Instituto De Ciências Humanas E Sociais Curso De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Sociais

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Instituto De Ciências Humanas E Sociais Curso De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Sociais UFRRJ INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS CURSO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS DISSERTAÇÃO Cinema de horror e sociedade: found footage e medos modernos Maria José Genuino Barros 2015 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS CURSO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS CINEMA DE HORROR E SOCIEDADE: FOUND FOOTAGE E MEDOS MODERNOS MARIA JOSÉ GENUINO BARROS Sob a orientação da professora Eliska Altmann de Carvalho Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Sociais. Seropédica, RJ Junho de 2015 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS CURSO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS MARIA JOSÉ GENUINO BARROS Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Sociais, no Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais DISSERTAÇÃO APROVADA EM 29 / 06 / 2015 ____________________________________________ Eliska Altmann de Carvalho. Dr. UFRRJ (Orientador) _____________________________________________ Sabrina Parracho Sant’Anna. Dr. UFRRJ _____________________________________________ Debora Breder Barreto. Dr. UFRJ DEDICATÓRIA Ao meu pai, com amor. AGRADECIMENTOS À minha mãe, por todo apoio e amor, sem os quais seria impossível concluir esse projeto. À minha avó, pela amizade e carinho nos momentos difíceis. À professora Eliska, por todo suporte, paciência e confiança. Aos meus irmãos, pelo apoio concedido. À Michel Carvalho, com quem compartilhei essa curta jornada acadêmica. Ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais da UFRRJ, por ter me concedido essa oportunidade. RESUMO BARROS, Maria José Genuino. Cinema de horror e sociedade: found footage e medos modernos. 2015. 106p Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Sociais). Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2015. Análise sociológica sobre a representação dos medos e ansiedades de uma determinada sociedade em um dado período de tempo no cinema de horror através do estudo do seu mais recente subgênero, o found footage, e sua relação com as novas mídias e tecnologias. A partir do estudo do horror enquanto um gênero cinematográfico, busca-se definir o found footage enquanto um subgênero, através do mapeamento de suas obras e levantamento de suas principais características, observando sua relação com as novas mídias e tecnologias. O gênero cinematográfico de horror é compreendido como uma forma de arte capaz de representar as ansiedades do período e local no qual foi produzido. Desta forma, o impacto das novas mídias e tecnologias nas subjetividades contemporâneas alteram sua forma de ser e estar no mundo, o que muda o objeto dos seus medos e ansiedades. O found footage representa, portanto, os novos medos gerados pelas novas formas de inserção das subjetividades na sociedade contemporânea. Palavras-chave: Cinema de horror. Sociologia. Found footage. ABSTRACT BARROS, Maria José Genuino. Cinema de horror e sociedade: found footage e medos modernos. 2015. 106p. Dissertation (Master Science in Social Science) Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2015. Sociological analysis of the representation of the fears and anxieties of a given society in a given period of time in the horror movie by studying his latest subgenre, the found footage and its relation to new media and technologies. From the study of horror while a film genre, we seek to set the found footage as a subgenre, by mapping their works and lifting its key features, noting its relation to new media and technologies. The film genre of horror is understood as an art form capable of representing the anxieties of the time and place in which it was produced. Thus, the impact of new media and technologies in contemporary subjectivities change their way of being in the world, which changes the object of their fears and anxieties. The found footage represents therefore new fears generated by new forms of insertion of subjectivity in contemporary society. Key-words: Horror film. Sociology. Found footage. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO 01 1 O HORROR ESTÁ EM TODA PARTE: FRONTEIRAS DE UM GÊNERO POPULAR 08 1.1 Breve história do horror 10 1.2 Definindo o horror: perspectivas teóricas 21 2 A CÂMERA NUNCA MENTE: O FOUND FOOTAGE DE HORROR 28 2.1 Perdidos na floresta 21 2.2 Canibais, alienígenas, bruxas e demônios: a história do found footage de Horror 35 2.3 Por que filmar? Definindo o found footage de horror 56 3 FOUND FOOTAGE E MEDOS “MAIS QUE MODERNOS” 62 3.1 A câmera nunca mente? O Found footage como um falso documentário e o discurso factual 62 3.2 As novas mídias e tecnologias e o novo “eu” 66 3.3 Novas mídias, novas tecnologias e novos medos 70 4 CONCLUSÃO 79 5 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 80 6 ANEXO 87 INTRODUÇÃO Em 1999, aos treze anos de idade, fui ao cinema assistir ao filme do momento, A bruxa de Blair (1999), de Eduardo Sánchez e Daniel Myrick. Fã do gênero horror desde os sete anos de idade – quando assisti pela primeira vez um filme da franquia A hora do pesadelo (1984) do agora carismático Freddy Krueger – fiquei atordoada com o filme. A trama em si era minimalista: tudo era latente, nada era exibido. A grande questão acerca de A bruxa de Blair era que boa parte do público que lotou os cinemas (e me incluo nele) acreditava que os eventos relatados sob a forma de documentário eram reais. Na trama, um grupo de jovens vão a uma floresta em Maryland fazer um documentário sobre uma lenda regional – a bruxa de Blair – desaparecendo logo em seguida. Anos depois suas filmagens são encontradas por uma outra equipe que decide ir atrás do misterioso desaparecimento. Logo, muitos acreditaram que aquelas filmagens eram um inventário dos últimos dias daqueles jovens. Por que, então, um pseudo documentário impressionou mais o público naquele momento histórico do que um monstro com o rosto desfigurado que mata suas vítimas enquanto dormem? E por que, em um momento anterior, era esse mesmo monstro que lotava as salas? Como cientista social e amante do cinema de horror, tenho sido intrigada por essas perguntas desde então, o que me levou a uma outra questão: é possível tornar o cinema de horror como objeto da sociologia? Contudo, antes de dar prosseguimento ao exame dessas questões, cabe perguntar: o que é cinema de horror? Por que estudá-lo? O filósofo de arte Noël Carroll afirma em sua obra A filosofia do horror ou paradoxos do coração (1999) que o horror é o gênero que mais se consolidou após a década de 1970, tomando a maior parte das salas americanas em pequenos ou grandes circuitos. Isso porque a produção dessas obras tem sido maciça, tanto por estúdios grandes como por pequenas produtoras. Para o autor, isso pode ser comprovado com uma visita a uma locadora vizinha, na qual pode-se encontrar uma imensa gama de filmes do gênero. Também na internet é possível encontrar fóruns de discussão específicos para horror, assim como sites especializados em fornecer downloads desses filmes para apreciadores. Em outras palavras: o horror está em toda parte e não para de crescer. Entretanto, o gênero também tem sido alvo de controvérsias. Assim como a pornografia, é objeto considerável de críticas estéticas e alvo frequente de pânicos morais e pedidos de censura (Jancovich, 2002). Muitos críticos desdenham as obras e até liberais suspeitam das inclinações do público, associadas à perversão (Tudor, 2002). Se por um lado a violência e a carnificina – presentes em muitos filmes do gênero – fortalecem o preconceito existente, o público parece ignorar esse fato, consumindo essas obras em grande escala. Isso se dá principalmente devido a questões de produção (pois o horror está ligado historicamente a produções de baixo orçamento) e pelos temas recorrentes (morte, tortura, entre outros). Carroll (1999) explica na introdução de A filosofia do horror que alguns acadêmicos acolheram seu trabalho com desdém e desconfiança. O teórico Kendall Phillip (2005) argumenta que a rejeição por parte da academia, apesar do alto volume de trabalhos teóricos, se dá pelo fato de o horror não ser considerado um texto cultural digno de análise. Embora seja um gênero popular e socialmente reconhecido, sua definição é matéria controversa no meio acadêmico. Esse fenômeno, por conseguinte, está inserido em um outro maior: a dificuldade de se definir o próprio conceito de gênero cinematográfico. Alguns teóricos, como David J. Russell (1998) e Kendall Phillip (2005), concentram sua definição em um elemento essencial, nesse caso: a figura do monstro. Tal figura surge em todas as definições como um elemento sui generis. Outro elemento também apontado com frequência são os temas 1 abordados pelos filmes, como o morbidismo, a violência, entre outros. Esses e demais componentes devem estar entrelaçados em uma trama que objetive causar medo no espectador. Isso porque o horror é um gênero que está relacionado com o afeto que pretende despertar, nesse caso, o que leva seu nome. De acordo com o dicionário Houaiss (2009), horror pode ser definido como uma forte impressão de medo e repulsa, acompanhados ou não de arrepio, que é gerada pela percepção de algo ameaçador. Esse medo, no entanto, é sentido de forma estética, pois não representa risco real a quem o experimenta (França, 2011). A definição mais complexa do gênero foi dada por Carroll (1999), em seu tratado geral sobre o horror através da filosofia estética e das emoções. Segundo ele, uma pessoa está artisticamente horrorizada1 por um monstro determinado, como o Drácula, por exemplo, se e somente se: está em algum estado de agitação anormal, fisicamente sentido (como tremor, formigamento, entre outros) que foi causado por um pensamento de que o Drácula é um ser possível e pelos pensamentos avaliativos de que ele tem a propriedade de ser fisicamente (e talvez moral ou socialmente) ameaçador, como se descreve na ficção, e impuro, sendo que esses pensamentos costumam ser acompanhados pelo desejo de evitar o toque de coisas como o Drácula.
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