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Century American Novel SOCIAL JUSTICE AND THE 20TH CENTURY AMERICAN NOVEL By KATHARINE WESTAWAY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Katharine Westaway 2 I dedicate this dissertation to my family--for my mother Karrie Pappas Westaway who taught me that equality in the world is viable, for my father Barry Westaway who taught me to revere the work of the Civil Rights movement and its legacy, for my brother Kyle Westaway who taught me to speak truth with kindness, for my sister Karoline Westaway who taught me to turn off my inner critic, for my sister Kristen Westaway Stump who taught me about confidence and hard work, and for David Stump who offered me nothing but encouragement. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The “Social Justice and the 20th Century American Novel” dissertation project was dreamed up in the offices of Turlington, in the classrooms of the law school, in Library West, and at Café Gardens. Each member of my committee was a unique and integral part of this project. The committee director, Amy Abugo Ongiri, guided me with her expansive knowledge of American literature and the race and gender issues with which it inevitably intersects. I thank her for instilling me with the assurance that the topic was worthy and important. John Van Hook helped me find a bounty of comprehensive resources and also provided thoughtful feedback on every chapter. I thank him for always urging me to assert my own voice. Andrew Gordon aided me in constructing the scope of this study. I enjoyed being his student, and I hope to emulate the vivacity and kindness of classroom presence. I thank Joan Flocks who read my drafts with precision and care. I would like to thank Noam Chomsky for taking time out of his activist’s schedule to be a part of this committee. To try to measure my admiration of Professor Chomsky is to attempt to fathom the oceans. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................8 2 “LOUD AND VULGAR”: THE MODERN SYMPHONY OF LITERATURE AND POLITICS ...............................................................................................................................31 3 PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL CHANGE AND THE JUNGLE ..................................................62 4 RICHARD WRIGHT’S NATIVE SON AND CIVIL RIGHTS ..............................................92 5 “A NOBLE PURSUIT”: THE ARMIES OF THE NIGHT AS OUTSIDE AGITATOR ......129 6 WOMANISM IN PRACTICE: ALICE WALKER’S THE COLOR PURPLE....................161 7 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................202 WORKS CITED ..........................................................................................................................210 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................226 5 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy SOCIAL JUSTICE AND THE 20TH CENTURY AMERICAN NOVEL By Katharine Westaway August 2011 Chair: Amy Abugo Ongiri Major: English This project is founded on the belief that literature can change the world. It’s a simple premise that literature has been and can continue to be a force for positive social change. The author of a political novel weaves the information about social injustices throughout the story. Great possibilities lie in the reader’s response to such injustices. The dissertation explores four novels, The Jungle (1906), Native Son (1940), The Armies of the Night (1968), and The Color Purple (1982); these American literature classics were award-winning, top-selling, and groundbreaking in their contemporary context. All of these novels address important social issues, and the issues are inextricable from the stories themselves. These books deserve special attention because each of their authors was ostensibly interested in social change. We will inquire how the author worked to inspire social action in his/her reader, and will frame this question within the bounds of the novel format. What is it that occurs that makes a story dissolve into reader activism? How should “reader activism” be constructed? That special alchemy of reader involvement is what we will seek in the literature considered. Literature already has played a key role in progressive social movements of the 20th century. For instance, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle was directly connected to the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which laid the foundation for our modern FDA. But such 6 direct links between books and dramatic social changes are rare; much more often the effect of the political novel is to support grassroots change across a large body of readers. The novels we will review are a part of ongoing social conversations. Rather than becoming activists per se readers become witnesses. Readers, rather than being activated to join a particular social movement, may become enlightened and inspired readers, a variant form of activism. In order for political fiction to move the reader it must, like all effective fiction, jump off the page and capture the reader’s imagination. We will survey the extent of a reader’s participation and the bounds of a reader’s empathy. Throughout the dissertation, we will foreground the reader’s role in a political novel. 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This project is founded on the belief that literature can change the world. It’s a simple premise that literature has been and can continue to be a force for positive social change. The author of a political novel weaves the information about social injustices throughout the story. Great possibilities lie in the reader’s response to such injustices. The dissertation explores four novels, The Jungle (1906), Native Son (1940), The Armies of the Night (1968), and The Color Purple (1982); these American literature classics were award-winning, top-selling, and groundbreaking in their contemporary context. All of these novels address important social issues, and the issues are inextricable from the stories themselves. These books deserve special attention because each of their authors was ostensibly interested in social change. We will inquire how the author worked to inspire social action in his/her reader, and will frame this question within the bounds of the novel format. What is it that occurs that makes a story dissolve into reader activism? How should “reader activism” be constructed? That special alchemy of reader involvement is what we will seek in the literature considered. Literature already has played a key role in progressive social movements of the 20th century. For instance, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle was directly connected to the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. But such direct links between books and dramatic social changes are rare; much more often the effect of the political novel is to support grassroots change across a large body of readers. The novels we will review are a part of ongoing social conversations. Rather than becoming activists per se readers become witnesses. Witnessing is more than “merely a passive act of reading the text and reacting to it; rather, witnessing in the gospel ideology calls for the subsequent act of testimony in word and deed. To be a witness, an auditor must be inspired or moved to transformation by the testimony he or she has heard and 8 then return to the community to testify about this transformation” (Huskey 99). Readers, rather than being activated to join a particular social movement, may become enlightened and inspired readers, a variant form of activism. In chapter one, we will survey the four novels of this dissertation and their political implications. These novels have political intentions, yet they are works of worthy literature as well. There is that special quality to a political novel that can tell a story and make a political statement. In each of these four novels we can witness the “intellectual fluidity, the richness of absorbed life, the complex interplay between emotion and ideology, that distinguishes the political novel at its best” (Howe, Politics 227). Truly, it is an art to communicate political ideas via the vehicle of narrative, and we will discuss several books that have done this successfully. No doubt these are complex novels to unravel, but because there are often real world consequences of such novels, it is a meaningful task. Critics like Irving Howe and John Whalen-Bridge note that readers and scholars sometimes have problems with the “literary merit” of political novels. Some believe that flagrant insertion of politics, especially politics bent towards activism, ruins the artistic flow of the narrative. There are consequences for the novel that “gets its hands dirty” and engages “with actual political struggle and affiliation, that which is deemed likely to inspire readers to take sides in a political controversy” they are “frequently given sub-literary status by critics, scholars, and other taste-makers”
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