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Home , Berylliosis, Fibrothorax, Hemothorax, Lobar pneumonia, Pulmonary embolism, Silicosis

Index

A amyloidosis, 181–182 ABPA. See Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis etiologies, 180 (ABPA) , 183–184 Acquired pulmonary vascular . See Non-throm- Mounier–Kuhn syndrome, 183 botic vascular relapsing polychondritis, 182–183 Acute bilateral pulmonary , 96 Saber–Sheath , 181 Acute interstitial (AIP), 202–203 tracheal neoplasms, 181–182 Acute , 95–96 tracheal , 180 Adenoidcystic carcinoma, 182 tracheobronchopathia Adenovirus pneumonia, 44 osteochondroplastica, 181–183 Adjuvant diagnostic testing tracheomalacia, 180–182 arterial blood gas, 98 Wegener granulomatosis, 183 ECG, 99 transitional zone, 179 transthoracic , 99–100 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) , 99 airway disease, 188 AIP. See Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) non-AIDS immunologic diseases , 121–122, 125 clinical presentation, 261–262 Airway diseases diagnosis and management, 261–262 bronchial diseases obstructive pulmonary diseases, 165–166 , 184–187 Amniotic fluid embolism (AE), 124–125 congenital structural defect, 186–187 Amyloidosis, 181–182 cystic fibrosis and related disorders, 188–189 , 212–213 impaired host defenses, 187–188 Aspergillus fumigatus tracheobronchitis, 184 , 186, 188 inhalational , 187 airway diseases, 190–192 local immunologic reactions, 189 bronchiectasis, 165 proximal , 186 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 162–168 systemic inflammatory disorders, 189 obstructive pulmonary diseases, 162–168 yellow nail syndrome, 189 , 222 conducting zone, 179 , 275–276 gas exchange zone, 179 Atrial fibrillation (AF), 130 small airways diseases Atypical infections. See Pulmonary infections asthma, 190–192 , 189–190, 192 classification, 191 B thoracic anatomy central airway anomalies, 3–6 in HIV, 65–67 distal airways, 5 pulmonary disease, 65 trachea and central airways, 1–3 Behç et disease trachea , 241–242

J. P. Kanne (ed.), Clinically Oriented Pulmonary Imaging, 297 Respiratory Medicine, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-542-8, Ó Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 298 Index

B (cont.) ultrasound, 265 non-thrombotic vascular diseases, 109–110 , 220–221 aspiration, 275–276 BO. See Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) atelectasis, 275–276 Bronchiectasis focal lung opacities, 275 airway disease, 184–187 , 275–276 asthma, 165 pneumonia, 275–276 hemoptysis, 234 , 274–275 Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), 198, 222–223 septic pulmonary emboli, 276–277 Broncholithiasis, hemoptysis, 234–235 , cardiac abnormalities, 273–274 and , 47 monitoring and support devices chest tubes, 269–272 endotracheal tube (ETT), 265–266 C enteric tubes, 272–273 Candida species, , 72 intra-aortic conterpulsation balloon, 268–270 Cardiomegaly, 273–274 mediastinal drains, 271–272 Castleman disease (CD) pulmonary catheters, 267–268, 270 clinical findings, 258–259 tracheostomy tubes, 266–267 diagnosis and management, 259–260 venous access catheters, 266–269 Central airway anomalies, 3–5 Cryptococcosis neoformans, 69 Centrilobular emphysema, 170 Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), 200–201 Centrilobular nodules, 44 CVID. See Common variable Chest CT, 174, 213, 217 immunodeficiency (CVID) Chronic , 173–174 Cystic fibrosis, 185, 188–189 Chronic , 166 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) asthma, 162–168 D chronic bronchitis, 173–174 Desquamative interstitial emphysema, 169–173 pneumonia (DIP), 201–202 Chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease, 102 Diaphragm, 16 See also Pulmonary thromboembolic disease Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), 239 Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary DIP. See Desquamative interstitial (CTEPH), 147 pneumonia (DIP) Churg–Strauss syndrome, 113–115, 167 Distal airways, 5–6 , 80–81 Coal workers’ (CWP), 216–219 Coccidioidomycosis immitis, 70 E Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) Eisenmenger syndrome, 148, 151–152 clinical presentation, 252–253 Embolism diagnosis and management, 253–254 acute bilateral pulmonary embolism, 96 Community acquired pneumonia (CAP), 42, 47 acute pulmonary embolism, 95–96 Congenital pulmonary air embolism, 121–122, 125 left (LPA) sling, 105–107 amniotic fluid embolism, 124–125 partial anomalous pulmonary venous embolism, 123–124 return (PAPVR), 128–129 foreign body embolism, 122–123 pulmonary arteriovenous malformations non-thrombotic pulmonary embolism, 119 (PAVM), 106–107 pulmonary embolism, 100 scimitar syndrome, 129–130 septic embolism, 120–121, 124 unilateral proximal interruption, 106 subsegmental pulmonary embolism, 97 Congenital structural defect, 186–187 tumor embolism/intravascular pulmonary COP. See Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) metastases, 119–120, 123 COPD. See Chronic obstructive Emphysema, 54–55, 169–173 pulmonary disease (COPD) , 80 Critically ill ICU chest imaging, approach, 273 imaging modalities F computed tomography, 264–265 Fat embolism (FE), 123–124 magnet resonance imaging, 265 Fibrosing , 117, 123–124 portable radiography, 263–264 , 83–84 Index 299

Follicular bronchiolitis I clinical presentation, 256 IASLC lymph node, 34 diagnosis and management, 256–257 Idiopathic interstitial (IIP) Foreign body embolism, 122–123 acute interstitial pneumonia, 202–203 Fungal infections, hemoptysis, 237–238 cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, 200–201 Fungal pneumonia, 69, 72 desquamative interstitial pneumonia, 201–202 lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, 203–204 nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, 198–200 G respiratory bronchiolitis, 201–202 Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 164–165 respiratory bronchiolitis–interstitial lung disease, Goodpasture syndrome, 116–117, 239–240 201–202 Great vessels, 11–15 usual interstitial pneumonia, 196–199 Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH), 241 IIP. See Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP) H Immunocompromise. See also Pulmonary infections Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, 43 duration and severity, 62 Hard metal disease/hard metal imaging appearances of pulmonary infections, 63 pneumoconiosis, 219–220 Immunosuppressed, 63 Hemoptysis See also Pulmonary infections , 244 Inadequate pulmonary artery opacification, 98 drug reaction, 244 Infarct, 243–244 latrogenic causes of, 245 Infections. See Pulmonary infections primary vascular Influenza pneumonia, 73 etiologies, 231 Intensive care, 263 pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, 242–243 See also Critically ill pulmonary , 243 Interstitial lung disease (ILD), 201–202 pulmonary , 243–244 Invasive Aspergillosis, 71–72 pulmonary parenchymal Behç et disease, 241–242 diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), 239 K etiologies of, 231 Kaposi sarcoma, 73–74 focal infection, 235 Kartagener syndrome, 188 fungal infections, 237–238 Goodpasture syndrome, 239–240 idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, 241 L pulmonary abscess, 235–236 Left pulmonary artery (LPA) sling, 105–106 , 239 Lines, 274 , 241 LIP. See Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) systemic erythematosis, 241 Low grade lymphoproliferative disorders, 256–257 , 236–237 , 56 Wegner granulomatosis, 240 Lung radiation-induced lung injury, 244 imaging diagnosis, 30–31 tracheobronchial lymphoma, 75 acute and chronic bronchitis, 234 metastatic disease, 36–37 aspiration of foreign bodies, 235–236 nodal disease, 34–35 bronchiectasis, 234 nodal metastases, 35 broncholithiasis, 234–235 pathologic classification, 31–32 carcinoid, 233 primary tumor, 32–34 etiologies and diagnosis, 231 pulmonary neoplasm, 75 inflammatory, 233 screening, 31 neoplasm, 232–233 staging, 32 , 81 Lung parenchyma, 1–7 Henoch–Schönlein , 115, 117 LYG. See Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) Hila, 15 , 58 capsulatum, 69 Lymph node adjacent, 99 HIV, post transplant, 62 Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP), 203–204 HP. See Hypersensitivity (HP) clinical presentation, 257 Hydropneumothorax, 82 diagnosis and management, 257–259 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), 220–222 Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) 300 Index

N (cont.) air embolism, 120–121, 125 clinical findings, 260 amniotic fluid embolism (AE), 124–125 diagnosis and management, 260–261 Behç et disease, 109–110 Churg–Strauss syndrome, 113–116 DAH, 116, 118 M fat embolism (FE), 123–124 Mediastinal biopsy, 286 fibrosing mediastinitis, 118–119 Mediastinum, 7–11 Goodpasture syndrome, 116 , 86–87 Henoch–Schönlein purpura, 115, 117 Metastatic breast carcinoma, 85 large vessel , 109 Metastatic renal cell carcinoma, 85 microscopic polyangiitis, 115 Microscopic polyangiitis, 115 non-thrombotic pulmonary embolism, 119 Miliary tuberculosis, pneumonia, 45 post radiofrequency catheter ablation pulmonary Mounier–Kuhn syndrome, 183 stenosis, 130–131 , 70–71 pulmonary artery and , Multifocal adenocarcinoma, 47 116–120 Multiloculated empyema, 58 pulmonary artery sarcomas (PAS), 125–126 Mycobacterial infections, 50–53 pulmonary vasculitis, 107–111 avium complex (MAC), 188 septic embolism, 120–121 Mycoplasma, 48–49 small vessel vasculitis, 110–111 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),, 116, 118 Takayasu , 110–112 N and other foreign body embolism, 121–123 Neoplasm, hemoptysis, 232–233 tumor embolism/intravascular pulmonary Nodal metastases, 35–36 metastases, 119–120 Nodule management See Solitary pulmonary nodules Wegener granulomatosis, 111–113 (SPN) and venules Non-AIDS immunologic diseases pulmonary hemangiomatosis allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (PCH), 126–128 clinical presentation, 261–262 pulmonary veno-occlusive disease diagnosis and management, 261, 262 (PVOD), 126–128 castleman disease congenital anomalies clinical findings, 258–259 left pulmonary artery (LPA) sling, 105–107 diagnosis and management, 259–260 partial anomalous pulmonary venous common variable immunodeficiency return (PAPVR), 128–129 clinical presentation, 252–253 Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM), diagnosis and management, 253–254 106–107 follicular bronchiolitis scimitar syndrome, 129–130 clinical presentation, 256 unilateral proximal interruption, 106 diagnosis and management, 256–257 Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), 68 lymphoid interstitial pneumonia Nosocomial infections, 62 clinical presentation, 257 NSIP. See Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) diagnosis and management, 257–259 lymphomatoid granulomatosis clinical findings, 260 O diagnosis and management, 260–261 Obliterative bronchiolitis, 168 sarcoidosis Obstructive pulmonary diseases. See also Chronic clinical presentation, 247–248 obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) diagnosis and management, 248–252 hyperpolarized helium 3 (3He), 175 X-linked agammaglobulinemia Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 175 clinical presentation, 255 synchrotron radiation CT, 174–175 diagnosis and management, 255 Occupational lung disease X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome Airway centric occupational lung disease clinical presentation, 255–256 bronchiolitis obliterans, 222–223 diagnosis and management, 256 nylon flock worker’s lung, 222 Non-infectious inflammatory, 247 occupational asthma, 222 Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), 198–200 thesaurosis, 223–224 Non-thrombotic vascular diseases World Trade Center (WTC), 223–224 acquired diseases immune mediated occupational lung disease Index 301

berylliosis, 220–221 ground-glass opacities (GGO), 46 hard metal disease, 219–220 hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, 43 hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 220–222 miliary tuberculosis, 45 non-malignant -related disease multifocal adenocarcinoma, 47 calcified pleural plaque, 212 round pneumonia, 48 coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, 216–219 sarcoidosis, 45 , 214–216 viral infections, 49–50 Opacities, 64, 111, 113–114, 274–275 , 72–73 , 82 , pulmonary thromboembolic disease, 100–101 P Primary immunodeficiencies, 252 Panlobular emphysema, 170, 173 Proximal airway obstruction, 186 Paracicatricial emphysema, 172 Pseudoaneurysms, 116–117, 119 Paraseptal emphysema, 171 Pulmonary Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), acquired diseases (see Non-thrombotic 128–129 vascular diseases) Partially loculated pleural effusion, 78 aneurysms, 116–117, 119 Pathologic classification, lung , 31–32 congenital anomalies, 105–107 Percutaneous thoracic biopsy, 286–287 pseudoaneurysms, 57, 116–117, 119 PH. See (PH) Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM), Pleura and fissures, 6–7 106–107, 242–243 Pleural biopsy, 289–291 Pulmonary artery sarcomas (PAS), 125–126 Pleural drainage, 292–294 Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH), 126–128 Pulmonary digital subtraction angiography, 94 chylothorax, 80–81 Pulmonary embolism, diagnostic algorithm, 100 fibrothorax, 83–84 Pulmonary embolus, 243 hemothorax, 81 Pulmonary hypertension (PH) pleural effusions chest radiography, 150–152 laboratory analysis, 79–81 clinical classification system, 141–143 radiologic analysis, 78–79 clinical classification system, 141 pleural malignancies CT angiography (CTA), 155–156 mesothelioma, 86–87 definition, 140 metastases, 84–85 echocardiography, 153–154 pleural neoplasms, 86–88 epidemiology, 140–141 pneumothorax, 81–84 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 156–158 radiologic evaluation, 88 noncontrast CT findings, 154–155 Pleural effusion, 291–292 pathophysiology and , 143–149 Pneumoconiosis, 216–220 RV strain, 154 Pneumocystis jiroveci, pneumonia 68 simple fluid mechanical model, 142–143 Pneumonia ventilation– scan, 152–153 complications Pulmonary infarction, 243–244 early lung necrosis, 56 Pulmonary infections emphysema, 54–55 in immunocompromised host empyema, 56 Candida, 72 lung abscess, 56 Coccidioidomycosis, 70 lymphadenopathy, 58 cryptococcosis, 69 multiloculated empyema, 58 duration and severity, 62 pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms, 57 fungal pneumonia, 69 radiographic indications, 53 ground-glass opacity, 63–64 staphylococcal pneumonia, 57 histoplasmosis, 69 influenza pneumonia, 73 HIV, 65–67 mycobacterial infections, 50–53 imaging appearances, 63 mycoplasma, 48–49 influenza pneumonia, 73 vs. non-infectious diseases invasive aspergillosis, 71–72 acute aspiration, 44 kaposi sarcoma, 73–74 adenovirus pneumonia, 44 lung consolidation, 63–64 bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia, 47 lymphoma and , 74 centrilobular nodules, 44 nodules and CT halo sign, 64–65 differential diagnosis, 43 nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), 68 302 Index

P (cont.) clinical presentation, 247–248 nosocomial infections, 62–63 diagnosis and management, 248–252 Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, 68 Scimitar syndrome, 129–130 tree-in-bud opacities, 64 Screening, lung cancer, 31 viral pneumonia, 72–73 Septic embolism, 120–121, 124 zygomycosis/mucormycosis, 70–71 Silicosis, 214–216 in normal host Simple pleural effusion, 79 mycobacterial infections, 50–53 Sleep , 145 mycoplasma, 48–49 Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (SFTP), 86, 87 pneumonia (see Pneumonia) Solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN) viral infections, 49–50 attenuation, 21–22 Pulmonary thromboembolic disease calcifications, 20, 21 adjuvant diagnostic testing cavitation, 21 arterial blood gas, 98 contrast enhancement, 23 ECG, 99 fatty attenuation, 20–21 transthoracic echocardiography, 99–100 magnetic resonance imaging, 23–24 troponin, 99 margins, 20 chest radiography, 92 PET-CT imaging, 24–25 chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease, 102 recommendations, 25–26 computed tomography angiography, 95–99 , 24–25 D-dimer, 91 size, 20 diagnostic algorithms, acute PE, 100 volume doubling time (DT), 22–23 diagnostic testing, 90–91 SPN. See Solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN) epidemiology, 89–90 Spontaneous pneumothorax, 82 magnetic resonance angiography, 96–98 Staging, lung cancer, 32 pregnancy, 100–101 Staphylococcal pneumonia, 57 pulmonary digital subtraction angiography, 94 Subpulmonic pleural effusion, 79 renal failure, 101–102 Subsegmental pulmonary embolism, 97 , 90 Sub-solid nodule, 24 ventilation/perfusion scan, 92–94 Systemic inflammatory disorders, 189 Pulmonary vasculitis, 107–110 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 116, 118, 241 Pulmonary acquired diseases, 130–131 congenital anomalies, 128–130 T Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD), 126–128 Takayasu arteritis, 110, 112 Tension pneumothorax, 83–84 Thesaurosis, 224–225 R , 291–292 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), 281 Thoracic anatomy complications, 283 airways and lung parenchyma indications, 282 central airway anomalies, 3–5 limitations, 283–284 and distal airways, 5–6 peripheral location and size, 284–285 trachea and central airways, 1–3 RB. See Respiratory bronchiolitis (RB) diaphragm, 16 RB-ILD. See Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated great vessels, 11–15 interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD) hila, 15 Renal failure, pulmonary thromboembolic disease, mediastinum, 7–11 101–102 pleura and fissures, 6–7 Respiratory bronchiolitis (RB), 201–202 Thoracic interventions Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung chest tube insertion, 284–292 disease (RB-ILD), 201–202 percutaneous thoracic biopsies, 286–287 Respiratory motion artifact, 98 pleural biopsies, 289–290 RFA. See Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) radiofrequency ablation Right catheterization, 140, 150, 155–156 complications, 283 indications, 282 limitations, 283–284 S peripheral location and size, 284–285 Saber–Sheath trachea, 174, 181 technique, 286–289 Sarcoidosis thoracentesis, 291–292 Index 303

Thromboembolism. See Pulmonary thromboembolic Viral bronchiolitis, 189 disease Viral pneumonia, 72–73 TNM staging system, 32–34 Trachea and central airways, 1–3 Tracheal amyloidosis, 167, 182 W Tracheal neoplasms, 181–182 Wegener granulomatosis, 110–113, 183–184, 240 Tracheal stenosis, 180 Williams–Campbell syndrome, 187 Tracheobronchomalacia, 168 Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TBO), 181–183 X Tracheomalacia, 168, 180–182 X-linked agammaglobulinemia Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), 99 clinical presentation, 255 Transthoracic , 118, 286 diagnosis and management, 255 Tree-in-bud pattern, 44, 47, 49, 190 X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome Tuberculosis (TB), 67–68, 188, 236–237 clinical presentation, 255–256 Tubes, 265–266, 269–273 diagnosis and management, 256 Tumor embolism/intravascular pulmonary metastases, 119–120, 123 Y Yellow nail syndrome, 189 U Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), 196–199 Z Zygomycosis, 70–71 V Variant anatomy. See Thoracic anatomy Vasculitis, 107–111