DOCSLIB.ORG

Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies • Saralees Nadarajah, Stephen Chan, JeffreyZhang Yuanyuan Chu and Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies Edited by Saralees Nadarajah, Stephen Chan, Jeffrey Chu and Yuanyuan Zhang Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Journal of Risk and Financial Management www.mdpi.com/journal/jrfm Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies Editors Saralees Nadarajah Stephen Chan Jeffrey Chu Yuanyuan Zhang MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editors Saralees Nadarajah Stephen Chan Jeffrey Chu School of Mathematics, Department of Mathematics Department of Statistics, University of Manchester and Statistics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid UK American University of Sharjah Spain UAE Yuanyuan Zhang School of Mathematics, University of Manchester UK Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Journal of Risk and Financial Management (ISSN 1911-8074) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/ journal/jrfm/special issues/Blockchain). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-533-3 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-534-0 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editors .............................................. vii Stephen Chan, Jeffrey Chu, Yuanyuan Zhang and Saralees Nadarajah Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies Reprinted from: J. Risk Financial Manag. 2020, 13, 227, doi:10.3390/jrfm13100227 .......... 1 Nader Trabelsi Are There Any Volatility Spill-Over Effects among Cryptocurrencies and Widely Traded Asset Classes? Reprinted from: J. Risk Financial Manag. 2018, 11, 66, doi:10.3390/jrfm11040066 .......... 5 Toan Luu Duc Huynh Spillover Risks on Cryptocurrency Markets: A Look from VAR-SVAR Granger Causality and Student’s-t Copulas Reprinted from: J. Risk Financial Manag. 2019, 12, 52, doi:10.3390/jrfm12020052 .......... 23 Nikolaos A. Kyriazis A Survey on Efficiency and Profitable Trading Opportunities in Cryptocurrency Markets Reprinted from: J. Risk Financial Manag. 2019, 12, 67, doi:10.3390/jrfm12020067 .......... 43 Ziaul Haque Munim, Mohammad Hassan Shakil and Ilan Alon Next-Day Bitcoin Price Forecast Reprinted from: J. Risk Financial Manag. 2019, 12, 103, doi:10.3390/jrfm12020103 .......... 61 Paulo Ferreira and Eder´ Pereira Contagion Effect in Cryptocurrency Market Reprinted from: J. Risk Financial Manag. 2019, 12, 115, doi:10.3390/jrfm12030115 .......... 77 Nikolaos A. Kyriazis and Paraskevi Prassa Which Cryptocurrencies Are Mostly Traded in Distressed Times? Reprinted from: J. Risk Financial Manag. 2019, 12, 135, doi:10.3390/jrfm12030135 .......... 85 Yuanyuan Zhang, Stephen Chan, Jeffrey Chu and Hana Sulieman On the Market Efficiency and Liquidity of High-FrequencyCryptocurrencies in a Bull and Bear Market Reprinted from: J. Risk Financial Manag. 2020, 13, 8, doi:10.3390/jrfm13010008 ........... 97 Mircea Constantin S, cheau, Simona Liliana Cr˘aciunescu, Iulia Brici and Monica Violeta Achim A Cryptocurrency Spectrum Short Analysis Reprinted from: J. Risk Financial Manag. 2020, 13, 184, doi:10.3390/jrfm13080184 ..........111 Ahmed Ibrahim, Rasha Kashef, Menglu Li, Esteban Valencia and Eric Huang Bitcoin Network Mechanics: Forecasting the BTC Closing Price Using Vector Auto-Regression Models Based on Endogenous and Exogenous Feature Variables Reprinted from: J. Risk Financial Manag. 2020, 13, 189, doi:10.3390/jrfm13090189 ..........127 v About the Editors Saralees Nadarajah is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, UK. His research interests include climate modeling, extreme value theory, distribution theory, information theory, sampling and experimental designs, and reliability. He is an author/co-author of four books and has over 600 papers published or accepted. He has held positions in Florida, California, and Nebraska. Stephen Chan was awarded the EPSRC Doctoral Prize Fellowship in 2016 at the University of Manchester, UK. His research areas include extreme value analysis and distribution theory in analyzing financial commodities data and cryptocurrency data. He co-developed and co-wrote an R package, entitled ’VaRES’, for computing value at risk and expected shortfall. He is a co-author of the book Extreme Events in Finance: A Handbook of Extreme Value Theory and its Applications. Jeffrey Chu is an assistant professor at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain. He holds a PhD in Financial Mathematics from the University of Manchester UK, where he also undertook postdoctoral research funded by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. His current research interests cover statistical modeling and distribution theory, graphs and networks, and cryptocurrencies, and financial technology. Yuanyuan Zhang is a Data Scientist at the Centre for Epidemiology at the University of Manchester. Her research interests are focused on statistical methods and distribution theory, with applications to cryptocurrencies, and big data. Among some of her accomplishments are publications as an author and guest editor of leading journals, such as Computational Statistics and Data Analysis and the Journal of Risk and Financial Management; and winning the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) New Researcher Travel Award 2019. vii Journal of Risk and Financial Management Editorial Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies Stephen Chan 1,*, Jeffrey Chu 2, Yuanyuan Zhang 3 and Saralees Nadarajah 3 1 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, UAE 2 School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China; jeff[email protected] 3 School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (S.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 September 2020; Accepted: 24 September 2020; Published: 26 September 2020 Abstract: Cryptocurrencies are essentially digital currencies that use blockchain technology and cryptography to facilitate secure and anonymous transactions. Many institutions and countries are starting to understand and implement the idea of cryptocurrencies in their business models. With this recent surge in interest, we believe that now is the time to start studying these areas as a key piece of financial technology. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a collection of papers from leading experts in the area of blockchain and cryptocurrencies. The topics covered in this Special Issue includes the economics, financial analysis and risk management with cryptocurrencies. Keywords: Blockchain; Cryptocurrencies; Digital Currencies; Risk management; Bitcoin; Financial analysis Blockchain and cryptocurrencies have recently captured the interest of academics and those in industry. Cryptocurrencies are essentially digital currencies that use blockchain technology and cryptography to facilitate secure and anonymous transactions. The cryptocurrency market is worth over USD 500 billion. Many institutions and countries are starting to understand and implement the idea of cryptocurrencies in their business models. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a collection of papers from leading experts in the area of blockchain and cryptocurrencies. This volume includes a wide variety of theoretical and empirical contributions that address a range of issues and topics related to blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Short abstracts of the articles in this Special Issue are presented below: Trabelsi (2018) investigates the connectedness of the cryptocurrency markets, with other traditional currencies, stock market indices, and commodities using the spill over index approach. The results show no significant spillover effects between the cryptocurrencies and other financial markets. This suggests that cryptocurrencies pose no danger to the stability of financial systems and is seen as an independent financial instrument. Luu Duc Huynh (2019) analyses the spillover risks among cryptocurrency markets using the VAR (Vector Autoregressive Model)-SVAR (Structural Vector Autoregressive Model) Granger causality and Student’s-t Copulas. The results show that Ethereum is likely to be the independent coin in this market, while Bitcoin tends to be the spillover effect recipient. Furthermore, the study sheds light on investigating the contagion risks among cryptocurrencies by employing Student’s-t Copulas for modelling the joint distribution. The result suggests that all coins negatively change in terms of extreme value and the investors are advised to pay more attention to ‘bad news’ and moving patterns in order to make timely decisions. Kyriazis (2019) provides a systematic survey on whether the pricing behavior of cryptocurrencies is predictable, through centering the investigation on the Efficient Market Hypothesis. It is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Crypto Daily Report – June 9
    This document is being provided publicly in the following form. Please subscribe to FSInsight.com for more. Members Area Crypto Daily Crypto Daily Report – June 9 Crypto Daily Crypto Daily Report – June 9 June 9 FSInsight Team Crypto Daily Report The Most Important Daily Data for Digital Assets Daily Analysis from FSInsight June 9, 2021 Late Tuesday evening, lawmakers in El Salvador's Congress voted by a supermajority in favor of making bitcoin legal tender. The law allows for the prices of goods and services to be denominated and paid in BTC, and perhaps more notably, exempts any exchanges in bitcoin from capital gains tax. Coinbase (Nasdaq: COIN) revealed Tuesday that its institutional holdings grew 170% from $45 billion to $122 billion in Q1 2021 as demand skyrocketed alongside the latest crypto bull run. The Company has over 8,000 institutional clients, many of which use its Coinbase Custody product. Crypto exchange Gemini acquired custody specialist Shard X for an undisclosed amount on Wednesday morning. Gemini COO, Noah Perlman, stated that the acquisition will enable Gemini " to meet the current demand for fast withdrawals, interacting with DeFi staking, or the transferring of digital assets with greater efficiency." Daily Important Metrics CRYPTO SIZE SENTIMENT BULLISH SIGNAL Bullish signal is tied to the crypto market growing Market Cap $1.5T +$42B ( +2.79% ) BTC Dominance 41.64% ( +1.49% ) STABLE COINS FUTURES CME BULLISH SIGNAL A positive spread between Futures Prices and Spot BULLISH SIGNAL Prices is Bullish Increase in circulating
    [Show full text]
  • Prospectus, Which Is in the Swedish-Language, and Which Was Approved by the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority on 17 May 2019
    NB: This English-language document is an unofficial translation of XBT Provider AB's base prospectus, which is in the Swedish-language, and which was approved by the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority on 17 May 2019. In the case of any discrepancies between the base prospectus and this English translation, the Swedish-language base prospectus shall prevail. BASE PROSPECTUS Dated 17 May 2019 for the issuance of BITCOIN TRACKER CERTIFICATES, BITCOIN CASH TRACKER CERTIFICATES, ETHEREUM TRACKER CERTIFICATES, ETHEREUM CLASSIC TRACKER CERTIFICATES, LITECOIN TRACKER CERTIFICATES, XRP TRACKER CERTIFICATES, NEO TRACKER CERTIFICATES & BASKET CERTIFICATES under the Issuance programme of XBT Provider AB (publ) (a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of Sweden) The Certificates are guaranteed by CoinShares (Jersey) Limited ______________________________________ IMPORTANT INFORMATION This base prospectus (the "Base Prospectus") contains information relating to Certificates (as defined below) to be issued under the programme (the "Programme"). Under the Base Prospectus, XBT Provider AB (publ) (the "Issuer" or "XBT Provider") may, from time to time, issue Certificates and apply for such Certificates to be admitted to trading on one or more regulated markets or multilateral trading facilities ("MTF’s") in Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom or, subject to completion of relevant notification measures, any other Member State within the European Economic Area ("EEA"). The correct performance of the Issuer's payment obligations regarding the Certificates under the Programme are guaranteed by CoinShares (Jersey) Limited (the "Guarantor"). The Certificates are not principal-protected and do not bear interest. Consequently, the value of, and any amounts payable under, the Certificates will be strongly influenced by the performance of the Tracked Digital Currencies (as defined herein) and, unless the certificates are denominated in USD, the USD-SEK exchange rate or, as the case may be, the USD-EUR exchange rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Blockchain and the Creative Industries: Provocation Paper © Ellie Rennie, Jason Potts and Ana Pochesneva, 2019
    Provocation Paper Blockchain and the Creative Industries Ellie Rennie, Jason Potts, Ana Pochesneva RMIT Blockchain Innovation Hub November 2019 This provocation paper has been prepared at the request of the Australia Council for the Arts, Screen Australia and the Australian Film, Television and Radio School. Table of contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................4 1 The creative industries today ...........................................................................................................5 1.1 Policy responses to date ..................................................................................................................5 1.2 Challenges facing creative practitioners ................................................................................5 1.2.1 Time factors ......................................................................................................................................6 1.2.2 Business skills ...................................................................................................................................6 1.2.3 Disintermediation ...........................................................................................................................6 1.3 Environment .........................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Technology Transformation a Practical Assessment
    Legal Technology Transformation A Practical Assessment Edited by Andrea Caligiuri editoriale scientifica 2020 LEGAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFORMATION A PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT Edited by ANDREA CALIGIURI EDITORIALE SCIENTIFICA 2020 PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA RISERVATA © Copyright 2020 Editoriale Scientifica s.r.l. Via San Biagio dei Librai, 39 – 80138 Napoli www.editorialescientifica.com – [email protected] ISBN 978-88-9391-985-2 SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE GUIDO LUIGI CANAVESI Department of Law Università di Macerata GIUSEPPE CATALDI Department of Social Sciences and Humanities Università di Napoli “L’Orientale” LIU HUAWEN Institute of International Law Chinese Academy of Social Sciences MONICA STRONATI Department of Law Università di Macerata CHRISTOPH VAN DER ELST Tilburg Law School Tilburg University TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………...… 1 PART I FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONAL AND NON -PERSONAL DATA Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 5 STEFANO VILLAMENA 1. New Technologies, Big Data and Human Rights: An Overview …………………………. 11 ARIANNA MACERATINI 2. Protection of Personal Data and Human Rights between the ECHR and the EU Legal Order ………………………………………………... 21 ALFREDO TERRASI 3. Promoting a Common Understanding of the GDPR: European Data Protection Board and National Data Protection Authorities …………………………. 33 MARCO MACCHIA 4. Protection and Trade of Non-personal Data ……………………………………………… 40 CRISTINA RENGHINI 5. Protection of Personal and Non-personal Data: A Chinese Perspective ……………………………………………………....…………….… 48 YUTING YAN 6. Digital Humanism between Ethics, Law,and New Technologies …………………….…. 65 MARIA CONCETTA DE VIVO 7. Labor Relations, Intelligent Machine, Digital Plants. Legal Problem related to Data and Social Protection ………………………………….…… 80 MICHELE FAIOLI PART II USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL , MARITIME AND GROUND SYSTEMS IN CIVIL AND MILITARY FIELDS Introduction …………………………………………………………………………...…...… 89 STEFANO POLLASTRELLI 1. Air Traffic Control by Satellite: Some Legal Aspects ………………...……………….… 91 SILVIO MAGNOSI 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation
    Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation Third Edition Contributing Editor: Josias N. Dewey Global Legal Insights Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation 2021, Third Edition Contributing Editor: Josias N. Dewey Published by Global Legal Group GLOBAL LEGAL INSIGHTS – BLOCKCHAIN & CRYPTOCURRENCY REGULATION 2021, THIRD EDITION Contributing Editor Josias N. Dewey, Holland & Knight LLP Head of Production Suzie Levy Senior Editor Sam Friend Sub Editor Megan Hylton Consulting Group Publisher Rory Smith Chief Media Officer Fraser Allan We are extremely grateful for all contributions to this edition. Special thanks are reserved for Josias N. Dewey of Holland & Knight LLP for all of his assistance. Published by Global Legal Group Ltd. 59 Tanner Street, London SE1 3PL, United Kingdom Tel: +44 207 367 0720 / URL: www.glgroup.co.uk Copyright © 2020 Global Legal Group Ltd. All rights reserved No photocopying ISBN 978-1-83918-077-4 ISSN 2631-2999 This publication is for general information purposes only. It does not purport to provide comprehensive full legal or other advice. Global Legal Group Ltd. and the contributors accept no responsibility for losses that may arise from reliance upon information contained in this publication. This publication is intended to give an indication of legal issues upon which you may need advice. Full legal advice should be taken from a qualified professional when dealing with specific situations. The information contained herein is accurate as of the date of publication. Printed and bound by TJ International, Trecerus Industrial Estate, Padstow, Cornwall, PL28 8RW October 2020 PREFACE nother year has passed and virtual currency and other blockchain-based digital assets continue to attract the attention of policymakers across the globe.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Motivations, Challenges and Needs of Blockchain Software Developers: a Survey
    Empirical Software Engineering manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Understanding the Motivations, Challenges and Needs of Blockchain Software Developers: A Survey Amiangshu Bosu · Anindya Iqbal · Rifat Shahriyar · Partha Chakroborty Received: November 6, 2018 / Accepted: March 19, 2019 Abstract The blockchain technology has potential applications in various areas such as smart-contracts, Internet of Things (IoT), land registry, supply chain man- agement, storing medical data, and identity management. Although the Github currently hosts more than six thousand active Blockchain software (BCS) projects, few software engineering research has investigated these projects and its' contrib- utors. Although the number of BCS projects is growing rapidly, the motivations, challenges, and needs of BCS developers remain a puzzle. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to understand the motivations, challenges, and needs of BCS developers and analyze the differences between BCS and non-BCS development. On this goal, we sent an online survey to 1,604 active BCS developers identified via mining the Github repositories of 145 popular BCS projects. The survey received 156 responses that met our criteria for analysis. The results suggest that the majority of the BCS developers are experienced in non-BCS development and are primarily motivated by the ideology of creating a decentralized financial system. Although most of the BCS projects are Open Source Software (OSS) projects by nature, more than 93% of our respondents found BCS development somewhat different from a non-BCS development as BCS projects have higher emphasis on security and reliability than most of the non- BCS projects. Other differences include: higher costs of defects, decentralized and hostile environment, technological complexity, and difficulty in upgrading the soft- ware after release.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptocurrencies: Overcoming Barriers to Trust and Adoption
    CRYPTOCURRENCIES: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO TRUST AND ADOPTION Dr Zeynep Gurguc and Prof William Knottenbelt, Imperial College London Contents 01Foreword 02 02Executive summary 04 03Introduction 06 04Key blockchain concepts 07 05Evolution of money 11 06Challenges and solutions 17 07Conclusions and conjectures 21 08Glossary of terms 23 09Acknowledgements 24 01 01Foreword The Internet started out with the simple use case of email globally accepted form of money - we should also be (digital communications) and the aim to decentralise asking when buying the weekly shop with them will be communications. The Blockchain, in a similar vein, commonplace. started out to decentralise ‘value’. The first use case being cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (digital money). As our findings make clear, the notion that cryptocurrencies have to fit in with old-world financial As the Internet scaled so did the use cases. The Internet models is flawed. Money has always evolved. Its uses facilitated e-commerce, social networks, gaming and so and social status have changed and will keep changing. on. In the same way, the Blockchain has increased its use Why should we measure cryptocurrencies with the same cases, away from much talked about cryptocurrencies yardstick used for traditional payment and currency like Bitcoin and Litecoin to other cryptoassets, such as systems? Would you really judge email with the same cryptocommodities like Ethereum and cryptotokens like criteria as the written letter? Steem. New use cases will continue to emerge and other segments such as cryptosecurities will start to appear. The report supports our conviction that cryptocurrencies will gain global mainstream adoption within the next decade. Just as communication underpins almost all applications across the Internet, value will do the same on the If the Internet changed the way we communicate, Blockchain.
    [Show full text]
  • Gemini Now Supports Dogecoin. Much Wow. | Gemini
    5/6/2021 Gemini Now Supports Dogecoin. Much Wow. | Gemini Get started INDUSTRY PRODUCT May 04, 2021 Gemini Now Supports Dogecoin. Much Wow. We are thrilled to announce that trading and custody are now available for Dogecoin (DOGE), the funnest and friendliest crypto in the observable universe. Trading for DOGE is available on our API/FIX and Active Trader™ applications for USD, and on our mobile and web applications for USD, GBP, EUR, CAD, AUD, HKD and SGD pairs. With DOGE as part of the pack, we now offer over 40 cryptos for Wet ruased cionogkie as ntod im cpurosvet oanddy c uastnodm izaen oourt sheervric e1s1, ecnrsyurpe tcomsp flioanrc ec, uansdt oprdotyec. tL yeouarrn account. By continuing to use Gemini, you agree to our use of cookies. To learn more about coomokiesr aen da hboow utot cahalln gteh yeo ucr rsyetptintgoss, v wiewe o suru Ppripvaocyr tP ohliecyr.e. Dogecoin Is No Joke Manage OK https://www.gemini.com/blog/gemini-now-supports-dogecoin-much-wow 1/6 5/6/2021 Gemini Now Supports Dogecoin. Much Wow. | Gemini Dogecoin is the people’s money. It’s organic, irreverent, and fun. It’s not forced on us by a government or some other cGeentt sratalrted authority, it’s chosen by us, for us — by the people, for the people. Wow. For many, the idea of emergent money that is not mandated by fiat is hard to grok. We’re used to being told what money is. For most of our lives, paternalistic money is all we’ve ever known...until Bitcoin.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey on Volatility Fluctuations in the Decentralized Cryptocurrency Financial Assets
    Journal of Risk and Financial Management Review A Survey on Volatility Fluctuations in the Decentralized Cryptocurrency Financial Assets Nikolaos A. Kyriazis Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, 38333 Volos, Greece; [email protected] Abstract: This study is an integrated survey of GARCH methodologies applications on 67 empirical papers that focus on cryptocurrencies. More sophisticated GARCH models are found to better explain the fluctuations in the volatility of cryptocurrencies. The main characteristics and the optimal approaches for modeling returns and volatility of cryptocurrencies are under scrutiny. Moreover, emphasis is placed on interconnectedness and hedging and/or diversifying abilities, measurement of profit-making and risk, efficiency and herding behavior. This leads to fruitful results and sheds light on a broad spectrum of aspects. In-depth analysis is provided of the speculative character of digital currencies and the possibility of improvement of the risk–return trade-off in investors’ portfolios. Overall, it is found that the inclusion of Bitcoin in portfolios with conventional assets could significantly improve the risk–return trade-off of investors’ decisions. Results on whether Bitcoin resembles gold are split. The same is true about whether Bitcoins volatility presents larger reactions to positive or negative shocks. Cryptocurrency markets are found not to be efficient. This study provides a roadmap for researchers and investors as well as authorities. Keywords: decentralized cryptocurrency; Bitcoin; survey; volatility modelling Citation: Kyriazis, Nikolaos A. 2021. A Survey on Volatility Fluctuations in the Decentralized Cryptocurrency Financial Assets. Journal of Risk and 1. Introduction Financial Management 14: 293. The continuing evolution of cryptocurrency markets and exchanges during the last few https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm years has aroused sparkling interest amid academic researchers, monetary policymakers, 14070293 regulators, investors and the financial press.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuba: Issues for the 111Th Congress
    Cuba: Issues for the 111th Congress Mark P. Sullivan Specialist in Latin American Affairs September 3, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40193 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Cuba: Issues for the 111th Congress Summary Cuba remains a hard-line communist state with a poor record on human rights. The country’s political succession in 2006 from the long-ruling Fidel Castro to his brother Raúl was characterized by a remarkable degree of stability. The government of Raúl Castro has implemented limited economic policy changes, but there has been disappointment that further reforms have not been forthcoming. The economy was hard hit by storms in 2008, and the global financial crisis has caused further strains. Few observers expect the government to ease its tight control over the political system, although it did agree in July 2010 to release 52 political prisoners after talks with the Cuban Catholic Church. Since the early 1960s, U.S. policy has consisted largely of isolating Cuba through economic sanctions. A second policy component has consisted of support measures for the Cuban people, including U.S.-sponsored broadcasting and support for human rights activists. In light of Fidel Castro’s departure as head of government, many observers have called for a re-examination of policy with two broad approaches advanced: an approach that would maintain the dual-track policy of isolating the Cuban government while providing support to the Cuban people; and an approach aimed at changing attitudes in the Cuban government and society through increased engagement.
    [Show full text]
  • Difference Between Coin Token and Protocol
    Difference Between Coin Token And Protocol campanileBjorne patch-up and attack hydrostatically his sortes while so peevishly! hyperbolic Ordovician Bo prod buzzinglyand unwifely or tows Tremaine derisively. never Salpiform propine hisAngus deerstalker! nomadizes some Furthermore Lumens coins are inflationary while XRPs are deflationary meaning. Coinbase added COMP to our supported assets for Coinbase and Coinbase Pro. Another difference between different protocols and differences between parties. Facilitate collaboration and quickly gained strong background in. Difference Between Coins and Tokens by Spiking Editor. For example, DAI and USDC are both pegged to the US dollar. The tokens and between the laws and represents a system can host a stable cryptocurrencies and whether the steem went up? To appoint my band well, slowly research existing malware so bizarre I can inform my customers how serious or how harmful these viruses could be. Why air New Tokens Are Ethereum ICOs skalex. Offers based on different coins, protocol tokens in a difference between placement of mining works when attempting to develop it would farm, ripple refers to. Security tokens are created through a type my initial coin offering ICO sometimes referred to skirt a security token offering STO to plug it whether other types of. This problem describes the dilemma that a critical number of sellers or vendors is necessary to be of cover to customers as a platform. Sec regulation s options and each has included on leveraged crypto businesses that difference between coin token and protocol tokens are similar to. Bitcoin and coins differ from the difference. But whenever you growing like other, you well go cheer the nearest machine and reward them.
    [Show full text]
  • NFT Yearly Report 2020, Fresh from the Oven!
    NON-FUNGIBLE TOKENS YEARLY REPORT 2020 FREE EDITION MARKET RESEARCH. TRENDS DECRYPTION. PROJECT REVIEW. EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE NFT ECOSYSTEM FOREWORDS The NFT Yearly Report 2020, fresh from the oven! The purpose of this report is to provide an overarching and detailed view of the Non-Fungible Token ecosystem during 2020. The exponential growth within the sector has been particularly impressive, especially given that the Crypto bear market was in full force during most of the early stages of development. There is little doubt that the loyal and tight knit groups who initially evolved around various NFT blockchain projects have since seen the contents of their wallets dramatically increase in value as the ecosystem evolved and NFT projects began to attract more and more outside and mainstream interest. This report is not meant for Non-Fungible experts but to help everyone in or outside the Non- Fungible Tokens ecosystem to better understand what is going on. What is the potential? Why should you care about NFT? 2020 has been an unprecedented year for most of the world's population, with many challenges to face, from a global pandemic and lockdown to political upheavals, riots and not to mention catastrophic natural disasters… we’ve had it all! In stark contrast and perhaps partially due to such turbulent global events, interest and investment in virtual economies and digital assets has boomed, more than ever seen before. Within the Non-Fungible Token ecosystem individual sectors have seen success, Art, Gaming and Digital Assets have all gained remarkable traction during 2020 with this once niche and experimental industry maturing into a force to be reckoned with.
    [Show full text]