagery geometrically corrected ("orthorectified") such performance authorization that the scale is uniform: the photo or image An FAA regulatory approval for fleet operators follows a given map projection. [also to perform a specific UAM operation. A orthophotograph, orthoimage] [see oblique performance authorization substantiates the aerial photograph] fleet operator’s ability to meet performance capabilities in their intended area of operation. Part 101 The FAA grants a performance authorization U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 14 when a fleet operator’s proposed assets Aeronautics and Space, Part 101 regulates (including potentially both ground and air moored balloons, kites, amateur rockets, assets) are sufficient to meet an established unmanned free balloons, and certain model level of performance in the airspace in which aircraft. [FAA] they intend to operate. Performance authorization requests must be submitted by Part 107 the fleet operator, not a PSU or other entity, regardless of whether the PSU or SDSP will U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 14 provide services or capability/technology Aeronautics and Space, Part 107 regulates small packages to support the fleet operator’s ability unmanned aircraft systems. [FAA] to meet the performance requirements. [NASA]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 26 Glossary performance limitation pilot A constraint applied to a UAS operational 1) noun The person in direct control of the capability. Such limitations can, for example, aircraft. 2) verb Manipulate the flight controls relate to height, speed, endurance or distance of an aircraft during flight time. [ISO] [see from the operator. [EASA] aviator] permanent areas pilot-in-command (PIC) Areas on land or water that provide for launch, 1) An aircraft that is flying in a state of direct recovery, and operation of small unmanned control by an aircraft operator (i.e. not in aircraft. [FAA] autonomous flight). In this instance, the operator can also be referred to as the Pilot in permanent deformation Command. 2) An individual, human person A condition whereby an aircraft structure is who has final authority and responsibility for altered such that it does not return to the the operation and safety of flight, has been shape required for normal flight. designated as PIC by the fleet operator, and holds the appropriate licenses and person manipulating the qualifications to conduct the flight. A PIC may controls be on or off-board the aircraft. [NASA] A person other than the remote pilot in pilotage command (PIC) who is controlling the flight of Determining course and position by reference an sUAS under the supervision of the remote to visible landmarks. [see contact flight] PIC. [FAA] pinching phonetic alphabet Drone flight control using forefingers and Codewords assigned acrophonically to the thumbs to operate the sticks. [see graphic] letters of the English alphabet, so that letters and numbers would have distinct names that pitch would be most easily understood by those who [see aircraft principle axes, see graphic] exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences point of interest (POI) or the quality of the communication channel. [ICAO] [also alpha code, NATO Phonetic A target location for the capture of remotely Alphabet] [see graphic] sensed data by an aircraft’s sensors (i.e. video, still or multi-spectral imagery). [also region of pillar interest] [see flight modes] The integration of UAM into the NAS is prohibited zone complex; NASA has broken down the challenges into five areas, termed “pillars,” Airspace of defined dimensions, above the land where technical progress needs to be made. areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. [EASA] [also no fly zone and no drone zone]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 27 Glossary prop guards public unmanned aircraft A light frame extending beyond the radius of system the rotors as a protection measure. An unmanned aircraft system that meets the propeller qualifications and conditions required for operation of a public aircraft. [FAA] A mechanical device for propelling the aircraft, consisting of a revolving shaft with two or quadcopter more broad, angled blades attached to it. [see An aerial vehicle with four (4) main rotors. rotor] [also quadrocopter, quadricopter see graphic] propller wash qualified entity (QE) Back blast from aircraft propellers. [also prop Accredited legal or natural person which is wash] [see rotorwash, slipstream, wake] authorized to execute certain certification or prosumer oversight tasks by and under the control and the responsibility of an aviation authority. Drones commonly used for recreational flying [ISO] as well as commercial flight operations. radio line of sight (RLOS) provider of services to UAM 1) A direct electronic point-to-point between a (PSU) transmitter and receiver. 2) Direct electronic Public or private (e.g., third-party) entities that contact through radio waves between a provide ATC and flight safety services under transmitter and a receiver, when both are rules and regulations established by the FAA. under the control of an UAS operator. [ISO] Services provided by PSUs include routing, range extender traffic deconfliction, operational constraints, modifications, notifications, and information. A communication device on the remote A PSU is analogous to a USS in the UTM controller that links the aircraft to another paradigm and is contracted by the fleet device such as a smart-phone or tablet. operator (i.e., airspace user). [NASA] rate mode Provider of services to UAM [see flight modes] (PSU) network recreational model aircraft The amalgamation of PSUs connected to each other and exchanging information. Each PSU hobbyist is required to share certain information with [see hobbyist] the other PSUs to provide a complete operating picture and situational awareness. registration A means for a third party to positively identify an individual unmanned aircraft and its owner by direct physical inspection of the aircraft; it

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 28 Glossary does not require capability to be built into the remote pilot (RP) UAS. [EASA] 1) The person who manipulates the flight remote co-pilot controls of a remotely-piloted aircraft during Remote pilot serving in any piloting capacity flight time. [ISO] 2) A person charged by the other than as a remote PIC but excluding a operator with duties essential to the operation remote pilot who is an operating crew member of an unmanned aircraft and who manipulates for the sole purpose of receiving flight the flight controls, as appropriate, during flight instruction. [ISO] time. [ICAO] [also remote pilot-in-command RPIC] remote controlled aircraft remote pilot competence [also remote controlled airplane, remote Combination of skills, knowledge and attitudes controlled helicopter] [see remotely piloted aircraft] required to perform a task to the prescribed standard. [EASA] remote controller remote Pilot in Command The handheld device used to operate the UAV and typically consisting of a radio transceiver, (RPIC) GPS and flight controls. Remote controllers A person who holds a remote pilot certificate may also include FPV screens and camera with an sUAS rating and has the final authority controls. and responsibility for the operation and safety of an sUAS operation conducted under part remote crew 107. [FAA] 2) The remote pilot designated by The remote pilot in control of the UA and any the operator as being in command and other personnel actively involved in the charged with the safe conduct of a flight. operation of the UA. [EASA] [ICAO, ISO] 3) Person who is directly responsible for and is the final authority as to remote crew member the operation of the UAS; has been designated as remote pilot in command before or during Crew member charged with duties essential to the flight of a UAS; and holds the appropriate the operation of an unmanned aircraft (3.79), CAA certificate for the conduct of the flight. during flight time. [ISO] [ASTM] remote cruise relief pilot remote pilot station (RPS) Remote crew member who is assigned to Station at which the remote pilot manages the perform remote pilot tasks during cruise flight, flight of an unmanned aircraft. [ISO] [see to allow the remote pilot-in-command to obtain control station] planned rest. [ISO] remote ID remotely operated aircraft Remote ID is the ability of a drone in flight to (ROA) provide identification and location information [see remotely piloted aircraft] that can be received by other parties. [FAA]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 29 Glossary remotely piloted restricted zone Controlled from a pilot station which is not on Airspace of defined dimensions, above the land board the aircraft. [ISO] areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in remotely piloted aircraft accordance with certain specified conditions. (RPA) return to home An aircraft which is piloted from a remote pilot [see return to launch and flight modes] station. [ICAO, ISO, EASA] [see unmanned aerial vehicle] return to launch (RTL) remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) The return of an aircraft to its original launch observer location. Also known as homing and often performed as a safety procedure in the event of Remote crew member who, by visual a technical malfunction or emergency. [also observation of the unmanned aircraft, assists return to home] [see flight modes] the remote pilot in the safe conduct of the flight. [ISO] [see visual observer VO] risk mitigation remotely piloted aircraft The process of incorporating defenses or preventive controls to lower the severity and/ system (RPAS) operator or likelihood of a hazard and the projected certificate [ROC] consequences. [ICAO] Certificate authorizing an operator to carry out roll specified RPAS operations. [ISO] [see aircraft principle axes, see graphic] remotely piloted aircraft rotary-wing aircraft system (RPAS) A heavier-than-air flying machine that uses lift 1) A set of configurable elements consisting of generated by wings, called rotor blades, that a remotely-piloted aircraft, its associated revolve around a mast. [see fixed-wing aircraft] remote pilot station(s), the required command [see graphic] and control links and any other system elements as may be required, at any point rotor during flight operation. [ISO] Remotely piloted A hub with a number of radiating airfoils aircraft systems weigh less than 150 kilograms (blades) that is rotated in an approximately [330 pounds]. 2) A remotely piloted aircraft horizontal plane to provide the lift for a rotary- (RPA), its associated remote pilot stations wing aircraft. [see propeller] (RPS), the required command and control (C2) links and any other components as specified in rotorcraft the type design. [ICAO, EASA] [see unmanned aircraft system] A heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for its support in flight on the lift

generated by one or more rotors. [see rotary- wing aircraft]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 30 Glossary rotorwash assumed that the PIC is operating in a remote capacity. The SIC has more responsibility than Down blast from aircraft rotors. [see propwash, an aircraft steward and is fully trained and slipstream, wake] qualified for the assigned roles and responsibilities. A SIC does not require the route plan (RP) same qualifications as a PIC. The SIC is a A set of waypoints for the aircraft to follow. necessary role to build the safety case for a single PIC with operational control for more rural air mobility (RAM) than one aircraft at a time. [NASA] 1) A safe, efficient, accessible, quiet and multi- segregated airspace use air transportation system for passenger mobility, cargo delivery, and emergency Airspace of specified dimensions allocated for management within or traversing rural and exclusive use to a specific user(s). [ICAO, ISO] exurban areas. RAM can include both on- board/ground-piloted and autonomous sense and avoid capability operations. RAM can include a combination of The capability of an unmanned aircraft to commercial and non-commercial operations remain a safe distance from and to avoid such as: 1) business-to-consumer (B2C) service, collisions with other airborne aircraft. [FAA] fractional and shared ownership models, peer- [see detect, sense and avoid] t0-peer (P2P) service, and personally owned aircraft. 2) Illustrating the challenges settling with power associated with rural mobility, the US [see vortex ring state] [see graphic] Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Essential Air Service program (EAS) was shielded operation established after the Airline Deregulation Act to guarantee small communities adequate An operation of an aircraft within 100 m of, access to transportation options by certificated and below the top of, a natural or man-made air carriers. eVTOLs have the potential to object. [ICAO] provide rural-urban connectivity in a more side-in hover efficient and cost effective way. [NATA] [see urban air mobility] [see hover] safety situational awareness (SA) The state in which risks associated with An all-encompassing term for keeping track of aviation activities, related to, or in direct what’s happening when flying. support of the operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable level. skyport [ICAO] [see vertiport] second in command (SIC) slipstream A human onboard the aircraft with secondary The stream of air driven astern by the and tertiary operational responsibility behind propeller. [see propeller wash] aircraft automated systems and the PIC. In instances where an onboard SIC exists, it is

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 31 Glossary small unmanned aircraft (UA) sonar obstacle avoidance 1) An unmanned aircraft weighing less than 55 Active sonar (sound navigation and ranging) pounds, including everything that is onboard uses acoustic measurement to detect and avoid or otherwise attached to the aircraft, and can obstacles such as trees and buildings. be flown without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the spinner aircraft. [FAA, ANSI] 2) Any unmanned aircraft A streamlined fairing fitted over a propeller with a maximum takeoff mass of less than 25 hub or at the center of a turbofan engine. [also kg. [EASA] nose spinner] small unmanned aircraft spoke-hub distribution system (sUAS) paradigm A small unmanned aircraft and its associated Transport topology optimization in which elements (including communication links and traffic planners organize routes as a series of the components that control the small UA) “spokes” that connect outlying points to a that are required for the safe and efficient central “hub”. “Hubbing” involves the operation of the small UA in the national arrangement of a transportation network as a airspace system. [FAA, ANSI] hub-and-spoke model. [see vertiports] small unmanned surveillance spotter aircraft (SUSA) Flight crew member responsible for keeping [see remotely piloted aircraft] drone in visual line of sight while operator uses first person view. [see visual observer] soft locked geo-limitation stabilization mode Geo-limitation that the automatic function (geo-limitation function) allows to be disabled [see flight modes] (un-locked) by any user, under specific conditions. [EASA] state aircraft Aircraft when carrying out military, customs, solo police, search and rescue, firefighting, To fly alone, or to be in complete command of coastguard or similar activities or services an aircraft. under the control and responsibility of a State, undertaken in the public interest by a body solo flight time vested with public authority powers. [ISO] Flight time during which a student remote state safety programme pilot is piloting the RPA without receiving RPA flight instruction. [ISO] (SSP) An integrated set of regulations and activities aimed at improving safety. [ICAO]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 32 Glossary stick swarm A flight control feature on the remote Two or more UA whose motion is mutually controller. Typically there are two sticks to and automatically coordinated, while the control throttle (power), orientation (left stick) remote pilot controls all of them through a and direction (right stick). Mode 1 single remote pilot station. [ISO] transmitters: This throttle is located on the right transmitter stick, and is most commonly switchover found in the U.K. Mode 2 transmitters: This Operation that consists of performing the throttle is located on the left transmitter stick, transfer command and control from one data and is most commonly found in the U.S. link channel to another channel with the same strategic deconfliction remote pilot station. [ISO] First-level conflict management to deconflict tactical deconfliction the intended routes of UAM operations to Second-level conflict management to provide separation and avoid collision during deconflict UAM operations during flight to flight. Strategic is used here as “in advance of maintain separation and avoid collisions. tactical.” Strategic deconfliction efforts Whereas strategic deconfliction occurs prior to typically prior to departure and will typically departure, tactical deconfliction occurs during be provided by the PSU Network. [NASA] flight. [NASA] supplemental data service tail-in hover provider (SDSP) [see hover] Data sources external to the PSUs that supplement the decision-making and terminal area information-sharing of the PSU and fleet The immediate vicinity around a UAM operator. These can include weather sources aerodrome or airport where departures and and ground risk assessments, among others. landings occur. PSUs can access SDSPs via the PSU Network for essential or enhanced services (e.g., terrain test range and obstacle data, specialized weather data, A defined geographic area where research and surveillance, constraint information). SDSPs development are conducted. [FAA] may also provide information directly to PSUs or fleet operators through non-PSU Network tethered unmanned aircraft sources (e.g., public or private internet sites). [NASA] UA which can have power and/or signal supply from the ground, whose range of movement is surveillance volume limited by a rope, chain or other similar device fastened to a fixed object [ISO] Volume which describes the effective limits (e.g. range, elevation, azimuth) of the third party surveillance system. [ISO] An individual or organization other than the operator of the UAS. [EASA]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 33 Glossary thumbing trailing edge Drone flight control using thumbs to operate [see leading edge] the sticks. [see graphic] transferring remote pilot tiltrotor Remote pilot who transfers responsibility for An aircraft that combines the vertical lift the continuation of flight, during handover to capability of a helicopter with the speed of a the next RPS. [ISO] turboprop plane. As the name implies, it uses tiltable (rotating) propellers, or proprotors, for transforming vehicle lift and propulsion. For vertical flight the A vehicle that can drive on the road and fly, proprotors are angled to direct their thrust e.g. a flying car. [EASA] downwards, providing lift. In this mode of operation the craft is essentially identical to a translational lift helicopter. As the craft gains speed, the proprotors are slowly tilted forward, eventually Additional lift provided by lateral movement becoming perpendicular to the ground. In this as opposed to hovering. Translational lift also helps prevent vortex ring state. mode the wing provides the lift, and the wing’s greater efficiency helps the tiltrotor achieve its tricopter high speed. In this mode, the craft is essentially a turboprop aircraft. An aircraft with three (3) main rotors. [see graphic] tip path true altitude The path in space traced out by the tips of the rotor blades. [see altitude] touchdown and liftoff (TLOF) unmanned aerial vehicle area (UAV) A load-bearing, generally paved area, normally An unmanned aerial vehicle, commonly centered in the final approach and takeoff area known as a drone , is an aircraft without a (FATO), on which the VTOL aircraft lands human pilot aboard. Its flight is controlled and/or takes off. [see vertipad] either autonomously by onboard computers or by the remote control of a pilot on the ground track or in another vehicle. The typical launch and Actual flight path of aircraft above ground. recovery method of an aircraft is by the function of an automatic system or an external tracking operator on the ground. Military versions are unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs). The act of continuing identification of an UAS and following of its localization over a period unmanned aircraft (UA) of time. [EASA] 1) An aircraft operated without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft. [FAA, ANSI] 2) Aircraft which

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 34 Glossary is designed to be operated remotely or unmanned aircraft system autonomously. [ISO] 3) An aircraft that is intended to be operated without a pilot traffic management (UTM) onboard. [ICAO, EASA] The term unmanned While incorporating lessons learned from the aircraft (UA) may refer to a remotely piloted well-established Air Traffic Management aircraft, an autonomous aircraft, or a model (ATM) system, which grew from a mid-air aircraft. As used within the ANSI Roadmap, collision over the Grand Canyon in the early unless otherwise specified, UA, UAV, and UAS days of commercial aviation, the UTM system are synonymous with remotely piloted aircraft would enable safe and efficient low-altitude and RPAS, respectively. (ANSI) airspace operations by providing services such unmanned aircraft observer as airspace design, corridors, dynamic geofencing, severe weather and wind [See visual observer] avoidance, congestion management, terrain avoidance, route planning and re-routing, unmanned aircraft system separation management, sequencing and (UAS) spacing, and contingency management. [NASA] 1) An unmanned aircraft and its associated elements (including communication links and unmanned free balloon the components that control the unmanned aircraft) that are required for the safe and Non-power-driven, unmanned, lighter-than-air efficient operation of the unmanned aircraft in aircraft in free flight. [ISO] the national airspace system. [FAA, ANSI] 2) up-link Aircraft and its associated elements which are operated remotely or autonomously. [ISO] An Direct or indirect data link to the unmanned unmanned aircraft and its associated aircraft. [ISO] components. [ICAO] [also remotely piloted aircraft system] [see graphic] urban A functional urban area consists of a city and unmanned aircraft system, its commuting zone. Functional urban areas lightweight therefore consist of a densely inhabited city and a less densely populated commuting zone Unmanned small aircraft that are approved for whose labour market is highly integrated with operation under the authority of a CAA (for the city. [OECD] example, UAS approved to operate by the FAA under 14 CFR Part 107, UAS approved to urban air mobility (UAM) operate by EASA as Open and Specific Category UA, and UAS approved to operate by 1) A safe, efficient, accessible, quiet, and multi- CASA as Small, Medium, or Large RPA, or use air transportation system for passenger combinations thereof). [ASTM] mobility, cargo delivery, and emergency management within or traversing a metropolitan area. UAM can include both on- board/ground-piloted and autonomous operations. UAM can include a combination of commercial and non-commercial operations

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 35 Glossary such as: business-to-consumer (B2C) service, urban air mobility (UAM) fractional and shared ownership models, peer- t0-peer (P2P) service, and personally owned aerodrome operators aircraft. 2) UAM is envisioned as on-demand UAM aerodrome operators are entities air transportation within core urban areas and responsible for ensuring the safety of residential suburban destinations outside city individual TLOA, as well as any ground centers using new, electric-powered, vertical services (embarkation, disembarkation, takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. [NATA] maintenance, etc.) provided at a UAM 3) Our vision of UAM is a safe, efficient, aerodrome. UAM aerodrome operators may be convenient, affordable, and accessible air private or public entities. [NASA] transportation system for passengers and cargo that revolutionizes mobility around urban air mobility (UAM) metropolitan areas. This vision includes everything from small package delivery drones maturity level (UML) to passenger-carrying air taxis that operate A NASA-developed framework categorizing above populated areas. [NASA] 3) Urban Air anticipated evolutionary stages of a UAM Mobility is a new air transportation system for transportation system from the beginning state passengers and cargo in and around densely to a highly developed state where UAM is a populated and built-up environments, made ubiquitous capability, similar to automobiles possible by vertical take-off and landing today. This framework includes six maturity electric aircraft (VTOL) equipped with new levels, with UML-1 representing the earliest technologies, such as enhanced battery maturity level and UML-6 representing full technologies and electric propulsion. These ubiquity. The ConOps focuses on UML-4, an aircraft will have a pilot on board or be intermediate state, where hundreds of remotely piloted. UAM can be understood as a operations could be occurring at any given subset of AAM, which covers transportation time within a single metropolitan area. [NASA] systems that move people or cargo by air in and around urban environments. [EASA] [see urban air mobility (UAM) rural/regional air mobility] [see graphic] operations environment urban air mobility (UAM) (UOE) aerodrome The UOE is a flexible airspace volume A specifically defined area that is intended for encompassing the areas of high UAM flight the arrival, departure, and ground movement activity. UOE is a UTM-inspired construct and of UAM aircraft.31Because of the VTOL/ is not a separate airspace class. The UOE is eVTOL nature of many UAM aircraft, most deliberately designed for each local area to UAM aerodromes look more like today’s accommodate UAM flights. The UOE may heliports with landing pads as opposed to long extend into portions of actively ATC- runways. [NASA] controlled airspace (i.e., the Class B, C, or D airspace surrounding an airport) to enable UAM flights to access this airspace without burdening ATC. Such access may be necessary for UAM flights to access a UAM aerodrome collocated with a commercial airport.) [NASA]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 36 Glossary urban canyon vertiport Locations in the urban setting between 1) A generic reference to the area of land, buildings, such as where a street is flanked by water, or structure used, or intended to be tall buildings. Weather in urban canyons can used, for the landing and takeoff of VTOL differ from the surrounding areas outside, aircraft together with associated buildings and particularly with respect to temperature, wind facilities. [ASTM] 2) Infrastructure or system patterns, and air quality. [NASA] with supporting services and equipment intended for landing, ground-handling and vectored thrust eVTOL take-off of manned or unmanned vertical take- An eVTOL aircraft that uses any of its off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. [ISO] [also thrusters for lift and cruise. skyport] [see vertical take-off and landing VTOL] vertical take-off and landing vertistop (VTOL) 1) A minimally developed site for boarding and The capability of an aircraft to take off and discharging UAM passengers or cargo. (ASTM) land vertically, transferring to or from forward 2) A multi-use touchdown and liftoff (TLOF) motion at heights required to clear site such as a parking lot, athletic field, rest surrounding obstacles. Generally applied to area along the highway, and golf course. It has rotary-wing aircraft although also possible by no support facilities such as fuel, hangaring or some fixed-wing aircraft. VTOL is also a noun attendants. for this type of aircraft. (STOL are short take- off and landing aircraft. CTOL are VFR flight conventional take-off and landing aircraft.) Flight conducted in accordance with the visual [also upright launch] flight rules (VFR). [ISO] [also contact flight] vertideck visual line of sight (VLOS) The landing area on a vessel or offshore 1) The ability of a person manipulating the structure on which VTOL aircraft may land flight controls of the unmanned aircraft or a and take off. visual observer (if one is used) to see the vertihub unmanned aircraft throughout the entire flight with vision that is unaided by any device other A large-scale urban air mobility facility than corrective lenses. [FAA] 2) Unaided connecting multiple destinations. [see (corrective lenses and/or sunglasses excepted) vertiport] visual contact between a pilot in command and an unmanned aircraft sufficient to vertipad maintain safe operational control of the A small, designated area, usually with a aircraft, know its location, and be able to scan prepared surface, on a vertiport, airport, the airspace in which it is operating to see and landing/takeoff area, apron/ramp, or avoid other air traffic or objects aloft or on the movement area used for takeoff, landing, or ground. [see graphic] parking of VTOL aircraft. In other words, the touchdown and liftoff area (TLOF).

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 37 Glossary visual line-of-sight operation power, recirculation and wobble of death] [see graphic] [VLOS] wake Operation in which the remote pilot or unmanned aircraft observer maintains direct A track or turbulent portion left immediately unaided visual contact with the unmanned after the passage of an object thru water or air, aircraft system. [ICAO, ISO] [Note: FAA such as the wake of an airplane fling the thre requires the remote pilot maintain unaided air, or wake left in the water by a seaplane or visual contact] boat. [Baughman’s] [see propeller wash, slipstream] visual meteorological conditions (VMC) warning A geo-limitation function built into a UAS that Meteorological conditions expressed in terms alerts the remote pilot about the of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, corresponding geo-limitation. equal to or better than specified minima. [ICAO] waypoint (WP) visual observer (VO) A specified geographical location used to define an area navigation route or the flight 1) A person acting as a flight crew member who path of an aircraft employing area navigation. assists the small UA remote PIC and the [see flight modes] person manipulating the controls to see and avoid other air traffic or objects aloft or on the ground. [FAA] 2) A trained and competent person designated by the operator who, by weather minimums visual observation of the unmanned aircraft, Ceiling, visibility and other minimums assists the remote pilot in the safe conduct of provided for specified types of flight operation, the flight. [ICAO unmanned aircraft observer] and below which flight operation is not [see RPA observer and spotter] permitted. [see weathered out in Slang] vortex ring state (VRS) wildlife strike Air vortices can form around the main rotor of A collision between an animal and an aircraft a helicopter, causing a dangerous condition which is in flight or on a take off or landing. known as vortex ring state (VRS) or “settling [see snarge in Slang] [see Bird Strike Avoidance with power”. In this condition, air that moves in graphics] down through the rotor turns outward, then up, inward, and then down through the rotor X8 again. This re-circulation of flow can negate Multicopter with eight (8) motors and shaped much of the lifting force and cause a in an “X” with four (4) motors on top and four catastrophic loss of altitude. Applying more (4) motors on bottom. [see graphic] power (increasing collective pitch) serves to further accelerate the downwash through which the main-rotor is descending, exacerbating the condition. [also settling with

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 38 Glossary Y6 Multicopter with six (6) motors and shaped in a “Y” with three (3) motors on top and three (3) motors on bottom. [see graphic] yaw [see aircraft principle axes, see graphic] zone Airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions. [EASA] First published August 17, 2014 [formerly the “Drone Dictionary”] © Ric Stephens

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 39 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 40 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 41 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 42 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 43 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 44 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 45 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 46 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 47 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 48 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 49 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 50 Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 51 Slang acro mode he carried passengers at one location for a period of time and then when he was so Acrobatic mode [see flight modes in glossary] inclined, moved on to a new location. air-minded [Baughman’s] Archaic term descriptive of persons who are barnstormer naturally and intensely interested in the Reckless, low-level, stunt pilot. development, uses and improvements in aeronautics. beefed up air pocket Strengthened. Transient jolt of turbulence. beeper airscrew Remote controller. (1940s) A propeller. BASH Alpha Mike Foxtrot Bird/Animal Strike Hazard. Adios Mother F*cker. [see graphic] bat turn aluminum overcast A tight, high-G change of heading. A reference to the rapid 180-degree Batmobile maneuver in Very large aircraft. the old “Batman” television series. angels bear in the air Altitude measured in thousands of feet. Police helicopter/multicopter. anti-smash bending plastic Aircraft collision lights. Crash. ARC bent Almost Ready to Crash. An aircraft that knows Damaged, broken, or inoperative. something that the pilot is just about to find out. [from ARF Almost Ready to Fly] bingo augur in Minimum fuel or battery charge for a safe return to home. Have a major accident. bird aviator’s stomach Aircraft. Aeroneurosis, airsickness, aviator's neurasthenia, flying sickness, flying stress, birdmen flying staleness, pilot performance anxiety. Pilots. [see Quiet Birdmen] barnstorm blowtorch An expression used by pilots when flying from Jet engine. no fixed or permanent base, i.e., in the early days a pilot was doing barnstorm flying when

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 52 Slang Boola-Boola CAVOK When an angry person knocks down or shoots Ceiling and Visibility OK. [see CAVU. clear down a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). blue and 22, and severe clear] BOREX CAVU A dull or repetitive exercise. Ceiling and Visibility Unlimited: the best possible flying weather. [see CAVOK, clear blue bounce and blow and 22, and severe clear] Alternative to “touch and go” landing. Centurion brain fade A pilot with over 100 missions. A mental condition where the person flying the aircraft, suddenly forgets which way to Charlie Foxtrot move the controls, or which control to move at Cluster F*ck. [see graphic] all. This can happen for no apparent reason, even when you think you're comfortable at Cherubs flying. Altitude under 1,000 feet, measured in hundreds of feet (“cherubs two” means 200 Bravo Zulu feet). Phonetic praise for a good job. [see graphic] chicken switch bringing the mail The return-to-home switch when used to abort Flying at high speed to return home. [also the mission. carrying the mail] chopper bubba Helicopter. Fellow pilot of the same aircraft. [see puke] chute build [noun] Parachute. Homebuilt aircraft. cinewhoop bumpy air Small UAV with higher-quality HD camera Gusting winds. onboard, in addition to first person view (FPV) bush pilot camera. A pilot flying in remote areas. cleanup in aisle 5 buzzing Messy indoor crash. Diving close to the ground especially near clear blue and 22 human population. Clear skies with 22,000 foot ceilings, and 22 cameraship mile visibility.

A multicopter built with photography as a primary purpose.

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 53 Slang colorful actions action, and erases all previous Bravo Zulus and Sierra Hotels. [see graphic] Showing off, or otherwise ignoring safe procedures while flying. [see flathatting] departure control box Departure from controlled flight. [see flyaway in Glossary] Remote controller. (archaic) destructive test conversion Crash. Severe crash. Converting an aircraft to pieces of plastic and metal. ditching copter The forced landing of aircraft on water. Helicopter. dodo corkscrew Archaic term applied to a new flying school cadet. [Baughman’s] Descending in a spiral to avoid ring vortex state. dot cowboys Refers to how a distant aircraft looks on the horizon, (“I’m a dot” means “I’m out of here”). Cargo operators. [see freight dogs] down craft Broken, not flying. A sick pilot or snagged Aircraft. aircraft is “down”. creamed driver Crashed. Pilot (e.g. Phantom driver). crewless and clueless Drone Ranger Solo hobbyist violating aviation laws. Pilot who assists with anti-poaching and/or cycle power to the panel park monitoring with reference to the “Lone Ranger”. Turning the remote control off and on again to get it to function correctly. drone wrangler daisy chain A person in charge of multiple drones and/or drone operators. Visual observers assisting the pilot when the drone goes beyond visual line of sight. dronejacking dead stick The electronic hijacking of a aircraft, either by physically capturing the device or by An emergency landing due to a power loss compromising its navigation system. when a motor quits. Dronestagram Delta Sierra A photo or video shot from a drone. Phonetics for “dumb sh*t”: describes a stupid

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 54 Slang dronie fisheye lens effect [see sky selfie] The distortion caused by a very wide angle droning lens. Flying a drone or UAV (unmanned aerial five by five vehicle) for recreational purposes. Radio reception is loud and clear on a scale of 1 drop in for lunch to 5. Crash near people. flat out duster Flying at full speed or full throttle. Any aircraft utilized as an aid to agriculture for flathatting the purpose of dusting crops. Unauthorized low-level flying and stunting. [see colorful actions] dusting flightseeing The spraying of powdered or liquid insecticide or fertilizer on crops, especially from the air. Air tourism for sightseeing. [also crop dusting] flock Easy Victor [see swarm] Evacuate the aircraft. floor eggbeater Ground. [see ceiling in Glossary] 1) Rotor. 2) Rotary-wing aircraft. flyboy/girl EVAC Pilot. Evacuation. [also medevac-medical evacuation, Flying Cuisinart hazevac-hazard evacuation] Multi-rotor aircraft. eye in the sky flying machine Aircraft with camera. One of the earliest names for aircraft originally feet dry / feet wet used for the Wright Brothers patent in 1906. Over land / over water. This outdated term is occasionally applied to UAVs in legislation and local government field box regulations. Container for equipment related to the flying phantograph remotely piloted aircraft system. [also flight box] A drone that mimics the brush or pen strokes of an artist. first person at the scene of flying robot the crash Autonomous or remotely piloted aircraft. [also Pilot. aerial robot]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 55 Slang flying the needles Ginsu knives Flying by instrument flight rules IFR. Carbon fiber propellers. FM gizmo Abbreviation for “f*cking magic”: very high- A piece of technical gear. tech; used to describe how something you don’t understand actually works. [Also PFM go for a spin Pure F*cking Magic] Recreational flying. FOD go-no-go Foreign object damage. Typically when objects The decision to launch or not launch: the point hit the rotor. [see snarge] of no return. four fan trash can goggles Poorly designed quadcopter. [also six fan trash First person view (FPV) headset. can hexacopter, eight fan trash can octocopter] goo Fox 4 Bad weather. High-speed mid-air collision. Note: Fox 1, 2 and 3 are types of missiles. GPS/compass dance Rotating the aircraft to locate satellites and Fox 5 determine magnetic north. High-speed crash. [see Fox 4] graveyard spiral freight dogs Maneuver that goes badly wrong and the Cargo operators. [see cowboys] aircraft spirals out of control. [see vortex ring gaper state in glossary] Derogatory term for person who views flight grease it on operations (often disturbing pilots and/or Make a perfect/beautiful landing. operations) without actually flying on their own. gripe garage queen A mechanical problem with the aircraft. An aircraft that may look pretty, but never grounded flies. Unable to fly. George gun Auto-pilot. A reference to the throttle of an aircraft, i.e., to cut the “gun” means to close the throttle and ghetto bird to “gun” the engine/motor means to open the Police helicopter. [also night bird when using throttle momentarily. [Baughman’s] floodlight at night]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 56 Slang gyropilot hopped up An instrument which automatically controls An engine, or engine and aircraft that has been an airplane about its three axes of angular speeded up beyond the limit established by the movement. [archaic] manufacturer. [Baughman’s] heavy-handed hump Handling the controls of an aircraft in a Generally meaning a mountain and often used clumsy manner, or over-controlling the as “Over the hump” which means over the aircraft. mountain, or the most difficult part of a flight. hedge-hop [Baughman’s] Flying very close to the ground, hopping over IFE obstructions, fences, hedges, etc. In Flight Emergency. hedge-hopper aircraft IFR Any small underpowered aircraft with enough I follow roads, rivers, railways. (from power and lift to get off the ground a few feet instrument flight rules) for a brief period of time. INOP high impedance air-gap Inoperative. Unplugged. iron man high-spy Automatic pilot. [Baughman’s] The pilot of an observation aircraft. Iron Mike “Hold my beer.” Gyropilot. [archaic] Expression indicating the pilot is about to attempt a questionable flight maneuver to jink impress their peers. [corresponds to Drastic, violent maneuver to avoid a collision. “machoism” behavior as defined by FAA] JAFO holes in the air Just another f*cking observer. Small aeras of descending air (down currents), which cause the aircraft to slightly drop jail break software momentarily when the aircraft passes through Computer program that overrides drone geo- them. fencing. hop jello A mission or flight of short duration usually at The visual effect of drone vibration on the low altitudes. video image. Jim Wilson

Airline nickname for air-transported dead body.

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 57 Slang jock mushing Pilot (e.g. Phantom jock). Flying an airplane in a semi-stalled condition, or pulling out of a dive so fast that the airplane jockey settles, due to the action of the inertia forces. A person who operates or works with a specified vehicle. E.g.Mavic jockey. NFG kinetic disassembly 1) Non-Functioning Gear. 2) No F*ckng Good. Exploded. [also rapid unplanned disassembly] no joy Failure to make visual sighting or to establish landing hot radio communications. Making a relatively high speed landing. no-op level off An aircraft that will not fly. To make the flight path of an aircraft horizontal after ascending or descending. nose over Accidental turning of an aircraft over on its LIPO nose [front] when landing. Lithium polymer battery. ops locals Operations. Indigenous wildlife near operations. organic grounding loiter mode Getting shocked / electrocuted. [see flight modes in glossary] overshoot Machbusting To fly beyond a designated mark or area while Flying faster than the speed of sound. attempting to land on the mark or within the mark one eyeball area. Human sight. Maintaining visual line of sight “Pan pan” with the aircraft. International radio urgency call. It usually indicates a threat to the safety of an aircraft or meat servo its passengers. Less urgent than Mayday. Rotary-wing pilot. pancake mid-air 1) To crash so hard as to flatten the aircraft. 2) Mid-air collision. A landing in which the leveling-off process is carried out several feet above the ground, as a mod result of which the airplane settles rapidly on a Modification to a aircraft. steep flight path in a normal attitude. The airplane is stalled too high above the ground. [Baughman’s]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 58 Slang park flyer Popeye The general name given to any aircraft that can Pilot flying in bad weather or visibility. [see be safely flown in a public park / school yard / soup and goo] parking lot / sports field etc. porpoise passenger hopping A rough landing or a case of dropping the Flights of short duration with passengers. airplane onto its wheels at too great a vertical speed, and causing it to bound back into the pay-hop air. [Also airline Two-for-one-special] A short flight made for financial compensation. prang pea soup fog To bump, crunch or break an aircraft. An exceptionally thick, heavy, wet fog. [see prop soup] Propeller. percussive maintenance prop wash Repeatedly hitting the aircraft to get it to [see propeller wash, slipstream in Glossary] work. proximity event personal protection drone Near collision. A weaponized drone that accompanies a person and can respond to attacks or threats. pucker factor pirouette How scary something is. A maneuver described as a high yaw rate in puke which the aircraft spins. Someone who flies a different kind of aircraft plastic bag than you. [see bubba] The thing used to take home the pieces that pusher was once your beloved aircraft, before you An aircraft with the propeller or propellers in failed to keep it airborne at the wrong the rear of the main supporting surfaces. [see moment, or didn’t manage to pull off the best tractor aircraft] of landings, or tried to perform an aerobatic maneuver too close to the ground... pushing the envelope playmates Flying near the edge of disaster. [see envelope in Glossary] The pilots of other aircraft on the same mission as you. quad plumber Quadcopter. An inept pilot. quick disassembly Crash resulting in the aircraft being reduced to all its parts. [also rapid unplanned disassembly]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 59 Slang quick fix scud running Stop-gap measure to repair an aircraft quickly. Flying at low altitude to avoid approaching low Quiet Birdmen clouds or rain [scud]. A secretive club for male aviators. It is also severe clear known as ye Anciente and Secret Order of Quiet No clouds and unlimited visibility. [see Birdmen. [Baughman’s] CAVOK and CAVU] quiet sun ship Conditions of the sun when it is relatively free Airplane. [archaic] [Baughman’s] of sun spots and other factors that interfere with radio transmission. short hop ramp-rat Quick flight. Ground crew. Sierra Hotel Phonetic abbreviation for “sh*t hot,” high rotorcade praise; the pilot’s favorite and all-purpose A procession of rotary aircraft preceding an expression of approval. [see graphic] important person or event. sky selfie rotorhead Self photo taken by a drone. [Also “dronie”] Rotary-wing aircraft pilot. sky writing RTC The act of emitting from an aircraft a trail of Ready to Crash. [from RTF Ready to Fly] smoke or other visible substance , the flight of the aircraft being so directed as to cause the satellite/compass dance trail to assume the form of letters or symbols. Rotating the craft to detect satellites and/or slop compass orientation. Imprecision of a control system. sats smash GPS satellites. Airspeed. scrub smoking hole To cancel a flight. An aircraft crash site. scud snarge 1) Low clouds or rain. 2) Shreds of small detached masses of cloud moving rapidly The remains of a bird after it has collided with below a solid deck of higher clouds. Scut may an aircraft (bird strike). [also remains of insects be composed of either fractocumulus or on drone propellers] Biological foreign object fractostratus clouds. debris (FOD).

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 60 Slang socked in swarm Grounded by bad weather. Multiple drones flown in formation or used souls on board (SOB) collectively to perform a task. [also flock] All passengers and crew. Term sometimes used sweet to alert first responders to the number of Up and working. people to search. [Also POB persons on board] Tally Ho soup Aircraft in sight. [see no joy] Overcast weather or thick fog. [see pea soup fog] Tango Uniform Phonetics for “t*ts up”; broken, not spaxel functioning. [see graphic] Space pixel. A swarm of LED-equipped multi- copters that can fly in precise formation and thermally reconfigured thus “draw” three-dimensional images in Melted. midair. throttle jockey speed of heat, warp one Irresponsible pilot. Very, very fast. tiger spiral An aggressive pilot. A maneuver in which an airplane descends in a helix. toilet bowl effect Condition where the drone spirals rather than spotter hovers. This may be caused by a Another term for visual observer. [see JAFO] malfunctioning flybar or uncalibrated spy in the sky compass. Remotely piloted aircraft used for surveillance. totaled stewardess Complete wreck. [see plastic bag] Female flight attendant. [archaic] [also air tractor airplane hostess, air stewardess] An airplane with the propeller or propellers forward of the main supporting surfaces. stick-throttle interconnect [Baughman’s] Mock-tech term for a pilot. tree trimmer swap paint Pilot or aircraft flying near trees or crashing in Mid-air or ground collision with another man- a tree. [see weed wacker] made object.

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 61 Slang trouble shooting washout Diagnosing and locating trouble or causes of To flunk out of a military flying school. malfunctioning of mechanisms, systems, units, etc. [Baughman’s] “Watch this!” The two most dangerous words in aviation. tumbleweed (see “Hold my beer.”) Pilot who is disoriented or who has lost situational awareness. [see situational weathered in awareness in glossary] Weather conditions that prohibit flying such as poor visibility, high winds, and/or heavy turnt-up precipitation. [see weather minimums in A UAV that is optimized with the best Glossary] components; high speed and maneuverability. weed wacker tweak Pilot or aircraft flying extremely low or To fine tune or adjust. crashing in the weeds. twirly whirlybird Anti-collision beacon on an aircraft. Rotary-wing aircraft. uncontrolled landing Whisky Charlie Crash landing. Phonetics for “Who Cares?” [see graphic] undershoot Whisky Delta Falling short of reaching the landing area. Phonetics for “Weak D*ck.” [see graphic] Unmanned Aerial Veg-o- Whisky Tango Foxtrot matic (UAV) Phonetics for “What The F*ck!” [see graphic] In reference to the rotor blades: “It slices! It whoop dices!” Especially for carbon fiber props. A small, fast (typically) first person view (FPV) unobtainium quad. A substance or piece of hardware that is windmilling desirable but unobtainable. A freely rotating propeller which is rotating upstairs because of a wind or airstream passing over the blades. Referring to a pilot or aircraft being in the air or flying at considerable altitude. window [Baughman’s] A period which a mission is possible and/or VRS death plunge most economical. [see vortex ring state in Glossary] wobble of death [see vortex ring state in Glossary]

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 62 Slang WOT Wide Open Throttle. Full power. wringing it out An expression meaning to do acrobatics or to encounter exceptionally severe flying conditions. It also refers to the occasional bad habit of an instructor, who is inclined to be cocky, to show his superior flying ability to a student by forcing him to endure a stunt ide. It invariably is the forerunner to serious difficulties, or a completely discouraged student. [Baughman’s] Yehudi Remote controller. Derived from the poem and song “The little man who wasn’t there.” (1940s) yoke One of the many current terms for the control column of an aircraft. Others include wheel, stick, or simply ‘controls’. The yoke was initially referred to as the joystick. zebra striping Pattern created in pilot underpants during a flyaway, collision or crash. zero-zero No ceiling, no visibility.

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 63 International Glossary dreun senpilota aerveturilo AFRIKAANS—drone ESPERANTO—unmanned aircraft dron miehittämättömiä ilma ALBANIAN—drone FINNISH—unmanned aerial vehicle

aéronef sans pilote طائرة بدون طيار tayirat bidun tayaar FRENCH—unmanned aircraft ARABIC—drone véhicule aérien sans pilote беспілотнік FRENCH—unmanned aerial vehicle biespilotnik BELORUSIAN—drone petit véhicule aérien sans pilote (drone) дрон FRENCH—small unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) dron BULGARIAN—drone Drohne GERMAN—drone 无人驾驶飞机 wú rén jiàshǐ fēijī ferngesteuretes Flugzeug CHINESE—unmanned aircraft GERMAN—remotely piloted aircraft bespilotno sredstvo napada ferngesteuretes Luftfahrtsystem CROATIAN—drone GERMAN—remotely piloted aircraft system bezpilotní letoun unbemannte Luftfahrtzeuge CZECH—drone GERMAN—unmanned aircraft drone unbemanntes Fluggerät DANISH—drone GERMAN—unmanned aerial vehicle ubemandet luftfartøj μη επανδρωμένα αεροσκάφη DANISH—unmanned aerial vehicle mi epandroména aeroskáfi

GREEK—unmanned aircraft onbemand luchtvaartuig DUTCH—unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) μη επανδρωμενο εναεριο Οχημα

GREEK—unmanned aerial vehicle

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 64 International Glossary 無人航空機 ליכאי כתלביכיט ילכ HEBREW—unmanned aerial vehicle JAPANESE—unmanned aircraft

मानव रहित िवाई वािन 무인 항공기 HINDI—unmanned aerial vehicle mu-in hang-gong-gi drón KOREAN—unmanned aircraft HUNGARIAN—drone 무인 항공기 시스템 pilóta nélküli légi jármű HUNGARIAN—unmanned aerial vehicle mu-in hang-gong-gi siseutem KOREAN—unmanned aircraft systems dróna ICELANDIC—drone ubemannede fly NORWEGIAN—unmanned aircraft drón IRISH—drone Ubemannet luftfartøy NORWEGIAN—unmanned aerial vehicle aerfheithicil gan foireann IRISH—unmanned aerial vehicle drone NORWEGIAN—drone aeromobili pilotaggio remoto bezzałogowego samolotu (APR) POLISH—unmanned aerial vehicle ITALIAN—remotely piloted aerial vehicle (RPAV) bezzałogowy statek powietrzny POLISH—unmanned aerial vehicle drona ITALIAN—drone veículo aéreo não tripulado 無人機 (VANT) PORTUGUESE—unmanned aerial vehicle mujin-ki (UAV) JAPANESE—unmanned aircraft vehicul aerian fără pilot ドローン ROMANIAN—unmanned aerial vehicle dorōn JAPANESE—drone

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 65 International Glossary беспилотные летательные аппараты bespilotnyye letatel'nyye apparaty (BPLA) RUSSIAN—unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

беспилотный самолет RUSSIAN—unmanned aircraft

дрон RUSSIAN—drone vehículo aéreo no tripulado (VANT) SPANISH—unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) obemannat luftfordon SWEDISH—unmanned aerial vehicle insansız hava aracı TURKISH—unmanned aerial vehicle

безпілотний літальний апарат UKRAINIAN—unmanned aerial vehicle

Advanced Air Mobility Dictionary RTH 66