Further Readings and Resources
The following suggestions complement the references found in the essays.
1 Social Movements, NGOs, and Networks
Non-state actors in global politics has given rise over the last ten-fifteen years to a
remarkable number of monographs. A selection of the most important works with
reference to the authors‘ academic field:
Chandler, David Constructing Global Civil Society: Morality and Power in International
Relations (Palgrave-Macmillan: 2004) 240p (international relations)
Colás, Alejandro International Civil Society (Polity Press: 2002) 219p (international
relations)
DeMars, William NGOs and Transnational Networks: Wild Cards in World Politics
(Pluto Press: 2005) 256p (international relations)
Kaldor, Mary Global Civil Society: an Answer to War (Polity Press: 2003) 189p
(international relations)
Keane, John Global Civil Society? (Cambridge University Press: 2003) 220p (political
theory)
Keck, Margaret and Sikkink, Kathryn Activists Beyond Borders. Transnational Advocacy
Networks in International Politics (Cornell University Press: 1998) 227p
(international relations)
Mayo, Marjorie Global Citizens. Social Movements and the Challenge of Globalization
(Zed Books: 2005) 224p (political sociology)
699 Reitan, Ruth Global Activism (Routledge: 2007) 337p (political sociology/international
relations)
Tarrow, Sidney The New Transnational Activism (Cambridge University Press: 2005)
258p (political sociology)
Tilly, Charles and Tarrow, Sidney Contentious Politics (Paradigm Publishers: 2007) 243p
(political sociology)
Additionally, there is an abundance of edited volumes. These multi-authored publications are good sources for information on specific movements and campaigns, and the introductions provide useful conceptual and historical frameworks. A selection:
Batliwala, Srilatha and Brown, L. David (eds) Transnational Civil Society. An
Introduction (Kumarian Press: 2006) 270p
Clark, John (ed) Globalizing Civic Engagement: Civil Society and Transnational Action
(Earthscan Publications: 2003) 194p
Cohen, Robin and Rai, Shirin (eds) Global Social Movements (The Athlone Press: 2000)
231p della Porta, Donatella and Tarrow, Sidney (eds) Transnational Protest and Global
Activism (Rowman & Littlefield: 2005) 287p
Florini, Ann (ed) The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace: 2000) 295p
Khagram, Sanjeev, Riker, James V., and Sikkink Kathryn (eds) Restructuring World
Politics. Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms (University of
Minnesota Press: 2002) 366p
700 Smith, Jackie, Chatfield, Charles, and Pagnucco, Ron (eds) Transnational Social
Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State (Syracuse University
Press: 1997) 311p
Walker, James W. and Thompson Andrew (eds) Critical Mass: the Emergence of a
Global Civil Society (Wilfrid Laurier University Press: 2008) 299p
2 Transnational Advocacy Networks in the Movement Society
References
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Baumgartner, Frank R., and Bryan D. Jones. 1991. "Agenda Dynamics and Policy
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Berry, Jeffrey. 1993. "Citizen Groups and the Changing Nature of Interest Group Politics
in America." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
528: 30-41.
Calhoun, Craig. 1995a. Critical Social Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Conklin, Beth, and Laura R. Graham. 1995. "The Shifting Middle Ground: Amazonian
Indians and Eco-Politics." American Anthropologist 97(4) (December): 695-710.
Doimo, Ana Maria. 1995. A Vez e a Voz do Popular: Movimentos Sociais e Participacab
politica no Brasil pos-70. Rio de Janeiro: ANPOCS/Relume Dumara.
Donnelly, Jack. 1989. Human Rights in Theory and Practice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press.
701 Fernandes, Rubem Cesar. 1994. Privado porem Pablico: 0 Terceiro Setor na America
Latina. Rio de Janeiro: CIVICUS/Relume Dumara.
Gerhards, Jurgen, and Dieter Rucht. 1992. "Mesomobilization: Organizing and
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98(3): 555-95.
Ingram, Helen M., and Dean E. Mann. 1989. "Interest Groups and Environmental
Policy." Pp. 135-57 in James P. Lester, ed., Environmental Politics and Policy:
Theories and Evidence. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Jager, Thomas. 1993. Betriebsschließung and Protest: Kollektive Handlungschancen
gegen die Stillegung des Hiittenwerkes Duisburg-Rheinhausen. Marburg:
Schtiren.
Jellife, D., and Jellife, E. P 1978. Human Milk in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Keck, Margaret E.1995. "Social Equity and Environmental Politics in Brazil: Lessons
from the Rubber Tappers of Acre." Comparative Politics 27: 409-24.
Kouba, Leonard J., and Judith Mausher. 1985. "Female Circumcision in Africa: An
Overview." African Studies Review 28 (March): 95-110.
Landim Assumpcao, Leilah. 1993. A Invencgo das ONGs: Do servicv invisivel a
profissao sem name. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio
de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pos-Graduagao em Antropologia
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Lumsdaine, David. 1993. Moral Vision in International Politics: The Foreign Aid
Regime, 1949-1989. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
702 McAdam, Doug. 1988. Freedom Summer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
McAdam, Doug, and Dieter Rucht. 1993. "Cross-National Diffusion of Social Movement
Ideas and Tactics." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Sciences 528 (July): 56-74.
McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1973. The Trend of Social Movements in
America: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization. Morristown, NJ:
General Learning Press, 1977. "Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A
Partial Theory." American Journal of Sociology 82: 1212-41.
Meyer, David S., and Nancy Whittier. 1994. "Social Movement Spillover." Social
Problems 41: 277-98.
Schiotz, Arne. 1983. "A Campaign Is Born." IUCN Bulletin 14 (October—December):
120-22.
Slack, Alison T. 1988. "Female Circumcision: A Critical Appraisal." Human Rights
Quarterly 10: 437-86.
Snow, David A., and Robert D. Benford. 1988. "Ideology, Frame Resonance, and
Participant Mobilization." Pp. 197-217 in Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi,
and Sidney Tarrow, eds., From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement
Research across Cultures. Greenwich, CT: JAI. 1992. "Master Frames and Cycles
of Protest." Pp. 133-55 in Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, eds.,
Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Snow, David, E. Burke Rochford, Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford. 1986.
"Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation."
American Sociological Review 51: 464-81.
703 Sochart, Elise A. 1988. "Agenda Setting, The Role of Groups and the Legislative
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Stone, Deborah A. 1988. Policy Paradox and Political Reason. New York: Harper-
Collins.
Tarrow, Sidney. 1992. "Mentalities, Political Cultures, and Collective Action Frames:
Constructing Meanings through Action." Pp. 174-202 in Aldon D. Morris and
Carol McClurg Mueller, eds., Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press. 1996a. "Fishnets, Internets and Catnets: Globalization
and Transnational Collective Action." Working Paper 78 (March). Madrid;
Institutio Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones.
. 1996b. "States and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social
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Walker, Jack L., Jr. 1991. Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions,
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World Bank. 1993. World Bank Development Report 1993: Investing in Health.
Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Further Readings
704 There is the seminal monograph on which the above article draws and on which several
articles in this Reader build: Keck, Margaret E. and Sikkink, Kathryn Activist
Beyond Borders. Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics
(Cornell University Press: 1998) 227p.
Groundbreaking on the success of networks – as opposed to centralized, hierarchical
organizations – in various fields is Castells, Manuel The Rise of the Network
Society (Blackwell Publishing: 2000) 594p. A much lighter read is Barney, Darin
The Network Society (Polity Press: 2004) 198p. Arquila, John and Ronfeldt, David
(eds) Networks and Netwars. The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (RAND:
2001) 374p is an excellent edited volume. See also Global Networks: A Journal of
Transnational Affairs (founded 2001).
On protest and advocacy networks and movements, see Mobilization: An International
Journal (founded 1996) and – in addition to the suggestions in the previous
chapter – the following books:
Diani, Mario and McAdam, Doug (eds) Social Movements and Networks. Relational
Approaches to Collective Action (Oxford University Press: 2003) 348p
Freeman, Jo and Johnson, Victoria (eds) Waves of Protest. Social Movements Since the
Sixties (Rowman & Littlefield: 1999) 381p
Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James (eds) The Social Movements Reader: Cases
and Concepts (Blackwell Readers in Sociology) (2003) 408p
Meyer, David and Tarrow, Sidney (eds) The Social Movement Society. Contentious
Politics for a New Century (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: 1998) 292p
705 Ruggiero, Vincenzo and Montagna, Nicola (eds) Social Movements. A Reader
(Routledge: 2008) 377p
Tilly, Charles Social Movements, 1768-2004. First Edition (Paradigm Publishers: 2004)
194p
Tilly, Charles and Wood, Lesley J. Social Movements, 1768-2008. Second Edition
(Paradigm Publishers: 2009) 194p
For a new perspective on advocacy organizations, see Aseem Prakash and Mary Kay
Gugerty (eds) Rethinking Advocacy Organizations: A Collective Action Perspective
(Cambridge University Press: forthcoming 2010). A synopsis of this volume (46p) is available
Why do advocacy campaigns succeed in some cases but fail in others and what conditions motivate states to accept commitments championed by principled advocacy movements is discussed in Busby, Joshua W Moral Movements and Foreign Policy
(Cambridge University Press: forthcoming 2010).
Articles that refine and deepen Keck and Sikkink‘s analysis include:
Carpenter, R. Charli ‗Setting the Advocacy Agenda: Theorizing Issue Emergence and
Nonemergence in Transnational Advocacy Networks‘ International Studies
Quarterly (2007) 51:1, 99-120
Carpenter, R. Charli ‗Governing the global agenda: ‗gatekeepers‘ and ‗issue adoption‘ in
transnational advocacy networks‘ in Avant, Deborah D., Finnemore, Martha, and
Sell, Susan K. Who Governs the Globe?(Cambridge University Press:
forthcoming 2010) chapter 8
706 Park, Susan ‗The Role of Transnational Advocacy Networks in Reconstituting
International Organizations Identities‘ Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and
International Relations (Summer/Fall 2004) 79-92
Missing in Keck and Sikkink‘s framework are public policy networks: see Reinecke,
Wolfgang H. ‗The Other World Wide Web: Global Public Policy Networks‘
Foreign Policy (Winter 1999-2000:117) 44-57, available
_Web.pdf>. For those taking a special interest in human rights advocacy networks, the following paper may be of useful: Brewington, D. V., Davis, D. R. and Murdie, A. ‗The Ties that Bind: A Network Analysis of Human Rights INGOs‘ Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, 15 February 2009, New York, NY, available 3 The Rise and Fall of Transnational Civil Society Davies, Thomas Richard The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: The Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars (Martinus Nijhoff, 2007) 284p Joachim, Jutta and Locher, Birgit (eds) Transnational Activism in the UN and the EU: A Comparative Study (Routledge: 2008) 208p 4 Transatlantic Activism in the Eighteenth Century: the Anti-Slavery Movement 707 In this essay, Huw David discusses the anti-slave trade campaign of the late eighteenth century. After the legal abolition of the trade, activists in the first half of the nineteenth century campaigned for the abolition of slavery itself. The story of this campaign is told in short by Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink in chapter 2 of Activists Beyond Borders. Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Cornell University Press: 1998). Adam Hochschild tells the long story in Bury the Chains. Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire‘s Slaves (Mariner Books: 2006) 468p. Bury the Chains probably is the best book on any transnational advocacy campaign. Huw David also mentions the phenomenon of NGO coalitions. For more on this, see Yanacopulos, Helen ‗The strategies that bind: NGO coalitions and their influence‘ Global Networks (2005) 5:1, 93-110 and Yanacopulos, Helen ‗Patterns of Governance: The Rise of Transnational Coalitions of NGOs‘ Global Security (2005) 19:3, 247-266. 5. Transnational Humanitarian Heroes in the Early Twentieth Century: The Congo Reform Movement As the references show, the essay draws heavily on Adam Hochschild‘s master piece King Leopold‘s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (Mariner Books: 1999) 400p. Another important work is Louis, Wm. Roger and Stengers, Jean E.D. Morel‘s History of the Congo Reform Movement (Oxford University Press: 1968) 289p. On the use of atrocity images by Congo campaigners, see Sliwinski, Sharon ‗The Childhood of Human Rights: The Kodak on the Congo‘ Journal of Visual Culture (2006) 708 5:3, 333-363 and Grant, Kevin ‗Christian Critics of Empire: Missionaries, Lantern Lectures, and the Congo Reform Campaign in Britain‘ The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (2001) 29:2, 27-58. On the prominent role of two British diplomats in the Congo reform movement see Osborne, John B. ‗Wilfred G. Thesiger, Sir Edward Grey, and the British Campaign to Reform the Congo, 1905-9‘ The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (1999) vol. 27, no. 1, 59-80. On the controversial ‗Safe Darfur‘ campaign to which William DeMars refers, see Lanz, David ‗Safe Darfur: a Movement and its Discontents‘ African Affairs (2009) vol. 108, 669-677. The history of the international anti-apartheid movement has only begun to be written. Hakån Thörn‘s Anti-Apartheid and the Emergence of a Global Civil Society (Palgrave MacMillan: 2006) constitutes an important start. More recent and comprehensive is The Road to Democracy in South Africa, Volume 3, International Solidarity (two volumes) by the South African Democracy Education Trust (Unisa Press, South Africa and Tsehai Publishers, New York: 2009). An earlier work of note is Klotz, Audie Norms in International Relations. The Struggle Against Apartheid (Cornell University Press: 1995) 183p and Klotz, Audie and Crawford, Neta C. (eds) How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa (Palgrave MacMillan: 1999) 292p. The anti-apartheid movement in the U.S. is the subject of Culverson, Donald Contesting Apartheid. U.S. Activism, 1960 – 1987 (Westview Press: 1999) 177p and Love, Janice The U.S. Anti-Apartheid Movement. Local Activism in Global Politics (Praeger: 1985) 709 205 296p. For the U.K. see Fieldhouse, Roger Anti-Apartheid. A History of the Movement in Britain (The Merlin Press: 2005) 546p. 6 Transnational Pioneers: The International Labor Movement Compared to the ‗new‘ social movements there is little recent (academic) literature available on the international labor movement. Here a few readings to complement chapter 6: Ashwin, Sarah International Labour Solidarity after the Cold War in Cohen, Robin and Rai, Shirin (eds) Global Social Movements (The Athlone Press: 2000)101-116 Nimtz, August Marx and Engels: The Prototypical Transnational Actors, in Khagram, Sanjeev et al. (eds) Restructuring World Politics. Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms (University of Minnesota Press: 2002) 245-268 Sexton, Patricia Cayo The Decline of the Labor Movement in Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James M. (eds) The Social Movements Reader. Cases and Concepts (Blackwell: 2003) 318-327 Dan Gallin, the author of the piece just read, directs the Global Labour Institute; its website 7 Labor in the Global: Challenges and Prospects References Agnew, J. and Corbridge, S. (1995), Mastering space: hegemony, territory and international 710 political economy, London: Roudedge. Amin, A. (1997) 'Placing globalisation', Theory, Culture & Society, 14 (2): 123-37. Arrighi, G. (1996) 'Workers of the world at century's end', Review, 19 (3). Borgers, F. (1996), 'The challenge of economic globalization for US labor', Critical Sociology, 22 (2). Boyer, R. and Drache, D. (eds) (1995) States against markets: the limits of globalization, London: Routledge. Castells, Manuel (1996) The rise of the network society, vol I of The information age: economy, society and culture, Oxford: Blackwell. Castells, Manuel (1997) The power of identity, vol II of The infirmation age: economy, society and culture, Oxford: Blackwell. Clarke, J. and Gaile, G. (1997) `Local politics in a global era: thinking locally, acting globally', Annals. (The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences), No. 551, May. De Martino, G. (1991), 'Trade-Union, isolation and the catechism of the left', Rethinking Marxism, 4 (3). Deacon, B., Hulse, M. and Stubbs, P. (1997) Global social policy. international organizations and the future of welfare, London: Sage Publications. Dunn, J. (1985) `Unimagined Community: the deceptions of socialist internationalism', in J. Dunn (ed.) Rethinking modern political theory. Essays 1979-83, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Enderwick, P. (1985) Multinational business and labour, London: Croom Helm. 711 Featherstone, M. (1995) Undoing culture: globalization, postmodernism and identity, London: Sage Publications. French, J., Cowie, J. and Littlehare, S. (1994) Labor and NAFTA: a briefing book, Durham, NC: Duke University. Friedman, J. (1994) Cultural identity and global process, London: Sage Publications. Gallin, D. (1994) `Inside the New World Order: drawing the battle lines', New Politics, Summer. Gibson-Graham, J. K. (1996) The end of capitalism (as we knew it). A feminist critique of political economy, Oxford: Blackwell. Gindin, S. (1995) The Canadian autoworkers: the birth and transformation of a union, Toronto: James Lorrimer. Global Labour Summit (1997) A new global agenda. Visions and strategies for the 21st century, Copenhagen, 31 May-1 June, Harvey, David (1996) Justice, nature and the geography of difference, Oxford: Blackwell. Haworth, N. and Ramsay, H. (1984) 'Grasping the nettle: problems in the theory of international labour solidarity', in Peter Waterman (ed.) For a new labour internationalism, The Hague: ILERI. Hegedus, Z. (1989) 'Social movements and social change in self-creative society: new civil initiatives in the international arena', International Sociology, 4 (1). Held, David (1995) Democracy and the global order, Cambridge: Polity Press. Herod, A. (1998) 'Labor's transnational spatial strategies and the geography of capitalism', in A. Herod (ed.) Organizing the landscape: geographical perspectives on labor unionism, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 712 Hunter, Allen (1995) 'Globalization from below: promises and perils of the new labour internationalism', Social Polity 25 (4), 6-13. ICEM (1996) Power and counterpower: the union responses to global capital, London: Pluto Press. ICFTU (1996) Policies adopted by the 16th World Congress of the ICFTU, Brussels: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. ICFTU (1997) Fightingfin- workers' rights in the global economy, Brussels: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. ICFTU—Phare Democracy Programme (1995) Promotion and defence of trade union rights in Central and Eastern Europe, Brussels: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. Johns, R. (1994) 'International solidarity: space and class in the U.S. labor movement'. PhD diss., Department of Geography, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Kapstein, E. (1996) 'Workers and the world economy', Foreign Affairs, May/June. Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985) Hegemony and socialist strategy: towards a radical democratic politics, London: Verso. Lanternari, Vittorio (1963) The religions of the oppressed, New York: Alfred Knopf. Lavalette, M. and Kennedy, J. (1996) Solidarity on the waterfront: the Liverpool lock-out of 1995/6, Liverpool, Liver Press. Lorwin, L. (1953) Labor and internationalism, New York: Macmillan. McShane, D. (1993) 'Labor standards and double standards in the New World Order', in J. Brecher, J. B. Childs and J. Cutler (eds) Global visions: beyond the New World Order, 713 Boston: South End Press. Martin, Hans Peter and Schumann, Harold (1998) The global trap: civilisation and the assault on democracy and prosperity, London: Zed Books. Massey, D. (1995) 'The conceptualization of place', in D. Massey and P. Jess (eds) A place in the world? Places, cultures and globalization, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Melucci, A. (1994) 'A strange kind of newness: what's "new" in the New Social Movements', in E. Larana, H. Johnston and J. R. Gusfield (eds) New social movements: from ideology to identity, Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Melucci, Alberto (1996) Challenging codes: collective action in the information age, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Monthly Review (1997) Rising from the ashes? Labor in the age of 'global capitalism', Special issue, ed. by Ellen Meiksins Wood, Peter Meiksin and Michael Yates, 49 (3), New York. Moody, K. (1997) Workers in a lean world unions in the international economy, London: Verso. Munck, R. (1988) The new international labour studies, London: Zed Books. O'Brien, R. (1997) 'Subterranean hegemonic struggles: international labor and the three faces of industrial relations', School of English and American Studies, University of Sussex. Peck, J. (1996) Work place: the social regulation of local labour markets, London: Guildford Press. Regini, M. (1992), 'Introduction: the past and future of social studies of labor movements', in M. Regini (ed.) The future of labor movements, London: Sage Publications. 714 Rifkin, J. (1995) The end of work the decline of the global laborfiirce and the dawn of the post-market era, New York: Putnam Books. Rowbotham, S. and Mitter, S. (1994) 'Introduction', in S. Rowbotham and S. Mitter (eds) Dignity and daily bread new forms of economic organising among poor women in the Third World and the FirSt, London: Routledge. Scholte, J. A. (1997) Global capitalism and the state, mimeo, The Hague, Institute of Social Studies. Scott, A. (1991) Ideology and the new social movements, London: Unwin. Seidman, G. (1994) Manufacturing militance. Workers' movements in Brazil and South Africa, 19751985, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Tilly, Charles (1995) 'Globalization threatens labor's rights', International Labor and Working Class History, no .47 (Spring), 1-23. Touraine, Main (1986) 'Unionism as a social movement', in S. M. Lipset (ed.) Unions in transition: entering the second century, San Francisco: ICS Press. Vogler, C. (1985) The nation state: the neglected dimension of class, Aldershot: Gower. Waterman, Peter (1993) 'Social movement unionism: a new model for a New World Order', Review, 16 (3): 245-78. Waterman, Peter (1998) Globalization, social movements and the new internationalisms, London: Mansell. Waters, M. (1995) Globalization, London: Routledge. White, B. (1996) 'Globalization and the child labour problem', Economic Research Seminars, The Hague: Institute of Social Studies. Willetts, P. (1982), 'Pressure group as transnational actors', in P. Willetts (ed.) Pressure groups in the global system: the transnational relations of issue-orientated non- 715 governmental organizations, London: Frances Pinter. Wils, L. (1996) 'The workers' movement and nationalism', in P. Pasture, J. Verbercicmoes and H. de Witte (eds) The lost perspective? Trade unions between ideology and social action in the New Europe, Aldershot: Avebury. World Bank (1995) World Development Report 1995. Workers in an integrating world, New York: Oxford University Press. Further Readings and Resources After this essay, Ronaldo Munck published Globalization and Labour: the New ‗Great Transformation‘ (Zed Books: 2002) 216p. Along the same lines, but more recent is Webster, Edward, Lambert, Rob, and Bezuidenhout, Andries Grounding Globalization: Labour in the Age of Insecurity (Blackwell Publishing: 2008) 261p. On the possibility of teaming up with the environmental movement, see Gould, Kenneth A., Lewis, Tammy L., and Roberts, Timmons J. ‗Blue-Green Coalitions: Constraints and Possibilities in the Post 9-11 Political Environment‘ Journal of World Systems Research (2004) x:1, 91-116, available An article about labor activism in the globalized economy is Stillerman, Joel ‗Transnational Activist Networks and the Emergence of Labor Internationalism in NAFTA Countries‘ Social Science History (2003) 27:4, 577-601. See also Gay Seidman‘s Beyond the Boycott: Labor Rights, Human Rights, and Transnational Activism (Russell Sage Foundation: 2007). Her discussion of labor rights as human rights is most interesting. The relationship between labor and the ‗new‘ social 716 movements is further discussed in Waterman, Peter Globalization, Social Movements and the New Internationalisms (Continuum: 2001) 302p and Clawson, Dan The Next Upsurge. Labor and the New Social Movements (Cornell University Press: 2003) 235p (focus on the U.S.). 8 The Power of Norms versus the Norms of Power: Transnational Civil Society and Human Rights A comprehensive analytical or historical account of the international human rights movement as such does not seem available. Fortunately, there is fascinating literature on various actors and defining moments. A good place to start is Korey, William NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: ―A Curious Grapevine‖ (Palgrave: 1998) 638p. Notable autobiographies are Laber, Jeri The Courage of Strangers. Coming of Age with the Human Rights Movement (PublicAffairs: 2002) 405p and Neier, Aryeh Taking Liberties. Four Decades in the Struggle for Rights (PublicAffairs: 2003) 406p. A work on an important episode in the history of the international human rights movement is Thomas, Daniel C. The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism (Princeton University Press: 2001) 312 p. Amnesty International has attracted a good deal of scholarly attention. Most recommendable are Clark, Ann Marie Diplomacy of Conscience. Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms (Princeton University Press: 2001) 183p and Hopgood, Stephen Keepers of the Flame. Understanding Amnesty International (Cornell University Press: 2006) 249p. 717 The crucial role of a private U.S. foundation in funding the movement is discussed in Korey, William Taking on the World‘s Repressive Regimes: The Ford Foundation‘s International Human Rights Policies and Practices (Palgrave MacMillan: 2007) 314p. A lively chronicle of human rights advocacy networks in the Americas is chapter 3 of Keck, Margaret and Sikkink, Kathryn Activists Beyond Borders. Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Cornell University Press: 1998) 227p. The latter can be supplemented with Roht-Arriaza, Naomi The Pinochet Effect. Transnational Justice in the Age of Human Rights (University of Pennsylvania Press: 2005) 256p and Cleary, Edward Mobilizing for Human Rights in Latin America (Kumarian Press: 2007) 155p. Other notable works are Risse, Thomas, Ropp, Stephen C, and Sikkink, Kathryn (eds) The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge University Press: 1999) 318p; Gready, Paul (ed) Fighting for Human Rights (Routledge: 2004) 198p; and Quataert, Jean H. Advocating Dignity: Human Rights Mobilizations in Global Politics (University of Pennsylvania Press: 2009) 376p. A work on a particular campaign tactic is Klinghoffer, Arthur J. and Klinghoffer, Judith A. International Citizens‘ Tribunals. Mobilizing Public Opinion to Advance Human Rights (Palgrave: 2002) 272p. 9 Civil Society and the International Criminal Court A longer alternative to the text above is Pace, William R. and Schense, Jennifer ‗The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations‘ in Cassese, Antonio, Gaeta, Paola, and Jones, John R. W. D. (eds) The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: a Commentary (Oxford University Press: 2001) vol. I, 105-143. 718 Most readable and insightful is Glasius, Marlies The International Criminal Court. A Global Civil Society Achievement (Routledge: 2006) 158p. The history of the ICC from a civil society perspective is chronicled on the website of the Coalition for an International Criminal Court: There is also Benjamin Schiff‘s excellent book Building the International Criminal Court (Cambridge University Press: 2008). The chapter ‗NGOs and the International Criminal Court: Advocates, Assets, Critics, and Goads‘ discusses the court‘s relationship with NGOs since its establishment in 2002. On the future of the relationship ICC-NGOs, see Haddad, Heidi, ‗Advocacy Mission Creep: NGO Coalitions and the International Criminal Court‘, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Theory vs. Policy? Connecting Scholars and Practitioners, New Orleans, 17 February 2010, available For the U.S. where the battle for the ICC continues, see American NGO Coalition for the International Criminal Court: http://www.amicc.org/. On the role of the European Union in the campaign for an international criminal court, see Huikuri, S. ‗Normative Balancing: The European Union's Global Campaign for the Ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court‘, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Theory vs. Policy? Connecting Scholars and Practitioners, New Orleans, 14 February 2010, available 719 An excellent companion video is The Reckoning: The Battle for the International Criminal Court (2009) Skylight Pictures On the phenomenon of NGO coalitions such as the Coalition for An International Criminal Court, see Yanacopulos, Helen ‗The strategies that bind: NGO coalitions and their influence‘ Global Networks (2005) 5:1, 93-110 and Yanacopulos, Helen ‗Patterns of Governance: The Rise of Transnational Coalitions of NGOs‘ Global Security (2005) 19:3, 247-266. The representativeness of international human rights NGOs is discussed in Tsutsui, Kiyoteru, Wotipka, Christine Min ‗Global Civil Society and the International Human Rights Movement: Citizen Participation in Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organizations‘ Social Forces (2004) 83:2, 587-620. 10 Human Rights NGOs: A Critical Evaluation Also by Makau Mutua, ‗Savages, Victims, and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights‘ Harvard International Law Journal (2001) 42:1, 201-245. As the influence of the human rights movement grows, so does the critique. A piece that broke the silence in Western academia was David Kennedy ‗The International Human Rights Movement: Part of the Problem?‘ Harvard Human Rights Journal (2002) 15, 101- 126, available Clifford Bob questions the principledness of human rights NGOs in ‗Merchants of Morality‘ Foreign Policy (March/April 2002) 129, 36-45, available 720 Human Rights‘ in Aseem Prakash and Mary Kay Gugerty (eds) Rethinking Advocacy Organizations: A Collective Action Perspective (Cambridge University Press: forthcoming 2010). A monograph critical of the international human rights movement is Kirsten Sellars, The Rise and Rise of Human Rights (Sutton Publishing: 2002) 256p. The website of Global Policy Forum NGO Watch, a joint program of the American Enterprise Institute and the Federalist Society, leads the charge against ‗NGO power‘ Much quoted short pieces are ‗Sins of the Secular Missionaries‘ The Economist (27 January 2000) available 2007_summer/economist_ngos.pdf> and Slim, Hugo ‗By What Authority? The Legitimacy and Accountability of Non-governmental Organisations‘ (Geneva: International Council on Human Rights Policy: 2002) available (Critical) academic writings on NGO influence, legitimacy, and accountability are: Betsil, Michele and Corell, Elisabeth (eds) NGO Diplomacy: the Influence of Nongovernmental Organizations in International Environmental Negotiations (MIT Press: 2008) 244p Anderson, Kenneth and Rieff, David ‗Global Civil Society: A Sceptical View‘ in Anheier, Helmut, Glasius, Marlies and Kaldor, Mary (eds) Global Civil Society 721 (Sage Publications 2005) 26-39, available Anderson, Kenneth ‗What NGO Accountability Means - and Does Not Mean‘ American Journal of International Law (2009) 103:1,170-178, available Clark, Ann Marie, Friedman Elisabeth J., and Hochstetler, Kathryn ‗The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women‘ World Politics (1998) 51, 1-35 Cooley, Alexander and Ron, James ‗The NGO Scramble: Organizational Insecurity and the Political Economy of Transnational Action‘ International Security (2002) 27:1, 5-39, available Gereffi, Gary, Garcia-Johnson Ronie, and Sasser, Erika ‗The NGO-Industrial Complex‘ Foreign Policy (July-August 2001) 56-65 Nelson, Paul J. ‗Agendas, Accountability, and Legitimacy among Transnational Networks Lobbying the World Bank‘ in Khagram, Sanjeev et al. (eds) Restructuring World Politics. Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms (University of Minnesota Press: 2002) 131-154 Reimann, Kim D. ‗Up to No Good? Recent Critics and Critiques of NGOs‘ in Carey, Henry F. and Richmond, and Oliver P. (eds) Subcontracting Peace: The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding (Ashgate: 2005) 37-53, available 722 Reimann, Kim D. ‗A View from the Top: International Politics, Norms and the Worldwide Growth of NGOs‘ International Studies Quarterly (2006) 50:1, 45-68, available Scholte, Jan Aart ‗Civil Society and Democracy in Global Governance‘ Global Governance (July-September 2002) 8:3, 281-304, available ocracy/civsocanddemoc.pdf> Shamima, Ahmed and Potter, David M. NGOs in International Politics (Kumarian Press: 2006) 285p Tsutsui, Kiyoteru, Wotipka, Christine Min ‗Global Civil Society and the International Human Rights Movement: Citizen Participation in Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organizations‘ Social Forces (2004) 83:2, 87-620 Willetts, Peter ‗From ―Consultative Arrangements‖ to ―Partnership‖: The Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN‘ Global Governance (2000) 6:2, 191-212 11 The Global Women’s Movement: Definitions and Local Origins References Basu, Amrita (ed.) (1995) The Challenge of Local Feminisms: Women's Movements in Global Perspective, Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Batiliwala, Srilatha, and David Brown (eds), Claiming Global Power: Transnational Civil Society and Global Governance, Massachusetts: ICumarian Press. Berta, Rosalie (1985) No Immediate Danger: Prognosis for a Radioactive Earth, London: Women's Press. 723 Bhavnani, Kum-Kum, John Foran and Priya Kurian (2003) Feminist Futures: Re- imagining Women, Culture and Development, London: Zed Books. Braig, Marianne and S. Wolte (eds) (2002) Common Ground or Mutual Exclusion? Women's Movements and International Relations, London: Zed Books. Bunch, Charlotte (1987) Passionate Politics: Essays 1968-1986, Feminist Theory in Action, New York St Martin's Press. Bunch, Charlotte and N. Reilly (1994) Detnanding Accountability: The Global Campaign and Vienna Tribunal for Women's Human Rights, New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Women's Global Leadership. Chesler, M and J. Crowfoot (1992) Visioning Change, Michigan: University of Michigan. Correa, Sonia, with Rebecca Reichmann (1994) Population and Reproductive Rights: Feminist Perspectives from the South, London: Zed Books. Edwards, Michael and John Gaventa (2001) Global Citizen Action, Boulder CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers. Edwards, Michael and Gita Sen (2000) 'NGOs, Social Change and theTransformation of Human Relationships: A 21st Century Civic Agenda', Third World Quarterly, 21(4): 605-16. Fraser, S. Arvonne (1987) The UN Decade for Women: Documents And Dialogue, Boulder, CO, and London: Westview Press. hooks, bell (1994) Teaching to Transgress, London: Routledge. Kerr, Joanna, Ellen Sprenger and Alison Symington (eds) (2004) The Future of Women's Rights, London: Zed Books. Lorde, Audre (1984, 11th printing 1996) Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches by Audre 724 Lord, Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. Miles, Angela (1996) Integrative Feminisms: Building Global Visions 1960s-1990s, New York and London: Routledge. Miller, Valerie (2001) 'On Politics, Power and People: Lessons from Gender Advocacy Action and Analysis', Paper presented at On Democracy and Active Citizen Engagement: Best Practices in Advocacy and Networking, Symposium, August, Coady International Institute, St Francis Xavier University Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Mohanty, Chandra Talpade, Ann Russo and Lourdes Torres (eds) (1991) Categories of Struggle: Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Mohanty, Chandra Talpade and M. Jacqui Alexander (eds) (1997) Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures, New York and London: Routledge. Morgan, Robin (1984) Sisterhood is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, New York Anchor Books Oxfam. — (2003) Gender and Development: Women Reinventing Globalization, May, 11(1). Petchesky, Rosalind Pollack (2003) Global Prescriptions: Gendering Health and Human Rights, London: Zed Books. Sen, Gita and C. Grown (1976) Development, Crises and Alternative Visions: Third World Women's Perspectives, New York: Monthly Review Press. Shiva, Vandana (1992) Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development, London: Zed Books. Smith, Bonnie G. (ed.) (2000) Global Feminisms Since 1945, New York and London: 725 Routledge. Society for International Development (SID) Journal (2001) Develop- ment, special issue on 'On the Politics of Place', Rome: SID Suares Toro, Maria (2000) Women's Voices on Fire – Feminist International Radio Endeavor, Austin, TX: Anomaly Press. Taylor, Viviene (2000) Marketization of Governance, London: Zed Books. Waring, Marilyn (1952) If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics, San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row Further Readings and Resources A wide selection of films and documentaries can be found at Women Make Movies Literature on transnational women‘s activism abounds. Some titles of fairly recent books: Antrobus, Peggy The Global Women‘s Movement: Origins, Issues, and Strategies (Zed Books: 2004) 204p Henderson, Sarah and Jeydel, Alana Participation and Protest. Women and Politics in a Global World (Oxford University Press: 2007) 320p Moghadam, Valentine M. Globalizing Women. Transnational Feminist Networks (The John Hopkins University Press: 2005) 251p Rupp, Leila J. Worlds of Women. The Making of an International Women‘s Movement (Princeton University Press: 1997) 325p Ferree, Myra and Tripp, Aili (eds) Global Feminism. Transnational Women‘s Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights (New York University Press: 2006) 325p 726 Morgan, Robin (ed) Sisterhood is Global. The International Women‘s Movement Anthology (The Feminist Press: 1996) 821p Ricciutelli, Luciana et al (eds) Feminist Politics, Activism and Vision: Local and Global Chalenges (Zed Books: 2005) 392p An interesting historical topic is the link between the transatlantic anti-slavery movement and the origins of the women‘s movement in the United States and Britain: Keck, Margaret and Sikkink, Kathryn ‗Historical Precursors to Modern Transnational Advocacy Networks‘ Activists Beyond Borders. Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Cornell University Press: 1998) 39-78 Sklar, Kathryn K. Women‘s Rights Emerges within the Antislavery Movement 1830-1870. A Brief History with Documents (Bedford / St. Martin‘s: 2000) 216p McMillen, Sally G. Seneca Falls and the Origin of the Women‘s Rights Movement (Oxford University Press: 2008) 310p On United Nations world conferences and women‘s rights, see Friedman Elisabeth J. ‗Gendering the Agenda: The Impact of the Transnational Women‘s Rights Movement at the UN Conferences of the 1990s‘ Women‘s Studies International Forum (2003) 26:4, 313-331 and Joachim, Jutta Agenda Setting, the UN, and NGOs: Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights (Georgetown University Press: 2007) 256p. The website of the United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW) On the violence-against-women campaign, see extensively Keck, Margaret and Sikkink, Kathryn Activists Beyond Borders. Transnational Advocacy Networks in International 727 Politics (Cornell University Press: 1998) chapter 5. For films and documentaries on this topic search the website of Women Make Movies ‗Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault‘. Active websites on violence against women include Book chapters and journal articles on various aspects of transnational women‘s activism include: Antrobus, Peggy and Sen, Gita ‗The Personal Is Global: The Project and Politics of the Transnational Women‘s Movement‘ in Batliwala, Srilatha and Brown, L. David (eds) Transnational Civil Society. An Introduction (2006) 142-158 Buss, Doris and Herman, Didi ‗The Gender Agenda: Women‘s Rights, Radical Feminism, and Homosexuality‘ Globalizing Family Values. The Christian Right in International Politics (2003) 100-128 Chinchilla, Norma S. ‗Marxism, Feminism, and the Struggle for Democracy in Latin America‘ in Escobar, Arturo and Alvarez, Sonia E. (eds) The Making of Social Movements in Latin America. Identity, Strategy, and Democracy (1992) 37-51 Cleary, Edward ‗Women and Rights in Latin America‘ in Cleary, Edward Mobilizing for Human Rights in Latin America (2007) 15-34 Cockburn, Cynthia ‗The Women‘s Movement. Boundary-crossing on Terrains of Conflict‘ in Cohen, Robin and Rai, Shirin (eds) Global Social Movements (2000) 46-61 728 Epstein, Barbara ‗The Decline of the Women‘s Movement‘ in Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James M. (eds) The Social Movements Reader. Cases and Concepts (2003) 328- 334 Ferree, Myra and Mueller, Carol ‗Feminism and the Women‘s Movement: A Global Perspective‘ in Snow, David, Soule, Sarah, and Kriesi, Hanspeter (eds) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (2004) 576-606 Freeman, Jo ‗The Women‘s Movement‘ in Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James M. (eds) The Social Movements Reader. Cases and Concepts (2003) 22-31 Gould, Carol C. ‗Conceptualizing Women‘s Human Rights‘ in Brooks, Thomas (ed) The Global Justice Reader (2008) 650-662 Joachim, Jutta ‗Framing Issues and Seizing Opportunities: The UN, NGOS, And Women‘s Rights‘ International Studies Quarterly (2003) 47, 247-274 Katzenstein, Mary ‗Stepsisters: Feminist Movement Activism in Different Institutional Spaces‘in Meyer, David and Tarrow, Sidney (eds) The Social Movement Society. Contentious Politics for a New Century (1998) 195-216 Luker, Kristin ‗World Views of Pro- and Anti-Abortion Activists‘ in Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James M. (eds) The Social Movements Reader. Cases and Concepts (2003) 134-146 Macdonald, Laura ‗Gendering Transnational Social Movement Analysis: Women‘s Groups Contest Free Trade in the Americas‘ in Bandy, Joe and Smith, Jackie (eds) Coalitions Across Borders. Transnational Protest and the Neoliberal Order (2005) 21-42 729 Mansbridge, Jane J. ‗Ideological Purity in the Women‘s Movement‘ in Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James M. (eds) The Social Movements Reader. Cases and Concepts (2003) 147-152 Mayo, Marjorie ‗Globalization and gender: new threats, new strategies‘ in Global Citizens. Social Movements and the Challenge of Globalization (2005) 132-152 Moghadam, Valentine ‗Feminism on a World Scale‘ in Globalization & Social Movements. Islamism, Feminism, and the Global Justice Movement (2009) 63-90 Staggenborg, Suzanne ‗The Consequences of Professionalization and Formalization in the Pro-Choice Movement‘ in Freeman, Jo and Johnson, Victoria (eds) Waves of Protest. Social Movements since the Sixties (1999) 99-134 Staggenborg, Suzanne and Taylor, Verta ‗Whatever Happened to the Women‘s Movement?‘ Mobilization: An International Journal (2005) 10:1 37-52 Sternbach, Nancy S. et al. ‗Feminism in Latin America: From Bogota to San Bernardo‘ in Escobar, Arturo and Alvarez, Sonia E. (eds) The Making of Social Movements in Latin America. Identity, Strategy, and Democracy (1992) 207-239 Stienstra, Deborah ‗Making Global Connections Among Women, 1970-99‘ in Cohen, Robin and Rai, Shirin (eds) Global Social Movements (2000) 62-82 Taylor, Verta and Whittier, Nancy ‗Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization‘ in Freeman, Jo and Johnson, Victoria (eds) Waves of Protest. Social Movements since the Sixties (1999) 169- 194 730 Thompson, Karen Brown ‗Women‘s Rights Are Human Rights‘ in Khagram, Sanjeev et al. (eds) Restructuring World Politics. Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms (2002) 96-122 Tripp, Aili M, ‗The Evolution of Transnational Feminisms: Consensus, Conflict, and New Dynamics‘ in Ferree, Myra and Tripp, Aili (eds) Global Feminism. Transnational Women‘s Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights (2006) 51-75 Whittier, Nancy ‗Sustaining Commitment Among Radical Feminist‘ in Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James M. (eds) The Social Movements Reader. Ca 12 Contesting Women’s Rights: Charting the Emergence of a Transnational Conservative Counter-network Buss, Doris and Herman, Didi Globalizing Family Values. The Christian Right in International Politics (University of Minnesota Press: 2003) 197p Butler, Jennifer, Born Again: The Christian Right Globalized (Pluto Press: 2006) 224p 13 Spinning the Green Web: Transnational Environmentalism The website of the World Watch Institute contains an illustrated timeline of the environmental movement from the 1960s until today with links to further details and resources Recent documentaries suitable for viewing in class are Crude: The Real Price of Oil (2009) 731 On the other end of the spectrum is Mine Your Own Business: The Dark Side of Environmentalism (2006), which claims to be the world's first anti-environmentalist documentary Further readings on the (mainstream) environmental movement: Betsil, Michele and Corell, Elisabeth (eds) NGO Diplomacy: the Influence of Nongovernmental Organizations in International Environmental Negotiations (MIT Press: 2008) 244p Carter, Neil The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, Policy (Cambridge University Press: 2001) 361p Jordan, Grant and Maloney, William The Protest Business: Mobilizing Campaign Groups (Manchester University Press: 1997) 213p McCormick, John The Global Environmental Movement. Second Edition (John Wiley & Sons: 1995) 312p Pellow, David Naguib Resisting Global Toxics. Transnational Movements for Environmental Justice (MIT Press: 2007) 346p Porter, Gareth, Welsh Brown, Janet, and Chasek, Pamela S. Global Environmental Politics. Third Edition (Westview Press: 2000) 286p Shorter pieces on the (mainstream) environmental movement: Faber, Daniel ‗Building a Transnational Environmental Justice Movement: Obstacles and Opportunities in the Age of Globalization‘ in Bandy, Joe and Smith, Jackie (eds) Coalitions Across Borders. Transnational Protest and the Neoliberal Order (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: 2005) 43-70 732 Gerlach, Luther ‗The Structure of Social Movements: Environmental Activism and Its Opponents‘ in Freeman, Jo and Johnson, Victoria (eds) Waves of Protest. Social Movements Since the Sixties (Rowman & Littlefield: 1999) 85-98 Johnson, Erik and McCarthy, John ‗The Sequencing of Transnational and National Social Movement Mobilization: The Organization Mobilization of the Global and U.S. Environmental Movements‘ in della Porta, Donatella and Tarrow, Sidney (eds) Transnational Protest and Global Activism (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: 2005) 71-94 Keck, Margaret and Sikkink, Kathryn ‗Environmental Advocacy Networks‘ in Activists Beyond Borders. Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Cornell University Press: 1998) 121-164 Newell, Paul ‗Environmental NGOs and Globalization. The Governance of TNCs‘ in Cohen, Robin and Rai, Shirin (eds) Global Social Movements (The Athlone Press: 2000) 117-133 Rohrschneider, Robert and Dalton, Russell J, ‗A Global Network? Transnational Cooperation among Environmental Groups‘ The Journal of Politics (2002) 64:2, 510-533 Wapner, Paul ‗Transnational Environmental Activism‘ in Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James M. (eds) The Social Movements Reader. Cases and Concepts (Blackwell: 2003) 202-209 Yearley, Steve and Forrester, John ‗Shell, a Sure Target for Global Environmental Campaigning?‘ in Cohen, Robin and Rai, Shirin (eds) Global Social Movements (The Athlone Press: 2000) 134-145 733 On radical ‗direct-action‘ environmentalism, see: Crichton, Michael State of Fear (HarperCollins: 2004) 624p (techno-thriller, fiction) Liddick, Donald R. Eco-Terrorism. Radical Environmental and Animal Liberation Movements (Praeger Publishers: 2006) 189p Pickering, Leslie James The Earth Liberation Front 1997-2002 (Arissa Media Group: 2007) 237p Rosebraugh, Craig Burning Rage of a Dying Planet. Speaking for the Earth Liberation Front (Lantern Books: 2004) 278p Scarce, Rik Eco-Warriors. Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement (Left Coast Press, Inc.: 2006) 313p Taylor, Bron Raymond (ed) Ecological Resistance Movements: The Global Emergence of Radical and Popular Environmentalism (State University of New York Press: 1995) 422p 14 Transnational Policy Networks and the Role of Advocacy Scientists: From Ozone Layer Protection to Climate Change Climate change has dominated transnational environmentalism for the past two decades. How it began is discussed in Weart, Spencer R. The Discovery of Global Warming (Harvard University Press: 2008) 240p The following articles broach the actors or analyze the framing of the issue: 734 Carpenter, Chad ‗Business, Green Groups and the Media: the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the Climate Change Debate‘ International Affairs (2001) 77:2, 313-328 Duwe, Matthias ‗The Climate Action Network: a Glance behind the Curtains of a Transnational NGO Network‘ Reciel (2001) 10:2, 177-189 Epstein, Charlotte ‗Knowledge and Power in Global Environmental Activism‘ International Journal of Peace Studies (2005) 10:1, 47-67 Gough, Clair and Shackley, Simon ‗The Respectable Politics of Climate Change: the Epistemic Communities and NGOs‘ International Affairs (2001) 77:2, 329-345 Grundmann, Reiner ‗Climate Change and Knowledge Politics‘ Environmental Politics (2007) 16:3, 414-432 Hodder, Patrick and Martin, Brian ‗Climate Crisis? The Politics of Emergency Framing‘ Economic & Political Weekly (2009) xliv:36, 53-60 Global warming documentaries abound and Al Gore‘s An Inconvenient Truth (2006) even won an Oscar. Other documentaries are: Global Warming: What's up with the Weather? (2000), A Global Warning? (History Channel) (2007), Global Warming: Solutions (2008), Planet in Peril (2007), and The 11th Hour (2007). Global warming websites (governmental and non-governmental) do not lack either: Campaign Against Climate Change: http://www.campaigncc.org/ Climate Action Network: http://www.climatenetwork.org/ Climate Code Red: The Case for Emergency Action: http://www.climatecodered.net/ 735 Climate Crisis: http://www.climatecrisis.net/ Global Climate Campaign: http://www.globalclimatecampaign.org/ Stop Climate Chaos Coalition http://www.stopclimatechaos.org/ You Control Climate Change: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/campaign/index.htm Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: http://www.ipcc.ch/ World Watch Institute: http://www.worldwatch.org/ 15 Challenging Global Warming as a Social Problem: An Analysis of the Conservative Movement’s Counter-Claims There are the publications – usually by obscure presses – dismissing or ‗denying‘ global warming, on the one hand, and the (academic) writings examining the counter-campaign, on the other. A selection of literature ‗denying‘ global warming: 736 Alexander, Ralph B. Global Warming False Alarm: The Bad Science Behind the United Nations' Assertion that Man-made CO2 Causes Global Warming (Canterbury Publishing: 2009) 178p Horner, Christopher Red Hot Lies: How Global Warming Alarmists Use Threats, Fraud, and Deception to Keep You Misinformed (Regnery Press: 2008) 407p Milloy, Steven Green Hell: How Environmentalists Plan to Control Your Life and What You Can Do to Stop Them (Regnery Press: 2009) 294p Solomon, Lawrence The Deniers: The World Renowned Scientists Who Stood Up Against Global Warming Hysteria, Political Persecution, and Fraud. And those who are too fearful to do so (Richard Vigilante Books: 2008) 240p Documentaries in this category are: Apocalypse? No! Why ―Global Warming‖ is Not a Global Crisis (2007) Global Warming: A Scientific and Biblical Exposé of Climate Change (2008) Not Evil Just Wrong: The True Cost of Global Warming Hysteria (2009) http://www.noteviljustwrong.com/premiere/ The Great Global Warming Swindle (2007) An attack website is Literature examining the counter-campaign includes: Hoggan, James Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming (Greystone Books: 2009) 240p Jacques, Peter J., Dunlap, Riley E. and Freeman, Mark ‗The Organization of Denial: Conservative Think Tanks and Environmental Scepticism‘ Environmental Politics (2008)17:3, 349-385 737 McCright, Aaron and Dunlap, Riley E, ‗Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement‘s impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy‘ Social Problems (2003) 50:3, 348-373 Michaels, David Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health (Oxford University Press, 2008) 384p 16 Banning the Bomb Peace and (nuclear) disarmament advocacy go hand in hand. A selection of monographs: Cortright, David Peace. A History of Movements and Ideas (Cambridge University Press: 2008) 376p Evangelista, Matthew Unarmed Forces. The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Cornell University Press: 1999) 406p Johnson, Rebecca Unfinished Business: The Negotiation of the CTBT and the End of Nuclear Testing (United Nations Publications: 2009) 362p. Nanda, Ved P. and Krieger, David Nuclear Weapons and the World Court (Transnational: 1998) 386 Rojecki, Andrew Silencing the Opposition: Antinuclear Movements and the Media in the Cold War (University of Illinois Press: 1999) 216 p Schrag, Philip G. Global Action: Nuclear Test Ban Diplomacy at the End of the Cold War (Westview Press: 1992) 242p. Thomas Richard Davies, The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: The Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars (Martinus Nijhoff: 2007) 284p Wittner, Lawrence S. Confronting the Bomb: a Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement (Stanford University Press: 2009) 254p 738 Articles and book chapters on peace and disarmament activism: Benford, Robert D. ‗Frame Disputes within the Nuclear Disarmament Movement‘ Social Forces (1993) 71:3, 677-701 Carty, Victoria and Onyett, Jake ‗Protest, Cyberactivism and New Social Movements: The Reemergence of the Peace Movement Post 9/11‘ Social Movement Studies (2006) 5:3, 229-249 Dewes, Kate and Green, Robert ‗The World Court Project: How A Citizen Network Can Influence The United Nations‘ Pacifica Review (1995) 7:2, 17-37 Mattausch, John ‗The Peace Movement. Retrospects and Prospect‘ in Cohen, Robin and Rai, Shirin (eds) Global Social Movements (The Athlone Press: 2000) 184-195 Mayo, Marjorie ‗Resisting Imperialism: Building Social Movements for Peace and Social Justice‘ in Mayo, Marjorie Global Citizens. Social Movements and the Challenge of Globalization (Zed Books Ltd: 2005) 193-204 Mekata, Motoko ‗Waging Peace: Transnational Peace Activism‘ in Batliwala, Srilatha and Brown, L. David (eds) Transnational Civil Society. An Introduction (Kumarian Press: 2006) 181-203 Peace and disarmament activism websites: Arms Control Association http://www.armscontrol.org/ Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament http://www.cnduk.org/ Campaign for a Nuclear Weapons Free World http://nuclearweaponsfree.org/ Disarmament & Security Centre http://www.disarmsecure.org/ International Campaign to Ban Nuclear Weapons http://www.icanw.org/ 739 United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs http://www.un.org/disarmament/ A documentary which may be of interest is Think Peace: Portrait of a 21st Century Movement (2009) 17 The Ottawa Process: Nine-Day Wonder or a New Model for Disarmament Negotiations? Anderson, Kenneth ‗The Ottawa Convention Banning Landmines, the Role of International Non-governmental Organizations and the Idea of International Civil Society‘ European Journal of International Law (2000) 11:1, 91-120 Borrie, John and Prokosch, Eric Unacceptable Harm: A History of How the Treaty to Ban Cluster Munitions Was Won (United Nations Publications: 2009) 488p Cameron, Maxwell A., Lawson, Robert J., Tomlin, Brian W. To Walk Without Fear: the Global Movement to Ban Landmines (Oxford University Press: 1998) 491p Mekata, Motoko ‗Building Partnerships toward a Common Goal: Experiences of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines‘ in Florini, Ann (ed) The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 2000) 143-176 Price, Richard ‗Reversing the Gun Sights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines‘ International Organization 52:3 (1998) 613-644 Williams, Jody, Goose, Stephen D. and Wareham Mary (eds) Banning Landmines. Disarmament, Citizen Diplomacy, and Human Security (Rowman & Littlefield: 2008) 327p 740 On the role of NGOs in recent disarmament campaigns, see: Atwood, David ‗NGOs and Multilateral Disarmament Diplomacy: Limits and Possibilities‘ in Borrie, John and Martin Randin, Vanessa (eds) Thinking Outside the Box in Multilateral Disarmament and Arms Control Negotiations (UNIDIR: 2006) 33-49, available ouvrage.php?ref_ouvrage=978-92-9045-187-7-en>. ‗NGOs as Partners: Assessing the Impact, Recognizing the Potential‘ Disarmament Forum (2002) no. 1 (special issue) available periodique.php?ref_periodique=1020-7287-2002-1-en#contents> On the phenomenon of NGO coalitions see Yanacopsulos, Helen ‗The strategies that bind: NGO coalitions and their influence‘ Global Networks (2005) 5:1, 93-110 and Yanacopulos, Helen ‗Patterns of Governance: The Rise of Transnational Coalitions of NGOs‘ Global Security (2005) 19:3, 247-266. Websites related to the landmines and cluster munitions ban campaigns: The Geneva Forum International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) Cluster Munitions Coalition Adopt-a-Minefield Campaign Disarmament Insight UNIDIR: Disarmament as Humanitarian Action. Making Multilateral Negotiations Work 741 Films and documentaries produced by the landmines and cluster munitions ban campaigns: Disarm (2005) Cloud Nine - Cleansing the world of cluster bombs (2009) can be viewed at The International Committee of the Red Cross has produced a number of short videos (10-15 minutes) of which some can be viewed online: The Ottawa treaty: towards a world free of anti-personnel mines (1999) Child soldiers: the law says no! (2003) Explosive Remnants of War - A protocol to end the lethal legacy of modern conflict (2005) The Convention on Cluster Munitions: Time to Act (2008) 18 Assessing the Small Arms Movement: The Trials and Tribulations of a Transnational Network The complicated small arms issue has received little academic attention so far. Only two other articles could be found: Karp, Aaron ‗Negotiating Small Arms Restraint: The Boldest Frontier for Disarmament?‘ Disarmament Forum (2000) 2, 5-12, available 742 On the counter-campaign by the gun lobby, see Clifford Bob ‗Packing heat: pro gun groups and the governance of small arms‘ in Avant, Deborah, Finnemore, Martha, and Sell, Susan K. Who Governs the Globe? (Cambridge University Press: forthcoming 2010) chapter 7, and Clifford Bob ‗Conservative Forces, Communications, and Global Civil Society: Toward Conflictive Democracy‘ in Albrow, Martin, Anheier, Helmut K., Glasius, Marlies and Price, Monroe E. (eds) Global Civil Society 2007/8: Communicative Power and Democracy (Sage Publications: 2007) 198-201. Websites on small arms control and the related issue of child soldiers: Small Arms Survey International Action Network on Small Arms IANSA Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers World Forum on the Future of Sport Shooting Activities Film/documentary: The Great UN Gun Debate (2004) available on YouTube. 19 Before Seattle: The Historical Roots of the Current Movement against Corporate-Led Globalization [none] 20 Reclaiming the Commons Where does one begin when confronted with so much material? Two short pieces to start: 743 Segerstrom, Paul S. ‗Naomi Klein and the Anti-Globalization Movement‘ (2008) working paper available ‗Angry and effective‘ The Economist (21 September 2000) available finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=374657> Activist websites: http://www.globaljusticemovement.org/ http://www.naomiklein.org/ http://www.zcommunications.org/ Activist films and documentaries: This Is What Democracy Looks Like (2000) viewed on Google Video The Take (2006) (by Naomi Klein) The Shock Doctrine (2008) (by Alfonso Cuaron and Naomi Klein) can be viewed on YouTube The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (2009) (by Naomi Klein) Activist literature: Brecher, Jeremy, Costello, Tim, Smith, Brendan Globalization from Below: the Power of Solidarity (South End Press: 2000) 164p 744 Burton-Rose, Daniel, Yuen, Eddie and Katsiaficas, George (eds) Confronting Capitalism. Dispatches from a Global Movement (Soft Skull Press: 2004) 410p Fisher, William and Ponniah, Thomas Another World is Possible: Popular Alternatives to Globalization at the World Social Forum (Zed Books: 2003) 364p Mertes, Tom (ed) A Movement of Movements. Is Another World Really Possible? (Verso: 2004) 288p We Are Everywhere. The Irresistible Rise of Global Anticapitalism (Verso: 2003) 521p Academic literature: Amoore, Louise (ed) The Global Resistance Reader (Routledge: 2005) 449p Broad, Robin (ed) Global Backlash: Citizen Initiatives for a Just World Economy (Rowman & Littlefield: 2002) 352p Brooks, Thom (ed) The Global Justice Reader (Blackwell Publishing: 2008) 741p della Porta, Donatella (ed) The Global Justice Movement. Cross-National and Transnational Perspectives (Paradigm Publishers: 2007) 288p Clark, John ‗Dot-Causes and Protest: Transnational Economic Justice Movements‘ in Batliwala, Srilatha and Brown, L. David (eds) Transnational Civil Society. An Introduction (Kumarian Press: 2006) 124-141 Desmarais, Annette Aurélie La Vía Campesina: Globalization and the Power of Peasants (Pluto Press: 2007) 238p Donnelly, Elizabeth A. ‗Proclaiming Jubilee: The Debt and Structural Adjustment Network‘ in Khagram, Sanjeev et al. (eds) Restructuring World Politics. 745 Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms (University of Minnesota Press: 2002) 155-180 Finnegan, William ‗Affinity Groups and the Movement Against Corporate Globalization‘ in Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James M. (eds) The Social Movements Reader. Cases and Concepts (Blackwell: 2003) 210-218 Fridell, Gavin Fair Trade Coffee. The Prospects and Pitfalls of Market-Driven Social Justice (University of Toronto Press Inc: 2007) 347p Juris, Jeffrey S. Networking Futures. The Movements Against Corporate Globalization (Duke University Press: 2008) 378p Moghadam, Valentine ‗The Global Justice Movement‘ in Globalization & Social Movements. Islamism, Feminism, and the Global Justice Movement (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: 2009) 91-118 Munck, Ronaldo Globalisation and Contestation: The New Great Counter-Movement (Routlegde: 2007) 161p O‘Brien, Robert, Goetz, Anne Marie, Scholte, Jan Aart, and Williams, Marc Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge University Press: 2000) 282p Olesen, Thomas International Zapatismo. The Construction of Solidarity in the Age of Globalization (Zed Books: 2005) 243p Stiglitz, Joseph Making Globalization Work (Norton: 2007) 374p 21 Creating Spaces for Global Democracy: The World Social Forum Process and “Globalization from Below” 746 Find the World Social Forum Charter of Principles on WSF India The documentary Hope Will Win Over Fear:The World Social Forum (2003) can be viewed at Afshin Rattansi with the World Social Forum in Brazil and World Social Forum 2009 Belem. A major international action-oriented research initiative is the Building Global Democracy program Books that may be of interest: Sen, Jai and Waterman, Peter (eds) World Social Forum: Challenging Empires (Black Rose Books: 2009) 452p Smith, Jackie (ed) Global Democracy and the World Social Forums (Paradigm Publishers: 2008) 177p Leatherman, Janie and Webber, Julie (eds) Charting Transnational Democracy: Beyond Global Arrogance (Palgrave MacMillan: 2005) 298p 22 Is Another World Possible? Problems and Shortcomings of the World Social Forum Borstein, Avram ‗N30 + 10: Global Civil Society, a Decade after the Battle of Seattle‘ Dialect Anthropol (2009) 33, 97-108 747 Hintjens, Helen ‗Appreciating the Movement of Movements‘ Development in Practice (2006) 16:6, 628-643 748