EuthanasiaEuthanasia andand AssistedAssisted SuicideSuicide

PeterPeter SaundersSaunders

GodGod andand BioethicsBioethics Dublin,Dublin, 88 AprilApril 20092009 DefinitionsDefinitions

EuthanasiaEuthanasia isis thethe intentionalintentional killingkilling ofof aa personperson whosewhose lifelife isis feltfelt notnot toto bebe worthworth livingliving

EuthanasiaEuthanasia cancan bebe voluntary,voluntary, nonnon-- voluntaryvoluntary oror involuntaryinvoluntary DefinitionsDefinitions

PhysicianPhysician--assistedassisted suicidesuicide (PAS)(PAS) isis wherewhere thethe doctordoctor prescribesprescribes aa lethallethal medication,medication, butbut thethe personperson administersadministers thethe dosedose himselfhimself oror herselfherself EuthanasiaEuthanasia doesdoes notnot include...include...

„ TerminatingTerminating oror notnot initiatinginitiating aa medicallymedically uselessuseless treatmenttreatment

„ ProportionateProportionate painpain andand symptomsymptom treatmenttreatment whenwhen thethe intentionintention isis notnot toto killkill butbut toto carecare (double(double effect)effect)

„ RefusalRefusal ofof medicalmedical treatmenttreatment byby aa competentcompetent patientpatient ArgumentsArguments forfor EuthanasiaEuthanasia

„„ CompassionCompassion -- ‘Death‘Death withwith Dignity’Dignity’

„„ AutonomyAutonomy -- ‘Right‘Right toto die’die’

„„ EconomicsEconomics -- ‘alternatives‘alternatives tootoo expensive’expensive’ CompassionCompassion -- deathdeath withwith dignity?dignity?

„ AreAre thethe symptomssymptoms untreatable?untreatable?

„ HaveHave allall referralreferral avenuesavenues beenbeen sought?sought?

„ AreAre thethe symptomssymptoms medical?medical? AutonomyAutonomy -- aa rightright toto diedie

„ RightsRights forfor patientspatients implyimply reciprocalreciprocal dutiesduties forfor doctorsdoctors

„ ManyMany ‘free’‘free’ requestsrequests forfor euthanasiaeuthanasia areare notnot freelyfreely mademade

„ AutonomyAutonomy isis notnot absoluteabsolute anandd rightsrights mustmust bebe balancedbalanced withwith responsibilitiesresponsibilities

„ RightsRights grantedgranted toto somesome undermineundermine rightsrights grantedgranted toto othersothers EconomicsEconomics -- wewe can’tcan’t affordafford itit

‘‘AsAs soonsoon asas hehe goesgoes beyondbeyond 6060--6565 yearsyears ofof ageage manman liveslives beyondbeyond hishis capacitycapacity toto produce,produce, andand hehe costscosts societysociety aa lotlot ofof money...euthanasiamoney... willwill bebe oneone ofof thethe essentialessential instrumentsinstruments ofof ourour futurefuture societies.'societies.'

(Jacques(Jacques AttaliAttali,, L'AvenirL'Avenir dede lala vie)vie) ArgumentsArguments againstagainst euthanasiaeuthanasia

„ UnnecessaryUnnecessary -- therethere areare ethicalethical alternativesalternatives

„ DangerousDangerous -- exploitationexploitation andand thethe slipperyslippery slopeslope

„ MorallyMorally wrongwrong -- contrarycontrary toto allall historicalhistorical ethicalethical codescodes UnnecessaryUnnecessary -- useuse ethicalethical alternativesalternatives

„ PalliativePalliative CareCare

„ TheThe HospiceHospice MovementMovement

„ PsychosocialPsychosocial andand SpiritualSpiritual factorsfactors DangerousDangerous -- exploitationexploitation

„ RequestRequest asas aa symptomsymptom

„ RequestRequest byby coercioncoercion

„ PerceivedPerceived dutyduty toto requestrequest

„ TheThe slipperyslippery slopeslope toto involuntaryinvoluntary euthanasiaeuthanasia (Holland,(Holland, Germany)Germany) SlipperySlippery SlopeSlope requirementsrequirements

„ FavourableFavourable publicpublic opinionopinion

„ WillingWilling doctorsdoctors

„ EconomicEconomic pressurepressure

„ AA lawlaw allowingallowing itit ArgumentsArguments againstagainst PASPAS

„ It’sIt’s technicallytechnically euthanasiaeuthanasia byby intentionintention

„ PlacesPlaces pressurepressure onon patientspatients toto requestrequest itit

„ IntroducesIntroduces aa ‘slippery‘slippery slope’slope’ toto euthanasiaeuthanasia

„ InvolvesInvolves problemsproblems withwith ‘completion’‘completion’ (15%)(15%)

„ ImpossibleImpossible toto policepolice

„ WillWill undermineundermine developmentdevelopment ofof palliativepalliative carecare EuthanasiaEuthanasia inin thethe BibleBible

„ AbimelechAbimelech -- ‘death‘death withwith dignity’dignity’ (Judges(Judges 9:549:54--57)57)

„ SaulSaul –– ‘put‘put outout ofof hishis agony’agony’ (2(2 SamuelSamuel 1:11:1--16)16) BiblicalBiblical PrinciplesPrinciples

„ AllAll humanhuman beingsbeings areare mademade inin thethe imageimage ofof GodGod ((GnGn 1:27)1:27)

„ TakingTaking thethe lifelife ofof innocentinnocent humanhuman beingbeing isis forbiddenforbidden –– eveneven onon requestrequest ((GnGn 9:6;9:6; ExEx 20:13)20:13)

„ ScriptureScripture onlyonly sanctionssanctions thethe killingkilling ofof ‘guilty’‘guilty’ humanhuman beingsbeings inin specificspecific circumstancescircumstances (capital(capital punishment,punishment, holyholy war,war, selfself--defence)defence)

„ RatsachRatsach andand PhoneuoPhoneuo -- ((ExEx 21:1221:12--1414;; LvLv 24:1724:17-- 21;21; NuNu 35:1635:16--3131;; DtDt 19:419:4--13)13) BiblicalBiblical PrinciplesPrinciples

„ TheThe thirdthird wayway betweenbetween eithereither allowingallowing toto diedie inin painpain oror givinggiving aa lethallethal injectioninjection (John(John 8:18:1--11)11)

„ BearingBearing oneone another’sanother’s burdensburdens (Gal(Gal 6:2)6:2)

„ CarryingCarrying thethe crosscross –– ChristChrist--likelike compassioncompassion forfor thethe sufferingsuffering

„ DeathDeath isis notnot thethe endend –– euthanasiaeuthanasia couldcould bebe thethe greatestgreatest spiritualspiritual disservicedisservice TheThe LawLaw inin thethe UKUK

„ SuicideSuicide ActAct (1961)(1961) AssistingAssisting suicidesuicide isis aa crimecrime

„ MurderMurder ActAct (1965)(1965) IntentionalIntentional killingkilling eveneven forfor compassionatecompassionate motivesmotives isis aa crimecrime EthicalEthical CodesCodes

„ HippocraticHippocratic OathOath (600BC)(600BC)

„ JudeoJudeo--ChristianChristian EthicEthic

„ DeclarationDeclaration ooff GenevaGeneva (1948)(1948)

„ InternationalInternational CodeCode ofof MedicalMedical EthicsEthics (1949)(1949)

„ StatementStatement ofof MarbellaMarbella (1992)(1992) HippocraticHippocratic OathOath

‘I‘I willwill givegive nono deadlydeadly medicinemedicine toto anyoneanyone ifif askedasked nornor suggestsuggest suchsuch counsel’counsel’ 2323 DoctorsDoctors atat NurembergNuremberg DeclarationDeclaration ofof GenevaGeneva 19481948

‘I‘I willwill maintainmaintain thethe utmostutmost respectrespect fromfrom humanhuman lifelife fromfrom thethe timetime ofof conception;conception; eveneven againstagainst threatthreat II willwill notnot useuse mymy medicalmedical knowledgeknowledge contrarycontrary toto thethe lawslaws ofof humanity’humanity’ InternationalInternational CodeCode ofof MedicalMedical EthicsEthics (1949)(1949)

‘‘ aa doctordoctor mustmust alwaysalways bearbear inin mindmind thethe obligationobligation ofof preservingpreserving humanhuman lifelife fromfrom thethe timetime ofof conceptionconception untiluntil death’death’ StatementStatement ofof MarbellaMarbella (1992)(1992)

‘assisted‘,suicide, likelike euthanasiaeuthanasia isis unethicalunethical andand mustmust bebe condemnedcondemned byby thethe medicalmedical profession’profession’ TheThe internationalinternational scenescene

„ USUS (Jack()Kevorkian) „ AustraliaAustralia (Philip(Philip NitschkeNitschke)) „ HollandHolland „ BelgiumBelgium „ LuxembourgLuxembourg „ SwitzerlandSwitzerland ((DignitasDignitas)) NetherlandsNetherlands -- NVENVE isis widespreadwidespread

3,2003,200 casescases ofof VEVE 400400 ofof PASPAS 900900 ofof NVENVE 2,0002,000 ofof palliationpalliation withwith ExplicitExplicit intentionintention ofof endingending lifelife (EIEL)(EIEL) 18,00018,000 ofof wd/wd/whwh withwith EIELEIEL 9090 neonates,neonates, 22--55 psychpsych ptspts == >24,500>24,500 totaltotal withwith EIELEIEL (1995(1995 figures)figures) NetherlandsNetherlands –– CasesCases areare underreportedunderreported

OnlyOnly 41%41% ofof 3,2003,200 VEVE casescases areare reportedreported NetherlandsNetherlands -- ConclusionsConclusions

TheThe soso--calledcalled ‘‘strictstrict safeguardssafeguards’’ havehave largelylargely failed:failed: ie.ie. VEVE only,only, prosecutionprosecution forfor NN--VE,VE, NoNo VEVE ifif palliativepalliative carecare available,available, allall casescases openlyopenly reportedreported andand properlyproperly scrutinised.scrutinised. OregonOregon

„ DeathDeath withwith DignityDignity ActAct passedpassed 19971997

„ 401401 deathsdeaths thusthus farfar inin 1111 yearsyears

„ MostMost commoncommon reasonsreasons -- lossloss ofof dignitydignity (92%),(92%), autonomyautonomy andand participationparticipation inin enjoyableenjoyable activitiesactivities

„ LessLess thanthan 5%5% havehave psychiatricpsychiatric evaluationsevaluations butbut oneone inin sixsix areare depresseddepressed

„ RelianceReliance onon doctorsdoctors’’ selfself--reportingreporting HouseHouse ofof Lords’Lords’ SelectSelect CommitteeCommittee ReportReport 1717 FebruaryFebruary 19941994

„ No change in the law to allow euthanasia „ Competent patients may refuse treatment „ Development of Palliative Care Services „ Research into pain relief and symptom control „ Treatment-limiting decisions not to be determined by resource availability SelectSelect CommitteeCommittee ConclusionConclusion -- 19941994

'We'We concludedconcluded thatthat itit waswas virtuallyvirtually impossibleimpossible toto ensureensure thatthat allall actsacts ofof euthanasiaeuthanasia werewere trulytruly voluntaryvoluntary andand thatthat anyany liberalisationliberalisation ofof thethe lawlaw inin thethe UnitedUnited KingdomKingdom couldcould notnot bebe abused.abused. WeWe werewere alsoalso concernedconcerned thatthat vulnerablevulnerable peoplepeople -- thethe elderly,elderly, lonely,lonely, sicksick oror distresseddistressed -- wouldwould feelfeel pressure,pressure, whetherwhether realreal oror imagined,imagined, toto requestrequest earlyearly death.’death.’

(Lord(Lord WaltonWalton ofof DetchantDetchant,, FebruaryFebruary 1994)1994) MotorMotor NeuroneNeurone DiseaseDisease (MND)(MND) CasesCases (1997(1997--2006)2006)

„ AnnieAnnie LindsellLindsell

„ DianeDiane PrettyPretty

„ ReginaldReginald CrewCrew

„ AnneAnne TurnerTurner TheThe JoffeJoffe BillBill

„ ThreeThree ‘‘JoffeJoffe’’ BillsBills inin threethree yearsyears –– 20032003--20052005

„ FirstFirst ranran outout ofof timetime

„ SecondSecond ledled toto Lords’Lords’ SelectSelect CommitteeCommittee ReportsReports

„ ThirdThird camecame toto thethe votevote TheThe HouseHouse ofof Lords’Lords’ ReportReport (2005)(2005)

„ 140140 witnesseswitnesses inin fourfour countriescountries

„ OverOver 6060 formalformal writtenwritten submissionssubmissions

„ OverOver 14,00014,000 lettersletters andand ee--mailsmails

„ 88 hourhour debatedebate onon reportreport oonn 1010 OctoberOctober 20052005

„ 7474 LordsLords spospokeke –– evenlyevenly divideddivided TheThe 20062006 AssistedAssisted DyingDying BillBill

„ AssistedAssisted suicidesuicide butbut notnot euthanasiaeuthanasia – The ‘’ model with ‘Netherlands’ regulation „ EnglandEngland andand WalesWales onlyonly

„ Nurses’Nurses’ involvementinvolvement

„ WorryingWorrying definitionsdefinitions – ‘terminally ill’, ‘unbearable suffering’

BringingBringing together…together…

„ HumanHuman rightsrights groupsgroups

„ ProfessionalProfessional groupsgroups

„ HealthcareHealthcare providersproviders

„ FaithFaith basedbased organisationsorganisations

„ ConcernedConcerned individualsindividuals CommonCommon AimsAims

„ PromotingPromoting moremore andand betterbetter carecare

„ OpposingOpposing assistedassisted dyingdying

„ ChangingChanging publicpublic opinionopinion StrategyStrategy

„ WebsiteWebsite –– www.carenotkilling.org.ukwww.carenotkilling.org.uk

„ SloganSlogan –– ‘‘CareCare NotNot KillingKilling’’

„ ResourcesResources –– leaflets/DVDs/papersleaflets/DVDs/papers

„ SpokespeopleSpokespeople

„ EvidenceEvidence--basedbased researchresearch

MembershipMembership

„ 1818 CoreCore organizationsorganizations

„ 3030 AssociateAssociate organizationsorganizations CoreCore MembersMembers

„ ALERT „ Christian Medical „ Association for Palliative Fellowship Medicine of Great „ Britain & Ireland „ Evangelical Alliance „ British Council of „ Heythrop Insitute Disabled People „ Lawyers’ Christian „ CARE Fellowship „ Catholic Bishops „ LIFE Conference of England „ RADAR and „ „ Catholic Union „ SPUC TheThe argumentsarguments

„ RequestsRequests forfor euthanasiaeuthanasia areare extremelyextremely rarerare whenwhen patientspatients needsneeds fullyfully metmet –– thereforetherefore wewe needneed goodgood palliativepalliative carecare

„ AA changechange inin thethe lawlaw wouldwould placeplace vulnerablevulnerable peoplepeople underunder pressurepressure toto requestrequest earlyearly deathdeath –– thereforetherefore itit shouldshould notnot bebe changedchanged forfor aa fewfew persistentpersistent casescases TheThe EarlyEarly CampaignCampaign

„ VESVES rebrandsrebrands itselfitself asas DignityDignity inin DyingDying –– 2323 JanJanuaryuary 20062006

„ DrDr AnneAnne TurnerTurner diesdies inin SwitzerlandSwitzerland –– 2424 JanuaryJanuary 20062006

„ CareCare NotNot KillingKilling officiallyofficially launcheslaunches –– 3030 JanuaryJanuary 20062006

TheThe earlyearly campaigncampaign

„ www.carenotkilling.org.uk launched on 30 January 2006

„ Over 500,000 leaflets printed and distributed

„ Over 15,000 copies of the DVD ‘Doctors speak on assisted dying’ distributed

„ Major Public debate between Dignity in Dying and – 13 March 2006 (Panorama)

„ MP Brian Iddon named as CNK chairman – 28 March 2006 ActivityActivity 20062006

„ MajorMajor letterletter writingwriting campaigncampaign toto PeersPeers andand MPsMPs –– AprilApril 20062006

„ 102,363102,363 peoplepeople inin threethree weeksweeks signsign petitionpetition

„ MajorMajor mediamedia campaigncampaign launchedlaunched –– 77 MayMay 20062006

„ RCPRCP reversesreverses itsits positionposition andand opposesopposes aa changechange inin thethe lawlaw –– 1010 MayMay 20062006 FridayFriday 1212 MayMay 20062006

„ Patients,Patients, doctorsdoctors andand disableddisabled peoplepeople speakspeak outout onon mediamedia againstagainst billbill –– 99--1111 MayMay 20062006

„ FaithFaith leadersleaders uniteunite againstagainst billbill

„ DemonstrationsDemonstrations outsideoutside parliamentparliament

„ PeersPeers turnturn outout inin forceforce toto opposeoppose billbill

„ BillBill defeateddefeated byby 148148--100100 atat 2nd2nd readingreading onon 1212 MayMay BMABMA reversesreverses positionposition

„ BritishBritish MedicalMedical AssociationAssociation votesvotes overwhelminglyoverwhelmingly toto opposeoppose euthanasiaeuthanasia –– 2929 JuneJune 20062006

„ AgainstAgainst voluntaryvoluntary euthanasiaeuthanasia –– 65%65%

„ AgainstAgainst physicianphysician assistedassisted suicidesuicide –– 65%65%

„ AgainstAgainst nonnon--voluntaryvoluntary euthanasiaeuthanasia –– 94%94% TheThe currentcurrent positionposition

„ Joffe’sJoffe’s BillBill hashas sufferedsuffered anan overwhelmingoverwhelming defeatdefeat andand thethe lawlaw remainsremains unchangedunchanged

„ TheThe medicalmedical professionprofession isis unitedunited againstagainst euthanasiaeuthanasia andand assistedassisted suicidesuicide –– RCGP,RCGP, BMABMA andand RCPRCP allall havehave reversedreversed positionposition inin lastlast 1818 monthsmonths toto joinjoin WMA,WMA, RCN,RCN, APMAPM andand otherother royalroyal collegescolleges

„ PublicPublic opinionopinion pollspolls remainremain inin favourfavour ofof aa changechange inin thethe lawlaw althoughalthough itit dependsdepends whatwhat questionquestion youyou askask WhatWhat hashas happenedhappened since?since?

„ DignityDignity inin DyingDying hashas regroupedregrouped –– 1212 staffstaff andand overover £1million£1million turnoverturnover

„ NewNew CasesCases toto changechange publicpublic opinionopinion

„ NewNew assaultsassaults onon thethe lawlaw TheThe newnew threatthreat

„ VESVES (Dignity(Dignity inin Dying)Dying) growinggrowing inin strengthstrength andand confidenceconfidence

„ MoreMore wellwell--fundedfunded courtcourt casescases

„ MoreMore highhigh profileprofile suicidessuicides

„ MoreMore pressurepressure onon ParliamentParliament –– PASPAS asas partpart ofof ‘end‘end ofof lifelife care’care’ DignityDignity inin DyingDying

„ NewNew CEOCEO –– SarahSarah WoottonWootton

„ >£1>£1 millionmillion turnoverturnover

„ SlickSlick mediamedia machinemachine DignityDignity inin DyingDying SpokespeopleSpokespeople

„ DebbieDebbie PurdyPurdy „ EdwardEdward TurnerTurner „ SophieSophie PanditPandit „ LesleyLesley CloseClose „ BrianBrian PrettyPretty „ KellyKelly TaylorTaylor „ WynWyn CrewCrew RecentRecent casescases

„ CraigCraig EwartEwart

„ DanielDaniel JamesJames

„ PeterPeter andand PenelopePenelope DuffDuff OtherOther recentrecent supportivesupportive figuresfigures

„ PhilipPhilip NitschkeNitschke

„ BaronessBaroness WarnockWarnock

„ JoanJoan BakewellBakewell

„ JohnJohn HumphrysHumphrys

„ TerryTerry PratchettPratchett DebbieDebbie PurdyPurdy

„ PrimaryPrimary progressiveprogressive MultipleMultiple SclerosisSclerosis

„ SeekingSeeking judicialjudicial reviewreview ofof DPPDPP toto refuserefuse ‘clarifying’‘clarifying’ SuicideSuicide ActAct

„ HighHigh CourtCourt hearinghearing lostlost

„ AppealAppeal CourtCourt hearinghearing lostlost

„ AppealingAppealing toto HouseHouse ofof LordsLords RecentRecent EventsEvents

„ SkySky RealReal LivesLives –– CraigCraig EwartEwart

„ PanoramaPanorama –– MargotMargot MacDonaldMacDonald

„ AA shortshort staystay inin SwitzerlandSwitzerland –– AnnAnn TurnerTurner EuthanasiaEuthanasia –– CurrentCurrent threatsthreats

„ AssistedAssisted dyingdying amendmentsamendments toto CoronersCoroners andand JusticeJustice BillBill

„ MargoMargo MacDonald’sMacDonald’s EndEnd ofof LifeLife ChoicesChoices BillBill

„ PossiblePossible PrivatePrivate Members’Members’ BillBill inin LordsLords oror CommonsCommons CoronersCoroners andand JusticeJustice BillBill

„ FirstFirst ReadingReading –– 1414 JanuaryJanuary 20092009

„ SecondSecond ReadingReading –– 2626 JanuaryJanuary 20092009

„ CommitteeCommittee –– 33 FebruaryFebruary -- 1010 MarchMarch 20092009

„ ReportReport –– 23,23, 2424 MarchMarch 20092009

„ ThirdThird ReadingReading –– 2424 MarchMarch 20092009 CoronersCoroners andand JusticeJustice BillBill

„ ClausesClauses 4646--4848 tightentighten upup SuicideSuicide ActAct 19611961 toto preventprevent ‘internet’‘internet’ suicidessuicides

„ UnderUnder thethe SuicideSuicide ActAct 19611961 itit isis anan offenceoffence toto “aid,“aid, abet,abet, counselcounsel oror procure”procure” thethe suicidesuicide ofof anotheranother personperson

„ TheThe CJCJ BillBill wouldwould makemake illegalillegal “acts“acts capablecapable ofof encouragingencouraging oror assistingassisting suicide”.suicide”. PatriciaPatricia HewittHewitt AmendmentAmendment

„ ExemptingExempting fromfrom prosecutionprosecution actsacts “done“done solelysolely oror principallyprincipally forfor thethe purposepurpose ofof enablingenabling oror assistingassisting aa personperson toto traveltravel toto aa countrycountry oror territoryterritory inin whichwhich assistedassisted dyingdying isis lawful”.lawful”.

„ MediaMedia circuscircus 2020 MarchMarch

„ NotNot reachedreached atat ReportReport onon 2323 MarchMarch HewittHewitt AmendmentAmendment ProblemsProblems

„ ScopeScope toto includeinclude nonnon--terminallyterminally illill

„ ElasticityElasticity ofof thethe termterm ‘assisted‘assisted dying’dying’

„ ActAct wouldwould bothboth encourageencourage andand discouragediscourage suicidesuicide

„ PlacesPlaces BritishBritish citizenscitizens atat mercymercy ofof overseasoverseas lawlaw

„ VulnerableVulnerable peoplepeople placedplaced underunder pressurepressure HewittHewitt AmendmentAmendment ProblemsProblems

„ CurrentCurrent SwissSwiss suicidessuicides notnot representativerepresentative –– wewe wouldwould seesee veryvery differentdifferent casescases withwith lawlaw changechange

„ MaliciousMalicious encouragementencouragement vsvs compassionatecompassionate helphelp distinctiondistinction spuriousspurious

„ EstablishmentEstablishment ofof precedentprecedent forfor assistedassisted suicidesuicide

„ LawLaw isis alreadyalready workingworking –– ‘stern‘stern faceface andand kindkind heart’heart’ (justice(justice andand mercy)mercy)

„ DangerDanger ofof assistedassisted suicidesuicide asas ‘therapeutic‘therapeutic option’option’ CoronersCoroners andand JusticeJustice BillBill –– WhereWhere toto now?now?

„ HouseHouse ofof CommonsCommons –– 2626 JanuaryJanuary –– 2424 MarchMarch 20092009

„ HouseHouse ofof LordsLords –– 2727 AprilApril

„ RoyalRoyal AssentAssent -- ?Autumn?Autumn 20092009 ‘‘EndEnd ofof LifeLife Choices’Choices’ BillBill ConsultationConsultation

„ MargoMargo MacDonaldMacDonald MSPMSP

„ ConsultationConsultation closedclosed 88 MarchMarch

„ ReportReport andand draftdraft billbill awaitedawaited

„ 1818 signaturessignatures neededneeded toto proceedproceed

„ UntilUntil 20112011 toto completecomplete processprocess PrivatePrivate Members’Members’ BillsBills

„ HouseHouse ofof CommonsCommons (Evan(Evan Harris)Harris) –– chancechance lostlost withwith ballotballot inin DecemberDecember 20082008

„ HouseHouse ofof LordsLords (Lord(Lord Warner)Warner) –– notnot enoughenough timetime leftleft thisthis parliamentaryparliamentary sessionsession WhatWhat cancan ChristiansChristians do?do?

„ GetGet informedinformed

„ PrayPray

„ JoinJoin CareCare NotNot KillingKilling

„ WriteWrite lettersletters toto PeersPeers -- www.writetothem.comwww.writetothem.com

„ EducateEducate othersothers –– studentsstudents andand churcheschurches

„ GetGet involvedinvolved WhatWhat cancan ChristiansChristians do?do?

„ TheThe keykey issueissue isis availabilityavailability andand willingnesswillingness toto putput youryour headhead aboveabove thethe parapetparapet

„ ‘Whom‘Whom shallshall II sendsend andand whowho willwill gogo forfor us?’us?’ AndAnd II saidsaid ‘Here‘Here amam I,I, sendsend me!’me!’ (Isaiah(Isaiah 6:8)6:8)

„ GetGet involvedinvolved