Collaborative services I 2 them… they need more visibility…” the neighbourhood… but it’s easy to miss social initiatives just looking around in “…you know… I discover a lot of useful website referencing local services at advertizing section and local search service map from 100 to 500 meters a walking distance around your place engine

Collaborative service I 3 Collaborative services I 4 benefit from…” and provide the services they need and “…people are participating to implement workshop master teaching how to do it bicycle amateurs soon able to teach user unable to repair his rear brake bicycle self-repair workshop others themselves

Collaborative service I 5 Collaborative services I 6 reliable and organized services…” life’s urban fabric have matured into more “…many micro initiatives embedded in daily elderly couple renting out a spare family providing clothing care for mother with young baby offering take away meals on top of the good home cook preparing home nursery services room for students household dinner single people

Collaborative service I 7 Collaborative services I 8 solutions” fundamental working principle of these qualities that are the beauty and the “…I don’t want to lose the relational internet meeting platform matching kids and adoption certificate sent by Herbert for first lunch of Herbert, 74 and Dennis, 8 lonely grand parents Dennis’s birthday

Collaborative service I 9 Collaborative services I 10 and root it in the local context… ” should develop it with the future participants “…if you want to start your own service, you of collective housing and shared habitat eco-tourism guide refering to new forms promotor of a co-housing looking for inspiration facilities

Collaborative service I 11 Collaborative services I 12 properly managed” a huge increase in transportation if not “…all these local services tend to generate kids clothing chain set for 3 year old boy local organic vegetable delivery box multi-local delivery service pair of second hand ski home laundry service

Collaborative service I 13 Collaborative services I 14 is a form of reciprocity” “…I am ready to help others as long as there hour coins for the local exchange neighbourhood workshop service token facilitating collaborative solutions keys of the collective trading system

Collaborative service I 15 Collaborative services I 16 designing…” all around me: now everybody is “…I see networks of informal entrepreneurs hairdresser and person responsible computer analyst and developer of for the relationship with producers nutritionist and promotor of the annual picture of organizing the ordering website food purchase group commitee

Collaborative service I 17 ISBN: 978-88-95651-03-3 © 2008 Edizioni POLI.design First Edition: November 2008 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5 via Durando 38/A - 20158 Milano Tel. +39.02.2399.7206 You are free: Fax +39.02.2399.5970 • To copy, distribute, display, and perform the work under the following conditions: [email protected] www.polidesign.net

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Thanks to: Monika Bielak, Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow Licia Bottura, ENSCI Les Ateliers, Paris Roberta Conditi, Politecnico di Milano Annamaria Formentini, Politecnico di Milano Giulia Gerosa, Politecnico di Milano Peter Joore, Eindhoven University of Technology Holger Mueller, School of Design, University of Applied Sciences, Cologne Raimo Nikkanen, University of Art and Design, Helsinki Martin Parn, Estonian Academy of Arts, Tallin Daniela Sangiorgi, Politecnico di Milano

And to: Milamem Abderamane-Dillah, Marc Appart, Arnauld Battut, Pierre Battut, Julie Binsztok, Frédéric Beauthier, Hugues Bersini, Amélie Bollen, Guy Bredart, Michel Colleyn, Laure Braconnier, Sylvain Busine; Lise Capet; Michel Colleyn, Judicael Cornu, Celine Darmayan, Ilan De Meyer, Goliath Dyèvre, Pierre Dziubas, Anne Dziubas-Bernier, Robert Degrijse, Patricia Demets, Ilan Demeyer, Rémi Delefosse, Veronique Denizli, Carine Fays, John Flanders, Saskia Flanders, Vincent Gerkens, Ginou Godfroid, Nicoletta Grumelli, Cedric Hananel, Veronica Janeski, Azymuth Jégou, Gina Jégou, Noé Jégou, Maël Lagadec, Sabrina Lefebvre, Pascale Lenders, Pauline Lovato, Nathalie Massoud, Stefano Miazzo, Simon Milton, Mitad, Eric Mulders, Alya Néfati, Cati Nieto, Isabelle Peeters, Françoise Pelras , Yan-Dee Posier, Simon Pycke, Maité Renquet, William Rogge, Sylvie Royen; Eve Marie Liberman, Caroline Schepens, Charlotte Schoeffler, Amaury Speckstadt, Melissa Suarez, Rebecca Thissen, Marion Vanden Abeele, Florence Wattiaux, Pierre Waysblat, Pierre Waysblatt | Collaborative services | Social innovation and design for sustainability I François Jégou, Ezio Manzini I with essays by: Priya Bala I Cristiano Cagnin I Carla Cipolla I Josephine Green I Helma Luiten I Tom van der Horst I Isabella Marras I Anna Meroni I Ruben Mnatsakanian I Simona Rocchi I Pål Strandbakken I Eivind Stø I John Thackara I Victoria Thoresen I Stefanie Un I Edina Vadovics I Philine Warnke I Adriana ZacariasI 20

I EMUDE _ Emerging User Demands for Sustainable Solutions

Programme of activities funded by the European Commission 6th Framework Programme Contract number: NMP2-CT-2001-505645 – EMUDE 2004 -2006 Instrument type: SSA. Priority name: 3NMP Collaborative services services Collaborative “Collaborative Services, Social Innovation and Design for Sustainability” is the second of two books resulting from the programme of activities EMUDE (Emerging User Demands for Sustainable Solutions), funded by the European Commission, the aim of which was to explore the potential of social innovation as a driver for technological and production innovation, in view of sustainability. To this end it seeks to shed more light on cases where individuals and communities use existing resources in an original way to bring about system innovation. It then pinpoints the demand for products, services and solutions that such cases and communities express, and drafts lines that could lead to improved efficiency, accessibility and diffusion. The first book “Creative Communities. People inventing sustainable ways of living” focuses on the presentation of some of these cases and their providers: the creative communities. This second book focuses on the possibility of these communities, supported by different enabling systems, to become the drivers of new welfare and a new model of local development. Emude was promoted and developed by a Consortium of European universities and research centres. In order to identify promising cases, it set up a network of observers, known as Antennas, encompassing teams of researchers and students from 8 European design schools: who acted as researchers and disseminators of Emude findings both inside and outside their own institutions.

Consortium

Politecnico di Milano, INDACO Department – co-ordinator National Institute for Consumer Research, SIFO Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO Strategic Design Scenarios, SDS Doors of Perception Philips Design Joint Research Centre - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, JRC-IPTS Central European University, Budapest Fundation, CEU Consumers International, CI United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP DTIE

Antennas

Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow, Poland ENSCI Les Ateliers, Paris, France Estonian Academy of Arts, Estonia Politecnico di Milano, Italy School of Design, The Glasgow School of Art, Scotland School of Design, University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany. Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Industrial Design, The Netherlands University of Art and Design Helsinki, Finland each other is a great contributor to this silent revolution that allows people to access markets behave. Internet and the ofability people to communicate and exchange news andwith messages of powerits on the market and of how to “play” with market forces to change the way companies citizen inactions the 70/90s. It seems today that conscious the global consumeris class perfectly statement as opposed to the “old protest andfashioned” consumer/ boycott that characterized otherinteresting elementvery of novelty in this trend is the “use” of market forces to make a and it is making the traditional developed/developing dichotomyabsent. An country virtually towards a moreis future sustainable globally present among the so called global consumer class What is interesting and new is that such interest active in contributing to steering the world global companies. has become policy makers visibleand to journalists, bylast notsociologists, marketers and least choice isit available. This but trend goes speeds everywhere countries, inat different different or the offers choice ofthat is energy green made by an increasing number of people where this or products, ethical holidays, by the inrise organic clothing demand and fashion sustainable and more anmade action-statement to the market mainstream by choosing organic and trade fair ways of leaving. This interest has long been more than a ofmere declaration intent and it is more made Several worldwide surveys show a steady ofincrease interest towards more sustainable is something people lifestyles do not feel the need for or even get involved with. On the contrary. our This societies. does not mean in any way however, that towardsthe shift more sustainable shape, with their andaspirations behavior the consumption andthat define production patterns of grasp citizens who day to day live their lives, consume, vote, make choices and ultimately The concept ofitself a of 10on programmes years SCP” framework may not be intuitively at the madeto ofdevelop. institutional policies, fiscal and andlegalmeasures infrastructures Such a has aconnotationclearformulation macro-political very and it language has correlated its environmentaleconomicfrom degradation.”growth social andof byeconomic ecosystems capacity de-linking development within the carrying to accelerate towardsthe shift consumptionsustainable and production (SCP), thus “promoting a “Global Framework for onAction SCP”, of (10YFP) programmes 10-year framework the so-called years. In particular, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation called forto governments develop and local needs and amongwas cultures the the Summitpriorities identifiedfor the following consumption and production (SCP) for innovative patterns, ways of living adapted to regional among the most interesting of andfeatures the fresh event, and the call for more sustainable our planet. Having had the luck toI can participate, say that People and their solutions were metand to priorities toproposals their discuss respective afor guarantee future sustainable for Sustainable Development when over 40, 000 people, and NGOs, businesses institutions The project EMUDE conceived was in 2003, a few months the after Johannesburg World Summit The Future Is Us I sabella Marras, UNEP sustainable way sustainable of living. cohesion, collaboration among for members a more interconnected and ultimately more of view the communities creative are a growing signal, a sign toof trying rediscover societies replication of spontaneous initiatives? The book will respond to our from questions, these point How can far such spontaneous initiatives be Does itsupported? make sense to the support spontaneous project. need, lack of appropriate optionsalternative or just the pleasure of joining forces in a common of ahere andthey more can start future, sustainable now to create it outfor themselves, of that isthe future in and themselves that atwhile large society is with the still idea struggling to act in(and society within the ofrules to society) make their They own havefuture. decided chosen not to delegate totheir future the choices of policy or of the market, but they are willing What telldo cases us?these The ofmembers the communities creative are people that have but create andthem themselves tailor them to their community. but it;use they dothereof) not look at orinstitutions companies to provide them with solutions and communities creative These dointeraction. trust (or nottechnology from suffer the lack but theare core selfmutual services, of elements support, organisation, services various these forand the instrument, insharing of others they moreuse goods “humanand infrastructures” In some of the the as inEMUDE an (internet communities technology use cases particular) sharing. The centre is however in the both person and needs. cases his/her EMUDEtransition, communities may be onmore focused initiatives aiming to promote materials Inothers. a more interdependentsuch as society the ones in developing counties or in countries andwhere people countries morefind industrialised their ownsolutions inclose connection to The ofresults the project show an anti-trend to consumerism and individualism in European andable “manufacture” think their own solutions. They highlight newimportance. of forms and responsibility initiatives among consumers citizens/ The innovative ofapproaches the communities creative are of great interest and concrete innovation at each other’s service. their own toresponses specificneeds bytheirtheir putting creativity, time andtheir sense of that replace Bysuch doingproducts. this, the Emude “creative communities” have invented go beyond simply choosing moreand products sustainable have systems jointly service designed for andof studied cases social innovation and ofstories and by people who have been able to innovativeof forms thishave new searched consumption/citizenshipThe project partners pattern. Born with considerations these in mind, the project EMUDE has since 2004 detected the most globally and totheir poweraffirm not only onthe domestic but onthe global market at once.

Collaborative services I 21 Collaborative services I 22

127 45 29 2

7

Family-like Services Creative communities as “relational” innovations: a service design approach Carla Cipolla People’s behavioural driversStefanie Un, Simonaand Rocchi, emergingJosephine Green signals towards sustainable waysSocial ofenterprises inliving modern welfare societies: a bottom-up perspective Eivind Stø, Pål Strandbakken Creative communities: their role and impact on welfare and development Priya Bala, Isabella Marras, Adriana Zacarias Creative communities in Central Eastern Europe Edina Vadovics with contributions from Ruben Mnatsakanian The network of schools Anna Meroni Background reflexions Guidelines Design for social innovation Scenario of Collaborative Services Direct Access Network Service Club Elective Community Extended Home Community Housing The scenario of collaborative services Scenario Collaborative organisations and enabling solutions Tools Introduction

114 92 72 82 62 52 102

129 113 112 47

131 31 139 135 153 147 201 189

Authors’ Biographies DOOT07 John Thakara LOLA Looking for Likely Alternatives Victoria Thoresen Sustainable Everyday Project François Jégou, Ezio Manzini Creative Communities for Sustainable Lifestyles Ezio Manzini, Francois Jégou Developments The diffuse social enterprise on the policy agenda Philine Warnke, Helma Luiten Political challenges: to create frameworks for social enterprises Eivind Stø, Pål Strandbakken Articulation with the macro-context Philine Warnke, Cristiano Cagnin Enabling Solutions and Technological demands Tom van der Horst, Helma Luiten

198 192

163 196

157 190 175 173

Collaborative services I 23 Collaborative services I 24 are activities that require time, organisation and flexibility. Inforthem order toand flexibility. spread, organisation time, require that are activities and goods pooling services together exchanging, Sharing, lives. in change our everyday for considerable stand Services to appear they be, Collaborative But attractive however of insocieties… life our ‘quality’ modern the so-called and who question individualism of rampant number who fear up who over-consumption, are anpeople fed with increasing make to surely appealing them services to collaborative attached qualities environmental and now. interpersonal just social, The and are possible attractive Services Collaborative byofof ourfor proposed the ways whom some people living Scenario are certainly There onit is which based? of the services how could wethe diffusion it?enhance How we can accelerate lifestyles, more sustainable towere to has if of a bear the promise be scenario this raised: that, new Given question and individuals. bonds between and meaningful create of proximity relations restore fabric, the social regenerate also can scale on a neighbourhood and participation exchange, on sharing, based of organisations an idea ofgives also how the diffusion scenario The of and, theon our finally,theimpact lives dailyenvironment. lessen distances travel and reduce of space and living the use optimize equipment, ofin terms needs products each individual’s significantly we reduce can use shared assistance, mutual collaboration, how, local indicates through Services of Collaborative the Scenario From hypothesis, this themselves. amongst of individuals on rely that collaboration a greater services structured by could be performed procedures daily at howof looks sample various This solutions goods”… who exchange users between service studio”,sewing “delivery “home restaurant”, neighbours”, “shared between for tools on “Car-sharing system demand”, “micro-leasing Services. of Collaborative athe Scenario scenario: Mainly, it suggests toquestions. some of answer these book This attempts and more satisfaction? quality lead to also better lifestyles of Could more the pursuit sustainable uncoupled. increasingly are ofsatisfaction and wealth population levels material show growing that Observations some ofour standards? living lowering ourHow routines? dowithout weour reduce impact if to will become ourWhat we lives daily change agree lifestyle? But is what a sustainable dramatically. We toin need our the coming change lifestyles decades. technologies of green one speak ofindeed can ofa dream)the progress is not regardless onviable a scale, global (if of of nowworld the dream that people believe asociety consumer majority growing notthe problem does mean finding A However,asolution… and the citizen. identifying makers the decision is reaching awareness Environmental projects… about itbrought has and for initiatives, is a of“Zero catalyst carbon” change. climate the risks with preoccupied to seem suddenly be societies our industrialised indifference, of years relative After Introduction and last part shows further elaborations of the original EMUDE research results. EMUDE ofresearch the original elaborations further shows part and last fourth The are presented. Services of and Collaborative the Scenario framework conceptual anew parts, and secondin first its Whereas researchers. of the various the contributions it presents inthird part its precisely, More book. of Emude-based second this background the constitutes project 2007).the EMUDE research from emerging Aofset second results Milano edited byMeroniby Anna and was EMUDEbook (this published Polidesign, first of ways living People inventing sustainable communities. Creative one, this entitled: with in inparallel published beena presented book, has setA ofCommission. results first by theSolutions) European co-financed in Demands User Sustainable (Emerging project of the EMUDE research the framework within institutions and international centres research European by a realised ofpanel study universities, on book This ais based two-year to sustainability. steps towards take some concrete entrepreneurship and usingcreativity thattheirare globaland institutions local non-profit organizations, enterprises, ofpeople, individual networks interwoven the emerging, networks: designing of ofmesh a new part complex have they to themselves inconsider mode. More general, inthem with a peer-to-peer but interacting i.e.specialists, design as experts, as forward themselves putting of have interlocutors, to a be able with tovariety designers collaborate of.thought Moving in thisnew direction, not opening previously up new fields ofactivity, it alongside one, but works that the traditional Ahere. notrole does that substitute said been has what from emerges role for the designer and fascinating A new, different contexts. territorial various by a for andwide audience be tailored can accessed that into services reliable initiatives discrete such turns operation design strategic ofviability. Atheirand confirmation Services new Collaborative for these level atprovide inspiration the local initiatives diffuse Their Enterprise. Social Diffused to of a economy.everyday birth form give They participatory and likeinof ourthe development asociety, distributed underway currently transformation of a are part deeper Communities or Creative groups social These and more sustainable. are to both adapted which to come upnew needs daily solutions, their with lifestyles their who have reinvented ofor ofgroups individuals individuals studies case including research, of current Itan provides overview development. for sustainable and innovation social design of at crossroads lies the which afield,about annew design essay book This is therefore arise. they which in contexts and the different and should according toimperatives be they malleable user andreach, within be practical must They services. be quality must services collaborative

Collaborative services I 25 Collaborative services I 26 Promising initiatives... tools Collaborative services I 28 transport systems to the individual car culture (from car sharing and sharing car (from to culture car the individual systems transport Trading and – Banks);Exchange Systems Time Lets Local alternative as (such and exchange of socialisation live together); new forms elderly the young and where home sharing (such as the for the elderly services and themselves) by run the parents small playgroups micro-nurseries: (such as services e.g. childcare services market); self-managed farmers Food tomovement the spreading toof amany cities new generation Slow the international to (from food of do healthy, initiatives natural with aproducts); local variety typical certain with (as occurs networks global but linked to wider and resources, oncapabilities local based activities production of are (asco-housing); shared in the examples and services in order toofwhere, are: together there ways living spaces live better, For instance, activities. afound has ofinway collaborative converging creativity design diffuse this are some where there Among cases such 2006).2006; EMUDE, (Landry, new opportunities to exploit to act or solve problems and communities in individuals the way changes as innovation: social we what defined have just and isthis exactly and find new questions answers, to formulate a capacity express of ways being and doing that People life. are experimenting everyday offor ideas aas be can seen huge laboratory society contemporary ofthe whole and contradictoriness, incomplexity Inits point of fact, sustainability. towards transition in the driver wave of could be innovation asocial emerging forceful is this that (Young 2006).hypothesis Foundation, Our main underlying a to huge new wave of predict easy innovation all. Itsocial is therefore tois our apparent lives daily are that andpervading problems social of the environmental entity At time the enormous potential. the same technological unused an yet as largely creating our societies penetrated have undoubtedly new technologies and widely-used numerous decades, few the past Over toorproblems urgent face. are widespread there and when society, have penetrated new technologies after innovation of social periods intense tend there that tosee can be particularly we toLooking the past, processes. than top-down rather bottom-up from emerge or and typically the market they in technology changes than by in more by behaviour are changes driven innovations These to act solve a problem orcommunities new toopportunities. generate or into individuals the way changes refers innovation social term The Social innovation and design for sustainabilityCollaborative organisations and enabling solutions coherence with a distributed economic model that could be less model could that economic be less a with distributed coherence and finally,and importantly, most of networks local the regeneration toward food; a and tendency seasonal regional for biological, preference and spaces goods; a sharing towards attitudes as: such positive sustainability, for environmental tomajor with guidelines be coherent appears well-being this achieving 2007). Meroni, Manzini, Furthermore, 2003, Jegou, (Manzini, and to ofof new community ideas locality forms to new tofor aactions, the search slower pace into life, collaborative of tois ourvalue given “commons”,the quality to attitude, a caring ofgreater ofideas In well-being ideas well-being. these sustainable new and andmore put into generate they practice and, more in general, fabric the social is reinforce they that solutions for concrete search their of one Indeed side ones. intoeffect and social line environmental with tointerests individual bring to capacity have here an unprecedented we are referring the examples precisely, More and sustainability. social for environmental guidelines some of with the fundamental coherence their However,can recognise we even glance at a sustainability. first and level ofsocial environmental effective their into detail assess Promising ofcases social innovation in book).this 2007,(Meroni, etc. of onusers, the part 2008, Meroni passivity absolute with provided are usually services these where in localities services of orofproduce, ofparticipative developing systems types other ingest to itnormal is where inconsidered foods areas biological healthy of it as is the quality of recovering prevails, normally use individual of space andwhere in sharing equipment places systems advanced of is organising This true as ones. more sustainable) (and intrinsically ofdifferent ways new,doingand introduce very things traditional challenge inthey that the sense contexts, given with all discontinuities In on are words athey other scale. changes local of radical expression the are common always denominator: they meaningful have a very but also andat time they nature inthe same operate, they the way in their are diverse they that we observe can cases atLooking these could (SEP,continue list activities)…the trade fair 2008). the worldwide (like and ethically both directly and consumers producers linking potential); networks of bicycle pooling car to a rediscovery . All of these cases needs analysing analysing needs . All cases of these activities… buying his bio crops and joining in the farming of families supporting a local farmer by pre- Paris suburbs... Ceres gardens…Community services... renting, parking and bike maintenance and improves integrated mobility through Milan… +BC… Promotes the bicycle culture

Collaborative services I 29 Collaborative services I 30 under elderly peoples’ supervision… walking together to school on a regular route Milan … Walking-bus … groups of children etc… on their own or with their family… where they can have fun together, play, draw, meeting point for kids in the neighbourhood Paris… Cafézoïde… Café for children, A third common denominator is that creative communities result from an from result Acommunities third common denominator is creative that before. we mentioned discontinuities local the doing generate they and inor doingunconsciously, so, consciously of and thinking models mainstream to given with break creativity their apply communities to In creative that wepoint, state this conclusion can the point of offrom view sustainability. to and, an above give answer is all, unable to an give answer adequate is unable and services, of products offer in spite ofoverwhelming its andsystem, consumption to the dominant production which Questions are radical. they as are day-to-day as which Questions questions. able toallsolutions these answer generate communities Creative of trade? global on apparatus by the power oftrampled the mighty being without production local Howa we metropolis? can support global in living when conditions living andfood healthy for the demand natural How weto can respond offered? traditionally they provide the support no longer ofand ifneighbourhood life daily the family the necessities inwake? and its Howbrings brought we can has organise individualism anthat as: such howlife weexasperated the isolation can overcome everyday out ofby have posed they contemporary grown problems is that common promising tocases, these Acharacteristic, second of for new 2007).(Meroni, ways living solutions innovative andenhance invent, manage who cooperatively people communities: as creative of be definedcan groups people these of creativity, is one combinations of definitions intothe possible new, meaningful elements existing of re-organizing the capability that given reason, this For ininfrastructures). the large (in the economy, in the institutions, in change the system for a waiting general without exists, already what of for donew ways And they living. solutions so recombining innovative andenhance invent, manage ofall who cooperatively groups people in common: are they traits have they that some fundamental shows have able glance been to develop and A them. manage imagine, first of are who groups people there promising ofcases each Behind these communities Creative perspective. sustainable a with is that incoherent abehaviour and direction individual their have able people been to expectations their steer reasons, for different and ways in different where, initiatives promising cases: as considered should be wethey believe ones, and social environmental with interests personal merge that solutions suggest cases these because Precisely Manzini, 2007). (Vezzoli, systems energy and efficient energy renewable of andintensive integrating more capable transport (obviously, members of society in parts of the world where telephones, telephones, of where the world in parts of (obviously,society members do can of member society any as ordinary just andcomputer the internet the the telephone, use generally they Forofkind example, system. oninto the market available a new normally and services products in them way,an utilise original bythey putting often However, very today in “normal” many (i.e. iscountries) what considered technologies “normal” atutilise here issue of promising cases majority The technologies Re-interpreted in 2008, book) this Vadovics, (CCSL, 2007; for 2008, the future (Sto,building materials Strandbakken, valuable may constitute problems, and current of conditions existence in of seen the light that, current forms and organisational patterns Inbehaviour of the end, it available… we isknowledge, require a heritage spaces andequipped make the specially ofthe burden lighten apparatus inback order. Itnetwork food isto us of the value enables that sharing put today’scan that unsustainable production andfood local season or Ittoa back of is village. athe sense neighbourhood and security tous enables that life bring sociality it is ofthe value neighbourhood resource: and social cultural up-to-date, absolutely is an extraordinary, cases in these emerging the “past” nothing that could be falser: appears it clearly more carefully, and motivations their atLooking the cases longer return. no can that for alife village nostalgia and simply from spring they that are nothing new, cases all these to after that say some observers leads of ways doing to links traditional evident of these so on. existence The and society, ofthe advent consumption-oriented before our norm present good old “the days”, the ofthe sharing andwas that tools equipment to in as walking school children gardens, vegetable parents’ grand their the old market, cultures: of doing andproper to thinking pre-industrial ways with links have and more orfound strong explicit less communities creative these life, by posed contemporary the questions In answering resources social Traditions as book). in 2008, (Sto,this Strandbakken, creativity of development a diffused the to of(or accepting) capable favourable at conditions least political of and social the existence and infrastructure; services ofset products, of way) (in anusing an appropriate existing the possibility traditions; of (or the memory) at least the existence elements: ofbasic three combinations different from arise and life, the opportunities everyday by ofposed problems we as are contemporary have always seen, the demands, Where of andcombination demands opportunities. original As a matter of fact, research carried out up to now creative that shows carried research ofa fact, As matter are promoters. both they andthe outcome which (possible) an (and ofeconomy society): a knowledge society) sustainable possible (and, economy of hopefully, a knowledge of the emerging framework in the and role their discussed, be can recognized, communities Creative initiatives knowledge-based of Incubators 2008 in this book). are used to create brand new systems and organisations (Warnke, Luiten, of socially-led systemic innovation, where normal, existing, technologies be seen advanced.as very In other words, they are at the cutting edge is still at the beginning,very some creative community inventions can communication technologies as enablers for new offorms organization In conclusion, although it is true that the use of information and ofusers. individual requirements to ofthe and thecustomising vehicles management, fleet car bookings, to deal with designed i.e. purpose packages, technology of specialised forfield variety anaand paper itbecome application pen;has nowadays ago it years by worked telephone, of is onecar-sharing idea:such twenty evolution The developed. were evolve ifenabling technology appropriate anus idea give of could how the situation cases are now inThese use. and have developed been in particular, technologies communication and and information technology, specific be where found already can some examples technology, employ that used commonly cases of a ofbackground innovation: against on-going social observation by direct is corroborated potentialities of these hypothesis The and of a the Internet. use computers but (normal clever) without tomanage difficult andthe telephone would be without very not exist could in general services collaborative time banks, groups, purchasing of car-pooling, schemes innovative to some examples: Just give Internet. andofto the computers (clever) uses be attributed also potential can same The organisers. system potential as However,have great also they enablers. until now communication as have used been mainly example, an as worldwide device communication used take commonly the most to just mobile telephones, potentialities: (and unused even unimagined) have still largely may be they considered, may be, normal they however modest however technologies, we add Having this, can said these that andcomputer the Internet. a without few a And very telephone. without could them have existed not one of and products, services makeof use sophisticated cases few though are. In fact, technologies” “normal these how important stress we must available). Nevertheless, are actually and the internet computers an understanding of the general potential of creative communities and, communities potential ofof creative the general an understanding to is crucial observation This enterprises. social diffused enterprise: evolve into acommunities new ofkind creative process, innovation on in the further that, it Here isto enough observe later paragraph. Wewillcomeback tothispoint processes. in innovation specific a of their stages at different ideas and business service as be seen can generate they the promising that shows cases observation closer evolve that over A time. are entities living communities Creative and services production Collaborative sustainable society. society. sustainable knowledge-based of a future the backbone could that become society companies): and acreative knowledge-based knowledge to “formal” (and not limited society throughout are to be diffused found creativity and knowledge one:of where an a isthat economy part system is to“knowledge”), the product a where more wider economy profound market as economy meaning (the knowledge narrow very present its from economy ofthe concept byknowledge expanding contribute can communities creative here, for us Finally, and important most 2002, 2005). (Florida, economy knowledge lively anda maintain to are that required start andcontexts tolerant dynamic the help incan generating communities creative At time, the same workers. knowledge of well-trained numbers for large incubators the but also businesses, for new knowledge-based the seeds become not can only enterprises social and diffused communities creative that is result The and models. economic organizations complex enterprises, orwilling have not, they tohow to learn their enterprises: manage social who are promoting anddiffused managing entrepreneurs social let’s consider, for instance, In framework, this background. favourable this offer can enterprises social and diffused communities creative contexts): social stimulating and dynamic, workers knowledge trained well- need companies (knowledge-oriented society knowledge wider a it to economy needs for that aflourish, knowledge in fact, observed, of economy.for the development a ground Itbeen knowledge has fertile be can a very enterprises social and diffused communities creative to one obvious (thatmany less people): may be far complementary we have to add another,To observation, obvious rather this is economy more developed. the knowledge where contexts of ways being and doing). In tend words they other toin emerge of (towards nontolerance degree conventional and ainstitutions) certain and companies associations, people, other with to interact possibility (meaning the a level ofhigh connectivity knowledge, by diffused characterized contexts changing in rapidly emerge mostly communities for lodging… children have left home and students looking An association connecting elderly people whose Milan… Lodging for a student at home…

Collaborative services I 31 Collaborative services I 32 their daily household economy… solidarity guidelines for their purchasing and all Group of people following fair trade and Milan… GAS Solidarity Purchasing Group… different ages live in a resource-sharing community suited to their community live inages a resource-sharing different of people elderly are: where a house Some examples co-producers. and co-designers the role ofinvolved and assume service actively • institutions). (participative institutions local and citizens) (collaborative people of active and networks enterprises); (collaborative micro-enterprises services); (collaborative services evolve into a generate they new ofkind social the new organisations enterprises, social diffused become communities If and creative when organisations Emerging out to sets reach. itself the enterprise that the result achieving involved in and actively is directly concerned is here everyone that aspect the characterising people, for other things who does someone is figure the predominant where ofvision enterprise social mainstream Unlike the by themselves. at least) and (partly to help themselves dopeople things where enterprises is are social they that enterprise ofconcept social the more traditional from difference Another follow.that and for well-being the new demands inlife daily difficulties growing to meet tackle individuals area where theconcept ofextending in lies to “social” wider a specificity their ill) orof care groups the seriously social marginalized with interaction as (such problems social critical some of highly deal them with although In food… words, other healthy mobility, for urban the elderly, support problem: childcare, on acentre that common everyday enterprises are social they In ones. fact, the more traditional from different very i.e. are they are aofkind enterprise, special social enterprises social we thatdefinition, have diffused working tothis Given underline (Leadbeater, 2006; EMUDE 2006). sociality produce they short In quality. and improving environmental fabric the social of reinforcing of have groups people ofthe side effect these the activities problems, totheir resolve seeking actively towhereby, through the process refers and quality” social results specific “producing in; the expression interested are directly they to the results obtain themselves organise lives, of who, groups people in everyday their indicates enterprise” The and term quality. social “diffused results both specific producing enterprise, social a diffused a new ofkind becomes enterprise, community a creative into it aWhen organisation, consolidates mature enterprises social Diffused contexts. different over time andof spreading tolasting their the chances in particular, are social services where final users are are users final where services are social services Collaborative tend to possess relational qualities to some degree, for collaborative for collaborative to some degree, qualities tendrelational to possess allwhile human organisatons In fact, be stressed. point must last This book). in 2008, this 2004; (Cipolla, Cipolla, relationships personal dynamic real, i.e. out of out qualities, of emerge relational produced the values where and services Production of on trust. amutual degree high consequently and relationships on peer-to-peer, collaborative based and services production organisations: collaborative we them Forwill call reason, this values. of recognized commonly in the co-creation who people collaborate are allthey built up of by groups common traits: fundamental present they and actors, goals have different organisations Even these though quality and relational organisatons Collaborative schools. andinpeople for children elementary elderly for gardens for vegetable programmes environment; a with socialising at a and low of for small price, groups infants, day nurseries professional customised flexible, generate: that of programmes byauthorities local are the promotion Some examples people. of interested participation extensive theand with defined projects onon locally ascale, local • ofhelp inmutual terms time andof skills. who exchange groups people cook diningin group, for ahouses; together one larger of the members’ toof who lovegroups people skills their andgarden; cooking who use anplot abandoned into a neighbourhood shared who transform residents ofare: groups of ofcategory this the results). producers Some examples (andco- orbecome problems who, open again, new possibilities • goods. sporting used exchange apeople shop where materials; oldhow topeople and used reuse teaches that enterprise achain; local in food the of value the biodiversity to client the experience helps that afor of a way looking youngfor more communal living; farm people houses renovates are:that acompany housing Examples category. this intocome cases ofMany observed the too,co-producers. become case who, in this and consumers users with relationships direct encouraging by activities of locally-based new models enhance that initiatives • products. used up-grading find and people in work repairing and immigrant disabled unemployed, where aworkshop and help, people companionship financial support; elderly lonely, giving but while independent, accommodation, style family- findcheap, and students young where elderly people between sharing house facilitates that a service and lifestyles; needs diverse are parts of larger institutions operating operating ofinstitutions larger are parts institutions Participative solve of are who collaboratively groups people citizens Collaborative and service production are entrepreneurial enterprises Collaborative observe however that at present they are still only the expression of only are the expression still they atthat however present observe we can processes innovation on-going, interesting, these Considering services. and production up collaborative setting and values, social results practical produce able to cooperatively enterprises, social diffused of andinto enterprises, consolidate new forms successful sometimes are experiments we havethese that seen paragraph In the previous results. for sustainable searching it isto possible collaboratively, behave ofshow ways They even conditions that living. in the present sustainable of prototypes are to working as be communities considered Creative processes On-going in 2008, book).this der Hosrt, Van(Luiten, economies and market non-market and help, ofgift, barter of ofcombinations self and “economymutual- mixes”: variety different on a are based and services production collaborative Inmodel. fact, be if found ofcan kind same The we economic their challenge consider in 2008, book). this (Un, Rocchi, Green, blurs roles user and producer between the distinction being active, everybody where, of organisation are forms they here, for us Finally, and importantly most to scale. onsimilar ones other connected an international strongly time, rooted inare that profoundly a and, place are atinitiatives the same They by ofandmix a motivated wishes. needs complex are always they because converge interests and social environmental make private, that solutions propose organisatons, – need Collaborative wish. global, - -- local consumer producer; public; have built: private been models organisational modern onmainstream which polarities conventional of andthe beyond ways thinking goes traditional model challenges is organisational their that and services production collaborative Complex organisational models quality. and improving environmental fabric the social of reinforcing the side effect generate people problems, their to resolve seeking actively tothrough act; on capacity/willingness their by involved andthe people action are based for direct ensue: call they also aspects characterising other which from communities creative out evolution oftheir Itwith comes origin. their from directly comes and services production of collaborative characteristic underlying This services. collaborative from results no practical and consequently collaboration, and no nomeans trust qualities no relational qualities: for relational calls and trust for trust, calls collaboration Peer-to-peer existence. very of are nottheir an these are option, the pre-condition they organisations . Another characterising aspect of aspect characterising . Another terms “community” and “creativity” and, similarly, the different weights weights and, the different similarly, and “creativity” “community” terms of meanings the lead to different networks social and existing tradition roles of we findthe ones can infrom Europe different (the and differ (CCSL, 2007). Even are ifdifferent meaning their and motivations to only just agive examples few and carpooling, agriculture based community groups, ofpurchasing cases weChina findcan interesting India and like Brazil, countries observing attentively ofa fact, As matter in 2008, book).this (Vadovics, technologies and advanced behaviours new culture, traditional between hybridizations interesting findvery we can and creativity, knowledge diffused regards as far As society). on control asuch changing a strict exercise can nobody only because of(if tolerance degree to the cities), villages a with moving certain from (a lot of contexts are people changing are circumstances).They rapidly to (if we in adapt agree meaning terms their tothe same the new be described can that areas (or urban quasi-urban) are vast there least, at in economies” that, the “emerging observe we also ofcan tolerance, degree and a certain a level ofhigh connectivity knowledge, diffused by characterized are tomainly contexts changing be infound rapidly communities creative Although only countries. be can infound these However,communities it is creative ifthat this not we true from infer mature. is economy rather the knowledge of where inthe world regions those haveobserved mainly been enterprises social and diffused communities and idea This isItinwrong. until now, both right isthat, right creative economy. knowledge mature in the movestage a antowards i.e. advanced havethat reached those economies, only to industrial relates the more mature communities could induce to us of issue think the entire that creative organisations and collaborative communities creative introducing said been has What move worldwide that ideas Good overin time andcontexts. other last replicate i.e. and when how have able they been to have successful, they been and when how detail in greater and examine promising cases existing the is to questions observe these stepAanswering towards first sustainability? towards by will be)the transition raised of the dimension cope are that with (andthe problems that diffusion and potential for their consolidation Can contexts? in different replicated be widely initiatives these Can enterprises? social lasting towards and evolution their communities creative of these the existence facilitate In words: other is promising cases? itto possible these replicate are able to do? entrepreneurship Is itto possible and consolidate and more than simply lookcreativity at people’swhat spontaneous is itto question: possible do to us leads This a further minorities. ecological lifestyle… products for a safer, healthier and more organised by local farmers selling organic Milan… Urban bio market… A street market help and support within the community. spaces, a large garden and organising mutual housing of elderly people sharing collective Eindhoven… Aquarius… A community

Collaborative services I 33 Collaborative services I 34 cultural discussions between members… organising exchanges of second-hand books and Köln… Book exchange… Internet platform entirely new sustainable neighbourhood… with architects and city council to build an Housing and Living… Inhabitants grouping Utrecht… De Kersentuin, Sustainable step, the procedure to be followed in starting up andit; tomanaging step, inthe procedure be followed starting step by and e.g.indicating, enabling tools, ainitiatives guide-book some ofwith them) and it may be up backed by top-down specific (andofinteracting groups other eventually tolooking the experiences involved. However, it may have started andbeen offathers the mothers participation to the active thanks exists a Formicro-nursery instance, interaction). (or top-down companies organizations civic by institutions, of kinds intervention and by different interaction) ( peer-to-peer similar organisations other with exchanges information by supported is often interaction) ( bottom-up concerned people by the taken directly and the initiative that mechanisms, on complex move, depends even of and the starting often existence, long-term of their the possibility that indicates of organization forms mature initial idea more towards of from evolution their observation closer of However, innovation. social toa rise promising cases give that the bottom” “from actions initiatives: until now bottom-up as described have been organisations and collaborative communities Creative interactions peer-to-peer top-down, Bottom-up, and versa. vice toWest to East, from South, North from directions, go can that in all a places: other ofmovement and experiences ideas in contexts) of thedifferent (i.e. adapt to the specificity re-localise move they appear,around and and, haveonce generated, they been communities and deep, creative are fast changes of wherever change: or ininIt the South. the West, the North is ofsimply a speed matter or not, ofor being poor,rich country ofin being inindustrial the East, is place takes notinnovation of a being question a mature grassroots ofkind this of In where that we point, say this conclusion can in 2008, book).this Marras, could be adopted inturn, (Pryia, (and adapted to)societies western in ofthat, ideas ways living: on new ideas sustainable generate also and resources, of and social cultural reserve an extensive constitute of will and ways thinking doing in traditional the new metropolises of it may be the persistence that versa, Vice environments. urban adoption (and in adaptation) of ideas the new emerging analogous (of how to the live in may experiences stimulate a city) western some countries, ofin the population emerging proportions increasing economy, andeconomy) are to subsistence affecting market cities and villages of conditions (from life the changing that given In fact, the same. less are more or are onbased they motivations), the ideas which different generate ones overof and social other needs environmental economic from the norm, fostering them means accepting something that will will that something accepting means them fostering the norm, from differ radically that of are forms organisation here byissue definition 2002, 2005). at of(Florida, tolerance Sincedegree the promising cases by a high is characterised organisations and collaborative communities • explanation. further requires point is which a crucial latter The new ventures. of radically at the start emerges frequently that area” “grey of ofthe kind dealing with capable (legal) framework legal and and a cultural communities, of creative existence the very facilitating at targeted specifically tools andgovernance aenvironment: tolerant tools togovernance Indevelop innovative order to doit isthis, necessary 2006). 2006; Leadbeater 2000, to(Landry, movecitizens in innovative direction potentially the same and to ofenable a number large organisations, and collaborative communities creative to support topossible improve capacity a context’s In it words, other is initiatives. bottom-up for creative, ground a fertile of becoming to chances in its enhance together acontext work given that elements and immaterial material and cultivate topossible identify It be is created. can elements some of characterising their Nevertheless, be “designed”. cannot that systems socio-technical complex are highly tohappen exist services and collaborative communities creative where contexts The Favourable contexts of inand spreading 2008, (Sto,capable book).this Strandbakken, lasting be more probable, donecan tosomething make existence their be cannot planned, enterprise, social and diffuse community creative of every building materials are the necessary which actions, collaborative and the creativity although that to we assume case). On can basis this case from differs (which andup, peer-to top-down interactions peer bottom- between out of emerge interplay a complex usually improvement up, and life daily their possible their starting their Consequently interested. of involvement directly people active is the existence for their the precondition but because level, at grassroots happens everything not because initiatives bottom-up as be considered should services and collaborative communities tell creative that us given, like many could that similar ones other have been examples, Theses itself). the nursery be within cannot solved that problems or medical educational of (in case service of standards);a the support centralized established to conformity its (to guarantee in assessment support authority local Tolerant environments . The most favourable environment for creative for creative environment . favourable most The • communities. creative by produced innovation social in be seen also the grassroots can (Youngones implemented 2006).Foundation step evolution three This and to tosolutions new mature ideas, brand from spread in an ‘S curve’ and mature emerge, like all innovations, processes, Social innovation innovation and social Design in 2008, Luiten, book).this (Warnke, services collaborative and communities creative to needed ones support open, horizontal to models the flexible, governance hierarchical rigid, the present from abehind shift the enabling technology could become networks social will tocome back later.this in weHere only want that, say our view, (or Web2.). out of networks social emerging Wemodels organisational of thenew here. It beingconsists mentioned its potential justifies that a with possibility However,to is onequestion. there this particular How all can be this done?is no there simple Obviously, answer single, context. and administrative political social, ato favourable generate and, abilities) above paragraph, we as all, havein seen the previous and (new skills new talents to cultivate infrastructure, technological toanfoster appropriate traditions, ofcontext specific regeneration the to are tools needed facilitate new governance possibility this To to results. the same achieve increase efforts in government major stakeholders become can they Thereby spaces. and physical new social by creating fabric the social reinforce organisations • book). in (Sto,2008, this actors Strandbakken, by “illegitimate” exploitation open isto also needed the tolerance because carefully very considered be must initiatives innovative ofand nature economic these the legal At time, the same transactions. money-based conventional replace can of and labour bartering exchange where models for economic cater that have to be systems developed of New taxation ways living). collective of new forms companies, at family home, ofworking public spaces, use in(e.g. conventional terms. innovative toclassify are that difficult toactivities make conduct which it feasible of new regulations a variety require point ofinitiatives Fromview, bottom-up a practical put forward. to the innovation accept inability happens) by anoften administrative (and be killed it also itcan is actually that this hostility, and by political of bymay others be the incomprehension killed community creative a that it while isnascent true because terms, and administrative political in social, be expressed must tofor them required thrive the tolerance Consequently and regulations. norms notprobably fitexisting inwith Solution prototypes Solution governance Participatory . Some of the observed cases are real solution are real solution cases . Some of the observed . Diffused social enterprise and collaborative and collaborative enterprise social . Diffused be be adopted (and by who haveare adopted) people not indeed been can organisations sharing Car contexts. in different and replicable effective accessible, very become has proposal this interventions, a of mix and institutional sometimes models organisational innovative the adoption of specific and products, toservices appropriate Thanks area share a cars andto used fleet offorbepaidrequired). when only in ( sharing acar aof given group for residents instance well known, are very Some examples programmes. and communication services ofsystems products, designed by specifically supported services solutions”.“enabling designed Theyare collaborative by specifically are that supported services collaborative solutions: implemented as • up are that andalready those going. in oreven up simply to similar initiatives participate tostart difficult may people findit too and entrepreneurial motivated less therefore and involved, of ofonthe actors terms time andthe part attention in investment high However,a require very it still they isthat evident to able stage atoone. more mature movethe initial prototype on from havethat been innovations social as be seen can cases these success, this Given agoby andyears imitation. have since spread internationally some proposed were ideas All these a ofkind time bank framework). help in mutual exchange Trading participants Exchange System (where and tothe LETS-Local the farm) visit and opportunities recipes, with to are the door,delivered together vegetables priced reasonably grown, organically fresh, (where initiatives box subscription vegetable - and producers ineconomically); them doingfrom so support directly food produced ethically buy organic, people of groups collaborative (where groups are the purchasing of category this Good examples of to ingroups inspire people other places other similar.do something to have able overbeen to ideas time and, solution sometimes, last some that indicate they solutions: mature consolidated relatively • have created. inthey been which contexts and/or them the different who started people the special from over time and independently work However, last it can is inventions such yet tooas to early know whether but even so open upthey context-linked, possibilities. to be strictly seem anda be renovated given new owner. initiatives such At present to oldtheir bring people furniture where workshop” renewing “furniture is the innovative Another library. and an information participation, and on exchange shop based aand coffee children, parents foreign help for and exhibitions, courses art for families, a playground offers ofIt is ofkind this one example prototype. and for kids families” shop able been to “coffee The has put it intosomewhere practice. and somebody that idea is feasible show they athat service prototypes: Implemented solutions Implemented solutions Mature . Other observed cases present themselves as as themselves present cases observed . Other . Finally, some of the cases can be considered be considered can . Finally, some of the cases in the city… citizens for free gardening inside a public park Gardens… Vegetable plots available to senior Milano… North Park Urban Vegetable

Collaborative services I 35 Collaborative services I 36 help and support within the community. spaces, a large garden and organising mutual housing of elderly people sharing collective Eindhoven… Aquarius… A community the limited number of people capable and willing to cross the threshold appears to be the major limit to the diffusion of collaborative services: and to the possibility of being replicated and adopted by many. So this these initiatives, it is also an objective limit to their long-term existence this almost heroic aspect is one of the most fascinating characteristics of a huge commitment in terms of time and personal dedication. Although or even simply actively participating in an on-going venture often calls for Generating a new idea, creatively adapting and managing an existing one and effectiveness Accessibility characteristics. positive such just with ofenablingsolutions examples and wesolutions findcan successful ofand implemented mature cases existing observing relations such be donecan to something that we state facilitate can innovation, social on applied design of strategic operation at looking tentative this before of But book. this inpart the second presented Services Collaborative for Scenario of the tentative is the purpose operation design strategic Such a at risk. equilibrium delicate their puts outside from intervention and every delicate are very services for collaborative pre-conditions are that the qualities the relational is notsolutions task: an easy and developing enabling conceiving that stress Weimmediately must 2006).(EMUDE, service of a collaborative and replicability effectiveness to improve the accessibility, necessary, andelse whatever communication, services, an isof enabling solution a products, system Now definition. itit is a timegiving precise towithout do so. us, For used been already has that is Enabling ansolutions expression and platforms Solutions over time). to promoters organisations develop and innovative manage toand/or solutions help projects and to start to partners meet ideas, their topeople express help creative that (that is, solutions solutions andenabling developing specific tohappen exist) organisations and collaborative communities creative where the environments (that is have able upbeen to them improving contexts their scale who andinstitutions local enterprises engineers, by designers, supported been have already ideas community some creative that like show otherones, similar examples, These difficulties). financial and (to help findbuildingand lots administrative suitable overcome in touch) and (toby group a team put potential participants of experts interest by a beweb-based can supported which projects, is co-housing example clear Another opportunity. aas new business ansuch activity up towho want for those start is same The true motivated. particularly such as: incubators for the starting-up phase; transportation facilities facilities transportation phase; for the starting-up as: such incubators similar needs, express may sometimes services collaborative Different platforms Enabling stimulating. also attractive, i.e. taking an active part in a collaborative service must be user is motivated, the more the system must be not only friendly, but supplying what he/she doesn’t know or can’t do. In addition, the less the the more the system must be able to make up for his/her lack of skill by necessary solution may be. On the other hand, the less expert the user, them. Obviously, the more expert and motivated the user, the simpler the develop and regenerate the ability and competence of those who use into play a specific intelligence: the intelligence that is needed to stimulate, In more general terms we can say that enabling solutions have to bring facilitate community building. to reduce the amount of time and space required, and increase flexibility; to that match the economic and/or cultural interests of potential participants; larger group of people; to develop stimulating service and business models support individual capabilities in order to make the service accessible to a communication strategies that provide such knowledge as is required; to this book). For instance, it will be necessary: to promote motivating can be outlined (for more details on guidelines, see Jegou, 2008, in Each case will require specific solutions, but some very generalguidelines conceived technologies. an original way. The third step is to develop solutions using new, specifically their weaknesses) utilising existing products, services and communication in conceive and develop solutions (to enhance their strengths and overcome analyse and detect their strengths and weakness. The second one is to and effective by applying a three step design process. The first step is to In practical terms, collaborative services can be made more accessible This is exactly what the enabling solutions should help them do. efforts) and more attractive (enhancing people’s motivation to be active). (increasing the ratio between results and required individual and social accessible (reducing the threshold we mentioned before), more effective To overcome these problems, collaborative services need to become more scarcest ones (Un, Rocchi, 2008, in this book). investment of the very resources that today are, or are perceived to be, the they simply require too much attention and time. They call for too large an very attractive to many people, but, in practice, for the majority of them, initiatives, with their mix of practical results and socialising appeareffects, one of their active participants. In fact, it has been verified that these of commitment required to become one of their promoters, or even just here is about whether and howis here itwhether about may be topossible apply to athem mix Our ondiscussion ascale. reproduced large be mechanically can that meaning to them, products as them consider proposing “to industrialize” we are not of course services, Talkingcollaborative up-scaling about regeneration). urban health, the elderly, ofand care (of problems childcare food, mobility, housing, contemporary to solutions viable urgent as be implemented of already can that living ways sustainable real steps towards are also they do can so because And they that direction. in achanges sustainable and social economical the on-going and reorient have they the potential to mainstream become that offor anumber Welarge people. in fact, think, lifestyles sustainable to support be we can scaled-up think they that in because them too We could and are should interested be explored). opportunity this though (even fornew businesses niche-markets profitable potentially generate can societies). Northey are we doing so because contemporary of aspect a do significant they reflect (although interesting sociologically are they only because and services production collaborative and In communities book this we on are notcreative focusing up Scaling in 2008, Luiten, book).this (Warnke, technologies and tracing tracking systems, and booking intelligent ordering customised systems; fluidpayment services; mobility flexible as such smoothly, to function services to make for collaborative it easier designed specifically systems product-service advanced experiments; socio-technical different facilitate and, more in general, enterprises for new social incubators as act that spaces of people; experimental group for a larger to spaces, provide a even inservice private often toenvironment, inequipment be aused professional non-professional semi- and traced; tracked personalized, of being synchronized, capable uses, for shared conceived specifically products services;multi-use(r) to products/ and even products/services and services, to products to people people people, connect to better platforms connecting shelter; for demand space and user an emerging addressing functions, private forpublic- mixed bycan used becommunities that spaces flexible toones andgrow, multiply flourish; for existing facilitators as but also initiatives, for new grassroots catalysts as acting agencies, are: Citizens’ of these Some examples We enabling platforms. them will call services. of collaborative a able a to variety ofnumber support enabling initiatives it is to possible and conceive develop observation, this onMoving from haveand toso on. and/or be new technologies integrated, procedures whennew advice specific networks; producer-consumer to support scale-up collaborative services. collaborative scale-up we have to in overcome is order the main to difficulty contradiction This to ofrelated initiative. the small single each scale are largely qualities and that such qualities wethat social have to original their maintain At time we the same know enterprises. social and diffuse communities of creative the impact we toneed scale-up sustainability towards the transition to appears: face situation At point this a contradictory in thisbook).2008 (Jégou, small are sufficiently they when inand short, manageable, understandable upset they are sufficiently andthe when organisations direct, is sufficiently the involved actors between to seem only interaction be when possible qualities relational make Nowmore probable. them we add can consideration: another could be done something that But said be weto cannot planned. also We obvious. notedhave certainly they already that from is far answer The services)? collaborative for scaling-up pre-condition the necessary (as qualities of relational Is possible? wethis Can plan the diffusion qualities. of arelational with degree high of development systems for the calls organisations In up words: other collaborative scaling in 2008, book).this 2004; itto(Cipolla, Cipolla, has be based on which relationships of deep, dynamic those condition: the existence a has pre- working service of a collaborative the possibility paragraph, we insaid As a large. problem weprevious The that have is tovery face services? be toapplied collaborative notion of scalability how the here, can us it interests be most for what And, so in future? of indicator in asize the best still new idea’s isand growth will success, society, of a network and in the framework of sustainability perspective Inbe still true? the to one. interpretation has athis Can become larger and or spread aa small small enterprise business social successful to be growth: means scalability culture industrial For the traditional v. growth Replication in book).this Services 2:of Collaborative Scenario of for ofways billions living on people part (see Planet this sustainable and support lead incan directions other human industriosity goals, and tolooking different and opportunities, constraints different with Our idea is today,that system. faced industrial the consumer-oriented for good weand what nowfor evil, know as generated, knowledge and technological capabilities and entrepreneurial design creativity, a ofsimilar mix century well inthat the past we know very Of course and so tohelp them spread on scale. a larger and effective, accessible to make more them (wehuman this industriosity) call can knowledge and technological capabilities and entrepreneurial design of creativity, weekly… vegetables, fruit and, if wanted, other food services which provide a box of bio grown Köln… Vegetable Box… Home delivery of local fresh food through a shared van… retailers and consumers organising distribution Association of local producers, suppliers, Glasgow… The Local Food Link Van…

Collaborative services I 37 Collaborative services I 38 to provide cheaper lodging… participation in the renovation of old buildings of young students based on new members’ Helsinki… Oransis… A community housing help and support within the community. spaces, a large garden and organising mutual housing of elderly people sharing collective Eindhoven… Aquarius… A community that we find worldwide, such as co-housing, car-sharing, farmer farmer car-sharing, asco-housing, such wethat findworldwide, organisation of collaborative case each that it is true terms, In practical more probable. ideas ofto conditions service their make the replication but how plan tois can not generate how promising tocases, replicate we what scaling-up, about In talking new context). when words, other of invented groups people (or of these that a adapted to the specificity ideas of but itgroups people, is the service are since un-replicable they them, who generated communities nor the creative characteristics, local all with their cases localised highly are not is these being replicated spreading, we have to bear in inmindorganisations what that, realty, of collaborative the possibility we as are doing we here, discuss when, because, idea is important and business notion The of service are. exchanges and andeconomic non-economic relationships are is and motivations, like, their what who the involved actors architecture systemic its what works; how a service explains model that and economic meaning the organisational idea, and business service of the concept concept: we have toa useful introduce organisations, moving collaborative ononBefore inscaling-up our discussion and services production v. ideas localised and business Service are possible. of “growth” strategies different the only toway idea viable more an power, give original today new and to appeared be of the involved organisations growth the dimensional claim): in of in(at general clear where the past terms its already least is to possibility this argument one supporting at least Nevertheless, to be could followed. path evidence really provetoday, that, a different is andvalid we question The do not century? yet have solid past in movement the by road trodden the cooperative the same follow and not enterprises social evolve diffused should towards they Why should be different. and services production and collaborative communities ofthe evolution why creative Now, ourselves we ask can cooperativeness. of practical their by-product important an been hadthat originally of the “sense community” reduced) largely theylost but (orthey efficiency, ofin terms performance gained they organisations toinstitutionalised them In change. large, becoming led and evolution, their for some of success, their them, Afterwards, services. and collaborative communities to creative our present in similar Atit many was the beginning ways countries. in several flourished movement cooperative ago a grassroots one century inmovement Europe: is the cooperative case meaning. best-known The social losing original their changed, nature their and, in general, organizations large became they However, scaled-up appeared. when initiatives and collaborative creative small, several century the last is ofnot atthe past helping us all. In the experience In case, this • yourself approach has been adopted. and toolkits, which is used in several application fields where the do-it- commercial activities; formats, with reference to the entertainment industry, In particular, we will consider three of them: franchising, mainly used in strategies present interesting similarities and offer useful experiences. are very far from those we are referring to here, these existing replication Even though operating in different contexts and moved by motivations that developed to scale-up services, businesses or even social enterprises. is not new and that several replication strategies have been proposed and Looking to other fields of activities, wecan easily discover that this concept network. This way of doing can be definedas a replication strategy. rather by connecting them, multiplying their number and creating a large collaborative services without increasing the dimensions of each one, but initiative. We need to increase the social and economic impact of maintaining the small scale and the relational qualities of each concrete Let’s summarise: our problem is to scale-up collaborative service ideas, strategies Replication actions. byand appropriate how could movement this be whether accelerated andslow weatHere pace. will adiscuss relatively spontaneously place took organisations of collaborative Until now, the diffusion re-localised. canbe adopted,they adapted and where around and findnew contexts move can that ideas and business Itservices is are these based. they on ideas which are the service there agriculture based and community markets, farmer car-sharing, of co-housing, cases localised highly these behind Nevertheless, ofpromoters. its by shaped the characteristics itthat is given rooted and so insodeeply largely a context specific initiative, is a non-reproducible agriculture, based or community markets, • company lays down. at the same time, commit themselves to follow the rules that the mother company’s” reputation. They enjoy the reputation of this company and, entrepreneurs to enter into business under the umbrella of the “mother standards. In other words, a franchising programme enables several small of instruments and requires them to respect a set of procedures and quality larger company. This company supports the franchisees with a dedicated set enable local entrepreneurs to start a commercial activity as franchisees of a extracted from a real experience, can be set up in other contexts. The result the local specificities. In other words: aformat is a programme idea that, purchasers the rights to reproduce the original programme, adapting it to to replicate it in different contexts. The format producer gives the format of an existing successful show and step-by-step indications of what to do Franchising Format . This consists of a model and a list of procedures, e.g. the model . This is a framework of procedures and communication tools to whose borders blur with the more general socio-technical systems that that systems socio-technical blurthe more general with borders whose finally,And, it is system a services. ofand collaborative management development the conception, to support phases in different articulated It is isthat a system artefacts. and intangible tangible diverse of very aandpeople it system indicates for collaborative is solution conceived we as anhave seen, enabling versa, Vice services. collaborative and as to be replicated enterprises social to evolve into diffused communities toocreative a definition narrow of whatisto needed permit to seems ofset This be self-help. adenotes for individual tools precise than the one ofA normally toolkit. toolkit is more useful introduced, the notion of previously as enabling solution, for our that, purposes, weAt time, think the same services. collaborative of corresponding their andthe theme with communities of the nature creative with compatible of the development is enabling antoolkit appropriate openness, its to Thanks goals. for different and used ways in different interpreted be can but they activities, for certain are offered solution: the toolkits is near the notion that toofclear is toolkit the onerather of enabling It on toolkits. based strategy Finally, the replication we consider can zero. from start must programmes and replicable into operative to transform on how to the discussion ofenable anumber large small enterprises that indicate experiences these However, still. in all cases, even further of under the umbrella a big and is business brand a commercial service, and/or production a collaborative from far idea is very programme TV a ofOf course, ideas. the actualisation out through carried replication it is about because and the one of formats, enterprises small scale enabling with it deals because franchising, of too:case the reflection for elements some interesting we offer think they that Nevertheless, to emerge. qualities the relational to permit and too centralised support, to) of would they (try groups people space to the creative necessary are too propose to they the closed give the models because but also and business-oriented, commercial are toothey strongly because not from our only far interest: nature twoare,by theirvery the first that see we immediately can strategies replication three these Given approach. fields of more theand do-it-yourself more application in is linked to of number proposals the diffusion growing toolkit The use. of its for the results no takes the kit responsibility produces whoever way. And intools the freest the different use can the toolkit adopts thewhoever hand, On other to activity. fit orspecialised a specific less canbeto kit andmore whole thetask more a or dedicated specific less andto produced conceived makeeasier.can Each be task toola specific • is proposed worldwide) and local (in each context it is broadly localised). is a multiplicity of programmes that are, at the same time, global (the idea Toolkit . This consists of a set of tangible and intangible instruments of a.instruments ofandset consists This intangible tangible Connecting or human beings). The implication of this distributed approach is a approach or ofhuman beings). distributed this implication The and/ artefacts (technological elements ofanumber large connected by in parallel are accomplished activities complex where architecture ofsystem a horizontal is the existence indicates “distributed” adjective In of words: other the what the system. elements the other with connected at time being autonomously, while highly the same operate are that able to and services, plants production small scale plants, energy and/or renewable power generators computers, i.e. personal is the idea ofelements, autonomous a web of describes, interconnected, adds to the noun it distributed the adjective what Incases, all these economy). and intelligence distributed distributed creativity, distributed innovation, and years have few a (distributed wide audience and the last growing over andSome of are emerging, have them emerged, manufacturing). and distributed generation of distributed the concepts arena (such as Some of computing). have them inaposition the international strong distributed ago (the “classic” decades two mainstream became possibilities Some of these manufacturing. of distributed the possibilities and production generation; and distributed systems energy computing; and distributed technologies information and systems: economic socio-technical different toin relation several used increasingly been has adjective this years, twenty in the last In fact, distributed. adjective is the keyword Its is inhappening the fieldarchitecture. system of Distributed systems networks. social towards and the other systems one distributed towards trends: socio-technical ofon-going two we the implications will consider possibility this explore to oflife the daily To ofsupport anumber andlarge people communities. a could become powerful services collaborative interconnected small, of athat it multiplicity is conceivable framework, In unprecedented this oflinks). its and quality quantity but todimension, linked to the physical its event is not necessarily of an the impact that small any more (given small” is not necessary “the in ofnetworks, ideas small Inand large. fact, the very including are challenged, ideas many traditional where a society society: network we the are entering the new century, with is saying, now, everybody as But century. andin developed the past conceived were paragraph in the previous we have discussed strategies replication three The to promote and support. to promote and support. intend they services of environment allthe living the collaborative form

. Something very interesting has happened and happened has interesting .very Something around gardening in the neighbourhood… organise vegetable plots and collective activities squatting on a waste ground in the city to Paris… Jardin Nomade… A group of people sustainable initiatives… promote local folk culture and development of an Environmental Education Centre to Cracov… Eco-village… A village organising

Collaborative services I 39 Collaborative services I 40 gardens… association to take care of parcels of public helped by the municipality and a gardening Overvecht… Loan gardens… Residents and care of green spaces… municipality organise maintenance of the area An association of residents together with the Eindhoven… Neighbourhood Shares… generated by different people with different motivations. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, motivations. different with people by different generated have they been for some minor except overlapping, In fact, phenomena. separate now, anddifferent, as dealt with have considered been until and networks, social systems distributed services, Collaborative convergence A possible services. and collaborative communities And increative world. promotedoing and also so can support they to in problems solve (real) the (real) efforts users’ support also can technologies the real one, these with world the virtual bythat bridging show cases “in the real world”.several themselves In fact, organize and may meet help people ones, and delocalizing virtualising other unlike that, applications Internet propose also networks social these 2007). Williams, is here for us that But isinteresting what really mode andpeer building a common vision (Weber, 2004; Tapscott, inthem peer-to- organizing people, of interested numbers large Now to appear ofthey be catalyzing not capable but also only possible, ago, until a unimaginable. totally years were that, few models economic and and organisational Leadbeater, 2004; (Cottam, Bauwens,2004) organizations network-based non-hierarchical, generate networks Social 2007). (or or computing social web 2.0) (Pascu, networks social as collectively websites). auction We engines, nowto refer search them websites, networking social wikis, podcasts, (i.e. blogs, services of delivered are co-producers users where networks Service-oriented applications. in end-user increase an impressive today we observe can approaches, andopen source onMoving peer-to-peer from projects. collaborative in and participate people in ways the the field of organisations Social networks . services. of collaborative the replication to support infrastructure and favourable spread. So, be could athis also horizontally very take connect can place, and services production of distributed forms and new traditional where society of a sustainable viable infrastructure the distributed the pillar ofas be seen can a new infrastructure: generation and intelligence distributed of distributed integration The generation. energy and intelligence distributed of distributed cases in as the some real success-stories, with are possibilities genuine they model: are not only asystems theoretical on ideas distributed These them. of way and, possibly,managing a more democratic assets technological and their communities of between a new relationship the possibility But notimply only: also they architectures. in change system radical . Something very interesting is also happening in happening is also interesting .very Something collaborative organisation co-design. In this modality designers have to designers In modality this co-design. organisation collaborative building and in community involved in creative actors other with peer • communities.. for creative in anddesigning designing of main the combination modalities: as two may occur at the end of interaction this book) this some references see DOTT07,CCSL, 2008 Girardi, Liberman, to proveSEP, (Jégou, have started experiences practical some advanced As i.e.amateurs. design designers, being without who design actors diverse with interacting specialists i.e. design as experts, as stepping forward of interlocutors, variety a have with to collaborate designers in new this context, Operating Two modalities design (Tuomi,and problems individual social 2003; von2004). Hippel, of to solutions aand who variety imagine put into practice institutions global and local non-profit organizations, enterprises, people, individual involving processes, design of interwoven system a complex networks: a as ofmesh appears that designing isof a result ways The living. society and their associations their neighbourhood, their business, their design have likepeople tothey and it re- ordesign whether not, everyday fact, (Giddens 1990, 2000). In diffuse particularly are, by necessity, capabilities designs”, design where “everybody Wewhere live in a society framework. in a questions larger and these Let’sconsider take a step backwards and networks? social systems distributed services, collaborative between the convergence facilitate How they can and enabling solutions? contexts and conceive develop favourable they innovation? social andHowdo orient can to trigger designers can What networks and designing Designers in book).this 2008, 2007a;(Manzini, ; Cagnin, Warnke, society sustainable distributed for emerging this infrastructure will provide the technical systems and, finally, oftheofdevelopment distributed organisation; new forms by havethat opened brand been their opportunities unprecedented the will bring networks involved inpeople social problems; daily real, of richness the lively will bring communities creative other: each reinforce of lines will strongly innovation different these happens, this If convergence. this will drive systems peer-to-peer networked, towards trend powerful itthe very that probable is highly Inchange. particular, of into dynamic social will converge onethey complex single near future it is more in that than probable inthe wethe introduction, as anticipated Designing in creative communities creative in Designing : This means participating peer-to- : participating means This equivalent to talking about design research for social innovation. a matter of fact, talking about design for social innovation is morehaving or lessto be defined and tested requires a new wave of designand research. experience,As and are partly totally new. A design knowledge that capabilitiesin and sensitivities that partly come from their traditional culture in them, feeding them with their specific design knowledge: design skills,networks, designers have the growing responsibility of actively participating the whole of contemporary society can be described as a mesh of designingreducing their role but, on the contrary, it is increasing it. Exactly Ifbecause well understood, this change in the designer’s place in society tois positivelynot accept that they can no longer aspire to a monopolyemerging on new, design. fascinating role for designers. To participate designers haveIn conclusion, a new design activity is emerging, which points to an 2005, 2007; Manzini, 2007b). their role and their way of operating (Margolin, Margolin, 2002;new Thackara,directions for technical innovation. To do so, designers havesensitivities, to re-think capabilities and skills to design new artefacts and to indicatedirection: to look at social innovation, identify promising cases, useremains design valid. But now the same bridge also has to be trodden insociety. the otherToday, this way of doing, i.e. this direction inopportunities crossing itthese offered, bridges, they developed artifacts with some meaning for So far, they have mainly looked at technical innovation and Designersfrom thehave newalways created bridges between society and technology. innovation social for Design events). and cultural other festivals exhibitions, as such events and catalysing scenarios orienting platforms, dedicated as such and/or enabling other initiatives organisations collaborative for specific have tosolutions and conceive develop advanced designers In mode this replicability. their and therefore and effectiveness accessibility andtheir to to develop solutions increase more favourable, to make them on contexts their intervening and weaknesses, strengths their observing and, after organisations of collaborative typologies • with. are collaborating they community the creative to support and services products combining existing of and visions shared scenarios; in the construction participating centres); and research institutions and companies, communities (local actors social among diverse promoting collaboration skills: design of new a series requires ofkind This and activity potential solutions. ideas shared towards partners of different the convergence facilitate Designing for creative communities creative for Designing : This means looking at specific : at looking means This specific - Young Foundation (2006), Social Silicon Valleys. A Manifesto for Social Innovation, http://www.discoversocialinnovation.org Innovation, Social for A Manifesto Valleys. Silicon Social (2006), - Young Foundation MA: Cambridge, Press, University Harvard Source, of Open Success The (2004), - Weber, MA Cambridge, Press, MIT of Innovation, Democratization The (2004), E. - Hippel, von Bologna editore, Zanichelli ambientale, sostenibilità la per Design E.(2007), Manzini C., - Vezzoli Oxford Press, University Oxford York New of Innovation, Portfolio, Networks - I. (2003), Tuomi, Everything, Changes Collaborations Mass How (2007), Wikinomics. A.D. Williams, - Tapscott,D., UK London, Council, Design if Dott07, …, great be J. (2007), Wouldn’t - Thackara, UK London, Press, MIT The world, in a complex Designin bubble, In the J. (2005), - Thackara, 7,6 . volume number Monday, First Intelligence. Source J. (2002), Open F.,- Hirsh, Stalder, http://www.sustainable-everyday.net/cases. nr. 12, 3. vol. Monday, Project, First Everyday technologies, Sustainable - SEP(2008), ebased of Internt impact disruptive potiential (2007),The J.-C. Burgelman G.,and D.; Turlea, Osimo, C., - Pascu, (1993), A. Sen, M., - Nussbaum, 4 No. A.(2007) 18, vol. - Meroni Issues, Design research, and of Practice Issues of Design: Model” A S. (2002) “Social V., Margolin, - Margolin, Basel and Birkhäuser Essays Now: Projects, Research by), Selected Design R. (edited in: Michel EMUDE, Solutions, Sustainable UK for Demands User University, (2007), Emerging A. Cranfield Meroni, E., - Manzini, industrialized, to How design partnership, oriented Solution (2004), by) (edited E. Evans, L., Collina, E., - Manzini, Milano Ambiente, Edizioni Life, of Urban Scenarios everyday. F.(2003), Sustainable Jegou, E., - Manzini, Projects, Selected and Basel Essays Now: Birkhäuser Research by), Design R. (edited in: Michel innovation social sustainable for research Design (2007b), E. - Manzini, London N. Earthscan, Gant, J., Stories, Chapman, Other and in J Jonathan Visonaries Solutions, Enabling and by), Designers, (edited Networks Active Communities, Creative Society: of a Multi-local Scenario The (2007a), E. - Manzini, London Demos, entreprenur, social of the rise The (2007) C, - Leadbeater, making, of city art The (2006) C. UK. LTD, London, - Landry, Publications Earthscan Innovators, Urban for A toolkit city. 2008. Creative March The 10-11 C.(2000), - Landry, Brussels Network, (SCORE!) Exchange 2nd of the Research proceedings Consumption in Brussels, Sustainable of the initiatives Conference mobility of shared replication Enabling Innovation, Social for S. Design Girardi, J. and F., -Liberman, Jégou, Il Mulino). Bologna: vita. nostra la ridisegna la Come cambia. che Ilmondo globalizzazione 2000. it. (trad. Books Profile Londra: Lives. Our Reshaping is Il Mulino). Bologna: Globalization How World. modernità. Runaway (2000). della A. - Giddens Le conseguenze 1994. it. (trad. Press Polity Cambridge: of Modernity. Consequences The (1990). A. - Giddens R. (2005), - Florida, R. (2002), - Florida, (2006), - EMUDE - Cottam, H., Leadbeater (2004), (2004), Leadbeater H., - Cottam, Australia. Ravensbourne, Publications, Two, Team D/E/S - or Guest Tourist (2004), C. - Cipolla, document. UNEP, internal - CCSL (2007), - CCSL (2007), M. - Bauwens, Bibliography Creative communities for sustainable life styles life sustainable for communities Creative Emerging User Demands for Sustainable Solutions Sustainable for Demands User Emerging Creative communities. People inventing sustainable ways of living ways sustainable inventing People communities. Creative The Rise of the Creative Class. And How it is transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life everyday and community leisure, work, it is transforming How And Class. Creative of the Rise The Cities and the Creative Class Creative the and Cities Peer to Peer and Human Evolution Human toand Peer Peer The Quality of Life Quality The Open Welfare: designs on the public good public on the designs Welfare: Open Designing Tourism Experiences or Hospitality Relations? or Hospitality Experiences Tourism Designing

Earthscan Publications LTD, London, UK. LTD, London, Publications Earthscan , Routledge. , Routledge. , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Press, University , Oxford , Foundation for P2P Alternatives, p2pfoundation.net P2P Alternatives, for , Foundation , Task Force on Sustainable Consumption and Production, Swedish Ministry of Environment and and of Environment Ministry Swedish Production, and Consumption on Sustainable , Task Force , 6th Framework Programme (priority 3-NMP), European Community, internal document, 2006 document, internal Community, European 3-NMP), (priority Programme ,Framework 6th , Design Council, London, UK. London, Council, , Design , Polidesign, Milano , Polidesign, , In Willis, Anne-Marie (Ed.), Design Philosophy Papers: Collection Collection Papers: Philosophy (Ed.), Design Anne-Marie , In Willis, , Basic Books, New York New Books, , Basic

Collaborative services I 41 Collaborative services I 42 scenario Collaborative services I 44 45 I I The Scenario of Collaborative Services Tentative design for social innovation and sustainability Collaborative services Collaborative The second part of this book is devoted to the presentation of the Scenario of Collaborative Building the scenario… Services. The social initiatives that were observed in the research project may contain the seed of a The scenario that is outlined in the following pages is based upon a combination of three new and promising lifestyle in terms of sustainable development. The suggested scenario is elements as the picture grid shows: an attempt to offer a vision of what our daily lives could look like if such initiatives were to • the most promising cases observed show similarities or recurring patterns in the way that spread to a point of common practice or at least if they began to feature in the lifestyles of the service is organised, beyond the particular sector in which it appears. Thus the forms of a larger part of the population. organisation can be clustered into categories. This classification is reproduced on the Y-axis of the grid. But what hypothesis is this scenario built upon? • the scenario aims to convince users who are close to the creative communities although Social innovation as observed within the creative communities suggests a different they may not have quite the same commitment and determination. Eight persona of potential organisation of our everyday lives, with a focus on sustainable development. The solutions users are presented on the X-axis of this grid. that were thought up by the pioneering communities may be improved in terms of access • At the intersection of the various forms of organisation, on the one hand, and of and effectiveness and, doing so, they can consolidate and spread; in this more mature form the potential users, on the other, a sample of collaborative services suggests possible they appear as a new kind of services: collaborative services, i.e. services where users are evolutions and adaptations in order to strengthen the cases that show potential and to make actively and collaboratively involved in the production of a commonly recognized value and them more accessible. in doing so, operate as a kind of social enterprise: a diffused enterprise geared to solve, in a collaborative way, “daily problems” such as: dropping the children off at school, obtaining quality products at a more affordable price, mutually benefiting from one another’s skills Appealing forms of organisation… and goods, improving their surroundings… and by doing so, it just so happens that in the majority of cases, the impact of their actions is positive for society as a whole. They Several categories of recurring solutions emerge from cases of social innovation within contribute to minimizing our ecological footprint and regenerating the social fabric. the creative communities. They represent different forms of organisation within a Collaborative services are therefore diffused social enterprises that add a touch of colour to household, a family or a neighbourhood, such that daily tasks are carried out in a new our daily lives and bring improvements on a personal, local and societal level. and more sustainable way through daily practices, sharing resources, joint organisation with neighbours, creating relational networks… and, potentially, they can be replicated The resulting scenario, that we will call the scenario of Scenario of Collaborative Services, and applied in the different areas of one’s everyday life. Six forms of organisation were is shaped like a mosaic: it is based on a multitude of specific local initiatives, introduced identified: by individuals into the organisation of their daily lives to deal with problems that they encounter. The scenario is not the projection of a conceptual vision, but rather a sum of _Family-like services organised within a household by combining common family routines unitary solutions, which, together, reflect a comparable spirit of enterprise that is diffused with the available household appliances; within the social fabric, and also a sense of active wellbeing so that the result is a product _Community Housing based on particular housing infrastructure, which could allow for of each individual’s participation in the solution that she or he benefits from. sharing domestic resources and mutual assistance; _Extended Home whereby a share of household activities are outsourced to collective infrastructures in the vicinity; _Elective Community in which members get organised and find synergies to help each other; _Service Club open workshops where a group of passionate amateurs share their skills and equipment; _Direct Access Network whereby groups of citizens arrange to buy directly from producers; 46 I I

Nathalie Jarrko Erik Mila Hamed Joseph Veronique Elena Collaborative services Collaborative

family like service Foot Bus Home Laundry Micro Nurseries Family Take Away

community housing Party Place Open Handyshop Washing Restaurant Kid House

extended home Multi User Laundry Collective Rooms Co-Housing Car Sharing

elective communities Neighbourhood Library Kids Clothing Chain Active Shopping List Living Cook Book

service club Shopping Club Wood Atelier Green Gardening Second Hand Atelier

direct network access Regional Market Country Meal Product Time Sharing E-Stop given collaborative service. collaborative given or himleads tothat or to the dynamic joinher either start a andlife illustrates character’s in a moments particular three row each describes in the grid read vertically, When services. are that likely to adopt andand standing background promote collaborative professional profiles inof simply pointgender, age,They to terms socio- groups. various social distinct make noto claim represent enterprise social of the diffused the scenario-building within of the population potential adopters to sketched were that represent characters The is reasonable. long as the surcharge as for example, access obtaining easier towards be able will also tocomfort, They spend more personal for their services. more traditional with services collaborative blending the aforementioned make more choices, composite willtherefore They groups. social more affluent also include but they in terms, economic of sensitive who remain people are categories these need, to the practical regards With existence. daily their so are tonotthey that completely compelled overhaul diets… healthy mobility, urban on one sector: focus Users than to a rather commitment. global concern of than the nature It the solution. tends torather isbe counts linked what to a particular more than aofresult The vector matter identity. is a practical in investment social Interest of expression. form ontakes a different motivation their both cases, in but, need, and by a in both by investment practical are social interest driven they cases, atwho were ofthe source the observed communities of like the creative Just pioneers the who have yet to findhow and where to go it. about of who are people towilling inbut take order to action habits daily their category change a keen tochange spontaneously, but who insufficiently are be still changed must patterns that consumerism whoof people are convinced at category targeted atheyare specifically, ofMore to eager and life issues. improve who take quality atheir in keen societal interest at ofthe kind are but who are notatthey rather people allinitially aimed citizens Therefore fromthem. benefit in order toto implementation their commitment active and in a issues social certain interest a require particular They are not for meant everyone… services Initially, collaborative them? use slice ofWhat is likely tothe population new services? for these audience is What the target adopters... Potential given household. given of a of activity and kinds sectors be inapplied can the various of organisation form each how shows line Ifeach in read the grid horizontally, form. for each are suggested examples service Three be created. can services ofoncollaborative the basis which of organisation informs thediversity shows classification this Services, ofIn Collaborative the Scenario collection. sample particular and is tolimited project this the research during observed of initiatives out of the diversity borne It was development. to moving toward sustainable regards potential andwith its inofthe wealth of innovation terms social is by exhaustive no means classification This development and possibly the implication of artefacts. specific andthe implication development possibly inof sustainable terms benefits qualities, and social induced relational potential users, for access allowwhich easier characteristics the solution’sdesign specific implementation, or the development the adoption gradual of its asolution, given warranted that context the initial in turn, should clarify, comments characters’ The or ofa service. user this the point the promoter who isof either offrom view is apresented character service Each in the household. functions everyday to applied as nature different its illustrates services one, aof sample typical for each inThen, and brief in essence. is described of organisation form daily each First, should we read it ? how it anddoes unfold, how enterprise: social Let’s ofnow enter the diffused the scenario development. and sustainable at lies the confineswhich social of innovation of design, thisdefinethat new application of guidelines a andseries enumerate service of the genesis a detail incollaborative greater so at wethat describe Wethe end can of questions topart will come back second this these and/or availability. commitment for isbut athat motivation, limited shows aware solutions topopulation these improving access whilst development ofin promising ofsolutions terms sustainable these the winning characteristics aims to procedure preserve mediation This observed. were that the solutions could redefine operation design is athat strategic hypothesis Our working are based. they upon which ofappeal the initiatives andthe greatest are that the cement also qualities the social services new collaborative these within how we can preserve importantly, above? Finally, and most the one as such adescribed population so reach wider they that services of these diffusion a are open Howandgreater accessible? we can envisage widely services to a collaborative pioneers, point where charismatic by extremely and spearheaded linked tocontexts often specific How we can the pointget beyond of initiatives, isolated development. are that more inlives sustainable line with in our everyday of organisation new forms lead could topotentially observed were that those of as such innovation social Cases services and collaborative Solutions Elaborate

Collaborative services I 47 Collaborative services I 48

102 92 82 72 62 52

Family Take-away 60 Micro-Nursery 58 Home Laundry 56 Second Hand Fashion Atelier 100 Green gardening 98 Wood atelier 96 S hopping Club 94 Private Car-Sharing 70 Co-Housing 68 Collective Rooms 66 Multi-user laundry 64 E-Stop 110 Product Time Sharing 108 Country Meal Subcription 106 Regional Markets 104 Direct Access Network Service Club Living Cook Book 90 Active Shopping List 88 Kids Clothing Chain 86 Neighbourhood Library 84 Elective CommunitY Extended Home Community Housing FootBus Tag The scenario of the collaborative services Kid House 80 Washing Restaurant 78 Open Handyshop 76 Party Place 74

54

Collaborative services I 49 Family like services I 50 and available appliances in the household… Family-like Services certain services and have the benefit of being “adopted” by a family. their own. Even young couples absorbed by their careers can use same area, an elderly person with reduced mobility or students on circle extends to include others: mostly singles wanting to live in the applicable (childcare, cooking, washing, shopping). The original family (available space, low-usage appliances, etc.) and the domestic skills The principle is to make use of the existing household structure others, like a restaurant. hosting a student; or families organizing meals around receiving her own at home; senior couples, whose children have moved out, organized by young mothers looking after two or three other children with hosting a relative. The most significant examples are home nurseries, such as looking after the children, preparing meals, washing clothes or This first set of solutions evolves from traditional household activities, provided through common family skills

Family like services I 51 Family like services I 52 involvement in mutual social responsibilities…” changes and acts as a pretext for individual system facilitates management of schedule responsibly within a group. For parents, the which also helps them learn how to function “For the children, the badge is like a game (qualities) status withinsurance companies…” forparents and children tosign. charter This improved our this, we alsoformalized thelegalaspects anddeveloped a of communicationforeachfamilygroup. Inorganizing allof where onecanorder badgesandestablishaspecificarea no onewouldbestressed! Now there isaFootbus web site their schedules,incaseofdelaysor absences. That way application sothatchildren andparents couldcoordinate communication system,soIdeveloped aspecific expensive…At workwe were distance employing ashort “At first we usedtextmessaging,butitbecametoo (system set-up) FootBus Tag parents can verify, avoiding anxieties. confirm that they are home so that working passing the house…In the evening the children parent chaperone’s badge will not flash when their badge, even at the last minute, and the delays. If a child is sick, they can disconnect begin flashing, thereby avoiding waits or approaches a home, the children’s badges if necessary…In the morning, as the Footbus day’s children and an itinerary to pick them up, calendar and receive a list of the following school: they subscribe to the Footbus web site accompanying their children to and from “A group of parents agree to take turns (accessibility) synchronizing the children and their chaperones…” families in taking children to and from school by “…The system facilitates mutual sharing by all of this…” developed the Footbus Tag system to simplify requires good organization from families…I and from school each day is simple, but it Taking turns bringing a group of children to (context)

neighbourhood...” generation turns to walking again with friends across the traffic congestion around schools and this “rear seat” their kids while driving to work. Instead it reduced is not significant because many people were dropping “The Footbus tends to reduce car transportation but that (benefits) last minute cancellations…” two buttons, one to confirm a pick up and the other for an emitting diode which flashes as children approach, plus neighbourhood. On the badges themselves there is simply sends out each day’s signals to all the badges within the absences or delays…At my home there is a transmitter that as a center to assign roles, find replacements, record without needing a network provider. The web site acts each one acting as a relay for information transmission, “The badges act on a peer-to-peer basis at 500 meters: (technical details) FOOTBUS TAG

peer-to-peer device facilitating the synchonisation of kids with the group passing by

supports parents in organisation and coordination

assists schedule changes and enhance the reliability of the service Family like services I 54 out, she’ll send me out to buy another one!” back on and if one of my shirts is too worn replace a button. Mrs. Mauritz will sew one so it’s also a bit like having a mother who can does it…I don’t pay much attention to clothes, “It’s like a professional cleaner: but a family (qualities) Home Laundry tickets that are bought at the Town Hall.” lost or mixed up. Payments are made with clothes and are marked so that nothing gets ironed clothes. They are also used to wash the inside-out in order to protect the clean and are used to transport dirty laundry, then turned to one’s home and receives 3 cloth sacks which “One subscribes to the Home Laundry closest (accessibility) them to provide services to their neighbours.” or dry clothes and space for ironing…and to use appliances, like a washing machine, an area to hang a family who already is in possession of domestic “…The solution lies with with the Mauritz family in my own building.” my laundry… I prefer the Home Laundry system fine, but not going to the laundromat to do “Cooking for myself in my student’s studio was (context) machines. couples that don’t have the space or need for washing ce. It’s certainly practical for students, the elderly or young service for three or four single people, more if there is spa do 3 to 4 loads of laundry per week. It provides laundry or two children…who has all the equipment but may only The Home Laundry is often with a family that has only one (benefits) - HOME LAUNDRY family providing clothes cleaning services for singles

mother-like attention

intensifies the use of the family clothing care appliances Family like services I 56 and the children are also friends in the area.” In addition, the parents are close, can get there on foot children, eliminating the need for much added equipment. what they would normally do, with the addition of 2 or 3 children. It is not a professional activity but an extension of “Micro-Nurseries are established by families with young (benefits) help with problems…” there is now supervision to ensure viability and reconstruct everything from the beginning, the experience of others. Without having to except that newer initiatives now profit from person initiative, like me when I started… conserving the system as a local, person-to- Organization has done a good job at with mutual trust. The National Childhood parents who want to establish a collaboration nursery: first it is an agreement between “It has nothing to do with a professional (qualities) Micro Nursery attention and start the follow up…” the national Childhood Organization give their families, and only when all are committed will to take. Then you make contact with all the the requirements necessary and the steps about everything you need to know, outlines their own. You receive a kit that informs you children or enrol themselves in order to start can either find an available spot for their has established a web site where families “Now the National Childhood Organization (accessibility) permanent quality control for each center…” new service, basic training, a help-desk and in one’s home, like a starting kit to organize the elements to create a domestic childcare center Organization which provides all the necessary promoted by the National Childhood “…the system is needs by creating Micro-Nursery…” not afford not to work…so I combined the two whom I wanted to care for full time, but I could “I arrived in Belgium with two young children (context)

their support system…” their support turn ourideasand initiatives intoanetworkproject under contacted me,along withothermicro-nursery organizers, to everyone. OnedaytheNationalChildhood Organization I eventually putalltheinformation inaBlogopento problems.same systemforthem,ortosolve particular other mothersapproached meforhelpinsettingupthe families inspired by otherexistingsystems. Littleby little “I setupmyhomechildcare systemwith3interested (system set-up) MICRO-NURSERIES

babycare services in a domestic and family environment

agreement between parents in sharing equipment and socialising

official service organiser providing advice, training and ensuring reliability Family like services I 58 whole lot for one family…” work: cooking for 2 or 3 people more doesn’t change a appliances and kitchen equipment, but also to economize “The principal interest is to reduce the dependence on (benefits) an ageing uncle or a sister-in-law…” same street where one might deliver soup to being amongst a large family, living on the person, or someone who is sick. It is a bit like sometimes also deliver a meal to an elderly who might normally eat alone at night…We is easy to add a place for a student or two many family’s homes the table is large, so it “The dishes are made to take away, but in (qualities) Family Take-away day ready to use again.” Washed containers are brought back the next to pick up between 19:00 and 20:30 hours. time…Prices are fixed and dinners are ready agrees to communicate his needs ahead of person; or 3 times a week for a student who for instance, dinners every day for an elderly “Family Take Away functions like a membership: (accessibility) single people in the neighbourhood…” portions when they cook to deliver to several and breakfast: one family prepares 3 or 4 extra “…The system is based on the principle of a bed the idea of Family Take Away was born!” would cook a little more than usual… and that is how and also delivered some pre-cooked dishes: my wife could do her shopping for her. Of course we accepted, mother had twisted her ankle. He was asking if we “One day our neighbour’s son came to us because his (context) insurance…” a year andclientsare covered by theirown family One musthave asanitaryinspectiondonetwice forwhichone pays amoderatesupportive, tax. isrecognized associally service family support the legalsystemdealingwithdomestic aid:a business withsolittle…We foundacategoryin a dishes allofasudden,norcouldwe start income…but we sellingextra couldn’t juststart “We realized thatitcouldsupplementour (system set-up) FAMILY TAKE-AWAY

dinner is prepared for the family and for some extra singles living in the neighbourhood portions will be picked-up by students or delivered to elderly people nearby

more people are living off the same family kitchen equipment Community housing I 60 Community Housing based on habitat infrastructure to facilitate the sharing of domestic services and resources…

This second set of solutions focuses on forms of organization by households that are in close proximity – i.e. in the same village, neighbourhood or building – in order to facilitate the sharing of resources and provide mutual help. Typical examples are - in a rural context: eco-villages organized into cooperatives to promote and provide ecological building, organic food production and/or renewable energy. In an urban context: co-housing situations where gardens, child play spaces, dining facilities, recreational areas, guest bedrooms, laundry facilities and even cars and parking spaces are commonly shared. Spaces, both shared and rented, and goods both privately owned and leased out are complementary to private living. They are managed by the community under formal agreements and make daily family life easier, more functional and efficient. Community housing I 62 dry to free up the machine…” the machine, such as,‘I put your laundry out to not unusual to find a message, displayed on they know each other and are used to it: it’s dared touch the laundry of someone else…Now bag to avoid mixing them up. At first no one “Each resident puts their laundry in a netting (qualities) Multi-user laundry and costs…” managing pay-per-use service, maintenance duty, with an ergonomic design and made for is to say for multiple users. They are heavy- designed specifically for collective use - that industrial machines for domestic use: they are simply appliances for multiple users or semi- computer. In addition, the machines are not that users can reserve times from their home one is accessible on line via the Internet so “These machines are true computers: each (accessibility) use and maintenance of the machines…” coordinating users and optimizing the maximum use machines, and is designed for collective use, “…The system is based on two or three pay-per- User Laundry. It’s cleaner than my bathroom!” space ourselves and built an efficient Multi- one wanted to use them. So we renovated the place in the basement that smelled moldy: no two old washing machines in a dark, damp “When I arrived in our building, there were (context) environmental performance…” maintenance and upkeep of machines assures maximum is sufficient for 10 families; each load is optimized; the of washing clothes on various levels: three machines “A Multi-User Laundry reduces the environmental impact (benefits) machine at maximum efficiency.” functioning, which both fulfills your need and runs the add their laundry and the machine waits until then before machine relays this information to others who can then the machine when you’d like your laundry back. The to fill a load, you can put your bag in and indicate on capacity, so if you do not, say, have enough dark laundry functions: for example, they have a semi-professional “The machines are programmed towards rather original (technical details) MULTI-USER LAUNDRY washing machine managing pay-per- use for a condominium

interface designed to optimise the washload before start and stimulate collaboration between neighbours Community housing I 64 apartment and collective spaces” pass keeping balance between their private while repainting it... People meet there or only together; moving a part of your apartment training; having children do their homework do-it-yourself activities; organising gym overnight for a birthday party; performing into new practices: having the whole family how the existence of available space triggers use of the common space)and it’s amazing “In the building everybody makes a different (qualities) expand theco-housing phenomenon…” housing needs. These projects alsohelp minor transformations tomeet co- space isefficientbecauseitonlyneeds intoacollective existing apartment Therefore, thissolution ofturningan habitat stylechangesvery slowly. “New housingisbuiltevery year, but (benefits) Collective Rooms necessary for classic shared living.” families we cover all the aspects and needs and maintenance. With one apartment per ten money collected allows us to pay for cleaning bedrooms at night for invited guests…and the an entire space – say, for parties – or for use of with special fees or supplements for usage of fully equipped office…Rent is equally shared reservation and fixed hours for access to the room and library, the laundry facility through usage of each space: free access for living “Co-operative charters establish the type of (accessibility) towards a housing cooperative…” places and slowly evolve the existing building apartments as common spaces, to allow collective “…The principle rests with establishing one or more tenants rent the space out for Collective Rooms…” years ago, we proposed that all of the remaining apartment became available in our building two an adapted habitat infrastructure…When an Sharing resources with neighbours requires (context)

COLLECTIVE ROOMS

former private spaces are rented collectively and turned into gathering spaces

meeting places to socialise between neighbours

collective spaces with shared resources Community housing I 66 not.” actually end up in the housing co-operative or of certain situations in advance, whether we We evaluate ideas, placing ourselves in or out give everyone encouragement and comfort… a common ground for the project that helps process is fundamental because it establishes “Even if it takes a long time, the seminal (qualities) game room for kids or the party space…” game room forkidsorthe party infrastructuressocial results from likethecommon certain additional bedrooms orascreening room. We seepositive and utilities…Now we are seeingnewpossibilities,such as laundryfacilities economical, withshared transportation, co-operative andwe really seethebenefits:certainly “It’s beenthree years sincewe moved intoourhousing (benefits) Co-Housing building…” and it can now start the process towards group of interested people more consolidated interested parties quit. This leaves the core the orientation of the project and the less progress, some may feel uncomfortable with architect and account expert… As discussions to further the project with a specialized common resources… Subscription fees serve details on line, such as place, type of habitat, “First people subscribe, then they discuss (accessibility) establishment of a community project…” enough to support the discussion, development and in co-housing and establish a cooperative group large interested parties, guide them towards participating “…The principle of the system is to find the most housing project.” within two years we were at the head of a new Little by little we entered into the market and housing cooperative, so I checked into it. an announcement about the formation of a “When I was looking to buy a house I saw (context)

CO-HOUSING

a community is first formed on-line to shape the sharing project

experts are appointed to formalise the project and the agreement between the parties

after this seminal process, the core group finally have the construction started Community housing I 68 of vehicles according to the demand.” sharing business adds or subtracts the number system at their own convenience. The car- between tenants: people enter and exit the the flexibility of the system that helps relations one not to have to own a vehicle. But it’s truly home with easy personal access truly allows “A readily available car-sharing next to your (qualities) cars andestablishmore car-sharing locationsintown…” sharing businesstomaximize turn-over of newgroups of to someoneelseintheneighbourhood. This allows thecar- by oneofthebuilding’s tenants,itcan bemadeavailable systemisnotexclusive: ifavehicle“The isnotbeingused (benefits) Private Car-Sharing vehicles - all without having to organize it…” maintenance, registration and replacement of vehicles: reservations via mobile telephone, We benefit from professionally managed or several parking spaces near your building. “It’s like a classic car-sharing, but with one (accessibility) everyone in the building…” professional organization and is available to more vehicles by a car-sharing service that assures “…The system is based on the availability of one or flexible…” on our hands…Personal Car Sharing is more sometimes find ourselves with a vehicle or two usually goes OK until someone leaves, then we of a particular building is work, but everything “Practising car-sharing between the inhabitants (context)

PRIVATE CAR SHARING

a group of tenants willing to use collective vehicles a professional car-sharing company is appointed to manage the service car deposit points are made available close to the building but also accessible to other users in the neighbourhood Extended home I 70 Extended Home where some of the household functions are fulfilled through collective infrastructures in the neighbourhood…

This third set of solutions covers services within walking distance that cover certain household functions. For example, the municipality makes certain public land available, for those who don’t have any, for a community garden; a space where the elderly can gather together for meals; a private collective that provides a space where children can come and play together. The common denominator is going beyond the boundaries of traditional, private household space. It is a periphery of spaces in the neighbourhood - between public shops, frequented mostly by local people, and private spaces collectively managed - that provide extra services and enrich family life. These areas are perceived as extensions of the family household, resulting in a more friendly and lively atmosphere in the streets. Extended home I 72 respect it more also…” the space on the day of the party… and they to complete the equipment. They clean up important. People also bring things from home everyone is a partial owner of everything is or push them aside for dancing… The fact that play together, parents discuss at the tables, large family room that once existed; children center… We feel a bit at home there, like in a “It is neither a restaurant nor a community (qualities) Party Place make at home…” they don’t have the possibility to Many cook on site and prepare dishes that space are done in advance on an Internet site. management and upkeep. Reservations for the the day of use which goes toward the rent, silverware and platters… the rest pay a fee on a few others brought the necessary dishes, chairs, the stove came from another one and fifteen families, some of whom contributed “Party Place is a co-operative with around (accessibility) use occasionally.” that we don’t have in small city apartments or that we only birthday parties… which require space, chairs, plates, etc… activities, such as social gatherings, family reunions, neighbourhood to use for domestic “The idea is to provide spaces in the neighbourhood…” small apartment with Gilles, I got the idea to start Party Place in the of chairs around their dining room table! So when I moved into a people today only invite a few others… mostly according to the number the entire family and often there were twenty or thirty people. Most “At my home, when I was little, we often had large parties. We’d reunite (context) access toothers…” to honetheuseas atestrun…thenslowly expanded the spacewithacore group ofthemost motivated itoff… some fundsinorderWe tostart firstopened through the Town Hall,found aspaceandborrowed Ilegalized theproject and intentionsforparticipation. to-door talkingtopeople,researching theirneeds business plan,visitedlocalenterprises andwent door- Imadeareal itself andworkonuserparticipation. equipped witheverything needed thatwouldpayfor bet,atthebeginning,wasto establishaspace “The (system set-up) a club space for a group of elderly people…” since it is not used as much during the week, it doubles as children can invite all their classmates for birthdays… And neighbourhood, families will reunite together in the space, in the garage… Above all, people will hold parties in the is only used once during the year, or a stock of chairs “Materially we no longer need a 24 place service which (benefits) PARTY PLACE

a collective space is organised in the neighbourhood

people rent it for special events space and equipment are available for large family gatherings Extended home I 74 no one forgets to clean up.” makes sure everyone works safely and that a bit like working in your own workshop: he time necessary, even if it’s a few minutes. It’s various projects and can rent out tools for the knows what you need. He gives advice to the “What he doesn’t have, he orders, but he (qualities) Open Handyshop clientele highly loyal.” this supports its business and keeps the supplies are bought from the same merchants: stock. In addition to the rental of space, the and if we need something else, it’s there in necessary. We only pay for the screws we use on at home, but there are all the materials projects that we don’t have the space to work “Not only is there a workshop to work on (accessibility) owner.” can get advice from the shop is available in the back where you any other hardware store, but a do-it-yourself space what it sells: you can find tools and materials like in offers space to use “…It’s a shop that the neighbourhood Open Handyshop.” to refinish them, nor the space…So I went to dorm…But I didn’t have the materials or tools “ I found some old furniture for my student’s (context) consuming less.” oneself: people repair and transform objects, therefore advice…promotes more confidence to take on tasks materials. The convenience of location, immediate available reduces the need to purchase and store tools and “This type of business, open to outside users, considerably (benefits) OPEN HANDYSHOP a hardware shop offers a space for do- ityourself work tools and equipment are available for rent or for sale

the shop keeper is always there to give advice Extended home I 76 always find someone to eat with…” of intimacy… Even if I go alone sometimes, I’ll also going out to a local spot: It creates a sort thing. It’s a curious mix of doing a chore while encounter other neighbours doing the same the Washing Restaurant. We eat there and with our laundry baskets of dirty clothes to “Gilles and I go one or two nights a week (qualities) Washing Restaurant laundry…” to perform. While I’m eating I can be doing and require about the same amount of time in common, but could be compatible time wise activities that don’t necessarily have anything my clothes. Here the solution is combining two other things while the machine was washing If I had a washing machine at home I’d do “I don’t have the time to go to the laundromat. (accessibility) basement of the restaurant is a laundry facility…” come eat while our laundry is being washed: in the just like things take place at home. Here we can “…This solution combines a number of services, machine, I go to the Washing Restaurant…” house…So, for example, I don’t have a washing business is done in the open, around the country where some of my domestic, personal mean literally, like in a small village or in the “I like feeling at home in my neighbourhood…I (context) neighbourhood…” the area, outside one’s home, which makes for a lively machine at home. It also generates social activity in “It’s really folks like us who don’t need a washing (benefits) WASHING RESTAURANT an eating place at a walking distrance from home

a place combining washing while socialising with neighbours

offering clothing care facilities in the basement Extended home I 78 kids and adolescents can hang out…” but it is more a place where neighbourhood come from time-to-time with their younger kids, sells certain materials or fruit juice. Parents can other than an adult who “holds the fort” and they leave. There isn’t organized supervision, they must clean up and put things away before responsible: they can’t do just anything and “The kids must be autonomous and (qualities) Kid House school, vacation days and in the evenings…” toys. There is an annual fee and it is open after clay, etc. But they bring their own materials and music or be messy, like painting, working with with tools, which might make a noise or make friends. They can go there to work on projects nor a game library: kids go there to join their “The Kid House is neither a baby sitting area (accessibility) they can play safely together…” second room, larger, just around the corner where children can have autonomous access. It’s like a “…The system is built around a space where local to the Kid House to meet their friends…” up a bit and want independence, they now go to play is limited… and since they have grown sleep in the same room, therefore even space “My apartment is pretty small. My children (context) outside of one’s home which stimulates social interaction!” through their kids, families get acquainted. It is a space interesting aspect is the neighbourhood connection there: and three computers for internet access. But the most “The shared materials are tables, chairs, painting easels (benefits) KID HOUSE an outside playroom at a walking distance from home a place to go alone safely to find friends and organise collective games or messy activities Elective communities I 80 Elective Community where circles of people organize to provide mutual help…

This fourth set of solutions is based upon small and medium sized circles of people interested in exchanging local services and goods. Typical examples of these circles are organized trading systems which exchange labor based upon time spent; people in the same neighbourhood involved in the cleaning, maintenance and improvement of its living conditions; larger networks exchanging second hand books and organizing discussion groups on line between readers… Elective communities are a middle ground between the trust building, personal relationships and spontaneous exchanges that take place because of close physical proximity; and the chosen affinity resulting from a common interest, convergence of views or objectives. Beyond family and friends, they constitute additional layers of the social fabric that provide tangible services, but also a strong feeling of belonging, identity and support. Elective communities I 82 same reliable system of borrowing…” from hand to hand but always through the others, or you to them. And the books pass it. They talk to you about it and will suggest the best advisers. They keep a book if they like but also a means to discussion. Owners are “It is not just a way to make books available, (qualities) membership cards…” all we neededtodowasputeverything on lineandprint the onlinecatalogue,to‘BookOwner Address.’ Afterthat very little:we switchedtheline‘BookShelf Location’ in convincing andeasilymanaged. We modifiedthesoftware so thatmyNeighbourhoodLibrary wouldbeviable, researched management software forsmall,locallibraries a borrowing systeminplaceisasensitive subject…SoI “People generally are attached totheirbooksandputting (system set-up) Neighbourhood Library forget…” weeks. There are reminders and even fees if we we can go to pick it up…We must return it in 3 has it, if it is checked out or not and where library: we search for a book, find out who web site. As such, this functions like a classic accessible on the Neighbourhood Library they agree to lend out in the catalogue “Each new member must register the books (accessibility) with the structure of a professional library…” library from books that are found in people’s homes, “…The principle is based on the formation of a Library.” avoid problems I developed a Neighbourhood to run after people to get them back…So to but with the sole condition that I don’t have “I love books. I am OK with lending them out, (context)

exchanges between people is enriched as a consequence…” people access to the best collections. The quality of cheap or popular literature, Neighbourhood Library gives Contrary to book exchange pools, where you mostly find shelves, but normally dare not ask them to part with. “We place value on the books that lie dormant on people’s (benefits) NEIGHBOURHOOD LIBRARY

a library based on neighbours lending their own books to eachother

a professional software manages booking and tracking

owners are advising their best books in complete safety Elective communities I 84 another child in the neighbourhood.” and eventually an item will be seen again on Other children have enjoyed them before its personality: the clothing is not anonymous. jumper!’ This is what really gives the system in this box,’ or ‘My daughter loves the pink put comments – ‘Not enough warm clothes wear…it helps them choose…and we sometimes child user with the clothing that they like to “On the box we often put a photo of each (qualities) Kids Clothing Chain compensation for their usage.” clothing well maintained, almost like monetary on the box and is responsible for keeping the replaced. Each wearer of clothing is identified clothing becomes too used or soiled it is of clothing of the same size or age. Once pool. You choose a box with an assortment one’s own clothes to the general clothing “Registration is done simply by bringing (accessibility) other as if they were in a large family.” can participate. Kids “inherit” clothes from each between siblings. Everyone in the neighbourhood “…The system replicates the borrowing of clothes mothers.” about Kids Clothing Chain from one of the task… While starting my home nursery, I heard “Clothing my children on one salary is no easy (context) item is reusable right up to the point of being replaced.” all these clothes that no longer fit and accumulate. Each before. Economically it is incomparable…We no longer have don’t wear everything, we still buy far fewer clothes than “Maybe we don’t like everything in our box…but even if we (benefits) KIDS CLOTHING CHAIN

childrens clothing passing from one kid to another

boxes based on sets of clothes are exchanged in the neighbourhood clothing is maintained and progressively renewed by each participating family Elective communities I 86 track the reliable people…” rendered. There is also a system to record and clearly communicated and the payment is them directly in social contact: the favor is hesitate in helping is the system which puts us almost nothing. What helps people to not offer a service to someone that really costs “Basically what motivates people is to freely (qualities) who doesn’t…” who isretired and has extra timewillshopforsomeone well bringsomethinghometosomeoneolder, orsomeone aged… Everyone uses it: those who are very busy might very care forthosewhoare notasmobile,eitherhandicappedor maximizing theuseoftrips.Itisalso awaytofacilitatethe interest istoeconomize movement“The withinthecityby ((benefits) Active Shopping List number of people going…” or from a more distant shop, to reduce the people like me who cannot get around easily, could you…?’ …It could be in the area, for someone is going to such-and-such a store, bread?’; ‘I need a low-wattage light bulb’; ‘If list of requests: ‘Could you pick me up some contact the Active Shopping List to receive a “When we are in a particular shop we simply (accessibility) system we have access to people’s shopping lists..” something for you: through an electronic message a neighbour who is going shopping to pick up “…The system is inspired by the basic act of asking I use the Active Shopping List…” one’s window in order to ask them a favour…so doesn’t often see people passing in front of go shopping…and living in an apartment one “If we have bad legs it is difficult for us to (context) someone were to be on foot…” urgency, similar types of products or even by quantity, if their home addresses; but they can also be classified by categorized by both the location of individuals and by someone know they can meet one. Shopping lists are through text messages. Users either post requests or let “The information system is based on a central data base (technical details) ACTIVE SHOPPING LIST users asking for a shopping favour are posting their demand

one can access a list of shopping demands according to the shop where he is

demands can be ranked by urgency, distance from home or weight to carry Elective communities I 88 ingredients…” suggesting certain merchants she goes to for their personal tricks through demonstration, or is a real, live person who will also show you to see how it is done…I like that because it but occasionally I have gone to the person “Most of the time reading the recipe is enough, (qualities) Living Cook Book cook’s personal information.” A new recipe is published each week with the home to record the recipe and take a photo. Someone from the journal goes to the person’s ten compliments in order to be published. principle of popular opinion: one needs “The Living Cook Book functions on the (accessibility) them and ask advice or even go see them personally…” contact information, in a local journal, so we can call people know how to make: they are published, with “…It’s an accumulation of recipes based on dishes that and talk about them…” recipes from people who can demonstrate them is why I like the Living Cook Book: we learn watching my mother and grandmother…which “I’m a good cook…I learned traditional methods (context) creates confidence for many people…” people an identity: they are no longer anonymous and it of your neighbours are great cooks, I think it also gives “Aside from the delight of finding out that one or more (benefits) LIVING COOK BOOK

a cook book based on what skilled cooks in the neighbourhood are excellent at one recipe is published weekly in the local paper the contact of the cook enables calling him or her for advice and even to drop by if necessary Services club I 90 Service Club based upon open workshops and the involvement of passionate amateurs in supporting and recruiting newcomers…

This fifth series of solutions covers forms of open clubs where members support themselves mutually in the fulfillment of one particular activity. Examples of these clubs are bicycle repair workshops offering tools, infrastructure, spare parts and guidance to their members. Others are dedicated to the restoration and repair of furniture within the structure of a wood workshop, the recuperation of building materials and a system to help give aid to people working in their homes, or similar organizations focusing on gardening, cooking, do-it-yourself projects or sewing. These clubs are open, in the sense that they work on a free involvement basis: senior members provide help to new participants who, in turn, will repeat the process when they are more confident with future new members. Permanent staff is reduced to a minimum and structure maintained. Services club I 92 recipes and ingredients…” helps him focus entirely on the choice of frees him from most organizational tasks and Shopping Club host uses an organizer that shopping. To help with the shopping, each we have any guests, so they can plan their to let them know how many are eating, or if “We don’t order from the club…we only need (qualities) it liststhetotalcostforeachfamily.” purchase listforeachmerchant. Oncetheshoppingisdone, each family. Inthemarketplace theorganizer compilesa diets. Itcontainsthespecifications given orupdated by quantities intoconsideration aswell asspecifictastesand organizer defines theuseofeachingredient,“The taking (technical data) Shopping Club cooking.” explain their use and help give advice for help us discover what they have purchased, before dinner for around a half hour and they habits into consideration. We go by their house but still keeping each family’s tastes, diets and shopping, applying their specific culinary ideas, 4 or 5 members for whom they will do the who knows food and cooking. They support “The Shopping Club is formed around a host (accessibility) ingredients with specific culinary advice…” eating habits by combining the selection of quality “…The club reinforces the distribution of good day affair…” eating healthy and balanced meals is an every I stop for a while at the Shopping Club because once a week is superfluous… On the way home “A kitchen club where one does extra cooking (context)

SHOPPING CLUB

the participants drop by every evening to collect their ingredients

the club host suggests a recipe and advises on how to proceed

he shops everyday for 3-5 families matching fresh and inspiring ingredients with their specific requirements Services club I 94 even offer them as gifts.” up to each participant to exchange hours or they spend giving or receiving advice. Then it’s the electronic key: they log in how many hours Each user has an account of hours, linked to eventually is able to pass on that information. that each person learns from others and “The Wood Atelier is based upon the notion (qualities) person.” like apilot’s log,inorder tofollow theexperience ofeach It registers thetimeandtype ofusageeachmachine, users have earnedthrough aspecialcourseorlesson. machinesthat shop. Italsoauthorizes accesstocertain electronic basically toaccessthe keysystemserves “The (technical data) Wood Atelier with their key.” safety and insurance reasons, are accessible particular participant is qualified to use, for use of equipment. Only the machines that a general access to the space, but limits the through an electronic key system that permits “Access to the Wood Atelier is organized accessibility) experience of the others…” providing a space where people can benefit from the taking into account the skill level of each user and carpentry workshop, meeting the personal needs and “…The system allows gradual access to a professional weekends.” available to the public in the evenings and on the owner decided to make the workshop to help pay for the space and machines, “I work for a carpentry company and in order (context) management low thanks to the electronic key system.” a large population of users, while keeping the costs of covers parts of the cost of a professional facility through also can’t do quality work without the facility. This service “One doesn’t need to do carpentry every day, but we (benefits) WOOD ATELIER a professional carpentry compensates for part of its costs by opening access to private users a user key manages access rights to the machines and to ensure safety it logs usage time on the basis of which the user will be billed Services club I 96 neighbours counting on me to grow them…” back with 18 types of tomatoes…and as many the best local varieties. The other day I came space. Everyone benefits from information on and there are plants all over the public garden plant for a plant! The greenhouse overflows “In April & May it’s a real exchange fair: a (qualities) Green gardening better there…” to their garden to find out why it might grow advice geared to the area so we can also go therefore, knows about it. They generally put identity of the person who grew it and who, with stickers attached to each one giving the People come, they exchange plants and leave greenhouse in one of the city’s public gardens. “Green Gardening takes place in a small accessibility) by gardeners…” through information provided and exchanged ecological gardening by getting to know plants “…The principle is based on the sharing of Gardening House.” fertilizer… So, I signed up for the Green don’t often get results, so I simply add more know-how is often lost… I, for example, “More and more people are gardening, but (context) blooming much more than before!” of local varieties, not to mention that the neighbourhood is biological production. It also helps us discover the gamma “The Green Gardening House encourages organically grown (benefits) GREEN GARDENING sharing point for plants and advices on local ecological gardening participants offers seeds and slip they grow for exchange good tips and local varieties are circulating in the neighbourhood Services club I 98 atelier!” of personal styles transformed right here in the twice a year we now organize a fashion show their clothing themselves. As a promotion, interest in the possibilities of transforming found that people enjoyed taking a personal clothing and calculating what the cost is, we “Besides the basic need to refit a piece of (qualities) Second Hand Fashion Atelier swap their used clothes…” a “clothing exchange” session where people courses for groups. Each week there is even services we usually provide. We also give project and, of course, all of the custom full hour; advising and supervising with a specific renting the space and machine use by the “There are different formulas for participation: (accessibility) second hand clothing…” facility for the adjustment, repair or transformation of “…The structure offers access to a professional tailoring Second Hand Fashion Atelier…” wanted to sew, or learn to sew; so I started a I decided to open the atelier to others who small atelier. To help pay for my investment “I am a clothing designer and tailor with a (context) shifts between our own work, supervising andteaching…” shifts between ourown work,supervising evening andweekends. We are now three tailorswhorotate demand grew soIhadtoorganize: theatelierisopenevery do itthemselves! Atfirstthey came from timetotime,but transform theirclothing…so Iproposed thattheylearnto too expensive fortheaverage personwhostillwantedto clothes anddecreasing demands foradjustments.Iwasjust “As atailorIwasgettinglessorders for“custom made” (system set-up)

à-porter - made to fit everyone, but personal to no one.” interest in custom clothes, as opposed to simply buying prêt- other. Transforming used clothing renews peoples personal We also create a system of mutual aide: people help each we reduce the need for purchasing new clothes. “Through repairing, recuperating and transforming clothing (benefits) SECOND HAND FASHION ATELIER a tailor offering rented access to her professional equipement teaching sewing classes and advising beginners promoting second hand fashion and clothes swapping Direct access network I 100 Direct Access Network where people organize to get products and services directly, cutting out the middle service sector…

This sixth series of solutions includes all of the direct relationships between producers and consumers for the purchase or exchange of goods. The most typical examples are solidarity purchase groups where neighbourhood communities organize to buy their food in bulk directly from local farms, getting both quality and fair trade relationships. Reciprocally, local organic food producers take the initiative to deliver orders directly to the client in the city. Second hand exchange systems between customers are organized through radio networks or Internet web sites. Unlike the previous series or clusters, these networks may cover larger areas, like entire towns and their suburban surroundings for regional food delivery. But even with more distant territories the personal relationships are always characterized by direct contact, with no or fewer intermediaries and people-to people agreements based upon mutual trust. Direct access network I 102 daily life, on the market place, in the streets…” channel to start projects that may develop in neighbour… and goes to see them. It’s a the area… one recognizes a building, or a of major events, but of people who are from it is a television program that doesn’t speak come in and talk to us directly. As a result, contact us with new ideas and leads, even “Our audience is our best reporter… They (qualities) program onthestation…” audience andnow Regional Marketsisthemostpopular ofproductsperspective thatinterested the toallsorts grew outofthe“culinary tourist” phaseandenlarged our goods, andwhere onecould acquire them.Eventually we an audiencebecausewe concentrated onlocallyproduced a cabletelevisionstationinthearea. We quicklygained “I begantoproduce aprogram onlocalproducts through (system set-up) Regional Markets motivated locals…” program reaches thousands of interested, and giving visibility to start-ups. Our half-hour we really do make a difference in supporting pharmaceutical prescriptions… As a local media, sharing, purchase groups, home delivery of local organizations and activities, like car- service” between people and show lots of materials… We even organize an “exchange manufacturers, kitchen equipment, construction markets: organic foods, small clothing existed. We review all sorts of different were local but that you may not have known central theme of discovering resources which “We diversified the program but kept the (accessibility) companies producing them…” transport and consumers can speak directly with the directly from the manufacturers, cutting out intermediaries, which are locally made. These products are available “…This local TV channel gives visibility to all the products the channel Regional Markets…” discover the world around us… So I manage window into distant world. It helps us also to We have to use present media: television is a (context)

people and products” economy of the region, therefore reducing outflow of interests and purchases of local inhabitants towards the financial aid. The primary benefits are in redirecting the financed by documentary-style advertising and regional “At its base it is an association with a small budget, (benefits) REGIONAL MARKETS shopping channel promoting regional products raising critical mass of interested participants for starting local projects and giving visibility to producers and initiatives Direct access network I 104 recipes.” I get from cooking… She personalizes the with her, but also my tastes and the pleasure a dietician by trade. I discussed my diet needs vegetable and also orders other products. She’s always been a farmer. He grows fruits and kilometers from here. A couple started it: he’d where the products came from. It’s about 25 “When I first joined I went to visit the farm Qualities: (qualities) Country Meal Subcription following…” all healthy and approved for the diet we are ingredients and recipes which, we know, are following a specific diet: we receive fresh Subscription we don’t feel like we are actually tempted away from it… so with Country Meal When we go shopping, sometimes we are when the entire family doesn’t need it. “Following a special diet is not easy, especially (accessibility) foods, specially chosen by a dietician…” delivery of cooking ingredients, products and organic “The system is based upon a subscription for the weekly my work, I use Country Meal Subscription…” have a lot of time to shop for myself, due to weight, because of my heart, and since I don’t I have to be careful not to put on too much “I like to prepare meals… and also to eat! But (context) hands with very little waste, right up to the casserole…” system which puts specific, healthy, organic foods into our someone we trust to choose for us. It is a distribution asking the advice of a chef at a restaurant: we consult Subscription might seem an anomaly. In fact it’s more like “In the supermarket world of infinite choice, Country Meal (benefits) COUNTRY MEAL SUBSCRIPTION a dietetic service promoted by a farmer couple a vegetable box of organic products is delivered every week recipes and diet requirements are matched according to seasonal ingredients available Direct access network I 106 neighbours who are also do-it-yourselfers.” help make relationships more bonding with anything damaged. Both of these elements the same time there is an insurance that covers person-to-person basis through mutual trust. At Then loans and exchanges are done on a first, puts neighbours in touch with each other. in good condition…Product Time Sharing, at not using and being assured it will be returned “It is as simple as lending something we are (qualities) accidental damage… hoursanddetermine replacements; insurance incaseof borrowed andatoolusagelogtotrack totalusage tracking procedure tohelpensure respect forthetime puts owners inpriority, thenworksinprogress, etc.;auser tool atalocationclosetoyou; abookingsystem which beingableto findtheright a professional leasingservice: Product “The Time Sharingsystemutilizes alltheaspectsof (technical data) Product Time Sharing needs…” can even choose the model that best suits your isn’t just one near you, but five or six and you home address. So when you need a drill there to a pool of equipment available around your Product Time Sharing web site. It is then added the item, or to register it directly on the “It’s easy to simply fill out a form describing (accessibility) rent per hour around the neighbourhood...” into the system, and they are immediately proposed for own but don’t use regularly. One just needs to submit tools “...the service allows anyone to lease equipment that they Product Time Sharing…” purchase. So I’ve become an adamant user of if possible, in order to offset the cost of around: I prefer making it useful to others, “When I buy a tool I’d rather it didn’t just sit (context) area…” the systemorganizes itslocationandtimeavailability inthe time use. We register adrill,forexample,andautomatically basis, anyequipmentthattheyown butdonotputto full allows anyone toputuse,onaleasing “…The service (system set-up)

need…” no need to get the car to go buy or find the tools we Since it is local, it is also like leasing convenience: available and increases the time they are in use. “The system makes all kinds of equipment (benefits) PRODUCT TIME SHARING products available for micro-leasing in the neighbourhood the service includes on-line booking and insurance contributes to offset price and intensify use Direct access network I 108 that were just broadcast.” so drivers and riders can talk about the groups people are listening to the same radio station, enough participants. What’s fun is that most their vehicles we were quickly able to acquire that were transmitted while people were in broadcasts local bands. With the messages idea of involving a local radio station that more toward younger people…So we had the “I wanted to start an E-Stop that was geared (qualities) user profiles.” each user’s accounts andpersonalsettings,matching by handforthepickup. There isalsoamenuthat manages Pedestrians anddrivers thenconfirmandsignaleachother matches requests andoffers, thenproposes solutions. meters ofthelocationreceives thesignal. The system a sectorandlaunchesthesearch. Every devicewithin150 zones whichrepresent major sectors.Onesimplychooses “On screen there is asmallmapofthecity, separated into (technical data) E-Stop their sector.” also put out offers that are sent throughout device and can then pick you up. Drivers can the driver receives the request on his or her there are, you send a request signal. In the car, if there are any vehicles that can take you. If an intersection and the device searches to see knowing which one! With E-Stop, one waits at same destination as you are. The problem is, boulevards: at least one is going to the “Hundreds of automobiles pass by on certain stickers for cars…” letters to send out to employees of local businesses, started: town sponsorship, brochures for distribution, on the site there are many suggestions to get the service up anyone can order a device. We started with friends and application to conform directly to our town. Once it is set new start-ups. I opened an account and configured the “On the E-Stop web site there is everything necessary for (system set up) (accessibility) who are going to the same destinations…” is to say it puts pedestrians directly in touch with drivers hitch hiking: it is a system of peer-to-peer connection, that “…This small communication device allows one to do urban live…” our own E-Stop service in the small town where I local E-Stop…So when I returned to Finland I started outside the urban public system, we subscribed to the internship and in order to facilitate transportation, “I spent 6 months in London doing my post-graduate (context)

the beginning…” ride with other women. This option builds confidence in whom to ride with. Many women, for example, prefer to There are also enough participants so that one can choose the first time, traffic actually facilitates mobility on foot! more vehicles that participate, the more efficient it is: for “It fills vehicles that otherwise circulate almost empty. The (benefits) E-STOP a peer-to-peer system matches drivers with people on foot destinations are indicated by town areas and precise dropping points are agreed between users pedestrians just wait at the crossing to get a lift Collaborative services I 110 solutions beyond their own specific functionality. specific own their beyond solutions various the together binds which fabric, social secondary a have we result, a As providers’. goods’, life’,‘neighbourhood ‘neighbour common relations’, ‘local ‘amateur which family’, clubs’ ‘extended and the circles, even as remote such ‘dedicated relational operate, again once wider can inactive, Thus largely were society. individualistic and urban our in out worn but all is which fabric, relational ‘informal’ the encompass to household, family, and the friends of includes which fabric relational ‘formal’ the beyond fabric relational the (re)generate to The and toleads understanding. aglobal landscape more coherent social the of of vision provide anthey an emerging overview Nevertheless, partial services. of collaborative a possibilities represent only certainly solutions inspired of classifications the and exhaustive, tobe claim notdo They bring. can innovation social ofwhat glimpse a just offer the within above described organisation of forms six The Collaborative services and strengthening the secondary social fabric… Scenario Scenario of Collaborative Services triggers patterns of patterns triggers social relations that have a tendency Scenario of Collaborative Services Services Collaborative of Scenario relational qualities are preserved in the design of the new collaborative services. ofin the design new collaborative are preserved qualities relational in order communities...) to these that ensure elective life, neighbourhood contacts, personal and disintermediation amateur networks, atmosphere, (i.e. family in the promising cases present of at dynamic the basis the social of relationship social forms the different Detect qualities relational Preserve functionality. and increase the use to ways facilitate possible burden...) to define organisational constraints; cognitive (i.e. time dedicated; population by larger a cases of inthethe promisingacceptance the main difficulties Determine accessibility services Increase contemporaneously: conducted are therefore operations Two complementary and appeal. quality original but at time keeping the same their more accessible them among making audience a larger are promising ofinwhich terms sustainability, solutions, these is to diffuse objective The living. to ineveryday be fulfilled activities the different of representative services toof inspire collaborative a series the research, during observed of the analysis aof sample from promising cases, of inthe book starts part this presented Services to ofdeveloped build Collaborative the Scenario exercise design strategic The for sustainability. and design design of service at the crossroads territory emerging this in to help designers ofprinciples basic a series constitute already but they innovation social toapplied design of strategic don’t together pretend to tenThe be exhaustive guidelines Services. of Collaborative the Scenario from examples showing some characteristic secondly to be in principle applied and asuch design situation, and the general isthat addressed the problem describing first separately willbe identified presented of Each the guidelines users. for its qualities and the solutions resulting of to of toin innovation the design social general both enhance the accessibility applicable of guidelines a series patterns: design some recurrent experience this andfrom draw services, of collaborative examples to followed build the different process design strategic we towill come back the Services Toofof Collaborative the Scenario presentation this close Guidelines towards a synthesis of quality andDesign access for social innovation taken from collaborative services developed in developed the scenario. services collaborative taken from examples through inand detail illustrated willbe described guidelines fiveof Each these use collective _Support of involvement levels different _Offer cost cognitive _Reduce management _Fluidify visibility local _Enhance of range for ausers: larger access facilitate in order process to design strategic the should support guidelines five following The implementations. local ofand diverse use contexts different across service of and diffusion the replication tomore visible potential adopters; facilitating services to make support communication enhancing of user; categories of different requirements the meet so a can thet solution single access diversifying technology; or new supporting and/ organization kinds newof useservice by introducing as: such fluidifyng operations ofdesign combined involves series aprofiles, socio-demographic differing with adopters, to andofa open range upwider access potential promising this Tocases user facilitate accessibility... users Increasing

Collaborative services I 111 Guidelines I 112 existence since nois relay made by the media. existence around her.she is not of even aware Sometimes, their available the solutions no to has chance identify users of the groups outside any person Therefore, members. participating between exchanges beyond communication is don’t anythey that external require surroundings close or their for themselves by the users solutions developed locally of likenature these to get involved. very The in but them who might participating to not those directly of lack their visibility itAt time, reveals the same fabric. hidden inof the social many initiatives the existence book shows this is which the result, from the research during of for promising looking process cases very The (Problem) tools, make it accessible by search engine to potential local users... existence through word of mouth and the use of simple communication Enhance local visibility of the collaborative services. Relay their Enhance local visibility [Guideline 1] national media. national or by regional are that not advertised in produced the surroundings toIt andis goods dedicated services bynetwork. aTV local broadcast is Regional amarket program TV-shopping of initiatives. local visibility the increase at could also alevel, local focused but still systems, communication more traditional tools, research to active Parallel such (Example) of.around is composed fabric the social what home or It place. work from shows at distance a walking opportunities and reviewing 100 monoffers around posting isbasis. based proximity on a available allow to atoof potential wide range user access offers It would also the potential indemand neighbourhood. meet the close to allow andpromotethe initiator of thus his ora her service offer would this functionalities, Among other or the workplace. the household of, andademand to supply within say,distance connect 100 m around of anasuch example As tool, one platform’, could provide an ‘Internet (Example) management tools and dedicated technological support. support. technological andtools dedicated management only a of suitable few are them able dynamic, to activate social a bottom-up from have they emerged as But, tasks. to needed coordinate those or ofthe number participants to be ofperformed in terms the tasks services offering similar to are micro-enterprises often initiatives these help... mutual all domestic informal systems, trading exchange local groups, Purchase skills. organisational totime and dedicate participants require therefore they of organisers; their effort the personal through run and are self-managed observed promising The cases (Problem) to the service. proper infrastructure in order to reduce the time needed to be dedicated Fuidify management of the service by users. Support participation by Fluidify management [Guideline 2] give him or her a lift because they are goingthey in direction. the same him give because or her a lift are that likely to to sending his drivers or only those light, her message at the role ofawaiting plays device traffic The a broker for a pedestrian a want they andlift. where drive they to where indicate users enables intothat on divided zones, a map ofsmall digital the town concerned, by. passing It onispeople drivers based foot with matches system The a club. through organised areas, in urban hitchhiking facilitating device sector, e-Stop in is the mobility communication Also a peer-to-peer (Example) of responsibilities. the shared andof the management the system the reliability enhancing and adults amongof the group kids messages of simple scheduling the exchange delay, illness...).Tag Footbus The of allows (synchronizations, the kids up minute andof problems the picking during last in case substitutions (turns, adults accompanying the different organizing means school from in kids toto others’ share each in walking for families For instance, (Example)

Guidelines I 113 Guidelines I 114 heavy constraint for the users. for the users. constraint heavy tois a needs plan andin anticipate advance necessity the services, and instantaneous products personalized ofof consumption immediate culture In a mainstream planning means purchases. and group ordering purchase inas a circuits trade fair through farm, at the local directly copy.for an waiting available To products buy organic and innetwork an exchange part taking requires books Tobooking. advance requires hand get second system To in users. their a take car-sharing from part forethought require in the promising and cases life, daily management in implementation their than being More time-consuming (Problem) simple and automated procedures. of the service through the use of quick information exchange supports, Reduce needs for forethought from the users. Allow more instant use Reduce anticipation [Guideline 3] booking system; the management of financial rewards, etc. ofrewards, financial the management system; booking and including: alocally, areservation a to means fleet of track products; goods for leasing to infrastructure oraccess a she professional gains He of the products. the leaser becomes the new owner for the service are allthat not the time: simply appliances used by applying domestic or tools as such new one goods specific when buys proposed service isleasing Sharing Time a of personal Product most. the generosity upset by loaning required may andmanagement problems so on. heavy This of in incase back orgood for order,maintenance substitution bargain are tools that given checking it users, means scale neighbourhood is thing tools loan The toaof natural domestic do, but at a (Example) participants. participants. option in for the life and affective material particular it’sdemanding: However, a is involvement such very atmosphere. andsocialised a qualities warm relational high produces involvement strong this Inpeople. return, the between relationship of interpersonal the quality on based in solutions time isof largely these continuity it. The in and the solution supporting part taking deeply people charismatic of particularly participation constant aof result the is partially promising cases observed of many the success of the mentioned, already As (Problem) participants will become involved in supplying the solution. gradual personal and affective engagement and leave to choice how much the Offer different levels of involvement to meet various user profiles. Open-up to Offer different levels of involvement [Guideline 4] levels of passionate amateurs fostering mutual help and mutual socialisation. fostering amateurs of passionate levels on of an based open different remains welcoming place and the proximity quality social the perceived is But whatever the involvement, actively. more or less to ofparticipate users according to the willingness services for those and charging aof range services offering enterprise commercial a as also behaves of sewer. astructure The professional the service would in they address way the same service for a remodelling complete of the owner and or simply ask the workshop can advice coaching they for personal ask can they machines, tothe sewing use book occasionally can people andinvolved other use: less Fashion exclude doesn’t Atelier Hand the Second of the service, the core principle remains process be But even able if to to and this provide advice guidance newcomers. time he or she will a certain and, after of pieces fabric and assembling more slowly confident in cutting feel how machines, tothe sewing use of Handon user the Second The training Fashion will Atelier find there in providing the service. take part progressively they users, passive from of the participants: engagement on ais based gradual services of deliver ofcore that The idea clubs of involvement. amateurs these oflevels inof is plurality terms work significant clubs Service way The (Example)

Guidelines I 115 Guidelines I 116 sharing the same device. device. the same sharing people between of conflict toin case provide conciliation users, are multiple there where ofmaintenance products to time sharing, ensure to organise collectively, toand products places manage attention great requires of common This use resources studies. case observed of are a many ofuse part the andSharing collective (Problem) resources. multiple users that compensate the burden of self-managed collective Support collective use of shared places and goods. Develop products for Support collective use [Guideline 5] generated by ofthe sharing the goods. generated work of ofthe management part charge takes that to the community support an external onservice, a are based professional solutions two The vehicles. wider fleet of its within clients specific these manages that company sharing bycar a professional is organised and maintenance reparation, the well as as of billing, for the use the monthly the cars the booking, of but the cars, the management of co-housing the same inhabitants for available use in collective makes cars Sharing Car Personal The (Example) operation. and anfruitful then, easy becomes, books The of sharing andfordates latefines returns. return with system, booking a computerised through are tracked and isbooks available, catalogue An online toof which onbooks place their the database. choose they and members are registered Participants of library. asystem professional and management fromtheorganisation benefits but the solution shelves, have topeople on living-room their access the books neighbourhood on collective is based Library the Neighbourhood For instance, (Example) illustrated through examples taken from solutions developed in developed scenario. solutions taken from examples through illustrated and detail in willdescribed be guidelines five complementary these ones, for the first As relationships trust-based _Build for participation support _Provide status the semi-public _Enhance scale the relational _Keep availability _Promote promising cases: in the present qualities the initial relational problem this and possible, preserve as much toas avoid, process design strategic the should support guidelines five following The to make work. the solution essential often and very quality of perceived istheir the essence which content, and relational humanistic substantial their is from we that risk The the solutions divorce services. oriented ofinvolved may lead tomore commercially the generation the processes to streamline support and providing professional constraints time and reducing organisational participation, facilitating audience, for a solutions tolarger In providing access these words, other in the promising case. present initially quality relational used tothe in maintain thenew solutions guidelines aof sample will present fivedesign in shown It ofbook. this the scenario the construction within performed approach design on the sidetowillfocusing other be of dedicated strategic ofthe this final The text part innovations. to bring can social approach design athat strategic ofinimprovement terms functionality an to give idea is of already but needed them development complete they the Further observed. by the promising cases to suggested access the solutions for enlarging possibilities of the are exhaustive notbefore thathave been presented strategies fiveThe design qualities... relational Preserving

Collaborative services I 117 Guidelines I 118 domination of property. ofdomination property. toin are notthey the general access easy because not used often but very are available resources These of for a reward. form or in exchange for free them to offer process, socialisation a within and not may anymore does agree, them need person this at time, but, bythe same owned someone, are equipment unused well as as and books hand clothes Second- goods. toof use collective ownership individual from and resources, subjects between relationships ofshow arange large promising cases observed The (Problem) the social relationship between users. day-to-day. Make it easy for others to take advantage of this resource and enhance Promote the state of availability for what is not intensively or even regularly used in Promote availability [Guideline 6] establishing exchange as a default for children’s aas clothes. default exchange establishing a promotes of solution The state ofavailability, and clothes. renewal for the maintenance simple rules and observing and trust respect mutual with inand younger clothes, a children order to with ‘client’ exchange inchildren with olderfinding ina the neighbourhood ‘provider’ families supports service The children. abetween boxpassing clothes of used of the pattern reproduces solution Chain Clothing the Kids For instance, (Example) involving involving not more than a ofcouple dozens of people. of andat athe scale maintain small group organise to are easier initiate, system or group exchange purchase A distance. a within walking work all these workshop— a space repair for children, shop, a exchange recreational around aandplace alocal small of number An people. scale keep a reasonable and grow than they generally more disseminate They initiatives. bottom-up from emerge They at work ascale. local cases observed The (Problem) to find and mutual trust cangrow. direct, physical, face-to-face relationships where agreements are easier Keep the relational scale in developing collaborative services. Favour Keep the relational scale [Guideline 7] between the people. the people. between of the relationship the quality to enhances that keep the scale designed are the size ofand interaction the group their Inexamples, the two and personalised. localised to keep the interaction users enables of the software settings particular I(tocan door ainwhom by favour?). This myproximity neighbourhood byare posted the people know Ipersonally?) requests (which by affinity thedemands sorting arebut applicable tosome filters available all users are allshop, requests could you me article”. this bring Theoretically, back me abring back loaf ofplease orbread” “If you go into particular this “couldas such you for small onshoppingdemands services a base data is Shopping List of totheActive The publish principle significant. are also technologies andof the choice the supporting the service with interaction Moreover, on top of the size of the mode involved, of the group (Example) not exceed the size ofnot exceed afamily. large does the nursery that to the fact is attributable mainly feasibility and its in ofthe solution relationships But the quality etc. assistance, training, support, with kit providing a possible, andas service reliable professional to the initiative make it as supports that Organisation Childhood National of the of.take care is byrepresentation solution The enabled the local could ofanumber that insituation children mother a reasonable family a as with the small size defined it is better nursery than a professional named: is rather not properly for instance, Micro-Nursery The belonging. ofa size feeling likely to induce measured this and bypreserve essence picture activities ofon anfamily based extension ‘FamilyThe services’ (Example)

Guidelines I 119 Guidelines I 120 isolated; they are voluntarily in a are voluntarily relationship. they isolated; nor together are neither They resources. those organise or among who use the people attitude similar in-between tends to places of induce a these status in-between ofa very The feeling intimacy. but generating managed but collectively open to others, users by regular frequented public places, (or semi-private) of semi- etc are all– examples these of street, the same by the inhabitants organised group a purchase garden, a sharing of houses insingle a aseries public park, An orchard status. an in-between exhibit cases observed the public and private, showing alimit between strong society, of mainstream to the organisation Contrary (Problem) public and private to gently raise awareness on collective care among users. shared exclusivity, regular user status, proximity and even interpenetration of Enhance semi-public status for resources and places. Foster open ownership, Enhance the semi-public status [Guideline 8] socialisation. for providing occasions the space of with the others, space overlapping of personal boundaries’ is of feeling ‘fuzzy andperceived The shared. collective are private, places children’sThese area or bedrooms. additional a a room, a with office, TV shared apartment each extend They example. inrooms a ofacondominium is also typical Collective existence The (Example) even if are notthey toinvited involved in it. the party are the neighbours the event in ofthe public sphere the neighbourhood: notdoes allow. generally But at time itspaces the same places domestic of exiguity that party or aa to allows place family birthday organize Party (Example) parents. their between and, inkids extension, between It’s aand for socialisation meeting inplace the neighbourhood. playground of than the children’sa bedrooms is of more a house externalisation form Kids The status. intermediary this with ‘play’ home’ clusters ‘Extended and the housing’ the ‘Community within developed All the solutions (Example) the function addressed by the solution. by the solution. addressed the function of the fulfilment with is dimension interwoven educational the food, or organic ofthe cooking a delivered bicycle of ofplot, the repair a vegetable the cultivation Whether competence. their and transfer skills their to express and to more leave space them tasks ofpeople low-interest inprovision order to offree service part the material tend developed toCombining the solutions both, support people. qualified of less/low the employment allows infrastructure of design the sophisticated where industries in service toobserved is what mostly in ofcontrast many initiatives of the final aim part is people generally those between of ofknow-how involved andthe people the transfer or ability in the qualifications An increase studies. case role in play a of most central the skills Interpersonal (Problem) time consuming tasks and leave them space to express their talent. take in charge the material, work-intensive part of the collaborative services and free the peopleSupport from the the expression repetitive, of personal skills of all people involved in the interaction. Develop infrastructures in order to Support the expression of personal skills [Guideline 9] perceived as antoas initiation cuisine. aupper perceived healthy but it isof ends first up all solution aThe as shopping service his clients. with and market exchanging shopping in his the street skills to expressing and so himself on. dedicate He ofcan then expenses keep track orders, give toanddemands, multiple manage receive organiser an electronic He uses advice. andcooking related of ofprovision ingredients a selection on the based a or for four solution fivehouseholds He offers recipes. and of to a with combine them wide knowledge good products select to menus, to seasonal compose his services of a offers family, father or mother cook, A passionate in as online most supermarkets. delivery, Shopping For on You, centred is not afor instance, shopping service (Example)

Guidelines I 121 Guidelines I 122 two approaches. approaches. two on a ofbased mix the generally is ofsolutions the developed quality relational The and anonymous. are codified staff the service with relationships longevity; and its on the institution is based the opposite: trust on are onbased ascale large services Professional the trust. and motivates precedes relationship the in situations, etc, all these of the products, freshness and the quality to check the possibility box without a room orvegetable of receiving one’s apartment own ina hosting ofa student spare afarmer, production local the pre-financing to them will that walk someone school, to are kids Leaving viable. initiatives such that party a or third through directly other know each collaborate, and physically meet participants It is because mainly individuals. between on the relationship is based trust of mutual the construction cases, In ofmost the observed (Problem) meetings, dialogue and personalised interactions for a robust and flexible collaborative service. Enable the construction between the participants of a lasting face-to-face relationship, regular physicalBuild trust-based relationship combining interpersonal understanding and reliability of the service organisation. Build trust-based relationship [Guideline 10] skilled person and a professional organization of the service. andorganization a person professional skilled a with relationship on ais based complementary trust solutions, In these candidates. selected the pre- abetween contest through but also themselves neighbours of by the good cooks on the suggestion is based neighbourhood in the ofrecipes the best In the publication cook book, the Living (Example) competences. recognised with bydiet doctor a checked professional but the diet is is bythe food farm provided a biological Subscription; Meal the Country diet Similarly, onethrough a follow and can balanced healthy Organisation. Childhood astheNational such froman institution thirdparty qualified by a of family nursing ofandeach the overseeing the result training also and people between agreement is both a face-to-face Micro-Nursery The (Example) and institutional. Solutions are semi-finished and services are enabling. and services are semi-finished Solutions and institutional. Trust the public andis both the private. relational are between Places but available. owned are Resources the human andscale. local respect Groups is real but gradual. participants of engagement The of infrastructures. help andby management the support easier is made solutions collective ofcost organising cognitive The support. technical through ofis fluidified the user Participation infrastructure. support and technical dynamics social combining vision on intermediary the same are based people, between quality relational to the enhance patterns the related well as as access, to facilitate All the strategies convergence. certain a reveals observed of a byof inspired sample the promising the generation cases solutions toapplied approach design of the strategic characterisation tentative this In conclusion, solutions Semi-finished Conclusion

Collaborative services I 123 Collaborative services I 124 background reflexions Collaborative services I 126 Under the definition of Creative Communities there is there range aof broad Communities Under the definition ofCreative Communities Creative in this? contribute population? How acan designer for a broader behaviour inspirational become examples How these can of groups people. for broader and practicable desirable innovations 2007) (Manzini social process by learning these social making orientated to able to the sustainability- agents as contribute have to designers see we Communities, of Creative cases these Finally, tofrom build scenarios to flourish. similar initiatives want ifwe support and psychological find must practical that self-activation show: a communities will to these attitude entrepreneurial courageous ofon do”.the “art making based and communities, third The is the 2004) among people (Latouche ofstrategies” “relational importance the about teach us cases is second allThe that these resource. social tois also be able to and powerful this uncover,enhance recognise and therole of attitude, a designer is adiffuse iscreativity that first The and spirit. character powerful the same with scenarios future onto which pillars envision be considered can that truths fundamental of series aand learnt somewe hypotheses haveof thebasic verified Communities, of Creative and the attitude the status In conceptualising replication. and of generalisation toenable that us the possibility about talk patterns and organisational show common traits often examples Those activities. meaning and toandvalue restoring everyday of use resources for a conditions more satisfying creating and the environment, society of those with converge interests individual where promising innovation, all overled tothe world, ofa and huge possible amount of examples countries ininitially Europe and inthen ofdifferent cases, collection The of innovation. social of promising cases the weobservation movecan from future for a better toscenarios design (Meroni 2007), Communities of Creative the idea lay that the foundations as of known groups people, by entrepreneurial of real cases collection and a systematic and assumptions, hypotheses conceptual Some crucial approach research ofthe Premises Creative communities: a strategic view toAnna innovation Meroni doing something doingtoday, something if we are to good enough make it and appealing who are how the people No few ofmatter in terms numbers. relevance, notcurrent is the power its ofitthat work, can an idea and the fact perspective, in an evolutionary matters, what that inlies the fact strategic is approach scenario Communities-based the Creative why reason Another and possible everyday”. could what be “normal, of a create solutions new panorama these where of reality representation stepis the first tobuild ona new collective a macro-scale, effective them . To onCommunities aby small the Creative and scale make replicate introduced innovations like injust the radical our changes lives, systemic in(Manzini, 2007) Meroni weresources toneed introduce environmental fewer consuming totothe need given learn islive better that, One reason good reasons. very few a for at this, least approach: design a strategic is basically Communities the Creative moving Webuildingfrom approach athat believe scenario approach design A strategic building exercise presented in book. this presented building exercise ofofat the origin the scenario ideas the heritage constitute that Solutions small networks… producer communities, elective tool exchange, agriculture, supported community micro-logistics, local home restaurants, self management, neighbourhood co-housing, weblogs, in parks, gardens vegetable villages, sustainable eco- gardens, for shared the elderly, groups self-help markets, producer groups, purchasing ethical car-sharing, playgroups, home nursery banks, as: time By solutions such doing and so, conceive put intothey practice (and spirit courage). entrepreneurial and an intrinsically attitude, of aeven view cheerful positive reality, show a non-rhetorical point andthe conventional ofchange they view: perspectives, different In are words able they other resolved. to look at from common problems of howabout are “normally” problems dominant such ideas obviousness way, “creative” going the beyond inproblems an authentically these face are able they to and see because who are different problems, of-the-mill run- with people ofrun-of-the-mill the everyday”: “professionals them to We socialising learning. call tofrom commuting working, from eating, to housing from activities, life ordinary dealing with andpeople initiatives

Collaborative services I 127 Collaborative services I 128 alternative anticipation of a future. anticipation possible alternative up some the oldby order andsetting moves toward the unprecedented with aof where group breaks people dynamic, Community the Creative in happens And is this currently bywhat the individual. implemented and are legitimate changes even radical communities, Through interests. of the individual representative as to small but still enough be recognised will, the individual transcend that to restraints individual moral impose thanthe larger are sufficiently or criteria) other profession geography, (definedby communities interest, elective philosophy: social from comes or ofcommunity, the dimension “some”, is ofthe dimension change, only thing ever the why that one has.”of the reasons Among others, it is Indeed, the world. the could people change committed thoughtful, doubt “Never athat ofMead, small group ofsentence Margaret famous is ofthe dimension tothe change: is the community that quote the intothisperspective, design why it isstrategic reason definitive Another 2002).(Ogilvy, society and the whole the community andof between a members community among many conversations strategic through learning of evolutionary process this to it facilitate planners is the jobOgilvy, James of strategic the words of Paraphrasing afford. best can the niche which innovations of andthose niche, by the reproduction environmental to a particular of is what fitting most by followed the selection innovation, of perpetual ofto adaptation process one’s ofanda error, trial process environment, Evolution ofis andisa environment. the learning alearning species species-plus- notbut always even a anorganism, species, individual in isevolution never simply tothe minimum unit of Bateson, survival to seem be solutions able to Communities’ do. again the Creative Back as just environment, and aits species between equilibrium dynamic ofa if are creating capable they in the future, and important large and grow be successful Smallcan ofevolution phenomena the system. of thedriver environment, ifandwith aparticular itbecome, fits a create can discontinuity society) or environment contemporary natural (ofthe chaos from the emerging 1980) (Bateson fact a small accidental Bateson toAccording Gregory it shape the future. can feasible, potentially subjective well-being is related to a belief in interpersonal relationships: relationships: tois related well-being a inbelief interpersonal subjective 2000), Csikszentmihalyi, (Seligman, approach to a Psychology Positive according is that, Communities the Creative from we What have learnt bodies. social among different among communities, have ofto amongrelations”; onindividuals, work the “beauty relations towho want in asuch operate framework designers that implies fabric thesocial reinforcing means also sustainability fostering that Affirming side positive Work onthe - Inghilleri P., 2003, - Bateson G., 1980, Bibliography be going in direction. another to seems of society apart while large interests, and individual collective to balance in keep up be efforts their supported must people committed andto wills and evendo things, very capabilities tastes, fitdifferent with andmust convenient They toappealing. become adopted, be must widely of ofGood practices, aspirit emulation. positive because just replicated canbe uniqueare anddefinitely it is naïve tothinkthatgood practices initiatives of certain the circumstances be cannot replicated, the “heroes” is andsubtle risky: nevertheless, Communities, Creative from scenarios Building for the future. shift it into a paradigmatic and transforming the present from the best and be, taking elaborating might the future of how toward a interpretation shared sensibility the collective and orient it tois more appropriate him see able as toActually catalyse experience. and viewpoint aand professional bringing visions, conceiving behaviours, of and imagining no influencing oftaking account his capabilities it means because is reductive, a, just facilitator as learning orientated To sustainability- in the designer, consider ofasuch collective, process and opportunities Risks the whole of society from losing meaning. from ofthe whole society prevent helps also building competency systematically attitude, positive aof sense well around being. intrinsically procures this Working required the effort while andothers, with environment the external with integrate and toactive feel help people designed by be enhanced can services and people both objects, with to relations, build positive capacity This ofinstead by them. being used objects using materialism”,endowed “sense (2003) according to calls Inghilleri what inof the plenitude ofsociety, we when makeuse objects a creative and wethat “consumers” discover are ourable tolives; own determine as we when stop ourselves ofseeing occurs kind this being. An attitude well- andofaof also values sense instilling personal building community of ways moving, to toa are get together problem, therefore resolve around toan totogether idea, people bring get people the capacity - Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi,Oxford M., 2000, “ - Ogilvy J. A., 2002, - Meroni A. 2007, Essays and Selected Projects - Manzini E. Meroni A., 2007, "Emerging User- Latouche Demands S., for2004, Sustainable Solutions Milano, Italy - Seligman, M.E.P., 2002, 55, 5–14. Creative Communities. People inventing sustainable ways of living Mind and Nature - A Necessary Unity Creating Better Futures. Scenario Planning as a Tool for a Better Tomorrow La « buona vita ». Per l’uso creativo degli oggetti nella società dell’abbondanza Survivre au développement Authentic Happiness , edited by Ralf Michel, Birkhäuser Basel, 2007, pgg 157-179 , Free Press, New York , Mille et un nuits, Paris, France Positive psychology: ., Bantam Books An introduction”. in , EMUDE , Edizioni Polidesign, Milan ", in: , Oxford University Press, American Psychologist Design Research Now: , Guerini e Associati, , but provide an answer to several of them. In the reflections belowwe but oftoprovide an In answer them. several the reflections do notto communities only attempt solve one problem, creative cases of inthat to the majority emphasize but init is the region, important one is theimportant most motivation tosaywhich It would be difficult ofbeginning 1990s. atof the endthe change regime of the 1980s after – presented solutions andeconomy, market tothe only capitalism • alternatives Finding of use resources, friendly environmentally and ofand a the environment protection more efficient •better Ensuring of villages, and the depopulation unemployment as such • problems social Solving inclusion, and social enhancing fabric the social • Strengthening society, by mainstream not fulfilled to are that solutions and problems needs •and local Finding customized in CEE are motivations the following: important Europe. most The inas Western in CEE diverse countries as are just activities everyday for ofnoveland ways search performing to for people too. join region, European forces reasons The their Eastern inand more the Central are emerging have existed communities Creative joined Unionthat the European inof 2004. the ten countries and Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, eight Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Estonia, Republic, tohowever,ways; the Czech in refers book this term this Europe Central Eastern development. local of the basis more as be sustainable seen also could that communities of creative and the development multiplication of region Europe to foster Eastern be infound can that the Central skills and experience of we andthe paper Inlist describe part the second villages. of eco- the example is through shown forces driving two these between Synergy society. ofvision to aan more implement sustainable alternative strive that initiatives Second, to capitalism. the transition after services aimthat inatgapcreated the filling provision theof initiatives social based needs First, of groups drivers. basic two between we distinguish aiming toUnion.analysis, European Without provide a comprehensive engage in engage people to thatdrive paper,on the Inmotivations we short reflect this Creative communities in Central Eastern EuropeEdina Vadovics, CEU with contributions from Ruben Mnatsakanian, CEU creative communities creative (CEE) is a region that can be defined in different (CEE) is be definedcan inathat different region in the Central Eastern countries of the countries Eastern in the Central taken advantage of communities. in taken advantage promoting creative couldbe ofCEE countries characteristics onspecific provide ideas which and then wethat important, consider some of the motivations examine necessitated that people get together and find get together people that tosolutions those help necessitated power of in pensions, the purchasing and This, the decrease down. of care some ofthe elderly, the old-people’shad homes to be closed due to no the state longer being able to provide for the Furthermore, infound the region. cases and NUBLU - Comenius Kindergartens Mini kindergarten Minilasteaed by the exemplified those as such services and day-care kindergartens nurseries, wefamily-run nowin have often CEEsmall, countries and nota to so situation of conducive the development staff children, overburdened in institutes, remaining groups in larger much resulted that and kindergartens in intonurseries responding Thus, a shortage of people’s needs. and the satisfaction services social toto in the sudden solutions gap ofattempt the provision close society civil a for sudden creative, was need there why topossible understand toit is the region, introduction short onEven incredibly this based services. of welfare • the privatization and power of in salaries, the purchasing • decrease steep and the poor,the rich between •gap an enlarged and kindergartens, nurseries the closing of factory-supported well as as in unemployment resulted that • closing ofdown factories hadsuddenly to CEEface: societies role of providing for everyone. had the state to paternalistic up give its in population CEE countries quite as a came bigof to shock the apart large to decentralisation, it with the move bringing and democracy, economy, market capitalism to the transition and anticipated, needed greatly it was Although “ in communities CEE in creative engage people to for Motivations Filling the gap ”: providing services no longer granted by the state ⁱ . The most important reason for isthis that reason . important most The

Collaborative services I 129 Collaborative services I 130 shepherding homesteads. self-employment and places of work in in village areas through creating shepherding aimed at limiting the effects of unemployment (Polonia) from May 2003 till January 2007, ¹ The Sheep Project, carried on in Nowy Sacz national and European Union funding, and also on volunteer work. often struggling to “stay alive” and rely heavily on devoted “heroes”, smallholdings. As a result of these challenges, the initiatives are fairly creative communities work as well as look after their households and forms of employment would be needed so that they can engage in the permits. Furthermore, for people living in the country more flexible waste water treatment are often not accepted by authorities issuing to eco-village initiatives. Alternative solutions to energy generation or economic and infrastructural setting is not fully conducive and supportive It needs to be mentioned here that in the majority of cases the present in the form of wind power. of the village, and provide a more environmentally friendly energy source develop the village, which at the same time act against the depopulation fabric by involving people in various projects to save the local school and The alternative, more sustainable approaches to local development. traditions). By incorporating so many positive aims, they may serve as people from the cities), and lack of local jobs (reviving local andcrafts sources), depopulation of villages (creating local jobs and attracting degradation (organic agriculture and utilization of alternative energy solutions to various challenges present in the countryside: environmental food while attempting to overcome social problems. They offer complex promote an environmentally friendly lifestyle including housing, work and than ten eco-village initiatives. What is common to them is that they could be related, alone in Hungary we have information about more Eco - Friendly Hamlet starting senior clubs likesenior clubs starting in abeen has new interest there inThus, of the region. care the elderly ofdimension taking an still important who do notfamilies, have caring from this research project are variety of problems existing in contemporary CEE society. Case examples Eco-villages in the region are often considered as complex solutions to a economy and market capitalism to alternatives Finding below. and is described communities, creative to form motivation important another highlights it also linked toisthis closely section, this Although projects. eco-village devoted ato people of number we motivated initiate what call very factors These areas. andinof the lack rural ofemployment villages, in the depopulation resulting urbanization of unemployment, effect problem inis the combined the region important very An additional for aprice. together cheap made in shop,own their anddine also the products sell well as as crafts in creative engage to socialize, space for the elderly provides Model Eco - Friendly Hamlet , also in Poland. However, numerous other projects Omaabi-Self Omaabi-Self help community The Sheep Project , for example, strengthens the local social ¹ in Poland or the in Estonia, which which in Estonia, Model increasing since the change of regime, and families, following the trend in the trend following and of since families, the change regime, increasing rapidly been has in ofthe number CEE pensioners countries Concurrently, another, may not be so relevant. of who take of care one ofelderly a oldcommunity creating age through age 55+ like communities creative moment at that means This the the family. within living continue members family challenged or mentally even physically and often children, look after help one to another of take members care elderly, their often families to on.rely Thus, have still more “human Global infrastructure” South, to in the similarly the CEE region, societies past, toOwing different their More human still infrastructure remaining remaining. are still a lot oforactivities which animal husbandry; onebuilding, ingardening another andhouse tools, assisted cars, shared 1996). often people groups, (Buchowski, In these shortage” of permanent in the “economy of survival part awere necessary These groups. interest and informal kin groups in extended active were people rule, communist under the life missing from largely was society civil active politically and independent although that toit needs be remembered Furthermore, to CEE societies. communities creative ofemerging newly be intaken advantage presenting could memories and positive experience This the transition. missing after started they of which to belonging in andgroups, being active experience of anumber At positive time, hadthe same large people a very direction. the “right” like felt a move often ofin rid was them getting thus the old with regime, to be began associated and communities groups the transition, after that To to it communities. the former, needs be with mentioned begin creative of on andthe formation aimpact both ahas positive This negative 1996). (Buchowski, of activities of each hadschedule group, quite which anda varied full in some ofkind to a everyone best include its tried party communist So, the that we say can activities. andcollective other in numerous schemes watch in neighbourhood and participated for seniors clubs attended separately, waste to children their collect helped festivals, party tree-plantings, inclean-ups, local took part association, housekeepers’ to belonged involved were the local inpeople groups, youth result, in various communal events events communal in various participation encouraged greatly and, in fact, all of activities, kinds group organised in CEE countries parties communist ruling regime, In the past Experience in being of parts groups communities be built can upon that in creative promoting characteristics CEE (Ferge, Zs., 2001) that offer novel ways of facing the challenges the challenges ofnovel ways facing 2001) offer that Zs., (Ferge, within the realms within ofthe realms the party Aquarius- Social elderly community of community Social elderly Aquarius- . As .a As and other interested people. and interested other by opening it to customers attraction intoand educational atourist local orgroup, group the as such cases European Western from ideas with initiatives andexisting improving already potential for strengthening inis strong great there the CEE region, is fairly still tradition this As and diversity. livelihoods traditions, local to nurturing contribute and greatly can the region, in popular important, are very areas in urban consumers with them near Food-system the Road Zdroj ltd Food Delivery and -Drink Alfred as such initiatives to Thus, produce. their sell out of toorforced the market now be longtoable need distances travel were to way,This down. needed be small closed growers of the markets andoperation), number market ahygiene great safety, food (regarding for markets EU shopping legislation and more stringent of supermarket popularity the increasing However,of the change system, with economic and fruits. vegetables local supply of fresh weekly their town purchased well as as people village where the place was market income. The their supplemented to came andproduce people their sell thus local where on Saturday and once town village aheld each a at week inleast market Hungary, for example, past, recent But in the fairly of hypermarkets. popularity is ofthe increasing weakening with This, course, market. at the local and vegetables to fruits buy local is the tradition characteristic Another made in the country. products for example, for a logo with movement specific in Hungary, mainstream even be can This tosaid ones. ofbe instead a them buying imported through aim Its of nowjobs isand local products the protection local world. in new momentum the globalizing gained movement This block. the socialist outside from on to imports dependence regime reduce past in the encouraged was products orregional Consuming local at least Consuming local products could be facilitated. generations between exchange and skills mixing away This healthy duties. or household gardening well as as children and even teaching could help in supervising the elderly versa, Vice andtoto be close involved inthe elderly stay care-taking. encouraged could be members family of kinds incentives, various Through region. andelderly, their think of look anafter “extended to in families of to readiness possible remaining the still take advantage by presented more are Europe, nuclear,becoming toso similar Western solutions that that organizes growers into a common marketing and delivery into aand common delivery growers marketing organizes that The Cream o’Galloway Dairy Farm The o’Galloway Cream Dairy Aquarius might become necessary. However, it would be necessary. become might ⁵ , aiming to assist small growers and connect and ,connect aimingsmall growers to assist ³ , Ökoshaver Eco-pantry , which turns the dairy farm farm the dairy ,turns which Biomercatino Aquarius Local food Link Van ” for the CEE ² , Chmielnik Chmielnik ⁴ , Natural Natural should be valued should and be valued protected. that is something and re-discovering are re-learning societies Western of that life the patterns have still orremember at least CEE countries that fact The andneeds. local adapted toeasily CEE circumstances could that be the west from examples to positive with provide people and exists still what toneed urgent strengthen is athere rather Thus, and lost are becoming forgotten. and skills experience these globalized, ofway European and living becoming well as as consuming Western the mainstream towards is moving region this rapidly as time, same At the development. local and sustainable society welfare participatory toand build skills on in a a move tocommunities, promote creative ofof isexperience UnionCEE the European states plenty there member to is draw inthat conclusion the new important the most In summary, Conclusions focus of mobility oriented solutions. oriented of mobility focus should be kept in the networks public transport on the environment, the point of offrom view pressure reducing but especially areas, urban in overwhelmingly initiatives bus or sharing car walking repairmen, mobile bicycle associations, may This for notbicycle the need reduce to cars. own of afford cannot jobsthem in area since their the majority to init for people making possible travel remote villages through to inclusion social contribute could greatly and maintenance upgrading their Whereas deteriorating. are building, quickly they motorway tonow road drawn and resources financial including the attention, However, ofmost with villages. to the remotest reach designed were that in CEE countries networks is the good public transport tothatneeds be mentioned oftype infrastructure significant most The Existing infrastructure studio as such and ofrecycling new ways reuse people teaching initiatives why explain can of reuse tradition the strong and practice This anyone come andthem can for take free. away them collects government andthe municipal before onetc. the street bicycles, clothes, furniture, objects, put unwanted people their days, clearance On the junk- bygovernments. municipal organized annual junk-clearance or of get rid to atthem them the give neighbours their for old objects, find use always a new can to they away; things throw their reluctant above. People are mentioned we already which the transition, before due to shortage” inthe “economy CEE, ofpartly tradition permanent a has long scale and onstrong andthe household reuse Recycling Culture of reuse and recycling ⁶ or Materjalid.net ⁷ in Estonia are widespread. in are widespread. Estonia Mööblikom - furniture re-design re-design -Mööblikom furniture environment. so that they can be re-used, enriching the new that teaches people about old and used materials ⁷ Materjalid.net (Tallinn, Estonia) is a project given a new look and find a new owner. where people bring their old furniture to be ⁶ Mööblikom is a shop in Tallinn (Estonia) quality natural food. with a farm and provide themselves with high- (Estonia), people living in the city get in touch ⁵ Through Natural Food-system near the Road ecologically pure and healthy lifestyle. and channels, and helps people to adopt an sells certified organic food via different services ⁴ Ökosahver Eco-pantry (Tallin, Estonia) consumers. producers selling and delivering directly to reasonable price, and helps small quality-food mineral water and organic food to home for a ³ Chmielnik Zdroj Ltd (Poland) delivers fresh using mass retailing. organic food directly from producers, without living in a town can have access to high-quality organising organic food street markets, people ² Through Biomercatino (Milan, Italy)

Collaborative services I 131 Collaborative services I 132 - Esping-Andersen, G. (2002) Bibliography inways. could more andbe taken better advantage one another, to and offer these skills well as as patterns consumption and production of Union the European experiences, have valuable parts In doingsociety. consumer so, toit inneeds be born mind both that to alternatives as and could presented be housing shared introduced and purchasing solidarity sharing, car as such new patterns Meanwhile, ⁱ necessitated a change that took place in the latenumber 1980s of andpeople early demanding 1990s (Ferge,more political 2001, Frigyesifreedom,good andqualitythe Kapolyi,freedom social of2005). andspeech health and carethe freedomsystem wereto Additionally,self-organise, very expensive fullto maintain. employment, These, free together educationavailable with for the all, increasingfor well exploitation, planned and and cheap neither public the transport materialIn the systems background,nor the as energy well however, asefficiency a there of production was mounting were pressure priority onissues. the environment as it was viewedhowever, as a resource compared freely to the differences existingIn this in capitalistsystem, of societiescourse, one today, could find they examples werepopulation. less of exclusion,pronounced. there were differences between• through the rich subsidies and the kept poor; the prices of productsthat and everyone services low,was included making inthem society available and had for •access theprovided majority to the for provisionsof a thesocial as of well the welfareas health system; carewomen; system and that was freely available for everyone,• provided and tried for its free best education to assure for all includingassured nursery, complete kindergarten employment; care and education onto theallow state. the employmentThe state, ofrather exceptionally: welfare (Esping, 2002) - the market, the familyplanned and the economic, state - inpolitical the socialist as well countries as welfare most systems. of the Outresponsibility of the three rested actors usually considered in the provision of - Esping-Andersen, G. (1990) publications Directorate-General for Employment and Social- ECAffairs. (2003) URL: http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/Közgazdasági Szemle [Journal of Economic Literature]- Frigyesi, March 2005,V. pp. and 289-305.Kapolyi, L. (2005) Globalization and European Welfare States.- ChallengesFerge, Zs.and (2001)Change. Palgrave Publishers A.Ltd. and Myles, J. Why we need a New Welfare State? Oxford University Press References Society. Challenging Western Models. Routledge- Buchowski, M. (1996)

The countries of the CEE region all belonged to the so-called socialist block, which means that they all had centrally Social protection in the 13 candidate countries, a comparative analysis Welfare and ‘Ill-Fare’ Systems in Central-Eastern Europe The shifting meanings of civil and civic society in Poland The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Towards the Good Society, Once Again? Szociálpolitikat az Europai Unióban. [Social Policy in the European Union] Polity Press In Esping-Andersen, G., Gallie, D., Hemerijck, . In Sykes, R.; Palier, B. and Prior, P. M. . In Hann, C. and Dunn, E. (eds.) Civil . European Commission. and participatory democracy in democracy these emerging economies. and participatory implications in terms of models welfare, of production and consumption that the discuss issue considering social distributed and enterprise its with associated dual development. We also aexplore ofseries questions that include trajectories ofthe growth crises face sustainability currently economies such as India, China and appearcountries These Brazil. to scope, we considered in particular, those with countries emerging of cases social innovation might have relevance to a wider geographic and ideals relating to consumption behaviour. In how assessing these among producers and consumers, as well as more values human-centric beyondorganisation the traditional nuclear family, solidarity increased being pursued in the modern age. includeThese ofnew types social haveto a cases served onoffer new ofquality perspective life ideals In particular, despite being relatively weak signals these promising a role to play in moreanddiscourse, the attention. sustainability deserve production and consumption, but rather, that such havesystems localised be noted that here, we are not advocating for purely ofsystems localised of production and consumption in the context of development. It should communities In ofthe this type respect, social visibleenterprise among the spur wider economic development. economy,country’s with few linkages to the local economy that might as those processing in as zones,bubbles export function within the host Bennekom and Young 2001). This is where profit-making such activities, scenario takes place within the context of dual development (Charkiewicz, andin America Western Europe.North According to this some critics, to prevail on a larger scale than in theof history consumer societies and a newof pattern economic coupledis growth, with predicted poverty In the Global South and consumption democracy. and participatory andenterprise its implications in terms of models welfare, of production Incountries. doing so, we consider the phenomenon of social distributed exhibited by creative communities in Europe isin meaningful emerging In this reflection,we explorewhetherthe idea ofnew as social enterprise Creative Communities: Their role and impactPriya Bala-Miller, on CI welfareIsabella Marras, UNEP Adriana Zacarias,and UNEP development is a promising signal of the of importance systems localised ⁱ , as inEurope, Eastern growing income inequalities creative Examples of Examples such responses include the aimed to traditional andsystems preserve promote debate.democratic of patterns socio-economic change, eliciting social responses that are are now forged at the contestedof interface traditional andsystems new those involved livelihoods,These particularly with sector,the agricultural other are areas sustainable patterns still a major source of livelihoods. food has untilbeen lost. the However,harvest, next at the same time, in minimize losses or as an insurance against drought, and how to save on how to produce food which without seeds topesticides, plant to South have taken a toll.heavy For instance, in some areas, knowledge transplanting Western -solutions style to development problems of the Within emerging economies, it is clear that previous ofsystems communities be emphasised? Why should the grassroots and localised features of creative autonomous approaches are needed to achieve sustainable consumption plagued global development for more decades, activities diverse and Bennekom and Young 2001). Instead of a thatformatone-size-fits-all has local production-consumption tosystems fit modernlife (Charkiewicz, their andown priorities, to recover and adapt established historically but there should also be a space created for communities to establish this, should be added that not only approaches beexisting tailored, and contexts local environments need to be taken into account. To recognition of and ofthe diversity complexity local socio-economic in participation the governance of development andprocesses, the plant species including medicinal plants. Such actions show that people’s vegetables of and oilseeds, pulses, multipurpose millets, pseudocereals, demands. They have 31 also ofconserved varieties wheat and hundreds that have been adapted over to centuries ecological meet different allfrom rice varieties over includingthe country indigenous rice varieties haveNavdanya’s resulted in of efforts the conservation more than 2000 the plants and animals that the form basis of sustainable agriculture. ofthe participation the communities who have evolved and protected is of biodiversity that impossible conservation agricultural without response to therealized crisis andwhere community organizers farmers in India pioneered by the Navdanya Seed organisation. saving began in Seed Sovereignity Movement ⁱⁱ

Collaborative services I 133 Collaborative services I 134 native culture, tradition and nature. The specialon based products ofthe abundantmanufacturing attractive the Thai government has been promoting through the local industry are acceptable and desirable internationally. Through this campaign, towas utilise locally available resources in order to produce goods that Thailand is a good example in this regard. The ofpurpose this campaign bottom up typically innovation, the with Program, Consumers International as a partner. Despite not being a sustainable consumption in Asia led by United Nation Environmental Evidence for these claims were uncovered in a project on advancing with preventminimized poverty social and environmental pressures. of local knowledge could help to meet local needs and to alleviate and production and consumption as systems, well as protection and recovery poor communities. Re-generation and adaptation of local sustainable and sustainable production for local needs, infor resource particular reduce and byprevent way poverty of protecting local existing markets context of sustainable development,are opportunities missed to Through a macro-level emphasis on global intrade markets the Why are localised solutions relevant for poverty alleviation? and onproduction patterns a global scale. global market (Charkiewicz, globalBennekom market (Charkiewicz, and Young 2001). jobsfrom in global production, by which arethe ofvolatility affected the providefor incomeopportunities generation in parallel with income Therefore, pro-local sustainable production-consumption will also andproducts fashion agricultural toys,includingfood, categories chemicals, sporting goods, handicraft, level. More than 2600 haveproducts been developed in nine product of that in categories products has been different developed at the local A reflection ofthe level of success of OTOPcan be seen inthe number communication across Tambons.various • To help peoplerural to exchange information, ideas, and to improve Tambon level thereby incomefacilitating todistribution people. rural • To help encourage and promote tourism in Thailand down to the Tambon Internet Project. • To bring Internet totechnology villages as pointthe starting of the forTambon, products every and to the facilitate buy-and-sell procedure. • National and international marketing and promotion of local Thai Tambon product information every from in Thailand. • A comprehensive system, which accommodatesdatabase necessary offeatures OTOP include: Tambon is sothe target called areabecause is the Thai unitadministrative called , which is the equivalent of village or town in English. Important ⁱⁱⁱ . One Village One Product Campaign One Tambon One Product (OTOP) in obstacle to the growth of their society. groups mostly consider environmental concerns as frivolous and as an to realize the impact of their lifestyles on the environment. Even so, affluent basic needs - and between wealthier people who have only recently begun among poor people - who have other priorities such as securing access to interest in and awareness of the natural environment is rather low, both to be set up in the emerging countries’ context. In particular, levels of good for the environment or for society would have to find different reasons European creative communities cases such as the desire to do something within the emerging countries themselves. Furthermore, key features of external inputs, care should also be given to studying creative communities of these cases is their spontaneous nature and their independence from Europe are in some cases replicable. However, since the main characteristics priorities and feasibility. The stories of the creative communities detected in sensitive to social, cultural and economic differences and be based on local from creative communities from Europe to emerging countries has to be As noted earlier, the transfer of innovative technology, such as the findings creative communities? Would it be possible to reproduce European experiences such as the model on one hand, and urban poor and communities rural that are still a more individualistic consumption and aoriented society functionally a gap between middle that class is more and more oriented towards thandegree is evident in Europe. is Another factor theimportant widening the and rural between and urban different contexts, to a much greater In consumption emerging countries, and areproduction patterns vastly Which communities should be targeted? spread more quickly. necessary, whereas initiatives aiming to promote materials sharing might interdependence is visible, projects for social integration might be less and motivations in emerging countries, where a higher degree of social initiatives in accordance with local needs. Therefore, based on key trends and emerging economy contexts, creative communities will create social safety nets, and overall quality of life. As noted in both European also differ from European and Western consumers due to differences in resource poor communities and affluent communities. In general, they In emerging economies, consumer priorities and lifestyles differ among initiatives in emerging countries? What are local priorities and main needs to promote sustainable experiences of Europeanexperiences communities and the European policy context understanding of environmental and social concerns. In this sense, the the local and national levels should favour consumers’ andawareness In considerable addition,raisingawareness effort. the policy context at The countries. creation of creative “sustainable” communities requires a consumption are less understood and taken into account in emerging Environmental due impacts to over-consumption or unsustainable- governmental policies Raising awareness among consumers through adapted tools and safe and environmentally sound managementwaste system. instance to ensure the responsible use of appropriate technologies, and a to andconsider the anypolicy environment, needs for for infrastructure of the fortechnology the community. In addition, this process will have with anespecially to impact assessment, consider the appropriateness point, starting any introduction of willtechnology have to be coupled in resource poor communities make their ecological footprint low. a As Presently, the low consumptionin the levels particularly high-tech sector not always adapted to such technological advances. are systems exceptions in urbanized situations, the present infrastructure in emerging economy lifestyles However,countries. some from apart incubating and couldpaying) be applicable and adaptable to local sheltering/ guaranteeing, logistics, privacy ranking, assurance, quality operating, synchronizing, personalizing, andtracking tracing, sharing, It appears that technologies proposed in the European scenarios (co- technology innovation? How should creative communities in emerging economies integrate well as consumer demands rooted in access affluence. versus along individualisticparticularly systems, and dimensions,collective as in inhuman,value financial differences andmaterial infrastructure; emerging and European creative communities must account for differences globalization. Any possibilities forlearning fostering between experiential of life and social change evidentprocesses through the evolution of to poorer groups, who especially have to cope with apace different that involveintrinsically an empowerment element could provide help Nonetheless creative solutions technological platforms. and communities in classes urban communities who have a higher rate of access to such the from European promising are morefar cases, relevant for middle on the other. Therefore, many of the enabling technologies identified - out ofand necessity cultural values - linked models to intra-solidarity experiences. In relation experiences. to ideas these could service be oriented towards like in China, Sri PeruLanka, orand Mexico have shown to be successful Similar initiatives alreadyin exist developing aroundcountries the world, issues like and energy waste, water management. Farm such Projects as environmental performance. a good way to initiate much needed improvements to a village’scity’s/ urban management ispoor very often and involving citizens could be Sustainable Housing and Living could prove valuable for communities in emerging countries. • Is there a demand for such a service idea/scheme? • Is the necessary infrastructure there to support the service idea? • Does it apply to urban middle class, to rural poor or to urbanself-organise poor? around the service idea? model and would these drivers be strong enough to support a society •to What would be/are the reasons for people to accept the service ideashifts? shift? What could be some of the costs and benefitsassociated with •such Is the action something that would require a complete socialresearch? or cultural needs, tradition or genuine social creativity, as is defined within this• If the creative solution already exists, what are the drivers? Arecountries? they • Does the case/service idea represent a complete novelty in developing the environmental or ethical ones? • Is there any concrete benefit for emerging economy communitiesseries beyond of qualitative criteria such as: The analysis made by UNEP and CI on the promising cases was basedreplication on a in the emerging economy context. cases that are not likely to have the cultural and infrastructure basis wherefor some form of a similar solution already exists). We also solutionsindicate that we think could be replicated in emerging economiesexamples (or of European creative communities, we flag the sustainable cases in order to contextualise the points we have made above. InIn thesethis section, we aim to highlight examples from the European promising The transferability of European sustainable solutions These includeThese the and building in cities or villages are to be considered with great interest. initiatedProjects by communities to practices encourage eco-friendly level are highly replicable Cases promoting sustainable environmental practices at a local ³ are a good way to ofawareness raise consumers on environmental Findhorn, Findhorn, eco-village ² (The Netherlands).(The In emerging countries, ¹ (UK) and Cream o’Galloway Dairy De Kersentuin - biodiversity and enhancing visitors’ experience. organic products, with the aim of increasing produces a small quantity of high-quality organic dairy farm in Southern Scotland which ³ Cream o’ Galloway Dairy Farm is an developed by the inhabitants themselves. city of Utrecht (The Netherlands), founded and and economically sustainable community in the ² De Kersentuin is an environmentally, socially economies. energy systems, and cooperative and social organic food production, ecological building, natural environment by combining local sustainable community, integrated into the ¹ Findhorn Eco Village (Scotland) is a

Collaborative services I 135 Collaborative services I 136 educational. surroundings which are both liberating and independent from the school system, providing of a neighbourhood workshop and a café, ⁷ Café Zoïde, in Paris, is a combination for the lowest prices in town. socialise, sell home-made handcrafts and eat out in Tallinn (Estonia), providing opportunities to retired people that runs a shop and a little diner ⁶ Omaabi is a self-help community of elderly their diverse needs and lifestyles. resource-sharing community which is suited to is an association of people over 55, living in a ⁵ Aquarius (Eindhoven, The Netherlands) to realise human unity. coming from around the world with the purpose of universal township hosting a population India is new city created in the 60’s as a project ⁴ Auroville, located near Pondicherry in South community space for adults and children and to help for a better integration café A similar issue arises from the modelssolution would proposed not beby needed in theHere, same different way, culturalor even traditionsconsidered problemsand innovative. lifestyles remain mean fairly that high such in solidaritytheexamples. context However, of emerging human economy infrastructure countries. and collective responses to social age and other social determinants. and where socialstructure through gender, roles ascribed are typically to not transferable with societies a necessarily fixedsocial hierarchical where has toeveryone social structure work equally. This concept is usually the models of Eco-villages rest on a minimally or non-hierarchical have most chances to initiate suchIn projects. addition, in Europe, should be considered. Smaller villages in semi and rural areas rural European and communities, the emerging country size of the village into account insuch ethical anyconstraints, cross-learning between their long-term might be sustainability hindered. taking Aside from villages do not integrate environmental and management, biodiversity the possibilitiesfor foryouth). development (particularly Also, if such integration into is mainstream society thereby discouraged, limiting viewing indigenous communities as having a static local culture, and do pose some ethical problems. In particular, there is a danger of benefitthe indigenous communitiesofbecause tourist dollars,they create an ethical and cooperative community. While such initiatives suchother as cases affluent communitiesasfrom tourists ameans togenerate income. In camps and areeco-villages more oriented ethically oriented to attracting access and ownership. In initiatives somesuch as cases, eco-tourism issues of ofthe rights indigenousin people,terms ofparticularly land for tourism but purposes these can be controversial given the political emerging somecountries “communal/indigenous” villages are set up organized into socooperatives they can sell In traditional products. for new purposes totry involve new technologies, but rather to use traditional technologies should be noted that sustainable development initiatives do not always financialneeded the support necessary tomaintain villages. these enabling technologies for sustainable tourism, which could provide Social elderly community of agegeared 55+ toward increasing communitymodern solidarity. postindustrial These includeera. In thethis the respect, limitations cases of of social individualistic innovationIn orientedwereEuropean lifestylescreative prevalentcommunities, as partthere of appearsthe to be an awarenessDifferent needsof and different cultures ⁷ . Such initiatives aiming to promote a more interdependent society with . tourism,Aside arefrom traditional also artisans Auroville ⁴ in India, they are a genuine attempt to ⁵ and Omaabi - Self help community Cafezoïde - Playground Aquarius - ⁶ case It perspective. P.5 perspective. maintain their value. weakened in the urban context, andexisting what strengthscommunications in human could infrastructure be valueinitiated from of emergingexisting to countriessustainable are social beingcommunities networks. couldIt is bealso an importantimportant promoting tosignal consider tothe emerging howexchange countries of experiences ofto the workfrom intrinsic byemerging themselves countries and tomight European intonot theneed societyfurther support.would therefore In these notrespects, be a priority. Human infrastructures tend ⁱᵛ ⁱ ⁱ ⁱ ⁱ ⁱ ⁱ References consumption patterns. communities in achieving the goals of sustainable global production and contexts, as well as help to build the case of the immense value of local effective in uncovering promising cases of social innovation in non-European countries to engage in experiential cross-learning. Such a process would be communities to systematically work with creative communities in emerging Keeping these ideals in mind, a positive next step would be for European creation of wealth for communities by communities. environmental and social needs of a community, and which involves the • Value sustainable regeneration, which addresses the economic, source of strength • Recognize the diversity that exists within communities and regard this as a partnership. • Stand for accountability to local people, as well as collective action and their own communities • Encourage and support people to take responsibility for the renewal of cases] is value driven and should: community enterprise cautions in this respect. According to the Northern Alliance for Sustainability, poor communities of emerging countries, and have raised some important of European social innovation in addressing the needs of more resource We have also given some thought to the potential of promising cases development can occur at the community rather than the global level. to show that considerable toefforts fight poverty andfoster sustainable To conclude, we have tried to reflect on the promisingcases as evidence Conclusion and Consumption: Concepts policies and actions. The Netherlands: Shaker Publishing Shaker Netherlands: The actions. and policies Concepts Production Consumption: and to Sustainable In Transitions Perspectives. Regional 2001. Young. and Bennekom Charkiewicz, Sustainable Consumption in Asia. A guidance manual. P.7 manual. A guidance in Asia. Consumption Sustainable Used here to collectively describe economically developing and emerging countries. emerging and developing economically describe to collectively here Used

United Nations Environment Programme. Division of Technology, Industry and Economics. 2005. Advancing Advancing 2005. Economics. and Industry of Technology, Division Programme. Environment Nations United http://www.navdanya.org/earthdcracy/seed/index.htm ANPED, Northern Alliance for Sustainability. March 2005. Social and community enterprise: a European a European enterprise: community and Social 2005. March Sustainability. for Alliance Northern ANPED, ⁱᵛ [such as those shown in the promising European creative communities consisting mainly of individuals from the “new” the “new” from ofmainly consisting individuals communities creative by enterprises social as are initiated the cases that We presuppose environmental) cultural, social, (economic, • Sustainability initiatives • Bottom-up country) in(at •solutions the actual least Innovative (notsolutions) technical • aspects Social were: for inclusion maincriteria predefined The have interesting. found all over from Europe youngthat observers and initiatives experiments pool aof larger from are drawn project for the research collected Cases states. welfare over debates modern in the general issues to important of enterprise social cases the more ortoisolated us less enables connect that dimensions anda weof set present theoretical examples as are used Cases innovations. ofand analysis bottom-up such description informed aimThe of solutions. is the chapter to mainstream provide a theoretically develop into potentially might that future for initiatives looking been we Further, have societies. of development modern mainstream to the perceived alternatives represent that cases highlighting NGOs, and from of individuals or networks groups smaller from up initiatives Wefor bottom- have searched and aspects. economic environmental cultural, social, covering wide concept taken aas very sustainability with innovation, is sustainable project of the research main The focus innovations Social sustainability? to relate macro How atsustainability micro does large. in change society potential for their facilitating of towell as as the phenomenon assess understandings more general inat slightly order to arrive theoretically, however,Here, we towish them analyse and promoters participants. of and values their the ideals or problems express immediate they they solve benefits; by their intrinsic justified are generally initiatives The intoroles shaping surroundings. their take andmore active try and apathy indifference oppose Citizens denominator is concern. of andoptimism signals of in belief common Their human potential. as be regarded might in the research collected promising The cases Social enterprises in modern welfare societies:Eivind Stø and Pål AStrandbakken, bottom-up SIFO perspective initiatives react to might be social exclusion, restricted quality of life quality restricted to exclusion, be social might react initiatives and cases these that trends oflist the mainstream A complementary and levels patterns • consumption Rethinking behaviour • New collective • urbanity Rethinking communities and urban rural between • Bridges and consumers producers between • New solidarity houses • extended Rethinking groups of• Inclusion marginal one. obvious the most with to exemplify but we try dimensional, multi to appear towill probably seek be improve rather on.of Most the cases to or react the initiatives of society or activities sectors what specifying aim at dimensions These categories. orsevendimensions identified we have of analysis the cases, andFor sociological the more general promising the cases change within ofsocial Dimensions benefits, concerning health, the environment, the social fabric etc. fabric thethehealth, social environment, concerning benefits, to andandschool afrom you number ofrecognise unintended added Andiamo aAndiamo scuola da soli – Walking bus Like impulse. the original when you transcend let quickly your joinkids a Even projects andiswhen actual needs meaningful. citizens’ wants andFor utopian a this division between projects. number large of cases problems; on the immediate other wepractical include more ideological On the one aimed athand social enterprises. specificwe and see cases we motives, twohaveRegarding mainactors’ identified of “drivers” funding. andunpaid work private services, and cafeteria dealing in small handicrafts combine scale with contributions business based and more orfunding charity orless municipal government where a mix utilize financial often ofrunning the daily the activities initiative, and are rooted concern in third ofsector promising the most cases But even awhen number corporations. and large governments outside the impetus locates largely initiatives on bottom-up focus The motives. via the actors’ dimension, to ahas as sociological be considered cases of the status environmental even that means the (perceived) actually of segment this orientation ideological more The general middle classes. because they need safe transport transport they need safe because

Collaborative services I 137 Collaborative services I 138 and according to their individual characters. their homes and they are treated as individuals visit and stay: children can be picked up from aims to create a pleasant place for children to childcare business in Tabasalu (Estonia), which ⁸ Nublu mini kindergarten is a family dinner in a home setting. enabling at the same time people to get a cheap cooking use their skills to cook for a larger group, Netherlands), through which people who love collaborative service led in Oosterhout (The ⁷ Huiskamerrestaurant Schuif ‘s Aan is a financial support. independent elders help, companionship and style accommodation, while giving lonely but (Italy), which helps students find cheap, family- intergenerational house sharing in Milan ⁶ Prendi a casa uno studente is an community businesses are encouraged. to plumbing) between individuals and innovative forms of trading (from gift wrapping services and skills among the members, where (UK) based on the mutual exchange of ⁵ Ayrshire LETS is a community in Ayrshire surroundings for children. but providing educational yet liberating and a café, independent from the school system combination of a neighbourhood workshop ⁴ Café Zoïde, in Paris (France), is a find it difficult to find and keep a job. from addiction or with learning difficulties who adults with mental health problems, recovering challenge the economic and social exclusion of organisation in Glasgow (UK) that seeks to ³ The Coach House Trust is a non-profit for the lowest prices in town. socialise, sell home-made handcrafts and eat out in Tallinn (Estonia), providing opportunities to retired people that runs a shop and a little diner ² Omaabi is a self-help community of elderly cycle of consumer goods. development, for example by increasing the life people, and promotes the policy of sustainable rehabilitated, immigrant and/or disabled (Finland) which provides work for unemployed, ¹ Työ & Toimint is an association in Helsinki Trust Ayrshire LETS Trading(LocalAyrshire Exchange System Association onbe might dimension this working promising cases Other quality. social in element general important an as is perceived persons of marginalised reintegration A successful tothat tend trends tosocial andreactions isolate “atomize” individuals. as be should seen probably to mainly initiated inclusion achieve Cases toandsolution anageing problems. excellent collectivism, the with We main advantages two ofsee freedom. degrees limited experience and surely they loneliness feel also can they institutions At the large insecure. are well andAtas lonely feel living home they many elderly age and onein a would where retirement place like to parents ones see will will be able to In offer. normally state by conditions going living own the welfare what beyond people. elderly In many ways the community. to organise is a a There space communal andcommittee agarden. communal large use also but they home and garden, have own private their Participants in inNetherlands. Eindhoven, The 1990 community by a creative inclusion social of- community Social age elderly 55+Aquarius isof an mainly example Inclusion of marginal groups and harmony. beauty enhance to initiatives to surroundings; ugly reactions of are aesthetic also them level a number At over-consumption. cultural a more general perceived and and pollution ofcrime problems urban nature, from alienation relations, on too simple provider-customer emphasis much dwellings, in small self sufficient anddue tofamilies of isolation individuals through citizen participation. citizen through inofconcept a welfare be developing new elements might active them All of varied. are very conditions and even social economical when aneconomy, anarchic against and protection of security social state to some of are all reactions the shortcomings valid to marginality approaches three These of for improving the conditions others. engage Coach TrustHouse the while in order tothemselves, organise protect by poverty) caused Inagency. of models different we notice three initiatives, In inclusion the social fabric. andsocial tighter participation active inclusion, ³ and the Aquarius Aquarius ¹ , the Aquarius . It is social community of older people, established of. established Itolder people, is community social Cafezoïde - Cafezoïde café Playground Aquarius model. It is an ideal combination of privacy and It model. is an of ideal combination privacy is mainly characterised by resourceful idealists who who idealists by resourceful is characterised mainly Omaabi - SelfOmaabi help community resourceful persons engage in improving engage their persons resourceful seems like a perfect solution to the situation for tofor solution the situation like aseems perfect Omaabi is the institution where one would where towish live is the institution marginal persons (marginality mainly mainly (marginality persons marginal Työ & Toiminta - Job and Action ⁴ . But like even a project ) ⁵ has strong elements of elements strong has ² , the Coach House Coach House they can be consumed in new ways. A lot of the cases related to Ainrelated be eating consumed can lotnew ways. they of the cases and are even produced, how products agricultural and the various when a lotlearn ofIn how consumers addition system. distribution the existing you have toproduction and/or challenge organic local towant support If you and consumers. products of agricultural producers between channel a isboxes create of they new that distributional these aspect sociological interesting The a and box fruits. ofdelivers vegetables weekly that in - Germany BoxVegetable is a enterprise social Gemüsekiste vision. long-term have toa others more solve problem, an urgent try Some of the cases the actions. behind argumentation and political environmental economic, to we another; findone case practical, from vary motives The material. project in the research tendencies is one ofcommunities the strongest and rural urban link at between arebuilding more direct Attempts Bridges between rural and urban communities and the environment. don’tthat human rights violate products purchasing ofin and ofterms values similar needs with people organisation of example d’Acquisto GAS Gruppo organisation -Solidale Group purchasing New solidarity between producers and consumers and the at home bydefined this are dimension partly Cases to services. products from a ofkind transition exemplify also they To degree and interaction. of a cooperation pleasure certain general andof the more scale by the economics using costs living reducing space, are living limited initiatives house extended behind main The drivers small children. with families for the flexibility will increase however Home nurseries nurseries. ordinary in of number places a sufficient offering with step, compared backward a as Europe it would be regarded probably In ofnorthern childcare. at home Nursery tocare small ofinfancy groups professional 2-3 children under 3 old. years of San andDonato provided Milanese by that offers a cooperative is promotedand for bysocializing children. The service the Municipality wouldAdded bebenefits interaction promotes the service. municipality women.not for The immigrant least they provide job opportunities, who are unable for families to and find a nurseries, place inexisting an example anof example the for small ofgroups homeunderchildren ofyears three nursery age, and Nidi in Casa -at home Nurseries Rethinking extended houses ⁶ NUBLU - Mini kindergarten Minilasteaed , the the new solidarity movement the new solidarity Huiskamerrestaurant Schuif ‘s -Aan Living Room Huiskamerrestaurant Restaurant is mainly a response to a present lack of other forms tois of amainly lack aforms response other present extended house extended Prendi Prendi a uno casa studente - Lodge a student , Italy Milan, is a and customized flexible dimension. They give alternatives dimension. alternatives give They . GAS is an informal grassroots grassroots is an informal ⁸ . an ⁷ environmental development in involved in people The development the area. the environmental and toeconomic and the social, the school contribute protect city, in Poland, the in order intomovement Przyslop Zawoja revitalise by a grassroots established was eco-village This behaviour: collective Eco Model -inHamlet Friendly Poland ofis anthe new example New Collective Behaviour renewal. for urban concern is ofat the centre citizens’ Association +BC (like Cycling involving the bicycle ofnumber cases vast The urbanity. of tomodern therethinking contributes definitely sharing car perspective this Within model for the future. an interesting represent onon the other and the oneand cars hand shared buses and bicycle metro tram, by train, transport of the combination collective Especially alternative. is sharing ancar mobility, interesting In an integrated life. of in the vehicle your everyday of both owning aof car, notadvantages care andtaking the advantages it. youYou need when the car really you use can travelling, have the If emissions. you plan your gas greenhouse well as as pollution local a as onandwhole reduces the road Itsystem the pressure may reduce stress. the everyday andmoney Ittime, reduces saves multidimensional. is system in sharing car this for participation motivation The advance. in than 10 km per book year. less cars 000 driving for people users The solution access car andin living Itcheap easy the city. is a relatively for members rent-a-car-system is -Sharing Car a Milano MCS self-service and meet share project. this can of all and age locals groups open space where a free offering garden, plot abandoned into an open, healthy, community shared insalubrious an Jardin The Nomade transformed for the children. activities education provide environmental andschools local & families byresidents local is undertaken garden of the vegetable and Daily cultivation care decade. built on agarden, 270m2 community a for site, almost abandoned a as developed the Jardin Nomade was of residents, local initiative On the ofto the Bastille. the East streets busy two between situated Jardin ofNomade - isParis, Nomadic Garden inpart a quiet residential incities. toanother the traffic the cities, in One is areas linked to among recreation the promising cases. trends urbanity We haverethinking taken note for centuries. ofalternative two inbeen has evidence that istrend a common worldwide Urbanisation Rethinking urbanity others. well as as Estonia Food Link Van Group here; like o’Galloway are the Cream relevant Andiamo adaAndiamo soli scuola - Walking bus Repairman Bicycle Mobile ¹² , the Bicycle Flea Market Flea , the Bicycle ¹⁰ inand- Scotland the Ökosahver Eco-pantry ¹⁴ and others), as well as the “soft” solution in solution and others), the “soft” well as as ¹³ , the Mobiele Fietsenmaker - ,Fietsenmaker the Mobiele ¹⁵ shows that alternative mobility mobility alternative that shows ⁹ dairy farm and the Local farm dairy ¹¹ in Buchticket – Book Exchange Buchticket ¹⁹ recycling material net – construction Used studio re-designing the Mööblikom – Furniture are: dimension inpattern/level consumption this are that relevant cases Other andfor your and wants. needs are that goods relevant skills with to it findcould members be small difficult communities within that It is a challenge and experiences. skills knowledge, through fabric social the Itto ato is become new easy member.contribute. It strengthens if you initiative, have something a grassroots is This truly 40 members. in aAyr. scheme LETS toToday decided start of have the earth” they 1976,ofas “friends early as members when started project original The to capital. access low with interest projects community and provide charges, and banking interest reduce businesses, and community individuals ofbetween trading forms innovative are of18encourage there inThey which Scotland. scheme, LETS Thistypical is a to of benefit members. the large andgoods services -to make - exchange it for members thistles possible currency “local” of a Introduction in overview. this pattern consumption the rethinking Trading Exchange System), (Local LETS represents Scotland Ayrshire Rethinking consumption patterns and levels Ecovillage Findhorn and Housing Living - De Sustainable Kersentuin be might direction behaviour in new this collective initiatives Other production by energy • Environmentally of the school by revitalisation • Educationally of involvement. by• degree high Socially dimensions: along various fortheparticipants benefits with project is This a multi-dimensional anas eco-village. not designed was the city because have tochallenges also they special meet event though village, of eco- this aspects and innovative is the most This people. probably institutions framework, had They place. toanother deal the existing with in lived didn’tthe area; they move project to in acreate dream village mostly at the local level at the local mostly initiatives, on bottom-up based is primarily • enterprise new The social enterprise: social of the elements the following Building onconcept. we this, emphasise in are the contained challenges environmental well andas as mobility, transport and consumption, production cultural andgoods services, of economy, distribution household that means This perspective. term and both in and long- awants; needs consumer short-term to satisfy all designed provisions but linked includes to andissues, social health is not here. only We Welfare broad definition of employ welfare a rather Main characteristics of the social enterprise ¹⁶ in Scotland. in Scotland. ²⁰ . in Estonia or the German inor Estonia the German ¹⁸ ⁶ and the Materjalid- in Utrecht and the in Utrecht economies. energy systems, and cooperative and social organic food production, ecological building, natural environment by combining local sustainable community, integrated into the ¹⁷ Findhorn Eco Village (Scotland) is a inhabitants themselves. Netherlands), founded and developed by the community in the city of Utrecht (The socially and economically sustainable ¹⁶ De Kersentuin is an environmentally, or more adults. in the safety of a group under supervision of one encourages children to walk to and from school is a collaborative service in Milan (Italy) which ¹⁵ Andiamo a scuola da soli - The walking bus bike instantly. repair man visits clients at home and fixes their easier access to bicycle repairs, because a bicycle Brunssum (The Netherlands) which givescyclists ¹⁴ Mobiele Fietsenmaker is a service in maintain their repair skills. to work for the common good, and want to volunteers, mostly unemployed, who are willing repairs and resells donated bicycles. It is run by ¹³ The Bicycle Flea Market in Turku (Finland) second-hand bicycles. by supplying services like, for example, hiring who encourage the culture of cycling in the city association of bicycle experts and enthusiasts ¹² +BC in San Donato Milanese (Italy) is an ecologically pure and healthy lifestyle. and channels, and helps people to adopt an sells certified organic food via different services ¹¹ Ökosahver Eco-pantry in Tallin (Estonia) food sell and deliver directly. price, while helping small producers of quality which is delivered to home for a reasonable promoting fresh and locally produced food, retailers and consumers with an interest in (Scotland) is an association of producers, ¹⁰ Local Food Link Van Group in Skye biodiversity and enhancing visitors’ experience. organic products, with the aim of increasing produces a small quantity of high-quality organic dairy farm in Southern Scotland which ⁹ Cream o’ Galloway Dairy Farm is an

Collaborative services I 139 Collaborative services I 140 easily, without having to store them at home. readers enjoy new books, and exchange them thousands of book titles for exchange, allowing a website that provides a free service offering ²⁰ Buchticket (Cologne, Germany) is based on the new environment. materials so that they can be re-used, enriching project that teaches people about old and used ¹⁹ Materjalid.net in Tallin (Estonia) is a given a new look and find a new owner. where people bring their old furniture to be ¹⁸ Mööblikom is a shop in Tallin (Estonia) region to region another. one from ideas and disseminate or inof the coordination activities, in some of part NGOs the cases, may play a crucial • Well-established among the cases. substantially varies However,potential. • market have this strong Some of the initiatives and/or character. economic juridical of political, initiatives to the some support give onlevel, the local mostly • Public authorities, initiatives and top-down bottom-up •isdialog abetween There general stakeholders relevant with in developed dialogue is also • enterprise At time the social the same NGOs from activity the with and to andalso, solutions market some degree, models state to both anwelfare as is alternative developed activity • bottom-up This and consumers distributors producers, between especially chain, value an• interwoven We register also and role citizens. as role consumers as the Toand wemultidimensional. between ansee overlap some degree may be complicated • in role The enterprise ofsocial this consumers and origin gender, class social generations, between activity, andfor social political new may arenas create initiatives • These oninperspective. solutions a short-term concentrated have increasingly they taken by actors, publicdecisions and future private to influence ofInstead lobby activities individuals. creative among these activities input to from output in focus shift a •principal We have witnessed goals. and political concern toenvironmental benefits individual and engagement social from substantially may vary the motives where initiatives take these ofor groups individuals individuals, • Creative consumers (innovations by demand) and co-producers; byas demand) (innovations consumers in role their as involvethat individuals • processes Innovation initiatives: bottom-up need we also decisions, top-down and political In innovations toaddition the technical and co-producers. consumers in are role citizens, their mobilised as individuals when succeed will only they that common. point Itof is departure our normative have in one andelement challenges processes different three These NGOs are redefined. and families market, the state, 2002), between the relationship where 1996, are all instates (Esping-Andersen, a ofposition welfare transition In the modern addition and consumption production. sustainable towards a toshift support declaration in the Johannesburg addressed have to the challenges meet 2000). societies At time modern the same in economy Council (Lisbon the world and competitive innovative the goal of the most becoming Unionitself set European The has societies welfare of theories modern within enterprises Social Post-war welfare states have witnessed an ongoing struggle between between an ongoing struggle have witnessed states Post-war welfare European). and (Central Southern models other than into the two links the family andstronger with the Church, involves also which elements, corporative with state welfare • insurance Social (USA the 70’s)and UK from markets and of individualism elements strong with state •welfare residual The (Scandinavia) and citizenship social egalitarianism on universalism, emphasis with model, • democratic social The 1990): (Esping-Andersen, states welfare of capitalist types different three topossible identify it is also On hand, the other similarities, in spite of the recognised states. welfare advanced most in at the peak of NGOs andactivitiy families actors, market authorities, out by aofcombination political carried and financed was states in all welfare However, noting phenomenon. this services that it is worth could people illustrate andfor elderly homes Kindergartens solutions. to political functions family from a also similar shift was Secondly, there war.the after decades in the first regulated strongly also was houses and for credit market The in others. examples are typical and doctors hospitals in are countries, most an example systems security Social are concerned. both execution financingas and far as solutions political to market from a shift was There society. over control the new service on tookand level national to local aextent public large that authorities to another. onemain The however,idea, country from was varies state of content The and the welfare form and European OECDother countries. World War IIafter developed in was many state welfare modern The General welfare state theory below. briefly will all They be described apart. plays special class creative the where modernity, of toreflexive discussion relevant is also project research this Lastly, to Governance. Government from shift to the connections are strong there secondly societies; of welfare future the about of all First the discussion discussions. theoretical relevant be can linked tothree at least enterprise social about discussion The society? the civil from initiatives and bottom-up families from contributions solutions, market of public authorities, synergy upon a new model based a ofvision society arepresent new welfare Do the promising cases of enterprises? social the framework within be understood demands and how these among can consumers European demands sustainable Toemerging is itto possible degree identify what questions: following the to discuss project, research this from We the promising cases will use societies. to states welfare welfare from in the transition participation • Citizens’ and wants; needs own their in formulating involvethat consumers solutions • Sustainable Modern societies are organisational societies, and they contribute to and contribute they societies, are organisational societies Modern solutions. theout practical carry and services thefinance services, of the goals social in formulating part play a decisive organisations independent are the role of societies InNGOs. societies modern and state the welfare in element both the welfare One important in2008 book).this Luiten (Warnke, principles important other as and subsidiarity legitimacy democratic included also has on governance European the discussion (2003),the Commission from In and coherence. a report effectiveness accountability, participation, as: openness, of governance main principles for the EU (COMGovernance (2001)the defines 428the document final) In on Paper the White on andlevels. national European European, local authorities political inwith dialogue in development societies, juridical and economic for the political, to take responsibility involve stakeholders main isThe idea oftothe concept behind governance Governance. to Government from the shift is state to emphasise welfare modern of and the designs challenges the changing toway Another describe From Government to Governance in state another. welfare on the but anin attack one country, society ofimprovement the welfare an as could be phenomenon regarded the same Thus, not identical. are the problems because substantially may demand vary consumer Theemerging project. intheresearch collected cases inthe reflected Luiten in2008 book).this be (Warnke, could This also are concerned society in the welfare toand the crises the ways meet services social asfarthebothlevel as of in Europe, differences are significant There correspondingly. vary also states into the welfare the solutions that the crisis surprise one model to from another, it varies is no and market families state, the Sincebetween the balance demands. new emerging to these meet not able been have, in countries, most systems welfare The groups. consumer for large linear and less standard become has the life-cycle and structure, and occupation structure inof family changes because changed have ofgradually and citizens wants the needs that emphasise (1996) -Esping Andersen also system. welfare the social from resources increasing requires weaddition haveanthat also seen ageing population In and families. the to individuals from contributions state on welfare pressure economic put that extra unemployment and increased growth slower economic have experienced countries Most states. welfare is --aof in or result crisis the challenges discussion political This (Majone, 1996, 1999). state 2001),(Lindblom, and we are the regulatory about now talking of in the balance while power the late changed seventies relationship, power in this the offensive represented state War welfare II the modern and1977). (Lindblom, market state World after twodecades In the first aspects. Questions of identity and agency, risk management, life life management, and risk agency, of identity Questions aspects. the environmental beyond way goes that for our cases a relevance however, of andGiddenshave Beck, theories modernity reflexive The and unemployment. rates divorce increasing isolation, social 1991, Giddens p.of 139), modernity”; but loneliness, so are alienation, out juggernaut of (“the control of modernity are all examples crises and economic risks nuclear contamination, BSE, mercury depletion, layer ozone Global warming, of human practice. consequences unintended of but rather the world, notparts atin least the richer crop failure, and well being to are no humanity’s longer wild beasts threats The modernity. orreflexive and reflexivity Risk Society, modernity, second modernity, high view; this and come towith analyse terms havein employed been order to and observations theories concepts, (Giddens problems 1991, 1991b, 1992,1994, Beck 2001). A of number own its creates thethat– ideaversion lies modernity “reflexive” – in its theory modernity ofAt more the base orcontemporary less Creative Class and Reflexive Modernity project. in demands research this consumer the emerging for relevant is This highly of the decisions. into the execution take part - prepared are are notthey also they only voters and system, lobbyists, thisrole with in andthe are social not political satisfied movements new The social for task. this designed or by institutions themselves authorities out by political However,carried were the decisions andat level. local national authorities and for political visions goals and formulating public interests in articulating part an played important NGOs and public movements theories democratic the classic Within - decisions activities. to -output thepolitical influencing input initiatives the from However, (2005), shifted according to has Pestoff the focus 1993).(Putnam among citizens performance institutional the about in Italy.concerned regions He inis especially various and NGO membership and upon participation ofasocial study political in Italy.are post-war based His conclusions democracy the political for of NGOs society and the civil the importance emphasises Putnam in Italy. in Putnam’s of the main is This message study democracy also citizens. by ordinary engagement of political an reservoir unlimited provided they because democracy in modern a cornerstone became Tocqueville (1945) organisations independent that he emphasises to de reference With level. andeconomic both political at the social, societies, in modern part an played important always has third sector (2005). in bya work Pestoff recent The idea This further is developed solutions. organisational and new initiatives could be for onenew bottom-up of the reasons This demand. and user may tonot be emerging sensitive institutions, are bureaucratic On hand, the other many organisations of these 1998).and beyond the market State (Pestoff, asociety create civic

Collaborative services I 141 Collaborative services I 142 indicates nostalgia and support of reactionary ideologies. ideologies. of reactionary and support nostalgia indicates not necessarily the fifties offrom some ideas the application that i.e. meaning in new circumstances; be re-introduced might solutions old where should situations This include and solutions. ideas fresh with ofand tovalues be able some clusters to new challenges meet support to are believed communities Creative community. belong to the creative or to follow some ofvision is This neighbourhood own. their they why to in solve problems the initiatives take people creative Ordinary of the common man. It isresources more like the creative tapping class. of the creative ranks and educational the professional outside ofor groups individuals individuals ofaIt creative matter is rather and communicators. architects artists, linked definition, todesigners, in Florida’s However, here. class we are the creative notabout talking will findresonance and identity politics life about ideas Giddens’ 2004). of (Florida Most Class” Creative “The baptized Florida that of the middle is classes the segment initiatives these behind One force (Giddens 1999, p.areas” 79). local towns and larger of neighbourhoods, refurbishment material and the social ofmeans furthering to practical it refers solidarity; of local forms lost to recapture imply trying doesn’t “‘Community’ it exerts. pressure of the downward andbecause possible, necessary both focus makes a community of advance The globalization slogan. but annotas abstract tojust the new politics, fundamental is of theme The community ofbureaucracies. large authority faceless of andeconomy the the market forces the abstract counterbalance to try somehow and community 1998). society (Pestoff economy Civil and the state the between something exists there that probably is andto want amplify detect project research this that initiatives of and ofthe kind for the development success A precondition the debate over modernity. high (Giddens 1999, p. 78)to society” are central ofcivil an active “fostering and democratizing ofand exclusion, inclusion questions politics, financing and execution the services? On thehand, how other many of services? the execution financingand on for both dependent the state society is the welfare degree which On the one hand, toand market politics. the tension been between has states welfare of the modern the future about main The discussion cases? new these about really is What society? new model ofanabout welfare emerging anything tell us project in research this observed and the promising cases can of enterprises, social are What the characteristics societies. welfare in modern of enterprises social the framework within promising cases the and discuss toofbeen has chapter this describe objective The Concluding remarks cities. cities. in European are most andneeded walking offor bicycling the situation and the improvement initiatives sharing car taxis, cars, private transport, of public an where integration cases related in the traffic documented is This well and enterprises. social actors commercial authorities, political local including all stakeholders, from contributions substantial toitthat it will without not is argue easy succeed For the new urbanity communities. and rural urban between relationship to buildit this positive is difficult society the civil within groups these Without among small on producers. hand movements the other social groups, consumer is on the one consumers andhand enthusiastic urban producers rural to the new link between main The contribution society. sustainable - of visions problems, andinclude aalso future practical solve that togroups marginal a responsibility shared offers society Civil well. as sectors other the However, within solutions. youfind will also elements similarpolitical and state/local to actors both market contributions sustainable developed have cooperatives and the commercial initiatives the bottom-up clusters these Within and inurbanity”. “Rethinking communities” and urban rural groups”,between of“ Inclusion ”Building marginal bridges in cluster inis well cluster documented enterprises social from contribution This main strategy. voice their with as level, on the output activists and political producers co- are (Hirschman). also They and markets in bypolitics exit decisions the are influencing not only Citizens voters andto consumers, output. the input side offrom politics shifted has inthe focus that the sense new? really are new They World War initiatives II. are these Inways which the after state welfare inof the development the modern part important have an played in However, many countries movements the social in process. this play apart vital and enterprises new social communities Creative society. the civil from contribution ofa also substantial matter It inis market. the consumer actors andlevel and local commercial on the national actors public political between of responsibility shared is not only a matter society welfare Wethe future think isthis the case; NGOs society? and the civil from initiatives and the bottom-up the state; a tothird solution the market offer Is the promising itthat cases possible actors? out by commercial andcarried be themselves, be by financed can citizens the services these Democratic and Sweden Democratic University, Paper,Welfare Theory. Söderthörn - A. Victor Pestoff, (2005): the Welfare StateDemocratizing – Revisiting the Third Sector and State in Ashgate USA-Singapore-Sidney: Aldershot-Brookfield society, - A. Victor Pestoff, (1998): Beyond the Market and State.and in Social civil enterprises ademocracy welfare pp. 1 - 24. - Majone, G. (1999) StateThe Regulatory and Problems. Journal of Its Legitimacy West European 22, Politics, - Majone, G. (1996) Regulating Europe London and New York: Routledge. London: YalePress. University - Lindblom, C.E. (2001). The market What system. it is, how it andworks what to make of it. New Haven and Inc. Publishers. - Lindblom, C.E. (1977). andPolitics New The systems. markets. York:world’s political-economic Basic Books, and States. MA &Cambridge Press London: University Harvard - A. Hirschman (1970) voice Exit, and loyalty. Responses to Decline inof Organisations the Firms, Performance - Giddens, Anthony (1999): The Third Way. The Renewal of Polity Press Cambridge: Social Democracy, - Giddens, Anthony (1994): Beyond andLeft Right. The Future of Polity Radical Press Cambridge: Politics, Press Stanford University - Giddens, Anthony (1991 b): and SelfSelf-Identity. Modernity andin Society the late Age, Stanford: Modern - Giddens, Anthony (1991): The ofPolity Press Cambridge: Consequences Modernity, and Life, Everyday New York: Basic Books - Richard Florida, (2004): The Rise of the And Class. Creative How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community -(2002). Esping-Andersen Why we need a New Welfare State.Press Oxford: University Oxford London, Sage -G.(ed.) Esping-Andersen, (1996). Welfare States in Transitions. National inAdaptations Global Economics. -G.(1990). Esping-Andersen, in Beck & - Bonns (2001), - (2001),Ulrich Beck, - (1992),Ulrich Beck, Bibliography Risk Society. Towards a New Modernity Theorie Theorie reflexiver Modernisierung – Fragestellungen, Hypothesen, Forschungsprogramme Die der Modernisierung am Moderne, Frankfurt Main The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism , London, Sage . Polity Press Cambridge, , Verlag Suhrkamp ,

Collaborative services I 143 Collaborative services I 144 and meanings (Green, J., 2003/4). goods and more with access to services and authentic experiences, values people-driven future, one less concerned with the consumption of material are moving a part of the European society towards a more networking and hand, and personal well being on the other. It is such new attitudes that better balance between material prosperity and frenzied activity on the one whether the pressure to do more and more is wise. They’re searching for a This is leading to radical reassessments of old ideas. People are asking connected to both their predecessors and the generations to come. see themselves less in terms only of today, but more as part of a chain and economic consequences of what they do and they’re beginning to and service economy, they’re more aware of the environmental, social concerned with satisfying the less tangible aspects of life. In a knowledge Domestic Product and income per capita, people today are increasingly progress was mainly measured in economic terms related to Gross If the Industrial Age was based on the belief that ‘more is better’ and ways of living and beliefs required to steer sustainable development. challenges, but also socio-cultural challenges: how do we fashion the new And such questions offer not only environmental and economical people to question conventional methods of production and consumption. inequity and increasingly urgent concerns about the environment forcing globalisation, booming populations, the diversification of lifestyles, social Today’s world is an increasingly complex and uncertain place, with a new ‘welfare’ society. protagonists in new ways of sustainable living that genuinely contribute to of individuals and asks whether those individuals will be the main possible future directions growing out of the collective empowerment the satisfaction of their daily needs and wants. It concludes by offering into the specific motivations that lead people totake direct actions in trends extracted from the promising cases, and proceeds by diving and behavioural drivers. It starts with a description of a few socio-cultural creative communities in Europe to provide an insight into people’s values This text examines and analyses some of the most promising cases of People’s behavioural drivers and emergingStefanie Un, signalsSimona Rocchi and Josephine towards Green, Philips sustainable ways of living The landscape The Much of this is due to the mass media making environmental pollution ofpollution Much isthis due environmental tomaking media the mass on. depends our society of balance onthe eco-system consumption the natural and production of industrial impact environmental the continuous but about is also areas, limited affecting disasters) (ecological events exceptional sporadic, concern just doesn’t question environmental the that There’saunderstanding also growing generations. future we live inthe environment about today and concern will leave for into is a turning issues real ofPeople’s environmental awareness From environmental awareness to environmental concerns and culture. education balance, work-life security, personal and cohesion safety, social and friends, family with relationships and development, for self-actualisation need the dimension; a encompasses that more dimension ‘spiritual’ material, toon onea centred less satisfaction on materialistic based wellbeing ofthe concept from a haveshift that stimulated Itfactors is these technologies. of digital diffusion the fast from resulting and the disorientation society of an the fragmentation ageing population; activities; and commercial in public life participation more offemale needs; basic satisfaction this: the are contributing a ofnumber factors Overall, makes sense. of in income makelives they higher pursuit intheir private sacrifices the whether question ofPeople seriously isA life emerging. new quality From material wealth to physical and mental wellbeing of ways living. around more sustainable built and to have needs deliberately their been meet communities by individual but have generated been notaction result of government the are manymanifestations ofthese Specifically project. research inthis collected by manyand reinforced cases of the reflected clearly (Green, J. and Rocchi, S., of have 1999), been which the manifestations astudies few from emerging already values and underpinning trends key socio-cultural several we recognise can asuch background, Against

Collaborative services I 145 Collaborative services I 146 drivers behinddrivers the adoption of alternative, more sustainable ways of creative communities object of our investigation. What are the key However, all this still leaves questions two fundamental related to the innovation. ‘creative– the destruction’ way towards ground moreand fertile social material success. It challenges the present value system and opens – via view of theand future of human endeavour governed by more than just This is all of part ana emerging that morelandscape offers balanced level, networked and on a more in-depth and intimate level. and participate interact, connect, influence, both on a more widespread, groups ondifferent the local and global level. There’s a growing need to enable us to - participate in real timeand -‘virtual’ in a number of communities that whoreflect we are andwhat we want tobe, and which Given this more individualized identity, the tendency is to ‘choose’ their own alternative forms. church, andfamily even state financialpeople support, are lookingfor leaders. Moreover, with the decline of old offorms ‘belonging’, such as waning, and there’s a growing lack ofand trust confidence inthe public orgovernments other institutions to care for and protect citizens is those of the Popularpast. confidence inthe ability orthe will of Today’s is society perceived as less stable and more than uncertain From excessive individualism to re-connection with others and public institutions. companies global with lies the responsibility that feel they but notarea, There to issues. global intotheirlocal issues specific make can athey that difference feel have People they andatoften level. the local the global feel people However, the influence ofin terms behaviour, there’s abetween gap footprint. environmental sidethe other toofof we an the creation are the world, all contributing from or products buying waste a car,By driving generating consumers. on but as also them not only on industry rests the environment for tothe responsibility that beginning realise also they’re system, eco- of a part fragile as to beginning themselves people see With From governed responsibility to personal, shared responsibility solutions. for more sustainable the desire but also resources, of natural the conservation about notmore attitudes demanding just stimulating and cancer. is And in this asthma turn allergies, as of illnesses such aas source being viewed environments natural and pollution unhealthy air with associated carnow jams and emissions automatically traffic - and change -for andexample, climate with, awarming scale local of the threat global with are being associated effect greenhouse both on more visible, - a and scale ozone global the depletion threaten the local socio-economic fabric of the aas such community, fabric socio-economic the local threaten Such operations co-operations. commercial bymainly about large-scale andin convenience people’s ofprovision The is brought lives comfort The need to support local sustainable socio-economic development and to from school. home safely children and escorting neighbourhood in the rates by helping crime cut for example, in lives, their safety back toto together work bring are starting of communities local members unable to environment, living provide aoften safer authorities With The need to make the local community a safer environment community. the local within work of voluntary orthe organization activities employment for specific calls and‘haves’ the ‘have nots’.members Including ‘marginalized’ such the between tensions creates asit often overall, tobeneficial asociety is not Such exclusion strong. is not others very with participation or whose who are excluded, those are always there In any community The need to enhance social inclusion /goods services. or exchanging and support social physical with example, other,helping each to again, for get more attempting in others touch with more and Toandmorepeopleare isolated. feelings, these fight uncertain is feel more people making Today’s individualization increasing The need to intensify contact with others below. some examples We offer older,traditions. more ‘authentic’ or embracing others with socializing from comes this whether and secure, towant not safe they but inof also feel only included the lives others of today, characteristic lifestyles and individualistic the free from arises often that to a the loneliness response Perhaps networks. more social of There’s oneand today or aneed part to engaged growing be socially Social engagement behaviour. consumerist traditional rethinking concerns: • Environmental to improveaspiring anas individual •aspirations: Individual a within tocommunity others being connected • engagement: Social of ways living: promote sustainable inpeople Europe to motivating initiate and key we three factors see communities, of creative From of the analysis promising the most cases communities: drivers? behavioural what arethe Creative ways ways of living in Europe? living, playing and working? And, who are the people initiating sustainable People feel that governmental or local authorities are failing to are failing provide orauthorities local governmental that People feel The need to feel safe in a living environment of ausing impact car. environmental the outweighs convenience it may have, personal effects environmental mobile andis aeven if must, of are people aware and the global local being lives, and Inmobility. andtoday’s hectic busy transportation have might regarding they and for convenience to the principles to need both that their appeals People an want alternative appealing The need for alternative mobility and benefits. goals more personal solely, support development but also for sustainable goal of support don’t Such the larger solutions only accommodate and offbeat. original are inthat usually ways doing So it they’re account. for themselves into don’twishes they take specific their because solutions mainstream thewithavailable are not ofsatisfied youngsters Growing numbers meaning The need to create solutions that fit one’s lifestyle and give it new below. some examples offer life? We ineveryday itself manifest andbenefit improvement individual at being able to on act one’s But how overall such beliefs-. does satisfaction -aof sense personal to saved- -money more abstract tangible fromthe vary may these contributing: for the individual benefits lead to often in. believe Yet,they contributions such at time, the same tofor which to, towant a They world. this contribute cause difference in, and make toa want participate often empowered People feeling Individual aspirations ( techniques. andproduction local skills handicraft traditional well as as and spaces, areas local to authentic maintain led to has alive. This initiatives and authenticity traditions (cultural) of keeping the importance realizing they’re region, their being from lost are and ideas products skills, local that concerned more people With The need to preserve authentic and local tradition people. toof group a larger andof understandable it making more accessible of and ways living, of ways sustainable for alternative, support active to provide led tothey the value And has this realize the community. are people starting our lives, from vanish small such establishments shop on more and the corner. As more or grocery bakery family-owned Figure 1. A few promising cases reflecting social engagement) experiences. This may be training; the transfer of knowledge or ofthe knowledge the transfer may This be training; experiences. positive through is being generated to awareness audience, a larger and Toaccessible known issues and makesustainable environmental experience The need to create and share ethical concerns through a positive products. to make be new other sold for a for spare parts or lower price used ‘look’ of Or it the original ancan change can object. adding new parts orFor creatively. example, be it functionally and services, of products along. comes the lifecycle of Soup are people thinking ways extending better of something disposed when are often properly functioning still to products annoyas people, Today’s is starting throw away-culture creatively The need to extend product and service life cycles functionally and below. some examples offer people’s inlife?behaviour daily We affect reflections environmental such But how and do find ways conduct to anddifferently. do things others’ is This on leading totheirthem own and rethink reflect consequences. and have pollution personal loss of change, biodiversity climate as such issues that realising also they’re interconnected, much are very of the health that ourrealize andpeople planet our As lives own concerns Environmental ( than cash. rather on barter ortransactions basing of products, cycles the life to extend recycling of for consumption; example, methods open up alternative and orandtogoods services share those exchange starting they’re Instead, orgoods services. spending onmoney particular worthwhile are people finding itand less less culture, In today’s consumerist The need to save money through alternatives in exchanging goods inainvolving them local their community. of actively the added advantage has This inneighbourhood. the local employment beingtakenare and tostimulate maintain initiatives specific life, communal from excluded feeling an occupation without people prevent inis apeople’s Employment ofTomajor sense factor wellbeing. The need to stimulate local employment to keep anorganizing eye environment. on local own their by to themselves take the initiative starting so they’re safety, adequate Figure 2. A few cases reflecting individual aspirations) used goods Saving money through buying Minimo impacto Figure 2 socialising neighbourhood, stimulating Creating local green spaces in Jardin Nomade material Maintaining local authentic Materjalid.net Figure 1 Exchange of goods and services Timebank festive manner development is promoted in a Local tradition and Soup Festival organised by elderly Self-help community Oomabi neighbourhood watch locally-organized Naaber Valvab for offbeatdesigns Independent fashion market Moeturg

Collaborative services I 147 Collaborative services I 148 redesigning old furnitur Mooblikom sustainable living promoting Eco village Poland Figure 3 transpor promoting alternative Tandem taxi to rethink waste workshop creative Educational ( the building of houses. example, – in, for and –recycled natural materials of the use non-conventional through directly addresses approach the other andsomething applied, is used of is this energy the way itthat change doesn’t disadvantage water). to less The use machines washing sharing (by, for example, resources fewer One is inmain byways. two wasting near future in the of resources scarcity People to are responding the inevitable The need to manage resources efficiently and consciously effort. little a relatively even helps, effort every that in aresulting mentality environment, own toenabled People their feel influence empowered. feel makes people practices these Supporting community. local their within practices to oreco-friendly contribute of A group practice people growing The need to support eco-friendly practices in small communities promotions. bicycle or city areas residential free car by carpooling, for example, organizations; or non-commercial byenabled governmental is usually and It be onscale, provided use. can the small the large well as as and toconvenient easy and be relatively it inmust stages offered on be tocan’t imposed itpeople; needs be transport Alternative The need to promote alternative means of transport into life. daily be integrated can issues environmental of how to conscious make others practises ofpromotion particular more behavioural drivers as discussed in the paragraphs before. The The before. in the paragraphs discussed as drivers more behavioural by isofprofiles one driven Each or the user the research. indicated as initiatives, L. 2003)bottom-up specific behind (Bueno, Rameckers, M., people thedifferent representing created haveprofiles been user Several with. are surrounded they that lifestyles adopt sustainable to toeager those individuals creative active, highly from range they creation; involvement of active degrees different are, of There course, of todayand tomorrow. to solutions fitthelifestyles sustainable involved inof creating onea will be in people new actively era, which at stand the beginnings innovators’ ‘creative such project, research this toIn -ofthe promotion contribute behaviour afuture. more positive and of who – people ways living, by attitudes their in sustainable ofof number are interested many the growing people studies There initiatives?peoplethe profiles:behindUser Who are bottom-up Figure 3: A few cases reflecting environmental concerns) of a creative community, consisting of oppose that consisting younger people mainly ofcommunity, a creative findingthat a jobis couldbenot part thateasy.experience Jarkko does andambition he he is however for alooking jobambitions, fitthat these Hea has oflot Helsinki. of the University from graduated just has Jarkko his place. own until he afford can Finland, in Helsinki, his parents in trouble doing but so.encountering in with Hefoothold society, lives Jarkko family.” they The sell moneyused goods. I for save, the is used activities for fun using without money or and goods services at the exchange store where I go for shopping centre, people where insome thebargain exchange local on his sidewalks route to When I’veschool. them dropped atsafely school, “I mywalk as I kids to by that therun school fear everyday cars and the from family. ofthewellbeing her benefits longup. as tois it as towilling community, Nathalie the local contribute to needs be ato good for children place and grow safe neighbourhood citizen’.anas ‘innovative For her, could be the characterized Nathalie involved actively. inmore people the community in getting succeeds always Nathalie her enthusiasm, With ininitiatives. local participate who and is towilling person, contribute She and is active a committed ofItaly. Milan, and inliving the outskirts caretaker Nathalie keep that way.”busy I’m not there with and IIsome chores. likehelp some neighbours elderly to can help out other;each sokeep my an neighbours eye on my home when know people hardly Iothereach nowadays anymore. like it when neighbours to isgood “Having contact me, inimportant as the neighbourhood community. that coming from and traditions authenticity towell as as local maintain for her ofto aIt of be community. part community, is aimportant creative like part Veroniqueas A be considered can type and a difference. effort she is towilling make an it is she necessary; thinks whenever initiative andwilling toeager always take up She person, onis an an active France. ofandincompany lives Paris, the suburbs an international Véronique Europe. of in ways living of sustainable point for the examination a starting offer profiles Erekand ofJarkko, Joseph user Nathalie, following Véronique, : Single male, 25 old, for alooking years job toand ways get : Married female, 36 years old, mother of two children, fulltime fulltime 36old, of children, mother years female, two : Married : Single female, 29 years old, working as account manager for for manager account 29as :old, working Single female, years opportunity to meet more friends.” opportunity you because get to things you workshops, learn didn’t know and it is an history. I or gardening love art for about, those example, workshops Ito invite my friends home for a dinner. we Sometimes, go to organized “I like to togo out and have meet afriends overchat a cup or of coffee, family. or friends time with some well quality both as as some time for himself, the day, During sad. andlonely feeling he likes ofto his have friends: aaway ofcouple ago, past years he didn’t to want like become some get older. they at when should home stay andTV his When wife watch andin andvital life not does people that active belief is Joseph very of home ina Eindhoven, the Netherlands. caring apartment independent Joseph for innature.” respect behaviour school on from their own their friends my and occasionally daughters go tofarm, aor park visitI toan think eco-village. it’s educate important e.g. taking them out for the weekendto to visit athe countryside, local “At home I enjoy by nature spending time with my and family experience on topic. this others and Erek isto educate environment towilling living a contribute better being well citizen. as as an innovative ofcommunity a be part creative Erek could of nature’s resources. the preservation promote and support andof to to behaviour their makeof aware people the consequences on it. He findsit important have people’s can huge effects behaviour and how the environment about conscious very become Erek has Poland andcompany inliving Krakow, at a engineer construction technical Erek in society.”established those already ideas out Ieasy there, will have to find and my between ownideals balance a them on this issue But as Imuch as possible. with agree them, that it is not I will not be able to find ajob. Iit think, is just amatter of timeand Iignore “My think I parents spend too much time on and music they are concerned in life. totoneeds acquire abe in able foothold opportunities tosociety explore toifthat he live up wants to he his understands ambitions, own Jarkko ofof ways new doingways doing and and explore current behaving. : Married male, 42 years old, father of two children, working as as working ofchildren, two male, 42old, father years : Married : Single male, 69 years old, retired and: on old,living Single male, 69 aretired years inpension an ‘intelligent’ use of the environmental resources available to available them, resources of use the environmental ‘intelligent’ will makeknow-how, they more and manufacturing resources natural of availability the local with link necessity their increasingly people As Value generation in the local context expressions. of socio-cultural their part to the ‘commons’greater and make attachment anthem increasingly emotional their will increase they energy, personal By investing habitats. or of to artificial natural more their empowered as improve the quality make, well they that as for the choices more responsible far will feel people activities, in collective And by participating time and knowledge. assets, of spaces, usage by will a be replaced consumption collective the ‘goods’ are that ‘common’ and disruptive to ownership all. Individual more about will care people capital, socio-cultural well as as resources, of for the value and local public natural concern an With increasing The revitalization of the ‘commons’ for all. equal opportunities achieve tohelps that aofwill engender ofsense democracy all stakeholders of the power Such ‘rebalancing’ locations. more distance from those than rather to products desire their the local consume increase in turn, will, which are and made they will increase, ‘how’ come from solutions people’s the chain, the value confidence in‘where’ By shortening involved. of all the stakeholders the power by re-balancing areas geographical local within consumption and of wealth’,production a ‘distributed one keeps that the activities of in the creation itself manifests entrepreneurship Social trust. mutual and creativity passion, onby energy, demands relying their social to specific answers providing entrepreneurial are the protagonists, the citizens Instead, or by multinationals. governmental-organizations by non- programs development socio-economic of centralized onone dependent the deployment the traditional from different form It’sis flourishing. a of and entrepreneurship social new form A ‘fresh’ A new form of social entrepreneurship thatwe thinkwe’ve pointidentified of to such theaemergence society. directions of are some of‘welfare’. follows What the future landscape in a new protagonists to active the chance become citizens its offers above and one which described and ideas the spread of all the attitudes from originating of a people, society empowerment collective growing in the grounded of toa years the birth society wecome, imagine into the but projected experiences, creative upon the current Based living of ways sustainable for Future directions

Collaborative services I 149 Collaborative services I 150 Meroni, Meroni, Anna (edited by). 2006. atpresented the WBCSD onworkshop Innovation and Development inSustainable London. Green J. and Rocchi, S., 1999. “Some changes on people’s values and– attitudes input,”social survey a report what will be the BigNext Thing? London: European forum Ltd business Green J., 2003/4. “Finding Meaning in the inMadness” andlinkresearch its inbetween application design.” ofProceedings Esomar 2003. conference Bueno M., and L.,Rameckers 2003. people in“Understanding new inways, Personas a forging context: stronger ina realising, succeeding new idea of welfare. promoting, and actively citizens ofone consisting active new society, inthe potential to has intowhat flourish a themselves manifesting some already directions, are afuture of few these the emerging Overall, of demand. new this form and it ‘how’ will satisfy delivers it ‘what’ to be question challenged increasingly, will, And ‘business’ andrigid. less direct less of needs their for the satisfaction businesses and consumer provider. on will makeThis the dependence between structure’ ‘power existing the will redefine they process, creation invalue the orpartners potentialcomponent, of technical specific the suppliers become by companies that demanding and wants, needs totheir fulfil than for ‘recipes’ complete rather ‘ingredients’ for single By asking will change. companies with relations their Consequently, role of consumers. traditional their will move lives own from away of their the context within solutions own their People who create Forcing business to rethink currentits role globalisation. of effects negative the possible help marginalize ‘diversity’, nurturing and, by of‘footprint’ our environmental awareness Itincrease will also of eco-systems. local for the variety and arespect higher preferences socio-cultural of different consideration a greater will stimulate This technologies. and digital traditional and by matching’ ‘mixing often Innovation in the New Service Economy B.Andersen and al., 2000. “Introducing the Economy” Newin B.Service Andersen et al., Bibliography Creative Communities. People inventing new ways of living , Manchester: , Edward Elgar. Manchester: European Business Forum , Issue 16 – the After Internet , Milan: Ed. Polidesign. Knowledge and interpersonal encounters between two orpersons. two more specific between encounters interpersonal on based specifically are those innovations” – “relational participants between encounters on face-to-face based are notthey here necessarily -allof tokinds and goals new social ideas meet is aexpressing term We to them prefer call ( roles. defined strongly by is these reduced participants the between relationships of interpersonal possibility inThe a theatre. script a are onperforming a the actors model ofwhere human relating is This an meet. idea area andthe provider area, based the client areas, of intersection to comes mind The we usually when that think “services”. about is aIt’s bank. andexample anthe usual image the service-counter” at “to stand it’s to possible attitude this call In cases such the client. the agent serves where the two, between in subsist the performance activities [agent]service The roles. predefined and [client] are performing in model, anwhich agent and common The idea ais client. a service actors: we two consider a we model when imagine service, mainstream the common idea of In from “services”. the differs promising cases in these offered model wethe services behind see organisational The Two models service towe are refer which nothere, as being definedonly 2006),(Meroni, collection case in research thisidentified innovations The involved. people between relations on interpersonal based intrinsically operating i.e. ofmodel, aservices to new generation a new service rise are giving is here tocommunities how indicate these objective qualities”.relational Our on their“interpersonal focus will specifically of many inpoints view study, this from but we here analysed been 2005, (Manzini, 2007).problems own their have innovations These tofor solutions create who are collaborating citizens” innovative as is defined of “groups community” “creative expression The Creative communities as “relational” innovations:Carla Cipolla, POLIMI a service design approach These services are illustrated in figure 1 , i.e, the participants are performing pre-defined roles, as actors asactors roles, pre-defined are performing , i.e, the participants of the service performance occurs when the two distinct distinct the two when occurs performance of the service relational innovations relational ) . While “social innovations” . innovations” “social While social innovations social service service point point . (This service model is illustrated in figure 2) else. somebody for benefit a generates an organization) (representing agents or one more where of interaction forms USUAL SERVICE SOLUTIONS figure 1 services. A table. Another example is example Another table. even lay the helps client so-called The than in a rather restaurant. house of a booking for atable in lies dinner inthe possibility a family service called case The performed. tobe script is there thatno precise indicating defined, are not clearly and clients agents between roles The approach. a different introducing but are “services” the solutions communities, inInstead, the creative “partner” and co-producer. “partner” his becoming will that andbe the food byproduced supplied the farmer, Cérès’s garden is the solution example Another participants. by are shared the and the benefits is the solution co-performed where approach, on a are based mainly cooperative solutions The and client agent are interwoven. characteristic: this present cases since of most are only the promising some ofThese the examples by children. their occupied previously the rooms using students, to university accommodation offer ³ where the consumer purchases – –inpaying all advance purchases the consumer where Lodge a Student at Home Living Living Room Restaurant Les deJardins Cérès - ² ¹ where older people older people where is an example: the isthe an example: production. food from local farmers and also support their and preserving the environment obtain organic group of families interested in a healthy lifestyle ³ Les Jardins de Cérès near Paris (France) is a financial support. independent elders help, companionship and style accommodation, while giving lonely but (Italy), which helps students find cheap, family- intergenerational house sharing in Milan ² Prendi a casa uno studente is an people in a home setting. a good but affordable meal and meet other group providing the opportunity to go out, have cooking and use their skills to cook for a larger Netherlands) is a group of people who love ¹ Living Room Restaurant in Oosterhout (The

Collaborative services I 151 Collaborative services I 152 “creative communities’ service solutions” (FIG. 2). solutions” service communities’ “creative in the illustrated as members between interactions on the interpersonal based strongly approach, interaction amainly circular present solutions (FIG solutions” 1). service Their in service the “usual illustrated as haveto a avoidtendency communities linear interactions creative The benefits recognized commonly co-produce to themselves organize humans where of interaction forms CREATIVE COMMUNITIES’ SERVICE SOLUTIONS figure 2 services. B Interpersonal and economic benefits Interpersonal opportunities for meaningful interpersonal relationships between the the between relationships interpersonal for meaningful opportunities create also They andpeople farmers. elderly of income for families, a source respectively but atdemand, time guarantee social the same respond toThey of a and social benefit. economic intermingling a Student at Home and Jardin the complex du Cères) highlight Lodge above Room(Living Restaurant, reported examples The

Let’s look at an example of a community-based service, the service, Let’s look ofat ana example community-based itself. operation solution service of the part are intrinsically instead relations interpersonal The solutions. These solutions. ofcomponent are these an essential relations face-to-face interpersonal Creative communities produce produce communities Creative and standard services Community-based benefit. benefit. economic brought of and life inat time, quality the same some cases, improved their has life. This everyday of“ordinary” working everyone’s in the embedded activities, of the development everyday from emerges and isandthat shared at time both that well-being personal the same of who, groups anpeople by idea inter-relating, have of put into practice show reported we sum Incan up bythe cases that conclusion, saying and the student. older person the –between meeting the – easy not always to created been facilitate has solution of Lodge a case Student at Home, aorganisational special in Forthe example, of andorganisation. forms structures appropriate through be nurtured must involved. Atrust mutual the actors between of trust of relationships special the creation of presuppose intimacy, on a based sharing like these, Webear in must mind services that for services. modes and organisation quality in itthat inspire unprecedented can observed, promising characteristics to in seems This be onethe above of solutions. integrated the most and desired (a people other towards was ofsharing private intimacy) is opening this that ofin the promising the initiatives is What surprising canhe find me. and foremost me, but first or betray may hurt person tothe other person: another “vulnerable” home) oneself making means one’s one’s Making (in the above own case, space available intimate life. and public space of private everyday between limits is towhich the redefine services, of these characteristics main relational toAll leads this one of the for the service. is made which home, available even the tospace as such intimate considered be private, is traditionally in what is communities), generated for the initiators value the economic (and in found We increative others should examples addin that, these and users. providers would play only the role of service who inpeople situations more conventional between involved, actors relations are not an involuntary consequence of the consequence are not an involuntary community-based services because the the because services Walking Walking Bus ⁴ . evaluate its qualities is qualities its evaluate byto which main The criterion services. of these components essential are for others and responsibility is being done engagement and full toThemeaninggo that. beyond ofwhat definite plan:it’s necessary according to a operating andnot brains only arms as presences, as be considered mainly involved must people of operation, their part are an essential the participants between relations interpersonal on the ‘whys’. that focus They Considering relations. interpersonal collaboration based on a based common meaning. collaboration Instead, Instead, toclients. benefits delivering personnel trained or specially ofi.e. experts, the presence services, to professional-based relate also can characteristics of involved. people These productivity evaluate their quality is quality their evaluate byto ‘whys’.which than its main The criterion ofrather an action, on tends tothe ‘hows’ focus rationality this actions, evaluating critically with is concerned rationality that oftovalue end. that the extent Thus, the on reflecting aend, achieve but specific necessarily not initself means to orcost-effective on efficient the most focusing of rationality onmainly form anda operated specific are designed Standard services services like here: todaywe them this, will operate call of the services most As result. i.e., it isoperation, an unexpected of the service part or but isthis intimacy, not an as seen essential like friendship generated, be can output well. work Some will relational still him and the service substitute can driver Another basis. on an anonymous he participates but solution, of He the service is part operation. in aa mechanical part like of is the service anis the driver part employee: he/she because way innotdoes aoperate relational service school the normal In comparison, service). by the produced (the ofbenefits output and its are part operation of the service part are an essential dynamics relational These locality. their with relating are also the streets, through of walking people the group because participates, neighbourhood entire The and identity. a memories community, produce common story, they service; transport more produce than a they together because be replaced, easily can No participant relations. face face-to ofon the basis these works service The relationships. i.e. on it interpersonal andtheir is parents, based grandparents teachers, between on collaboration based It is a service . community-based services community-based qualitative quantitative , especially openness to others and to openness others , especially operate based on and dialogue based operate , usually (serial) production and the production (serial) , usually standard standard participants. between qualities relational toto promote be designed interpersonal need solutions - these - orpractices are by inspired these practices best communities’ to the creative are that oriented reproduce services or ifthat means this we to want andplatforms conclusions, conceive objectives the promising cases’ Considering encounters. interpersonal to andoriented stimulate facilitate only topossible meta-services design it is Therefore, however, be cannot designed. relations Interpersonal models. able service to innovative their deal with practice and to a propose discipline theory design service are challenging – and qualities how communities could this be relational done. Creative on based ofservices designing is the possibility about communities by opened the creative the main question analysis, this Considering in services qualities relational interpersonal Designing studies. Milan: Polidesign. Milan: studies. by). 2006. (edited Anna Meroni, Earthscan. London: stories. other plus Visionaries 2007. “ Ezio. Manzini, Publishing. College University Hedmark Norvegia: Allkopi, consumption and production on sustainable actions and of research “ 2005. Ezio. Manzini, practice and theory 2007. Carla. Cipolla, Bibliography . PhD in Industrial Design and Multimedia Communication, Politecnico di Milano, di Milano, Politecnico Communication, Multimedia and Design . in Industrial PhD Designing for interpersonal relational qualities in services. A model for Service Design Design Service for A model in services. qualities relational interpersonal for Designing The scenario of the multi-local society multi-local of the scenario The Creative communities and enabling platforms. An introduction to a promising line line to a promising introduction An platforms. enabling and communities Creative Creative Communities. People inventing new ways of living ways new inventing People Communities. Creative ”, in Chapman J. and Gant N., Designers, Designers, N., Gant J. and ”, in Chapman ” In Doyle, D., Taking responsibility. responsibility. D., Taking ” In Doyle, - EMUDE case case - EMUDE or more adults. in the safety of a group under supervision of one encourages children to walk to and from school is a collaborative service in Milan (Italy) which ⁴ Andiamo a scuola da solai - The walking bus

Collaborative services I 153 Collaborative services I 154 requires even more effort and dedication than just using an existing one. anusing existing than just and dedication even more effort requires of a new implementation The initiative of services. the same diffusion role inplay a the also significant can support Moreover, technological easier. quicker were and toif access wouldthe activities be willing to participate ofwho groups the population ofanddedicated less larger requirements tobroadening the more accessible, could make solutions services technological appropriated of some cases, to the characteristics According would be able to service. aensure more robust infrastructure Proper individuals. between co-operation could facilitate structure in a A organisation could be solution reliable reduced. or participate to needed organize investment is Time latent. formulated, explicitly even demand, ifThe not support. level of technological a certain from couldbenefit observed thethat initiatives suggest reflections These involved. of the people skills and personal charisma entrepreneurship, particular upon rely the of the services and reliability security regularity, The provided. toof the lack balance organization time and effort dedicating are often users or Promoters participative infrastructure. professional its without to business the size of correspond still a small service small but they kept relatively is generally of the initiatives scale The coordination. who require involving many players infrastructures show complex often in the research observed services The Technological demands occur. they when problems to face and reactivity improvisation efforts, time and personal dedicating factors but tend issues to upon rely social technological specially don’t favour On hand, the other they tocitizen. are available the average commonly that means use technological they just in invest technologies: specific and are notOn likely the one upon toresources rely limited hand, they orof websites use into mobile develop. phones they the solution Internet email, include commonly either, they as supports technological promote, don’tthey but they avoidin the promising initiatives do not often makeof use technology specific communities creative The Enabling Solutions and Technological demandsTom van der Horst, TNO Helma Luiten, TNO A example: Real case partnership. a solid result-oriented visionsand, define finally,shared build trust, mutual raise people, these and could Technology aims. help to find similar interests with people the problem of howface to findand observed connect cases Most Co-operating issue. each explain astoexample better an are brought cases below. Specific presented is shortlist resulting The clustered. were to more cases applicable was a list of issues Similar Theresult potentialfrom.demands. benefit could they in andorder to potential analysed technology what imagine reviewed then were process the research during collected All cases new initiatives. or start services collaborative existing andtools replicate knowledge, totheir access communities, creative current with tofor -enabler people As connect services; collaborative stable andmore become for participants or effective more accessible services make ideas, totheir realise communities creative to current -support As be supportive: can ontechnology which Two distinguished were levels byof new groups promoters. ready-to-use software in could then or be tools embedded experiences previous from Learning or join a group themselves. Another demand is the need for visibility. isdemand for visibility. the need Another or join athemselves. group toto inspire start others and visibility enhance the groups between ofthe sharing experiences support can technology Co-operating the solution. to replicate and tend arise New groups cohesion. social order to the best maintain tends togroup The keep atoin and small beliefs. best needs scale their thatapply products in order toproducers local findwith the alimentary and other each on with towhat having tobuy and where, co-operate together of group decides This people among themselves. distribution and ensure producers small local from buy in bulk directly collectively to who decided consumption and ethical in sustainable beliefs the same Gruppo d’AcquisitoGruppo (GAS)Solidale consists of aof group consists with people

Collaborative services I 155 Collaborative services I 156 as possible. They each have a private home, but also share a but havehome, each also communal aThey possible. private as out much other as help each and inhabitants The time. activities space, towant They share their needed. together, when other helping each Aquarius Real case example: orby spaces a of collectively. them group using people and ofthe sharing maintenance products organizing require cases Many for it? being 100% responsible anybody without accessible don’t own?they what really with be How amade can product careful to enough up stand to who are people less ‘robust’ products choose by owned many?a Who maintain product Who is How responsible? to Sharing new members. hesitative seduce to could etc. be crucial of availability, check easy facilities, booking for fluid the need for synchronization: element is an important Fluidity by whom and where. organised place, is taking ofactivity time which what to open insight all participants more fluid. could Itbe togiveapplied could a makevery organisation agenda...) shared (i.e. open calendars, technology Synchronization etc. are invited, schools events, organising oftake care gardening, many are isThey people what involved inseen, As initiative. this offor a activities. multitude is a garden shared platform metre square 270 space. The and events meeting garden, community run locally into a dynamic, transformed was eyesore run-down This children. for the activities education provide environmental andschools local of garden, a andvegetable cultivation care the daily undertake families or residents Local a for almost had abandoned decade. been which Nomade Jardin Real case example: even products-and-products. and people-and-products people, between synchronization support can Technology them. between exchanges product or organizing time organizations different with people between either collaboration practical how as such problems to facilitate face cases Many Synchronizing needed. issues and social toknowledge attending visibility, but atin time opening tothe same the relation, scale networks other keeping ofand the group individuals, could help the visualization platforms network Social potential indemand neighbourhood. their meet and canhow potential providers findservices the How users can is a social community of 45isabout living a people community social elderly was developed as a community garden, built on agarden, site aas community developed was created; benefiting from shared facilities, solar power systems, special special systems, solarpower facilities, from shared benefiting created; was In an of neighbourhood a entire years, matter the architects. with and the city, collaborated with bargained neighbourhood, sustainable for a a developed project residents The themselves. by the inhabitants and developed founded of inUtrecht, the city community sustainable De Kersentuin Real case example: purposes. co-operation also degree, and to a certain purposes, synchronization able to is also are probably people doing?complete technology This are or to things what know where technologies tracking-tracing from could benefit observed cases Certain inbase? real time for auser large or people? How How to isobjects itto dopossible and this locate track Tracking and tracing database. be in stored can user the car’s playlist music or preferred ofmirrors position, seat adjusting automatic and subsequent recognition To users. if own’,as ‘your makealmost it awas feel car shared different of and recognition the personalisation support can systems Technological tend to have car’.toown a need in strong feel ‘their people to service, this are advantages some clear there it. Although need they whenever cars shared access caneasily by traffic caused problems money.saving with People in living one, environment therefore an urban totied owning and hassles the expenses to a without use car residents Car Milano Sharing Real case example: and ofspaces. role in of shared the acceptance products an important can play techniques user? for Personalization a specific are personalized in asuch tothey that way users multiple products How to adapt certain consequently? and adapt themselves potential users different the and able tospaces Howrecognize to products communal achieve Personalizing point of view. –maintenance keeping inthe organizational mind from that for to service and a be a calendar connected host central can use machine or andsignal the same maintenance own their sharing: manage able to from products intelligent could profitthey Also, use. for private to compared model designed machine washing a more robust instance asfor use, for an intensified designed products inapplied manufacturing From the point maintenance offrom view, technologies would they benefit inspaces. communal order to organize these maintain to need They products. and quite agarden communal often space, large is an environmentally, socially and economically and is economically socially an environmentally, is a self-service car rental system that enables enables that system rental car is a self-service needed in parallel. Users or potential new users of this service require a require of orservice this potential new Users users in parallel. needed be may also assurance quality a well-founded In some cases products…). services, places, people, (like entities of different of a variety reliability the to be used assure can Technology assurance. quality more objective a require also some cases evaluation, than aMore simple collective Quality assurance forums. parent as groups discussion and facilitate experiences their in sharing users support can technology all with of Appropriated them. get in can’t but they contact people’s experiences various know about towant They service. this using parents other from experiences about would like tothemselves parents joininginform Before initiative, this autonomy and personalities. upbuilds this the children’s Gradually the school. outside experiences andtalk play, and share friends, their meet children’sThey routine. daily of part aand are become created fun routes Safe or more adults. of one of aunder supervision group into school the safety and from a Andiamo scuola da soli, the Walking Bus Real case example: offered. services of certain the reliability about experiences tothe need know people’s feel more other about will probably attendees it.behind Potential is notthere one organization specific Often small and haveare often an amateur character. observed cases The concept? the service with others of into insight the experiences user anda give (potential) evaluation of up abottom quality thepossibility ranking offer Can service? specific havea people with ofthe sharing experiences support technology Can Ranking socialization. enhancing while sharing, in -place the and smoothing orthus place- don’t storage aneed specific are that not over products the irritation decrease can for example This etc. person product, caris a orusing is where specific tool, acertain ofof use room, the communal who who has keep can track technologies Tracking be then shared. can and tracing of products Many people. anumber large 94 representing contains buildings community This and town now benefit. both inhabitants which –ofetc. sharing, from car or organization cycle of development a carrier handcrafts, as – production such new initiatives arranging sufficient self- are very residents Its and neighbourhood-help. gardens shared get bigger, inof lots the neighbourhood, green families as houses to extend the possibility systems, ventilation balanced isolation, thermal , encourages children to children walk , encourages mobility. The potential threat of direct relationships between producers/ between relationships of potential The threat mobility. direct induce could This a probably for need and furniture... hand objects second exchange they toand fruits; pick-upto vegetables the farmer go they directly offor example meet: the time moving to physically together, most of getting people show examples observed cases The Moving initiatives. to suitable diverse host spaces adaptable multifunctional into places existing refurbish can technologies and construction building innovative together. two Also role these in bringing important play an could also government Local could be support. a great city and or demand, on pointing tospaces a offer map available of each toTechnologies matching happen that available. have spaces persons the People with in ofnot need inaare place contact specific often In toorder to like rise an is aplace give this initiative needed. suitable neighbourhood. It influence on and a the is of convivial also dynamic information. and a library the families, between exchange fostering achildren: café and parents help for foreign small exhibitions, facilities, painting and drawing for kids, a playground offers scheme The activities. but providing educational system the school from independent café, Café Zoïde Real case example: open space? same the sharing of organizations forms different well managing as initiatives, tolife give different can and incommunities asuch individuals that way themanaging canAndit places? support andopen, flexible managing for finding be a support technology Can are needed. spaces other often but point, ofwill be the starting house the promoter itself the private of Sometimes a new initiative. for the start precondition an important be can service its perform can a where promising Aplace case suitable Sheltering locally. and organically and grown seasonal are fresh, andproducts The meat. cheese bread, and fruits, to possible is vegetables order also special a box single It orbox. a family fruits, oneadditional with vegetables, only with options: aassortment basic several giving weekly, fruits The Real case example: farmers. local from and grown it ofisorganically toreally the food check guarantee quality Apfelbacher Gemüsekiste Apfelbacher is a combination of a neighbourhood workshop and a workshop is aof combination a neighbourhood delivers a box of local vegetables and a box of delivers vegetables local

Collaborative services I 157 Collaborative services I 158 dealing with payment and avoids potential reason for social conflicts. conflicts. andfor social avoids potential payment reason dealing with ofthe burden continuously from alleviates Technology management. of inducing a still currency the group, form within exchanges used toregulate are currencies alternative cases profit. In other of inburden for small inducing terms aaccounting heavy amounts, for small mostly place, takes real exchange money In some cases the problem of of Aa face payment. lotform of promising cases Payment to aaccessible third party. or left disclosed will be information nothat sensitive must technology supporting of the Milan isin enhanced the case or personalization likein is aused case technology synchronization When Real case example: procedures. anddata securing encrypting access, by restricting of privacy therespect enhance should first and activities location their andand spaces trace products, people, to used connect could be ofin citizens danger. and Technology the privacy available left are or shared localization or geographical schedule as such information to more and other, each more People connected are personal getting is introduced. and tracing tracking personalization, synchronization, for co-operation, technology when actually arises demand This Privacy-guaranteeing of transport. local increase the oroptimizing goods, services exchanging people between synergies could make a car-pooling orfor facilities instance with car-sharing andof demands Bank the Time combining offers Software intensity. transport mayreduce flowsthen logistic optimizing by software supported systems to things one deliver another. transportation Local to or other moveeach meet around, participants requires service This time. the same relatively costs that by ausing service to spend can they the amount of equivalent spent awhich hours credit or have help, they aofinstead service gives money. somebody When a for help with time problem own andsomeone their ask with pay back a People in can has help orprice hours. product System). activity, Every Trade Exchange (Local LETS European like the northern competences, Time Bank Real case example: distribution. organized toscale compared large streamline to are more difficult logistics and local informal of transportation: is the increase themselves users and between users/products users, manages the exchange of people’s the exchange spare time and manages Car Sharing Nomade Jardin , dimension ofdimension of the development an important above listed constitute demands technological The enabling for solutions technology of Characteristics technologies and therefore stay at a cutting-edge level in field. this at astay cutting-edge and therefore technologies green or experimental for more alternative beds test be also can They initiatives. for other demonstrators as serve can of kinds projects These living. anda tosupplies nature, place inwith sustainable educate co-creation demonstrates ofway for residents, life a provides sustainable It communities. to providing rural a local good example environment, built respectful it is an community: ecologically sustainable a fully to economies create social and cooperative, systems, building, energy Eco Village Findhorn Real case example: of cases. most performance the environmental improving enormously cars... hybrid buildings, passive resources, energy alternative generation, power distributed as such technologies by environmental be ‘upgraded’ easily could living rather daily New forms etc. systems, water systems, energy like alternative technologies by sustainable be supported also can point of promising cases view an environmental/technological from itto has demands that be mentioned technological these from Apart Environmental friendly solutions payment. and electronic accounts personal bank with ‘thistle’ local a for instance organizing currency, of alternative the management support can Technology capital. to access low-interest with enabling projects and charges, and banking interest reducing businesses, and community individuals ofbetween trading forms innovative encourage services inThese Scotland. of18 exist which scheme, LETS £6. is This a typical to equates which per hour of being 30rate service, thistles standard the iswith ‘thistles’, andto plumbing. currency The plants catering from trading are actively around Ayrshire from 40 members Currently of amonga andthe members community. skills of services exchange LETS Trading(LocalAyrshire Exchange System) Real case example: is defined provider.notthere a clearly where cases for and fluidespecially more spontaneous them making of small the management exchanges value and facilitate It support can (products, services, communication and procedures) that is conceived andisthat conceived procedures) communication services, (products, isAn ofelements enabling andsolution a immaterial material system combines local organic food production, ecological ecological production, food organic local combines enabling solutions enabling is an example ofis anmutual example . solve daily life problems as a as problems community. solve life daily to should be oriented toenable people technology On here. the contrary, aresolving problemnot specific requested individual towards oriented Solutions similar situations. or of kind facing having the same concerns People tend a of to within group problems people life daily solve their level Community population. to the whole should accessible be highly technology more interwoven, to more and and become producers consumers these order to encourage In use. they and services ofor even products producers themselves ofbecoming providers signs show people first promising The cases to the whole Accessibility population on abasis. local involved Technology should be developed is important. distance physical only iflimited live nearby. they Maintaining interests orsame convergent the inwith finding interested are people probably others co-operation, for Foron ascale. example are based local of Most the promising cases Local scale and the social human relationships level to preserve technological an require appropriate then, Enabling solutions, contents. them of theirhuman emptying and interactions, speeding efficiency promoting people, isolating dynamics, these deteriorate can technology of too andmuch the introduction intuitions… personal understanding, mutual friendship, people, between contacts direct dynamics, social on based are mostly observed promising The cases innovations. on social focusing when should care be with handled But technology audiences. andlarger help reach dissemination their could support into the promising cases of technology quantity a certain Introducing Social dimension formats. and allto into wrap easy-to-share to tosolutions specific dedicated develop tools and software, programs in to is experience embed introduced support of technological view point Frometc. the dissemination management, totime spent, facilitate to reduce to access the services, to facilitate support technological of introducing consists the promising cases, within the workability from starting of development, enabling solutions part An important of for solutions theand for workability Support dissemination and to be able to them. multiply and effective accessible tomake themmore cases, of promising typology a tospecific support

Collaborative services I 159 Collaborative services I 160 Figure 1: macro level framing the micro trends and scenarios ( of our scenarios. macro elements in time and these space to identify and extrapolates scenarios micro communities’ the creative from starts employed methodology The reality. becoming promising cases on hand the other likely toifofanumber were there growing emerge toon the one hand favourable is that we a propose approach this macro-context With be embedded. could part in the previous outlined scenarios the micro where framework of a Our socio-economic aim at features is some possible to arrive on aor level meso ofmacro is society. focuses analysis following The onpeople a level ofmicro society. orof small of life groups in individuals the day-to-day developments of the book indescribes part the second presented scenario The From the micro to the macro level: MethodologicalArticulation with considerations the macro-context Philine Warnke, Cristiano Cagnin, IPTS This is illustrated in Figure 1) creative communities creative

-type solutions, and solutions, -type the outcomes. The aim of this exercise is not to describe anis aimnotThe ideal of to the outcomes. exercise this describe It should be noted wethat have made tono attempt “harmonise” enterprise. alongthe social with emerging aframework macro possible describing 2002). at a ofset we storylines arrive more Finally coherent inet alGeyer (2003) Future 2020described and the Foresight (DTI, intoScenarios (FutMan our fitting approach assumptions havethat used exercises scenario other from addweHere also elements conditions. of macro at apicture to more consolidated arrive the results integrate step we In scenario. the next macro for the research characteristics to byus allows This possible them. list or be areas affected macro the atlooking how her affect ormight his clusters behaviour solution involved in user oneof or in these several the promising case we concentrate First insteps. the analysis two Wewith proceed then Figure 2: Exploring the interaction of micro- and macro-level. Framework for analysis research. this within collected ofand analysis the cases clustering the from resulted that scenarios micro the six we use of departure a As point communities. for creative aenvironment macro possible on we take insights to generate the perspective 2 illustrates Figure

Collaborative services I 161 Collaborative services I 162 • Opt for alternative sources of energy with low impact onlowwith environment impact of • sources energy Opt for alternative in true general) the from general ecoin many attitude of the food cases but not necessarily onlow means with environment impact • Opt for transport for user) each means tothe costs easy calculate people with by be that can many used sources be that can energy shared, transport (e.g. or “adaptable infrastructure” • infrastructure” aNeed “collective networks) the be might avoidedthrough available (e.g.that are locally products be might done on distances foot or by bicycle). Longtransport distance (short medium distances means for rather of transport • aNeed variety is likely user to… communities The creative Infrastructure of services insolutions the delivery packaging innovative _Require fit size ofhousehold) toneed but beat “professional” time the same micro entrepreneurship (e.g. products tools for neighbourhood semi-professional _Demand (e.g.equipment more durable goods/machinery) _Need household and privacy a high level _Demand of security data and(elderly disabilities) people with for more accessibility _Ask etc.) pay model, for function, operator by use, (pay of products ownership of new collective forms _Demand products) will be shared (multi-user many as products users, adapted be that can toeasily ondifferent emphasis products _Place are the neighbourhood within solved things as (e.g. delivery) cleaning, medical services external less _Require may… user communities creative one). Hence self-organised the for existing service but transport needed (e.g.tosolutions the self-developed nofood service professional optimum solutions),design would but toneed these be complementary (as to are they systems used service product • Demand high quality • Want is tobuying know she/he what impacts environmental in•of and terms Place onethical high demands products is likely user to… communities The creative Product/Service systems are introduced. areas the selected within framework and the socio-economic Emude users between of interactions possible the lists In the paragraphs following Scenario step 1:the creative communities user Observing society”. such a “sustainable on the road andto enabling factors but to about barriers possible learn of enterprises social network developed awith world fully sustainable (derived • Be active •inon Be apolicy active level (e.g.local etc.) and forum, even citizens neighbourhood or community her/his within initiatives local • inEngage various is likely user to… communities The creative Governance in a wider area) the services tointerest offer be might an there clubs (although e.g.solution of in service the case to needs her and own environment come own upcontext each its with to is the connected interest his/ insolution the as prime other areas is however user not promote likelycommunities to The creative actively interested to and anybody information experience distribute • Be toinclined freely “above” from innovation imposed •towards “centralised” Be sceptical communities) notdoes solution market elective fit needs (especially • innovation onPursue own account orif a group with together the user are likely toinnovators) communities user become elective (especially solutions long as into is there as nogovernment self-organised intrusion • Be open toand/or companies with joint innovation initiatives is likely user to… communities The creative Modes of Innovation society) innovation on level (e.g.a central EU hydrogen infrastructure scale is however user not likelycommunities to for The creative large engage (e.g. of in illness) reliability pool case of guarantee replacements tosolutions for semi-professional infrastructure • Demand support (all exchange scenarios) for information • Demand platforms (AmI) • ofMake use network a mobile information networks wide within transportation tools for small• quantities logistic Need etc.). plants, mini desk factories, platforms, design virtual facilities, manufacturing into companies connection (toolkits, • Want to innovation platforms use solutions innovative • for ITAsk brokering tools totovarious access provide flexible solutions innovative various for payment to enable facilities easy • for fluidAsk transfer money spaces community between and/or connections housing) new community home, (extended space and facilities community • (multifunctional) Need places meeting • neighbourhood Need and jointexchange experimentation for information • forums Need use for them their own • and solutions Beout modify advanced willing to try for neighbourhood) system (e.g.solutions jointwater solar warm • Come upinfrastructure local with _Is likely _Is to to prefer home of do from work part one main profession on instead of focussing aprefer set of_Willactivities often professional of arrangements forms working _Will for flexible seek probably overtime regular to inclined in and engage ahigh workload time position with little _Is full therefore: conventional work, outside nature of• various Have commitments is likely user to… communities The creative Working environment going) keep the system so is there ato tofor need the policy gap bridge such organisations, (on to inclination the in other hand: engage services little professional for semi- providing guidelines associations • for new professional Ask of groups citizens among various of anetworking increase strong • Effect is likely user to… communities The creative Civil society home if dothey notetc.) safe; feel to be robbed at any time; people will not at feel home in the extended lodge ashopping student; for you is isafraid not ifpossible everybody • toNeed be able (e.g.to build on society within a level ofbasic trust solutions of semi-professional and acknowledgment • Demand visibility base are semi-professional done on institutions a self-organised to that are nowgovernmental sooutsourced that many system functions of element a become the social substantial •welfare Make active etc.) pension relevance, system, healthcare through (e.g.for funding eligibility activities users’ communities creative of recognition such official as activities, self-organised professional to semi- accommodate systems • of Demand adaptation security social labour”) “black as being classified (e.g.solutions toservices solutions avoid neighbourhood type of tothenew•accommodate legislation for Call a flexible highly is likely user to… communities The creative Social System sites are house affected) extended if for example, as, is not guaranteed objective scenario with compatibility if in the neighbourhood (e.g. construction scenarios scale large local with if •planninginterfere they approaches Favour centralised •NGOs, etc.) (e.g.Get involved level inpolicy general associations, is however user not likelycommunities to The creative … up ora aplayground market) •in Be shaping active the (e.g.immediate environment to set initiatives level of demand ainfluence oncertain policy local of products and services. There is aThere and market a supply for semi- and services. of products of more users duea toelderly percentage requirement the increasing more and become has which needs special with for groups accessibility to enabled tomany This has companies high priority give some cases. in process and process evento provide access the manufacturing into groups the user design integrate systematically companies In order to it, many achieve and services. for many products criterion a become has major needs design user to various • Adaptability scenario. in2000) introduced the baseline 2002) or such as spirit this research’s that fit well communities intoof localised pictures that have elaborated exercises other scenario from on are conclusions based elements Other above. described as of types solution the user the promising initiatives on are inspired by the considerations for most of the characteristics point The starting areincluded. also consequences well as negative as potential conflicts Therefore settings. inof spaces realistic manoeuvre but world to The aimbe able is toanotabout perfect tolearn describe challenges. and to solutions possible future current or offer tackle may solutions of communities-type how understanding creative better to enable ofa the macro-scenario the description boxes across within are ofinserted are covered here. Moreover,this text some macro-trends of part in areas developed the analysis the previous selected The same features. observed than actually rather ofspirit the types general solution from well conclusions as as elements involve imaginary often they In fact, the cases. solution from derived directly are They notof necessarily type. this research’s that is enabling and being communities enabled by creative framework of a socio-economic some characteristics give The following storylines scenario Scenario Step 2: Synthesizing ofelements the creative communities macro- ways. various in move too onetoas location iseasily structures connected local is however user not likelycommunities to The creative be to inclined • solutions Come up creative with office neighbourhood like • Initiate for andworkspace solutions makeof use collective and catering such childcare as infrastructure provision through of tailored structures • work/life Enable flexible etc.) disciplines, (e.g. cultures, ages, background different from people withgroups to in work heterogeneous •difficulty Have little initiatives) environmental (e.g. or ethical to high accountability with companies • Be attracted •environment working Opt for a collaborative Local Standard from the JRC-IPTS from (JRC-IPTS, scenarios FutMan Local Stewardship from Futures 2020Futures from (DTI,

Collaborative services I 163 Collaborative services I 164 with companies, contributing new ideas and feedback. As creative creative As and new feedback. ideas contributing companies, with into readily joint innovation engaging clubs) “lead haveusers” become and service of neighbourhood new forms but also communities elective (especially members community Creative tosegments. market other and tois beginning sector this spread within emerged has innovation Anew mode specific inof general. to industry many impulses giving segment abusiness small innovative but highly forms enterprise for the social and services of products of• new creation The types self organised. or bodies fully are upset they bygovernment local in cases other companies by run private are sometimes agencies These etc.). infrastructure, organisational (platforms, infrastructure information • Supportive • Packaging • Transport as: such communities in solutions creative to self-organised systems service services/product aof range complementary in offering specialised agencies are local There localised. increasingly become consultancy and management retailing tourism, care, health as such services Personal needs. basic towards is oriented for demand services The of exchange. new forms support that are offered and services products for modalities payment flexible etc.). model, operator Extremely pay for byfunction, use, (pay ones in toaddition ownership traditional of product new forms offer Companies implemented. are widely criteria into taking sustainability account systems labelling Product products). andof by(multi-user “use use many” shared forms allowthat various are available products Other equipment. but fithousehold into normal use for andprofessional are that suitable durable products professional systems will face offer alternative answers to the challenges that pensions and health care economically reintegrate these people into society and as a consequence products and services, through participation, may function as a solution to The adaptation and inclusion of elderly users’ needs in the design of Source: State of the Future (2005). next few decades. among others; challenges that will be of particular concern over the an essential demand on retirement pensions, health care systems, from 30% to 20% in the industrial world. This aging trend foreshadows turn, the proportion of persons less than 15 years old will decrease triple by 2050, growing from 600 million today to above 2 billion. In The world’s population of people over 60 is projected to more than Macro-Trend: Rise of population/Aging Source: State of the Future (2005). and schools). universities local to links and establishing locally of workforce their part recruiting through (e.g.to care are keep actors taking in Companies local touch with twice. able to but solution are rarely the same sell processes learning local fromthe benefit can Companies dependant. unique context and heavily are tosolutions Many region region. from widely are differing Solutions etc.). toolkits, self innovation platforms, design joint labs, virtual living (e.g. into process the user innovation for engaging solutions pioneer are able companies to develop these Also, demands. these fulfilling are able they as tosolutions provide innovative advantages competitive enjoy solutions type community these with engaged companies Therefore, are on ofthe rise. ownership of new types forms more conventional communities, creative from independently Also, ofimportance. growing are and security privacy accessibility, usability, as such Issues changing. have inbeen demands general At time consumer the same demands. a of with wide range special are confronted communities creative for and products intoetc.), developing services engaged companies backgrounds, cultural different disabilities, and with without people ages, of (e.g.people different adiversity large embrace often communities social enterprise become a reality. be correctly addressed by specific policy measures to enable the distributed However, issues such as digital inclusion, privacy and information security must share experiences and foster the diffusion of the distributed social enterprise. organise. This is also of prime relevance to enable creative communities to each other may be critical to shape a more sustainable society able to self- infrastructure in which all actors are able to interact and communicate to and innovation processes, as well as to form the backbone of a network The use of IT as an infrastructure to engage users into the production ranging from stock market tips to bold new ideas (meme epidemics). to quickly form and disband, coordinate actions, and share information lower costs, accelerating globalization and allowing swarms of people awareness. The integration of cell phones, video, and the Internet will to cheap Internet cell phone cameras, with profound effects on global knowledge acquisition easier. Millions will jump from no cameras right techniques improve searches through millions of documents, making into a new medium of collective intelligence. Artificial intelligence for reading and commenting) connecting strangers around the world feelings via public “blogs” (individual Web journals, accessible to all to the Internet. The digital gap is closing. Millions share ideas and Nearly a billion people, or about 15% of the world, are connected Macro-Trend: Information Technology (IT) and associated environmental impacts in the near future. energy use may all become critical to tackle the challenges of energy availability as well as increase the efficiency of energy use, and to foster forms of shared To restructure around local alternative energy sources, to locally reduce the use Source: Binde use. shared of forms various enough to accommodate are flexible sector in the utility modalities Payment efficiency. to solutions energy collective supporting are that explicitly schemes by government supported often resources, on renewable based provision of energy systems alternative installed have collectively ofOthers to the use energy. reduce approaches adoptedhave advanced also organisation of household forms collective who practice communities creative Some generation. energy beneficial of environmental forms are innovative developing and implementing initiatives Some local fuel. or fossil non-fossil whether resources, energy around local and are restructured are diverse systems • Energy etc.) in some neighbourhoods. disposal, waste (e.g. highways, plants, projects infrastructure against is resistance There level. the local on focussing are also and citizens locally is acting policy etc.)as is stuck network, railway speed high but also infrastructure hydrogen (such as innovation infrastructure scale on a learn Large rate. andhigh quickly solutions various out cantry as they fromthat benefit hugely sectors and energy in Companies the transport users. by active supported much is very transport) information, (energy, innovation infrastructure ison mainly local being The developed alevel. local • Infrastructure their development. how to best provide for the energy needs of future generations and development. Energy efficiency becomes the determinate in deciding greater demands on energy, notably transport, housing, and urban various development schemes. Certain types of infrastructure place which determines how much energy will be required to sustain use is dependent on infrastructure planning and implementation, countries will be 16% higher than those from OECD countries. Energy metric tons in 2030. Energy related CO2 emissions from developing from 23.9 billion metric tons carbon equivalent in 2001 to 38 billion and double or triple by 2050. CO2 emissions are expected to rise energy consumption is expected to increase 60% from 2002 to 2030 consumption grew by 3.5%, which is the most rapid since 1986. World Primary energy consumption increased by 4.3% in 2004. Oil Macro-Trend: Energy becomes neighbourhood meeting place). meeting neighbourhood becomes café (e.g.conventional sources former commercial and from restaurant) neighbourhood becomes kitchen (e.g.family private former from (e.g. public spaces becomes public park purely from emerged have sometimes locations The entrepreneurship. home to micro extended from ranging communities of creative all types by used are spaces” office). Such (neighbourhood “collective workspace and joint or gardens, parks shared rooms, meeting neighbourhood as such of elements by public anda private new mixture characterised are a there ofnumber areas urban •well as as In rural systems. different use regions different often developed; are little Standards concerns. and security data privacy due to to isan such athere ininfrastructure resistance some areas However, oninfrastructure). intelligence ambient based tools brokering (IT modalities fluidpayment facilitating well as as mobile devices through infrastructures support local to access various allowing for easy •is anthere In advanced some regions in Europe. a congested and obstacles to sought the barriers overcome (e.g. have been systems) pipeline ofNew means transport network. on goods ofthe road and dangerous rail transport no longer accepts Public opinion transit). (e.g. regions trans-Alpine sensitive ecologically in especially transport, on interregional and put constraints traffic international taken have channelled Union. the European measures The across transit to freight for imposing restrictions lobbied successfully have groups citizen Local even more congested. become has system of transport the European new roads to the construction resistance and public costs Due tohigh infrastructure improvements. significant andshows ofconsumption production intensity transport long-distance the infrastructure, transport on the existing pressure Due to the heavy aswell. is reduced traffic some individual Thus community. the local take within place ofanumber is well growing activities developed, and networking infrastructure the local of As goods. small quantities including needs a of accommodate that tools wide range transport logistic comprises system transport goods hand, the other the local On due products. supplied to for demand regional locally consumer are many ofas products Transport is goods reduced, preference. also but due inpressure manytoareas living citizens’ is restricted traffic of Individual sharing. forms for allowing different flexible extremely are modalities Payment (e.g. card). solutions mobility modal mobility multi- offer Companies infrastructure). or information platforms – below –see agencies (e.g. bycitizens local by providing supported are solutions these Often ofof coordination groups individuals. are in solutions ofMany place. involve them day-to-day transport of range medium toa region, region variety from widely • Varying infrastructure communication Loan Garden ¹ ) and sometimes ) and sometimes spaces collective neighbourhood and to give it more identity. solve the problem of lack of social contact in the into a garden by the residents, who wanted to (The Netherlands) which has been turned ¹ Loan Gardens is a public green in Overvecht

Collaborative services I 165 Collaborative services I 166 level of trust, highly educated citizens and strong social cohesion. cohesion. andsocial strong citizens educated highly level of trust, by a high is characterised society on a Overall local level. addressed are “global” problems Many NGOs. level as onsuch an international operating organisations in political are people engaged hand, few to(e.g.spaces). solutions their On tothe other private/public create in makers support policy local approach up bottom initiatives Often and are toeager decisions. procedures influenceon policy local planning about information demand often Citizens making. policy in local are topeople engaged Many region region. from widely varies of involvement networks The into state these management. internal and access facilitate etc.) also that supported, state non-commercial, (e.g. commercial, joint platforms through are loosely coordinated initiatives local various The structure. by a networking characterised much is very society Civil framework. intheregulatory reflected been has onlevels andlocal pay issues to health citizens environmental attention The policies. andeconomic industrial benign environmentally and for more globalisation, to for unregulated limits campaigned also have groups Citizen and issues. onsocial environmental for action call and voice concerns their successfully They levels. and local regional influentialon have become groups • andgrassroots Consumer local recreation, etc). water treatment, etc.) as well as social ones (e.g., access to education and environmental challenges (e.g. energy consumption, waste disposal and in urban areas, may become a powerful solution to tackle a number of Based on these trends, the use and rise of collective spaces, especially Source: State of the Future (2005) and Global Trends 2015 East-Asia. mega-cities are situated in developing countries, especially in South- more) will increase from 20 in 2003 to 22 in 2015. Two thirds of these Prospects, the number of mega-cities (with 10 million inhabitants or to 61 in 2015. According to the 2003 Revision of World Urbanization cities with 5 million or more people will increase from 46 in 2003 urbanization one of the most powerful trends today. The number of 3.2 billion city dwellers will grow to 6 billion people by 2050, making of an additional six mega-cities every year. In one generation, nearly million a year, requiring the resources necessary for the equivalent by 2050. The urban population is growing at the rate of roughly 60 in cities. 70% of the world population is expected to be urbanized 2002, and by 2007 the majority of people in the world will be living instability. In 1950 about 30% of the population was urban, 47% in demographic trends, globalisation of labour markets, and political The global movement of people will further increase due to divergent Macro-Trend: Immigration and Urbanization • There is a high diversity of approaches towards new forms of living new forms towards of approaches •is aThere diversity high and enterprises. social communities the creative within created been has ofA employment new form up is function. the state this taking often but organisations by are run professional agencies these some cases In solutions. welfare active self-organised to semi-professional visibility their to increase activities promotion well as as services complementary and are providing guidelines Citizens-agencies schemes. and insurance into pension integrated being inwhile fully way an easy initiatives these involved in to people actively enables become framework legal adequate toAn emerge. up by bottom initiatives a level ofhigh users’ characterised society” welfare anallows enable that an “active which environment are developing measures authorities Government services. social of by are provided now semi-professional the state by provided type this previously activities of welfare Aproportion people. oflarge elderly and support childcare healthcare, as such to many offunctions its approaches bottom-up self-organised, accommodates • system social The people. out other ofwith unconventional together the box solutions out to try isreadiness Ata time there are the same prevailing. general values Collective of others. at the expense interest own their pushing People are than to willing and rather findget together jointsolutions Source: Global trends 2015 sectors have a role to play. society is fundamental in this direction, and here both the public and private local education initiatives towards enabling the rise of critical citizens within local initiatives – based on trust, shared values and social cohesion. Fostering systems will be critical to shape a more sustainable society – departing from (relationship with governments) and decision (relationship with firms) making The active participation and influence of citizens in the local policy environmental problems. the developed world. The developing countries will face intensified will become mainstream issues in several countries, particularly in large losses of biological species now occurring. Environmental issues forests and other species-rich habitats will exacerbate the historically gas emissions will increase substantially. The depletion of tropical increasing. Given the expected growth of global economy, greenhouse system (60% is already gone). World energy demand will still be of tropical forests. There will be a further degradation of life support use, significant degradation of arable land will continue as will the loss instances grow over the next 15 years. With increasingly intensive land Contemporary environmental problems will persist and in many Macro-Trend: State of Environment overall picture remains uneven. remains picture overall the however regions, European improved inhas certain the environment of the quality ofof “islands sustainability” local •the emergence With into enterprises. social engagement active their by are developed many through people environments, working to intocooperative needed highly engage such skills soft the company. within The initiatives innovation in creative engaged the company.are actively employees Many throughout generation to and innovation knowledge enabling contribution in all workplaces of responsibility levels increased has innovation Workplace learning. and tois toina There share knowledge joint readiness engage established. are widely disciplines) and different ages, different backgrounds, cultural teams (different Heterogeneous collaboration. by a level ofhigh is characterised environment • working The environment. home local ortheir of within from the work enablingpeople todo part offices neighbourhood as such arrangements collective advanced have formed initiatives Inlocal region. some places to region alter from and patterns living working Accordingly, personnel. due supply ofto stronger skilled scarce was bargaining collective where than in locations other is ample there supply ofworkforce where skilled inlocations present less are significantly infrastructure a supportive and of work-life patterns New forms to objectives. their accomplish are struggling initiatives these measures, by policy not supported are initiatives However, athese level. local where in some regions on bargaining” “collective through interests their pursue employees as implemented time jobs, are increasingly jobas such part sharing, arrangements New working onof all qualification. levels personnel for overtime andto onexcessive employers limit workload pressure been has time jobs. There ofinstead full demanding highly of activities aim people Many aat pursuing multitude initiatives. on bottom-up based etc.) isthat often household, (e.g.catering, childcare, infrastructure bysupport adeveloped highly of is work facilitated forms various into engagement flexible The etc. ininitiatives, local participating also but members for family not only caring work, outside responsibilities of inoveraiming people favour to taking other workload their reduce with Astarted has “slow movement” down patterns. and working fighting against poverty. alternative solutions to employment, health systems, social inclusion and initiatives will be critical to tackle these challenges and offer customised The rise of an “active welfare society” through local organisation and Source: IPTS Futures Project unemployment, social exclusion and poverty. who are not able to afford professional services might be locked into with well paid and highly skilled service jobs. At the same time people an income polarisation between people with these jobs and others status, require low skills and are often badly paid, this might lead to rethinking. As personal service jobs tend to have a poor societal systems such as health care systems and welfare systems will need of elderly people and squeezed public spending. Societal protection The “care service gap” will get more pressing with a growing number major problems to the societal provisions operating now from 9 to 5. cleaning, gardening, etc.). The provision of these services will pose childcare and care of the elderly and other timesavers (e.g. laundry, services that save time and release some of the pressure such as is an explosion of demand for all-day and every-day systems and their time. Many suffer from time stress and “hurry sickness”. There will encounter problems in coordinating the various demands on ‘night’ will become increasingly blurred and fragmented. Many people zones within a global economy. The normal working ‘day’ and sleeping the 24-hour workplace as enterprises in Europe trade across time jobs. There will be more flexible working practices and a shift towards part-time employment and also the numbers of those with ‘second’ and other purposes. With this, there will be the continuing growth of interrupt paid work for training phases but also for family reasons often during their professional career). Men and women both regularly jobs (i.e. several jobs at the same time and also change jobs more prevailing over permanent, and secure jobs. People will have multiple especially in contract structure, with short-term temporary contracts continue to grow. In the workplace there is increasing flexibility and men do. Demand for childcare and other family related services will decline. Women will enter into professional carriers the same way as multiplicity of household structures with traditional nuclear families in fragmentation of the familiar features and institutions. There is a rising Society”. This society is characterised by a high differentiation and The type of society emerging in Europe has been described as “Mosaic Macro-Trend: Working and living conditions in Europe

Collaborative services I 167 Collaborative services I 168 these framework conditions. framework these chains intheir tosupply order tofindwith cope organising ways new have challenged been industry and the logistics sector production The ofshipment goods. for the trans-regional issue a become central has chains logistic of efficient creation The ofto scale. economies achieve –while at time – the same findingways adapt to requirements local to the need have realised companies Manufacturing markets. local multiple have created forces anddriving global local different The of the supply chain. planning, and integration processes development, product indesign, requirements efficiency with patterns demand and consumer regulation regional to reconcile efforts made great have Manufacturers companies. manufacturing active internationally for environment business a created complex has framework political European fragmented rather The regulations. and safety environmental in strict line with feasible, become has fabrication local customised and small highly scale concept, new this production With solutions. and technological inhave invested new organisational manufacturers industries, ofin ‘risky’ andnew plants operation for the construction and the size ofTopersonnel the total market. European get permission ofskilled highly of the availability take advantage They organised. and locally are more regionally networks Europe even if production in production have maintained manufacturers environment, economic and regulatory the complex Despite products. manufactured regionally buy or locally, ofnumber citizens An increasing energy. by renewable be should driven also which reuse/recycling, through life molecules organic and precious materials to human-made give be established can cycles technical of meaning analogous that nature, the observation to through be developed start processes and productive products Thus, haveprovision emerged. and service use of product concepts friendly and development new environmentally and service for new product the scope have broadened initiatives innovation Local performance. to improve pressure environmental their are under heavy manufacturers to are that considered be ‘risky’, In many industries systems. recycling and maintenance based locally with and customers producers between are relationships long-term There is being favoured. production sustainable Small considerably. scale changed has structure • Industry of Europe. parts in outcomes different different very toleads focus regional This asset. a competitive andbecomes local Being small of many industries. and fragmentation strategies business leading to new markets, in local ofcustomers needs the specific in serving more focused becomes to Business this. achieve resources on local using at level afocusing development regional encourages and this of community the local part as People themselves see Industry/Production and a range of alternatives for citizen’s participation in the productive in the productive for citizen’s participation and aof range alternatives involved in are decisions also shaping companies’ communities creative Such in decisions. influencingand more shapingactive policy become to and neighbourhood communities their within come together citizens Furthermore, communities. in promoting creative such andbe active also canthrive etc.) infirms which incentives, tax through sectors, regulating or (e.g.,de- regulating anthrough is established enabling environment To solutions. -type end, this communities of creative and dissemination to the creation foster sector) the private with established partnerships new local (also through support the necessary offer Governments element. the stakeholders’ from detached are therefore which and(creative) communities, local governments on (local) attention focus we beyond the supply chain actors, societal From of the range existing renewable. isthat andnot naturally rapidly Earth nothing from to taking committed are locally plants Moreover, production processes. into industrial inputs other as or be used can that are compostable which into products/waste to be transformed products/waste or hazardous harmful enables which islink) established (sustainability cycle technical a because happens This products/waste. biosphere) only compostable to (Earth’s nature and returns sources energy moved by alternative processes communities), its local has from of pressures consequence as a (inpart values by driven seta firm, ofThe collective shared on) emphasis placing is our analysis (the stakeholder other •(creative) communities Local attention) inwe(as are one which focusing of the stakeholders • Governments among unions, others) trade citizens, NGOs, asgovernments, such the firm or affect can that affected (parts stakeholders and the firm its between interrelationships relationships), the including and market/customers suppliers its with together centre in its embedded • (with the firm supply chain The on main actors: three focuses society network sustainable a towards in the macro-scenario communities ofevolution the creative likely The industry. of the manufacturing structure the organisational have changed frameworks regulatory diverse but regionally • Strict feasible. and technologically organisationally production local multiple have made networks production in sharing for data complex solutions technology and communication Information tools. management systems complex on draw advanced have emerged, which concepts, production and design The sites. and are toassembly shipped plants local products semi-finished and modularised Standardised strategies. postponement have adopted sophisticated manufacturers as markets and regional in place takes the local of the products Customisation platforms. product long-life and developed easy-to-upgrade has • Manufacturing Department of Trade and Inustry. 2002. Foresight Futures 2020. Revised scenarios and guidance. UK: HMSO The Challenge for Sustainability Scenario Report (Summary) EUR20706 Boden M., Dory T., Ducatel K., Geyer A. and Scapolo F. 2003. “The Future of Manufacturing”. In Europe 2015-2020, American Council for the United Nations University Jerome C. Glenn and Theodore J. Gordon. 2005. The Millenium Project: “2005 State of the Future”. Washington: http://www.dni.gov/nic/NIC_globaltrend2015.html National Intelligence Council. 2000. Global Trends 2015: A Dialogue About the Future With Nongovernment Experts The IPTS Futures Project. 2000. Synthesis Report 19038EUR Bibliography enterprise. social of the distributed the rise enabling therefore system, the whole across commonplace will become values collective and shared to spread and be diffused, starts Once the above cycle settings. local in several a become reality services and products of customised the offer a As consequence, experimented. to be needs) such start will that meet and services of design products of (e.g.one’s the identification process to needs from shaping the

Collaborative services I 169 Collaborative services I 170 The modern concept ofconcept modern The onandlevels. national European, local authorities political inwith dialogue in development societies, juridical and economic for the political, to take responsibility stakeholders Thus, one of our recommendations is to extend the stakeholder approach approach is one the stakeholder toof Thus, extend our recommendations communities. creative concern that initiatives to bottom-up regard with stronger even are probably His arguments stakeholders. established already among to variations refers Olsen process. in the political part expected to play the have the resources notthat all stakeholders is the fact for instability this One outcome. of the reasons policy and stable precise a produce may notof always ofgovernance reform processes formal (2002) argues that Olsen to are question. this allask There reasons approach? this within initiatives Isany for bottom-up place there authorities. political NGOs and for businesses, stakeholders; and well-known established for the it is more designed On the contrary, initiatives. of bottom-up toopen upfor scale is sufficient large a paradigm the new governance within and practised is discussed approach the stakeholder the way and consumers their role co-producers as citizens, will in are onlymobilised enterprises social succeed when individuals is the new that point of departure our normative Thus, up perspective. inis innovation social a project bottom- of research this main The focus actors. NGOs and political businesses, individuals, both as linked in toprocess, making and the decision have interests that are involved field.to all It andactors the social includes political The main The idea ofthe concept behind so far. than we have recognised for our andapproach However,relevant it is more important probably for the EU, 2001 onPaper COM Governance European 428 final). stakeholder approach intotheconcept of naturally fits societies welfare in modern on enterprises social level our focus At the political Political challenges: To create frameworksEivind Stø andfor Pål Strandbakken, social SIFO enterprises already adopted by the European Union (White, adopted byalready Union the European (White, stakeholders has developed from the economical the economical from developed has governance new and the governance . We are not sure that is to involve The shift from from shift The of the new governance. part aas havedecisive to be initiatives recognised bottom-up these At least of subsidiarity. the principle within and level, national regional at local, initiatives to bottom-up include paradigm the new governance within solutions, not only technological and economic, but also social. We social. but also and economic, not only technological solutions, for Wenew are one tolerance ofneed communities the answers. However, how for Creative tolerance? do wethe challenge meet in andofEurope. innovation development talents for technological andis one development of the main totools frameworks create for research in economy EU The the world. programmes competitive and the goal of the EUinnovative the most becoming itself set process Technology, ofTalent growth: economic and Tolerance. In the Lisbon the T’s(2004)3identified has Florida InClass, his onwork the Creative EUother priorities? with don’t they that clash and secure initiatives, the bottom-up protect ator national level in European, local order to are necessary changes ofkind What juridical oralternatives? solution market political collective for designed mainly countries; European modern within welfare active expand to is necessary and ofkind financial support What political and like behave SMEs. other activities, business local many of are them ordinary promising cases; However, for within. all isthis the operate not the case activities these some ofthat zones” “grey andthe economic have juridical to discuss Secondly, we in order to initiatives. open matters up for bottom-up and juridical taxation in financial support, changes positive possible we have to discuss First, andlevels. at solved two to be discussed and financial questions juridical raise initiatives we bottom-up it, see As in andthe 1960s 70s. paradigms along developed different was state the welfare that and the fact of traditions because another to one country may, This from however, avary re-regulation. witnessed of we public policy, in have aareas other deregulation it represents in Europe (Lindblom 1977;policy 1996;Majone 1999). To some degree and public regulation in development legislation, a substantial presents Government toGovernment Governance and the new regulatory state, state, and the new regulatory

Collaborative services I 171 Collaborative services I 172 existing distribution system, and are real bottom-up initiatives. and are real bottom-up system, distribution existing to the an alternative represent They groups. purchasing cooperative are project the research within Some of promising the most cases d’Acquisto GAS Gruppo organisation -Solidale Group purchasing bymunicipality them the local given the trust misuse caneasily they rules without but forthe activist, difficult make things rules and to allowed are what they the area? with Strict communities, is the land toconditions rented On which inthe creative the cities. of land the ownership about questions On hand the other raises it also neighbourhoods. and safe develops surroundings beautiful maintains people, and it integrates includes It because is asituation real win-win inthefabric area. to the social andand contribute flowers vegetables grow They in the neigbourhood. by inindividuals cities and parks of open spaces cultivation deal with ofAnumber large promising cases - Nomade Garden Jardin Nomadic of three the promising cases. with categories three these We solutions. illustrate mainstream become to havethat potentials Weinitiatives demands. are for marginal looking consumer emerging about concerned We are project. particularly for research this soon. is This crucial very agenda put on the political will be the questions expand they but when dilemmas, the principle it small, isto possible overlook are relatively long the initiatives As as and not are customers. members individuals where in •new cooperatives Taxes on andgoods services systems money conventional replaces of labour exchange •where Taxeseconomies on inlabour alternative organisations ideal and commercial between the relationship Especially linked toof in use and• public spaces cities. matters economic Legal of problems: categories three have identified and we ofkind this questions, raise Already, some of the cases actors. by be could seized “illegitimate” also opportunities these initiatives, we When open up for some of concerned. enterprise the new social are and matters other taxation as zone far as “grey” juridical, also in aandoperate probably financial, Secondly, many initiatives of these stage. early at an initiatives well the bottom-up kill may very bureaucracy economic and regulations juridical On hand, the other strict EMUDE cases. we have isthis that shown not of the main most behind motive the are economic; enterprises isthis the social behind not the motives that for reason The and enterprises. social communities for creative rights and legal incentives for economic new tolerance need also probably and Everyday Life Everyday and (2004): Richard Florida, Bibliography firms. This is especially the case when they expand theiractivities. expand they when case the Thisisespecially firms. of than those ordinary on premises other services their and offer they system, of have the economy moved beyond the capitalistic Parts system? to a challenge the economic represent • To activity this does degree what “businesses”? don`t for these is legitimate at ofkind all? What pay anytax-rules taxes But they isthat it fair initiatives. these will kill regulations tax • Strict questions: two raises labour toway This organise friends. two and it between is not an agreement - you when it. Itelse, need is notsomebody linked to the neighbourhood, from services and receive to your who need expertise, someone services You involved money in the process. ordinary offer without the group, within services exchange and households individuals concepts In these Bank LETS Trading(LocalAyrshire Exchange System) deland Banca Tempo - Time substantially? it when expands actors market by be other tolerated but ofwill the system the market, part a marginal any do long problem probably only as have notthey They as represent businesses? like ifordinary are taxed they survive they Will system? economic the existing within However, how is itto activity this possible stimulate , New York: Basic Books Basic York: , New The Rise of the Creative Class. And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community Community Leisure, Work, Transforming It’s How And Class. Creative of the Rise The initial ideas meant as an input into policy strategy building. a Finally anas meant input strategy initial ideas into policy but just concepts policy developed are notthey Naturally, fully cases. and promising communities for creative context ato favourable generate conceived making) and and of policy modes governance framework legal infrastructures, (such technologies, ofelements and immaterial material aas are seen system “enabling Enabling platforms platforms”. termed havethat been elements these will outline paragraphs following The emerged. have clearly to sustainability strong weak signals road from the wouldthat facilitate of measures some potential elements work project research this Through issues. these deal with considerations following The enterprise. for the social agendas policy will outline onsection the EU subsequent The level. particularly strategies policy for current anas enabling factor enterprise the social it will discuss First perspectives. on these both will reflect section following The enterprise? the social to• isagenda ofkind suitable What support policy agendas? policy in element existing a become supporting • enterprise How the social can to be considered: aspects main are two There objective. by implied agenda ambitious this policy we are goingtext this to Within have development. alook at closer the economic for sustainable of andchances life enhanced quality better a with society ofcivil an core active elements become can enterprises the social that of book this suggest parts in the previous outlined were that scenarios and macro-level micro- The of motives. a variety who may be toinvolved for actors aofaccessible wide range diverse be made can they a advancements With few well be can strengthened. signals show these that the promising cases from developed scenarios are andnowby heroes”,run mainly “heroines the enterprises the social are weak yet and the signals of time keepingAlthough life. a quality high at while the same cohesion social and preserve environment our natural to needed sustain are that urgently transitions to facilitate possibilities offer and a as economy clearly whole: they society for European but also environment immediate peoples’ these within improvement significant are promising. Not only signals do promise they These solutions. these orto the market provide for government waiting without needs others’ and own for their developing solutions toon enterprises” “social embark active andEurope coming getting together throughout people detected ofnew. something signals It has caught has project research This The diffused social enterprise on the policyPhiline agenda Warnke, IPTS Helma Luiten, TNO innovation policy in many states, and inison no many level, European states, policy longer innovation for innovation. Accordingly, enablers the crucial as seen increasingly and economy.are flows ofknowledge Linkages a knowledge-based within success determines that of elements single longer the excellence of of and innovation itsystem no pointing the whole out, is the quality have long studies been innovation to As toand change. react learn ofof system all isthe innovation economy intensive actors the ability atowards knowledge transition for the successful precondition A crucial Innovation capability in a knowledge based economy agendas. policy into these fits enterprise social ofthehowdiffused theemergence outline we will briefly of concept is anwhich EU overarching policy. In sections the following participation citizens and active transparency open as coordination, ofsuch of new for the success modes governance factor strengthening a could Onbecome top of enterprise wethat the social that reckon welfare and• cohesion sustainable Social impact environmental from growth •economic Decoupling economy based knowledge into• aTransformation competitive development economic • Sustainable objectives. policy of aCommunity the European core part form that arenas policy for two mainly We promising elements see signals. these to action strengthen andof to the process take the dynamics better tomakers understand for policy worthwhile it Accordingly, seems arenas. in various challenges tofuture address promising pathways offer onThey makers all levels. ofagenda policy are European well inwhich the current line with ofenterprises, social fromtheemergence canexpected be of benefits athat indicate number strongly project research this from insights The agenda policy the for Enterprise Social aspect of the policy agenda. agenda. of the policy aspect to this a attention gave special project the research as introduced will be andpolicy innovation related for technological of the results onis given the implications A focus will be special proposed. realms policy for various of ofthe enabling platforms the implications summary

Collaborative services I 173 Collaborative services I 174 been pointed out many times by researchers looking at the needs of atlooking the needs pointed byout been many times researchers it has As of backgrounds. a with diversity people high from demands diverse on how between process toin learning aleverage continuous be engaged willthemselves project by research thisidentified types in one engaged of the emerging likely entrepreneurs” the “social that it is exercise in scenario the macro indicated As respect. another in to also economy intensive a knowledge the transition supports is enterprise Social demands. future towards activities innovation toit their could help companies orient of Furthermore innovation. and andenabling joint customising andlearning innovators users between anas economy, intensive interface acting knowledge towards ofTo transition a could become facilitator sum up, enterprise social contexts. for various solutions toenabling them develop customised to how so will enable innovators tothey thus “learn context learn” rooted in deeply local their likely will most be always enterprises social pointed out, scenarios the macro as Also, communities. of creative are pointing tothose ofas oversimilar needs people distances spatial groups diverse between work and for collaborative the need markets of global diversity increasing change, by demographic driven demands is This because companies. for these factors success crucial become might products” and like“semi-professional –“multi use(r) products” demands and fulfilling Understanding ofahead others. systems service for product demands emerging tothem with understand working will enable companies They and user-innovators. lead as users act will communities Increative some areas solutions. service product in ofthe jointengage development are likely to communities actively of Most the creative competitiveness. based knowledge sustainable towards a pathway this potential to exploit is offering project research by this described as of enterprise social Scandinavia). emergence The (e.g. groups and innovators lead user IST in ofbetween linkage quality to the attributed partly been has of industries European success Past in Europe. to R&D induce companies locate facilities and production are likely to markets European within users innovative with ties Strong companies. for Europe based advantage unique competitive to andis be even thought solutions own a develop their experiences their and out new report solutions to ready try users innovative with interaction for close ability The are used. products the ways toinnovation understand product for successful more important it is ever problems, for their becoming solutions integrated demand and customers components by the service more is value generated more and As innovation. service of andproduct developers users is the one between linkages One ofof crucial the most knowledge. and exploitation involved in the generation actors various between of linkages and ofprovision the establishment for learning spaces on the but focussing approach push a technology only fostering 3. Enhancing the intensity of use of product functions (sharing, pooling pooling (sharing, offunctions of use product 3. the intensity Enhancing activity) production less with product (same of production efficiency function 2. the product Enhancing technologies) (clean of technology efficiency 1. the impact Enhancing for this: strategies five listed Tukker (2004) systems have and Tischer service of product sustainability on the study Inexhaustive recent their impact. environmental reduce to system toin be the production-consumption tofound intervene have ways and In goal, emission. use order to ambitious this achieve resource of from life and quality goal is to growth economic decouple the sustainability from arising challenge concrete The emphasised. was SDS and strategy Lisbon between andreinforcement the mutual and confirmed ofsummer revised 2002.was In 2005 the SDS strategy ofahead the UN’sin Development the World Summit on Sustainable defined inBarcelona, was dimension and in Gothenburg 2002external its by in Council the European launched was Development Sustainable economy. for In 2001 a broad Strategy knowledge-based competitive and to adynamic ofagenda create highly andeconomic reforms social out set an ambitious Inand Strategy the Lisbon internationally. 2000 at home development to promote sustainable efforts made significant of Union. the European EUThe already objective has up aas fundamental taken been has development Sustainable and economics. policy, politics a become major has point in ofdevelopment attention of sustainable Sinceand equity. 1987social the concept growth economic protection, environmental development: to sustainable components fundamental to needs”.own three showed their meet generations report The of future the ability compromising without of the needs the present development”, thatmeets definingas: it “sustainable “Development on aprovided statement report The the environment. or harming resources natural depleting without could that be sustained development toward economic of progress making pointed out the urgency Our as Common Future, known also InReport, 1987 the Brundtland Decoupling of economic growth and environmental impact economy. for a knowledge human resources byagenda intocreating the policy fitting thus by enterprises, social are fostered workers for knowledge vital as To entrepreneur. social stressed sum up, competencies that it seems for the aenvironment suitable creating innovation, workplace adequate iftheyimplement enterprises the social fromtheemergence to benefit likely are very companies Thus of lack personnel. adequate from suffer so companies inbehind Europe that respect isthat lagging stressed been Italso has of background. a wide diversity from people with to collaborate abilities strong requires markets global within innovating economy. on Successfully in based all a levels byknowledge staff needed is this abilities one of ofEurope inthe crucial terms human resources, as a process of socio-technical change. However the crucial issue is issue to the crucial However change. ofaas socio-technical process it is now described paradigms on influencing technological focussing (Kemp R., R.1998).J. Schot management” Hoogma first it While was or “transition management” niche like by“strategic followed concepts is strategy This landscape. and even the overarching regime dominating evolve and of could initiate change eventually the new paradigms the the niche, within Once stabilized processes. learning for these (niches) spaces protected create can Policy solutions. these enhance to is needed and stakeholders other and developers users between process A learning regimes. socio-technical the dominating outside are that are required solutions Often companies. from new skills demands again that developments aservice to new approach product needs for new such configurations necessary elements technological of development The change. of socio-technical process complex this in to for intervene policy It itthat is is obvious not straightforward (EC 2001). need while consumers to and their lifestyles” are required, routines change methods new and New configurations. technological production equipment in the actors system have to together and be maintained with established between and Newarrangements relationships of selling just products. with and instead others newmarkets ofways actors, providing performance “Technologies but so are required too of are innovations in networks systems: onof achange socio-technical whole implies focus again This beshould adopted. strategy” anda consumption “sufficiency production sustainable towards tothat a 2001) achieve real argued breakthrough (EC production & sustainable on group competitive EUThe expert on environment. ofimpact a with life reduced of quality realising forms to related new on However,strategies emphasis is anthere increasing innovation. technological through cycle life andproduct for the whole consumption production of impact environmental reduce to further programmes framework (IPP)). Policy Product are the EU made within research Strong R&D efforts and the Integrated and electricity products of energy for taxation framework the new community the EU(EMAS), Eco-label, Audit Scheme and Pollution (IPPC),Control Prevention and the EU Eco-Management and side, the demand inis already inplace the EU (i.e. Integrated both the supply addressing and consumption production, sustainable A andof broad mix totools policies promote and drawbacks. merits as as well impacts specific its has strategies intervention of Each these of no (creating life contexts) 5.need quality non-paid Enhancing (spending more components) on immaterial functionalities intensive tomaterial less other of expenditure 4. Shift combination) function as laid down in the Lisbon strategy and emphasised in the Sustainable in the Sustainable and emphasised laid indown as strategy the Lisbon of Union the European is onecohesion Social ofobjectives the prime Social cohesion and sustainable welfare to spread. may enable the new activities which mechanism multiplying an internal have they because andare important have potentials economic quality will be spread. toTo the social contribute that sum up, new activities bythe new activities which in the cases mechanisms multiplying internal could be there that indicates cases of these perspective economic The impact. social positive its as is importante as economics our local on a give new perspective cases these that So, the fact enterprises. of ofsmall and our a but medium paradigms economy also global our with paradigms inlook might likecontrast in the future, feasibility and economic quality high with new, enterprises, brand what local indicate results project research first The quality. high with activities economic local but also quality social produce small home-factory) the (for example new activities These visible. have become activities new project, in the research Incollected a ofnumber promising cases The multiplying of socialeffect enterprises with economic potential not take place. could that otherwise and stakeholders other for companies processes learning to initiate the necessary communities these use can policy Environmental mature. can factors, immaterial of with life ofquality new ways but achieving also products, using not of where only new ways spaces experimental as serve can They impact. and environmental of the decoupling growth towards economic transition ofenabler strong socio-technical become can enterprises To a as of “niche social sumchange” up, bythat we functioning argue and ofconsumption. production patterns more sustainable towards innovation of and social technological totheand adjustment contribute innovations beneficial environmentally with are likely tomost willing they experiment solutions, unconventional out and to try to differently doreadiness things of general their because concerns by environmental driven primarily not necessarily are entrepreneurs social Although infrastructures. and transport energy of sustainable features possible but also impact, environmental reduced with systems service of product not indicate only new types may in new problems way,communities an original these By resolving a has potential high to a such become space. clearly enterprise Social be experimented. can new forms these where spaces in protected toneed mature for new paradigms technologies environments, normal in out products their try ofcan use for dominant forms products developing new ofcompanies While innovation. social elements forthenecessary but also not findforonly niches new technologies

Collaborative services I 175 Collaborative services I 176 retirement is preserved. retirement the age orof who have reached actively participate who cannot those for of ambition protection providing social adequate • traditional The citizenship. their of andexerting social life, ineconomic the mainstream participate inallpeople andcitizens which ofresponsible •active A society EU level. level andthe national level, the at local new approaches to governance, is new about approaches welfare active that signals but also welfare, tocontinue play a keyor role public inauthorities of conception this government that signals policy), social which and its manage conduct should (i.e. bygovernment state the way which • active An intelligent main ideas: three in in1999 and Belgium being used combines started state’ welfare ‘active term The being discussed. increasingly has systems welfare for avision European as positive society” notion of welfare an “active the Lately of citizens. engagement and active onup bottom initiatives build that solutions for welfare the need underlines again This demand. and user may tonot be emerging sensitive institutions, bureaucratic 1998).are (Pestoff On hand, the other many organisations of these and the market beyond State to asociety create civic contribute they and societies, are organisational societies Modern solutions. practical the out carrying and services thefinancing of services, the goals social in formulating part play a decisive organisations independent societies, is the role of InNGOs. societies modern welfare and state active inin element book).both this welfare (OneStrandbakken important Stø(see & are concerned society in the welfare to the crises meet and the ways both the level as of in services far social as Europe, differences are significant There correspondingly. vary also states into another,the welfare the solutions that the crisis it is no surprise one model to from varies and market families the state, between Since the balance demands. not new able emerging been to these meet have, in countries, most systems welfare The groups. consumer large for linear and less standard become has and the life-cycle structure occupation structure, inof family changes because changed gradually have of and citizens wants the needs (1996)that emphasized also -Esping Andersen system. welfare the social from resources increasing In requires we addition haveanthat also seen ageing population and families. to states individuals the welfare from on the contributions pressure economic put that extra unemployment and increased growth slower economic have experienced countries Most states. welfare is ––aof in or result crisis the challenges discussion political This sustainable. and socially are that financially of welfare new forms towards goal is the transition One to of main this element policies achieve Strategy. Development The macro-scenario has shown that diffused social enterprise alone is enterprise social diffused that shown has macro-scenario The A possible roadmap for policy action enterprise social agenda the for Policy tofor ofthe concept succeed. needed open governance of fabric the social is part enterprise Tosocial sum up, the diffused society civil and government from actors between andunderstanding mutual trust by creating the move wouldopen governance towards reinforce process This of andand adaptation visions for coordination strategies. mutual will be athere need activities governments’ with overlap will often of entrepreneurs the social ofthe realm activities Because governance. of asuch open within andsystem to participatory major actors become are likely enterprises social diffused indicate, clearly society” enterprise social the “diffused describing scenarios the macro As approach. for isansuch that of a open governance success precondition society civil of are an the active indication enterprises social book).this Diffused in Stø(see & Strandbakken principles important other as and subsidiarity legitimacy democratic included also on governance European discussion and coherence effectiveness as: of governance main principles for the EU (COMGovernance (2001)the defines 428the document final) In on Paper the White on andlevels. national European European, local authorities political inwith dialogue in development societies, juridical and economic for the political, to take responsibility involve stakeholders Governance. from is the shift process this toway Another describe New modes of governance systems. to our welfare challenges future suited tothe enormous is that address better society” welfare an “active a of become core element might enterprise social diffused that it seems To of inclusion. is social atwhich the heart sum ofup, society knowledge suited to equally of aaensure employment share inform of the wealth become might enterprise social in diffused engagement Active schemes. employment beyond classical inclusion for social pathway alternative an offer also might enterprise social However, diffused activities. their of part a substantial form and ofchildren care the elderly as such realm of the welfare are that part Functions others. with together problems own of to itin as people points their asolving engagement new ofkind active point into asuch an society entry offer might enterprise social diffused of the emergence The andup bottom initiatives. engagement citizen role of the important emphasises concept society welfare active The The main idea behind the concept of governance ismain The idea oftothe concept behind governance . In a report from the Commission (2003),the Commission . from In the a report openness, participation, accountability, accountability, participation, openness, Government toGovernment be implemented through a set of coherent measures from various various from a ofset measures through be implemented coherent to need They and spaces legislation. connections, technologies, as such realms different from elements of above. consist various They outlined pathway transition enterprise social the diffused supporting conditions are framework “enabling platforms” These complementing. to active and reinforcement via connection support direct from ranging functions various fulfilling by a ofnumber “enabling platforms” is reinforced development the societal in below.the picture indicated As in 1 andfigure Such adimension. is economic visualised development environmental insocial, its of sustainability the principle is incorporating that leadingfinally to asociety enterprises social of wide range diffused a with society civil antowards active communities of creative signals weak from acould create pathway action of policy levels three These coordination. and will be alignment their measures for all these factor success crucial a In any be grounded. can case, enterprise the social where spaces collective adequate contribute might development and orurban rural Planning out and new enhance toconcepts. spaces try experimental with e.g. agenda wider for their by enablers as providing them enterprises towant might think how policy to social use or energy like transport inareas engaged makers toand Policy flourish. emerge enterprise social for topolicy, will need framework social think of an legislative adequate as such realms, policy Other objectives. tothe three needed pursue are that and technologies systems service of development product upon to is the called andfoster policy innovation research needed: will be realms different from measures policy Onlevels ofeach these for transition) enterprise the social (activating enabler as enterprise social the diffused using for transition conditions framework creating measures • Complementing of(spreading the signal enterprise) social tothem to other,each connect andto users potential new members and communities creative to enable tomore people • start Measures enterprise) ofthe signal social (strengthening enterprises social stable become and toideas their realise communities to creative support • Direct levels: different on could three operate process this to support measures policy Hence, society. atowards sustainable transition of socio-technical wider enablers strong will become they measures policy targeted by coherent, complemented Above ifthat, theyare actively enhanced. cangreatly be benefits their and spread, connected are taken up, the weak signals strengthened, if indicated, However, change. scenarios the macro as societal wider initiate do they not environment inimmediate automatically its impact a has positive enterprise social diffused each not aAlthough panacea. in the socio-economic framework conditions, with a focus on seven a with focus conditions, framework in the socio-economic is linked to toofas changes enterprise howthe social the emergence some indications gave of Secondly, the development scenario the macro for technologies. has enterprise social that the needs express which derived were demands” meta From the “technological this platforms. intoenabling more stable and could be howtranslated these express communities the creative on ofkind ideas what “demand for support” a of number generated of allactivity First the roadmapping research. of this stages various from arose for the enabling platforms ideas The How didthe enabling platforms? we derive measures. policy by demands meta seta oftothese concerted fulfil possibilities concrete more demands”. meta describe They “technological as we described which communities, of toanway the needs creative answer address are in a Enabling platforms society. atowards sustainable transition of the and to facilitators become enterprises social evolve into lasting to appear, topossibility communities’ the creative order to facilitate in and promising cases communities for creative context favourable a to conceived generate making) and ofpolicy modes governance and framework legal infrastructures, (such technologies, elements of and a as are immaterial material seen system Enabling platforms doWhat we mean by enabling platforms? The enabling platforms in more detail. are agenda described policy associated and the enabling platforms Inparagraphs fields. followingthe policy

Collaborative services I 177 Collaborative services I 178 could could play a role here. below) (see agencies Citizens’ and cooperation. for trust protection on the one avoidhand but exclusion at time the necessary the same to has which of will be access the management for success factor crucial A activities. the non-profit torenting conventional facilitate but it would toneed users be lower much than from contribution spaces). of could be aThere financial sort Experimental also: (see the providing company with inprobably interaction use, collective of out allowing new for forms testing thus devices, technological withadvanced couldbe equipped office the neighbourhood as such etc). Some of them, toys, workstation kids tools, of it (gardening of be could part also equipment types etc.) but various room (house would be element a suitable important bymost The a common interest. or together driven by closely managed aliving of group either people are notpublic spaces but jointly completely “sheltering”. Collective on the meta-demand addressing thus functions public private mixed for by communities be used can that are facilities spaces Collective Collective spaces measures. and policy benefits on policy weindications give For enabling platform each initiative. toprovision private commercial government from ranging platforms, ofthe enabling ideas implementing weway leave room for various this Also for the impact. isthat crucial of the elements alignment We realms. and did we as this policy think itthat is the integration according to and the elements them than dividing listing rather way in an integrated is described platform each In paragraphs the following enterprise of the social for consolidation on enabling elements more concrete hints gave scenarios the micro within developed •were that the ideas sustainability. towards transition into anis ofaenabler there to chance enterprise develop the social that shows also scenario macro The enterprises. for social measures and enabling into barriers insights gives that • scenario the macro of enterprises the social forms • the organisational communities the creative from •for support the demands upon: are based To the enabling platforms summarize, of enterprise. the social for consolidation enabling elements concrete on hints more gave done tosolutions scenarios develop the micro on enabling Finally, the research sustainability. towards of transition into anis aenabler there that to chance enterprise develop the social showed but also enterprise for the social enabling well measures as as into barriers insights gave analysis This aspects. characterising • Robust products to meet higher intensity of use with low of with maintenance use intensity to higher meet • products Robust environments to in implement easy non-professional pay (such as by andare use) that payment of •ownership New forms people) between exchange of product management •(intelligent Synchronising of• use shared Facilitation (personalisation) user specific adapt that to or a demands by products user varies meet that products by either ofdemands user adiversity large of• Adaptation products are: main The challenges of ideas. the solution in many enablers are relevant They of privacy-guaranteeing. meta-demand the also demands, to these is needed fulfil information private much and, ondepending andhow tracing tracking payment, personalizing, synchronizing, for sharing, demands the meta address products Such of use. shared forms allowthat for various are products These Multi-Use(r) products of •access management Facilitate • the space Provide Policy measures space) experimental with (if combined for innovation learning of fostering • Possibility economy. global within economy,intensive for being acompetitive knowledge iswhich a precondition ofand patterns livingworking • Improve flexibility functions in welfare participation citizen • Foster active • Improve cohesion social Policy opportunities of cohesion the social neighbourhoods. enhance and backgrounds) professional working/non-working, (generations, integration of societal phases inpeople various help to between bridge it would and Also ofliving. working patterns fluctuating with societies” “mosaic future by thatis needed functions of integration the flexible supporting thus purposes, various space could serve a collective toIdeally emerge. enterprises for more social enablers powerful as be considered can they Therefore of realisation. for their spaces such onrely the availability realms A inof number ideas different the solution elderly) (children, spaces • caring room) gathering (community •spaces meeting playground) restaurant, (kitchen, • spaces living workshop) (office, spaces • working garden) (park, •spaces Green could of be Spaces the following: interest that integrate some of the functions of a professional environment of environment a professional some of the functions integrate that be adapted can that inequipment size etc.) (folded products well as as could include Solutions characteristics. some professional with scale on be a be still used but around, might (children!) can larger people nonand etc. professional where disposal waste for provision safety, ample as such space, of environment a the preconditions professional many of lacks which fitthat intotothisenvironment, have products is challenge ofThe situation. by type this are characterised project in the research collected of A people. ofnumber the promising cases group for a larger to spaces even provide ain service private often in is aenvironment used equipment non professional Semi professional Semi professional equipment projects innovation funded in government groups user target as and enterprises social communities • Use creative sharing for product infrastructure supporting • Explore into R&Dmodalities funding and payment concepts ownership as such aspects • use Include in RDI it aas criterion funding by integrating multi-usability • Support Policy measures future user groups • Securing usability for groups with special needs that are important more sustainable consumption patterns (use intensification, collectiveuse) • Improve resource efficiency and lower environmental impactthrough more urgent in the future • Orient technological innovation to societal needs that will become even • Fostering innovation and enhancing quality of innovation Policy opportunities arise. can guaranteeing in privacy for demand support The information. personal demands and behaviour keeping the use Trackingby users use. down payment the driven) inwere order to howfacilitate kilometres many car example be keptcan (for intensity the use Also users. and the various products the between the synchronisation indown order to be tracked facilitate can and users products technology and tracing tracking By integrating size etc.).among avariable devices choice, wider certain selecting orit using (e.g.through before programming product through to allowthat the user adapt the concepts platform from could arise adapting tosolutions ofit. Other and automatically use or the type user the recognising products “intelligent” as such solutions technological on advanced could be based products of multi-user(r) realisation The • schemes Adapted maintenance relevant in future markets in future relevant likely to increasingly become and services •products New innovative opportunities Policy be required. will often technologies and tracing well tracking as system and booking intelligent ordering an customised, tolikely most need be extremely the services As ofor andofservices. use the number financial usages) (monitoring the time devices for adequate calls payment Fluid payment. for interruption continual allowthat without flow for an ofeasy actions of payment new forms need and infrastructure services of products, pooling and sharing, as such joint use usage of collective New forms systems • payment Fluid services • Information solutions. transport beneficial of Environmentally food. and transport adequate children and of the elderly of transport needs aas such special community, on Adapted ato range. and medium especially the people quantities) to small move (often goods services Flexible • solutions. Transport relevance: are likely torealms be of particular following The activities. enterprise tobysocial companies complement designed specifically systems service product are professional These Complementary product service systems to enterprises. social dedicated equipment friendly environmentally and equipment semi-professional for safe •of Development guidelines Policy measures areas innovation future important • Explore Policy opportunities andmachines. supplies sewing kitchen low energy machines, washing Think ofefficient highly sustainability. for environmental is designed that is equipment to third The challenge professional develop semi solutions. customized highly offer to enterprises for social even be a inpossibility can the future scale, on a to small is that products used produce technology technology, Rapidadded this value. toprototyping exploit enterprises social enables for customization isthat designed equipment professional Semi providers. to compared professional scale smaller much relatively on a users with interact enterprises social and consumer. Diffused provider between of acontact close into the opportunities account is to At(adaptable shielding). time the challenge the same take

Collaborative services I 179 Collaborative services I 180 There is need for connecting products/services to products/ other products/services is for connecting need There and synchronisation. technology and tracing tracking technology, and communication information upon general is based ofIt makes that use mobile telephones. or ato service purpose, this be acan This to dedicated for ride. that small device take person that are that near people other about and ofare willing ainformation ride in need users offers device this devices: electronic by smart connected network a within closed “hitch-hike” people where stop scenario, urban within device is the technological platform upon the connecting based of an An is that example enabling solution toof the needs the users. of products is tuning about the availability Synchronisation platform. this behind demand important another is therefore Synchronisation are andthey who is where now.them using are available, products the when aofknows use lot shared the process the user when it would fluidify byusers multiple are used products when example For versa. and visa to the users and services of products availability is tuning about the and services topeople products Connecting themselves. communities of creative part become up or toto start inspire others and seeks to promising cases visibility one. ofIt angives last this as be seen can example itself project research The of enterprises. the social the multiplication communities: up of by new new (orcreative induce the start initiatives similar) maybe can which andother each share experiences tofrom learn important it is to communication this easily. Next tomeans visibility get this do have notthe appropriate always Small enterprises social users. among potential andto people get visibility makeof use a service findingabout is also other Connecting need. this experience all cases and that say being Wein is easily relation. communication about can It and/or beliefs. needs interests, the same with people with operate and to co- a service offering an initiative, in starting entrepreneur topeople is people findingabout Connecting people to join asocial asas wellpossible. demands tothese fulfil the possibility to offer measures and innovations policy technological of consists platform connecting The enterprises. social within demand important is a very to products/services even products/services and and services to people topeople people, products Connecting Connecting platforms initiatives or research public procurement through product) semi-professional products, multi-users systems, fluidpayment (e.g. ofby inspired the promising tocases solutions users products and services complementary offering for companies • Incentives Policy measures demands such as spaces, people, equipment etc. in negotiation with with inetc. negotiation equipment people, spaces, as such demands forvarious for solutions andInstead ofgrow, searching multiply flourish. toones for existing a as but facilitator also to be started enterprise social are tomeant for any ofkind agencies be enablers diffused Citizens’ Citizens’ Agencies in R&Dproducts funding. for and both people technology of• development Include synchronisation distance. a within physical limited people connecting towards technology and communication information within innovation •technological Focus to ascale. dedicated local and synchronisation for communication • Developing an infrastructure andinspire people them. mobilize initiatives, into insight these itand this a as use to way from give Learn and solutions. platforms by enabling isthat facilitated community a creative experiment: life up a be step real can to A start next of promising cases. multiplication for the are important They activities! • similar research More Policy measures • Orient technological policy and innovation to optimisation on a local scale. impact on all kinds of social interactions and the social fabric. • Facilitating connecting platforms as described above will have positive platforms. • Many innovation opportunities are arising from the creation of connecting Policy opportunities purpose. this to be dedicated must offered and services the information that means thatare near, This findetc. products your neighbourhood, within people find be taken into information: is local about account it that is always to the user. But must what are offered bythe services the device which high) will became very is rate already and/or (penetration mobile phones ‘It is likely for,the Internet that isthat offered). among all information you people are looking right ‘the (for example information appropriate to are needed find the agents’ ‘intelligent Probably element. important isTracking an is andneeded. tracing technology and communication of development information the further of Forthe platform the realisation time. waiting and minimises available of use the products effective in an results use(and process, the tofluidifies of the users) course and services to products other (and services) products and synchronizing Connecting car-to-share. available himwill that bring bus to the closest time for the arrival of tothe actual get real time information for the users beneficial It wouldsystem: be very to the public transportation connected thatwould be a Thinkfluidto solution. of services car offer asharing toneed inbe tuned order and services products various when services paradigms in current modes of production and consumption, and of consumption, modes production in current paradigms of above, to real changes outlined achieve As experimentation. socio-technical space is tomeant facilitate experimental The Experimental Spaces of policy. functioning and effective ensure agencies • Initiate citizens’ Policy measures initiatives eco-innovation with linkage better (through policy • environmental authorities) local with interaction better (through of new modes governance and to linkage activities) innovation better (through • policy innovation above all inareas the two enterprise social of diffused effect positive the enhance Greatly enterprise. the social and Facilitate strengthen Policy opportunities schemes insurance quality etc.) offer posters (flyers, andpromotion dissemination and organise • support initiative) (e.g.on and new events information for meetings • provide facilities toplanning toprocesses linkage ensure relevant authorities local and alert enterprises social of diffused • monitor the activities to enterprises social needed run •procedures on provide advice legal building) for sustainable schemes funding initiative, (e.g.innovation new modal multi transport infrastructure platforms, technology as such initiatives relevant with connection • establish and services; products providing complementing companies innovating with contacts • establish guidelines) of in the form (probably to information access this and provide easy or ideas solution infrastructure sustainable supportive platforms, connecting spaces, collective as such enterprise social diffused for the on enabling platforms information collect • systematically or users for potential new •entrepreneurs access them between • exchange to enable: enterprises social on existing map) guide, (e.g.information process and adequately database, • collect would the following: include functions typical but oncontext depending the local would vary of andactivity focus range The consultancies. tocommercial governments local within offices from ranging realisation for the organisational possibilities are various There agendas. forthe policy benefit to bodies maximum ensure societal the various between will be They moderating enterprise. social diffused forpeople on pointto would a embark provide the first of contact agency the citizens’ actors and non governmental governmental various socio-technical innovation in general. However it is particularly itHowever is particularly ininnovation general. socio-technical for enhanced a unique opportunity offers enterprise social diffused policy, the on environmental above inoutlined the considerations As innovation. beneficial to environmentally foster designed explicitly are that spaces should be made for experimental Acase special Special case: “green experimental space” innovation. in technological isrecognised innovation adequately of to R&D makepart sure become social projects enterprises Social to lead as users. act enterprises link upsocial with out new paradigms of Planningthinking trying bodies improvements. and suggest allow (e.g.for monitoring measuring) experience report enterprises social inhouse) turn passive facilities, (e.g. collection devices toinnovative waste install enterprises for social if Planning provide funding be adequate. space could used bodies also design reality virtual as such tools support technological Advanced interaction. producer for user onof but also methods use forms new is notcomplementing there about only Thus learning method). (e.g. needs the lead user applying enterprise for social innovation in joint engage together and companies entrepreneurs social The purposes. for their the suitability about out them andfeedback give try the communities while products of their prototypes with enterprise provide the social Companies could be suitable: elements following Some of the goals. and upset learning ondepending context carefully to has be In the experiment order to process initiate the joint learning innovation. infrastructure or involved development in urban • planning authorities local products); or semi-professional products use multiple ofabove (see e.g. use for new forms developing products • companies services; providing •complementary companies as: such activities similar inones)innovative related and engaged people (or offew a composed enterprise a social a specific forum establishing could space. This be done by micro-experimental asuch socio-technical could become enterprise social above the diffused argued ofAs use. out new forms to try many possibilities notdoes “openoffer market” atandThe time. innovation the same social for both technological space However,experimental to it findis adequate difficult landscapes. and in regimes dominating emerge is anew that patterns chance space there a within protected realised is successfully alignment to Ifhas and innovation be social an such aligned. technological

Collaborative services I 181 Collaborative services I 182 • Actively create experimental spaces with social enterprises social with spaces experimental create • Actively Policy measures toideas a audience wider spreading the thus experiments: the different from publicity • Generate technologies beneficial •on up Speed environmentally learning patterns and consumption production sustainable towards • Initiate transition systems service product for innovative new ideas • Generate demands toenabling them future innovators meet for and organisational) (technological and skills • knowledge Create of system the innovation improving the capability thus learning, for joint and andthe ability producers users between • linkages Create Policy benefits team. to the construction feedback andregular give on experience but their are toasked report access have They free purposes. for various enterprises social diffused toby local be isused build •byhouse aAauthority local passive of the system. the performance control and regularly devices measuring to install allow they engineers In a technology. turn, saving water to funding install substantial receives •community A co-housing etc. power generation, to machines, andlike andshared, be washing used systems products efficient allof kinds environmental is offered •community A co-housing allow offor improvement the scheme toback toreport ingo together connecting one the users car.here Also of people a new creating infrastructure for alooking thus people ride, from a she opt car can shared tomessages uses someone receive time Each infrastructure”. tothem sharing a “mobility connects that to ain device cars install their • offers A company sharing car the experience. to discuss planners local well as as and managers engineers company with meetings are regular There etc. the car, could use what be time they each improved encountered they the difficulties report etc.). car hydrogen the users vehicle, In return station (electric ofrecharging anda car smallnetwork run emission first of zero- models out various to try • offers A company sharing car Fictive green experimental spaces using real promising cases: and improved. be used can howabout these learning to enable technologies to them these by use asking enterprises social todiffused projects innovation benign environmentally link specific space would experimental green The and infrastructure. technologies ofto use go on alongrely new new with patterns heavily these as and ofconsumption production patterns more sustainable towards of suited to change an paradigms ofbecome incubator scale large well as training and education phases without putting at risk workplace atworkplace risk putting without phases and education training well as as life andlife private community life, in working of engagement levels different between to are needed switch New possibilities to needs. their according life intoworking theirengagement shape to flexibly possibility to need people To have the in enterprise the social be able to participate Enabling Working environments system) care health in a(e.g. arena ofspecific transition enterprise social the role of enterprise embracing social visions oriented • Building future fieldambient intelligence) (e.g.collective technology to relating a certain society in innovation enterprise the social socio-technical for sustainable visions oriented • Building future 2050 nation etc.) system e.g.city, (region, care health territory certain in a society for a visions enterprise social oriented • Building future at: directed contributor active as enterprise the social with (Foresight) buildingvision processes oriented future •participatory Implement implementation involveand inmaking them policy decision and actively one as stakeholders of these enterprises social • Recognise society civil from open for stakeholders of •modes Implement governance measures Policy and implementation. design in policy ofsociety involvement 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Collaborative services I 183 Collaborative services I 184 requirement for sustainability” (NMP workprogramme FP6). (NMP workprogramme for sustainability” requirement to the societal conforms cycle so industrial the complete that patterns “shouldthat cover approach consumption adopted an integrated has the group of industry transformation To the necessary achieve and services.” processes products, and sustainable value, eco-efficient to new products concepts single-use ofproduced mass added higher to and from quality, quantity from ones, towards more based knowledge consumption. isThere a need approaches to moveresource-based from and of new development production demands paradigms sustainable and society towards knowledge-based transition “The twofold activities: funding for their aas is guideline outlined (DG RTD G2/NMP).for FP6 vision the following In programme work their Processes technologies/Production unit Industrial Research Directorate by financed the Commission European was Emude The research Conclusions for industrial research funding is crucial. realms various from ofan policies alignment platforms, “enabling as To platforms”. we haveenabling described realise measures policy by the supportive complemented is actively enterprise ofsocial if theemergence exploited fully canbeonly benefits These markets global within flourishing successfully showeconomies local • enterprises Social economy intensive in aneeded knowledge skills create helps enterprise social • Diffused society and civil government aas mediator between by functioning citizenship active holds a potential high to facilitate enterprise social • Diffused energy). (transport, infrastructures benign help to can environmentally up towards speed change enterprise social The is innovation aligned. and social technical where space” aas experimental “green andby consumption functioning of modes production more sustainable towards ofenabler transition holds a potential high to an become enterprise social • diffused The societies welfare active sustainable and socially more financially towards an of become enabler can transition enterprise social • diffused The and enable joint providers learning and users between linkages by ofcreating system the innovation the quality improves enterprise social of •the diffused emergence The in the future. more important ever will that become systems services on demands about product to now learn provide aopportunity strong enterprises social • Diffused • From observation to experimentation (see below) (see to experimentation • From observation building into strategy their changes societal emerging to ofcompanies take into the impact account manufacturing • Support equipment) working co-operative for new user as possible office (e.g.innovation product neighbourhood for groups user possible relevant as communities • creative Include Foresight ofinto •use manufacturing new Include forms visions. guiding inand demands their their enterprise social of the diffused emergence for R&Dapplying to funding take into consortia the •account Encourage etc.). version semi-professional use, multiple use, collective for (e.g. applicable suitability wherever criteria funding in research and the “enabling platforms” meta-demands” • the “technological Include them. affect might changes societal how to understand in them efforts their to support platform Manufuture e.g. via the industry to ofmanufacturing •the research Spread the results users innovating creative with interact to companies flexibly by manufacturing needed skills and organisational processes on• production Fund research as: such activities targeted through industry for European benefits for the NMP unit these to derive possibilities are various There users innovating from learning about • Learning customers. with ofand forms interaction new ofdimensions flexibility new of localisation, new forms as such in the future manufacturers of be required might that of new about •modes operation Learning models or even new business systems lead toservice new product people’sthat might for needs fulfilling new about •solutions Learning the future in ever more relevant will that become demands product about • Learning now: be couldderived already industry formanufacturing benefits in the longa ofrun, number immediate be andexpected can consumption production sustainable towards process transition fromthe benefits scale large While toprocess. into companies learning engage this manufacturing to to enable funding take measures research for industrial worthwhile itwell be Hence, might industry. manufacturing for European advantage a become competitive can and users consumers and active creative innovative, tofrom learn the possibility that indicate clearly scale macro on and micro by the research drawn scenarios The reinforcing. mutually in Europe are located well in andother each line even with manufacturing based knowledge agile andhighly the NMP ofvision competitive and consumption production of sustainable enablers as enterprises social made ofofvision The diffused aapproach. fabric new social integrated well into this fit very results its processes and production technologies industrial dealing with not directly was the Emude research Although the approach of strategic niche management. Technology Analysis and strategic management Vol.10, No. 2, 2, No. Vol.10, pp. 175 – 197. management strategic and Analysis Technology management. niche of strategic approach the formation: of niche processes through to sustainability shift Regime R. (1998) J. Hoogma Schot R., Kemp future’ (1987),common ‘Our Development and on Environment Commission World Report, Bruntland References and disseminated. could be captured process, manufacturing for the demands the arising as such Experience, communities. creative other from advice or ideas” getting “solution relevant by introducing e.g. process this to and could be support used moderate in the research created for a knowledge The project). housing product semi-professional to (e.g.producer a need towards device develop a special household joint with innovation to companies experiment local with come together communities “niche”, acreative where few space, learning a protected a creating We envisage can to experimentation. observation from However,anditthat is proceed feel time towe also make a step further economy. knowledge towards economy, transition diffused development, sustainable concepts, new welfare as such debates into the relevant the results feed • Actively in Europe enterprise social ofof development scale the diffused of inthe order to understanding more get aexamples •better Collect in states new needs member e.g. specific contexts cultural invarious toand transition helpflourish enterprise social for diffused conditions the specific understand • Better activities: similar research for We further main the research? needs the following see advance How we incan the research? generated been has that understanding and ofofbody use knowledge the rich of are there further making However, possibities what enterprise. social bybeing enabled diffused enabling and agendas of policy elements We several have outlined The way forward – From observation to experimentation

Collaborative services I 185 Collaborative services I 186 developments Design partner: Design School of 188 GAFA (Guangzhou

I I Academy of Fine Arts)

CCSL workshop Swedish SDS Brussels China task force Polimi Milano ICS - Institute for Civil Society, Sun UNEP Paris Yat-sen University

SRISTI/Honey Bee (The Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technologies

Collaborative services Collaborative and Institutions) India CCSL workshop CCSL workshop Brazil LTDS (COPPE/UFRJ) Design partner: Technology and Social NID - (National Development Laboratory, Institute of Design) Rio de Janeiro Federal University

... Ezio Manzini, François Jégou Creative Communities for Sustainable Lifestyles differences between the European cases and those in emerging countries? What can Europe Europe can What countries? andin those emerging cases the European between differences and are what the similarities countries: in innovations different roots grass • Considering questions: it out set tothe following In answer particular, lifestyles. and promotion of sustainable innovations roots grass between links CCSL’spossible investigating was main objective lifestyles. more sustainable and promote tobehaviour consumer policies change develop andsustainable implement goalis specific Its to Development. for Sustainable by the Swedish Ministry supported is an initiative the Task Lifestyles Process, Force on Sustainable the Marrakech Within economy. global atowards more sustainable andthe transition aimguide (UNDESA). Its is to catalyze of (UNEP) Economic and Affairs Social and Programme by Department the United Nations is led by Environmental the United Nations Process, the Marrakech called usually program This and Consumption Production. 10on YearSustainable of Programmes Framework the United Nations within of the Taskis part Lifestyles, project The Force on Sustainable (enabling systems). and effective, replicable more accessible, promising cases of these making • the possibility and cases) (promising • role lifestyles their in promoting new and sustainable communities); (creative innovations these •ofof the nature who generate the groups people onaspects: three CCSL focused populations. urban among growing their especially countries, in those emerging with experiences European it compares In particular, lifestyles. of terms promoting sustainable in and life implications their in innovations everyday roots to grass deal with considerations these from (CCSL)emerged project Lifestyles for Sustainable Communities Creative The innovations roots grass Investigating society. atowards sustainable of transition agents as on enterprises light social interesting ashines new shade or shift This for sustainability. innovations bottom-up creative as attention tendthey toand low focalise consideration a with effect niche of sustenance means at a level: from global lifestyles of potential new models and more sustainable as endthey ofup problems beingregarded specific resolution local value: from higher tendin tothe EMUDE process considered a acquire initiatives Onlevel, a more symbolic toand perpetuate. disseminate possibilities improve its and consequently management... its fluidify accessibility, its facilitate to applied may visibility, improve innovation social its operation design the strategic terms, In pragmatic themselves. initiatives of the observed tends to the meaning change the EMUDE research solutions, new and more sustainable into and development their of initiatives promising process local to Parallel the collection academy of Arts. Fine academy Sun Yat-Sen andof Society, GAFA •Civil Guangzhou the Institute China: ICS, University; Ahmedabad; andin NID, Ahmedabad; in of and Design Institute Institutions National technologies for sustainable and initiatives for research society The Bee, • /Honey India: Sristi University. LTDS,Rio •de Technical Janeiro Brazil: Laboratory, & Technological development Social were: partners Local main partner. (UNEP) as (SDS),Programme Scenarios Environmental the United Nations with in Belgium, by di coordinated in Politecnico Design DIS-Indaco CCSL andMilano Italy was by Strategic structures. into institutional possible couldbe translated initiatives bottom-up these which through ofstrategies identification and the (e.g.toconcept regions other Africa) community of the creative the exploration of extending the possibility regard they are under discussion: activities Secondly, follow-up lifestyles. new andtowards more sustainable role their in leapfrogging promoting social and communities of meaning creative and potentialities the contextual to investigate involved dedicated in India, andChina Brazil and partners by the institutions initiatives follow-up triggered the approach Firstly, ways. developing in different CCSL is currently lifestyles. of i.e.sustainable problems, anticipations of everyday ways dealing with original represent altogether that backgrounds and cultural social economic, different very with countries infound were different communities creative of ‘good that onespread worldwide’: of ideas was found similar cases the main claims programs, out of came that the CCSL research results 2007.during the different Amongst countries held in these of workshops aduring series inIndia academia) China, and Brazil, and associations institutions, (NGOs, organisations local with discussed were topics These spread Ideas worldwide Good context? countries’ emerging adopted in be usefully inhavethat applied been cases some European capabilities design and could of the communication and improvement the question replication: • Considering countries? andin those emerging cases the European between Whattheare havedifferences been promoted? ofkind What initiatives specific replicated? innovation: how improved roots and have been they of grass cases successful • Considering countries? in population emerging urban the growing for lifestyles sustainable do indicate they In particular: lifestyles? for sustainable direction a indicate cases do these countries: in innovations emerging roots grass • Considering and versa? vice countries, the emerging from learn

Collaborative services I 189 Collaborative services I 190 video comments on the solutions, choose their preferred mix, build their own scenarios... build scenarios... own their mix, preferred their choose on the solutions, comments video to leave the possibility visitors offering have developed, been installations interactive Different of visitors. contributions with an but andevolving as as endenriching product is not and, conceived onof proposed adopters hand, the other the exhibition the solutions potential are by essence comingeveryday’ in toa anmore ‘sustainable event focused on the onewhere hand, visitors exhibition’ building ofinto scenario aprocess ‘participative the participative to was extend to One of develop an the core motivations exhibition to living daily to public. a of new visions larger sustainable visibility give and to community scientific the close with conversation to andprompt strategic scenarios of cases a Following selection the initial venue at the Triennale, presents the SEP exhibition exhibition A travelling for sustainability of at design the crossroad activities of years research several catalysed exhibition The (SEP). Project Everyday event ofthe founding 2003, was the Sustainable at of the Triennaledel Futuro”the future) (thedi Memoria in memory “La Milano program the 3 within years the main ofLife” exhibition Urban Scenarios Everyday, “Sustainable Sustainable Everyday Project François Jégou, Ezio Manzini SEP is composed of three integrated parts: an exhibition, a platform and magazine. a digital a platform an exhibition, parts: SEP ofintegrated is composed three lifestyles. of new andsustainable dissemination accessibility • support of on well-being; new audiences scenarios wider amongst • promote conversation social of environments; inways living urban new and more sustainable and diffuse • investigate 3 with tools aims: and anda organisation ofset knowledge communication background anIt infrastructure, proposes lifestyles. on sustainable enabling platform an international SEP is Project. Everyday toofleads the Sustainable the creation trends, design converging byfruitful all conceived event, these founding toanbeyond need The ephemeral sediment culture. the design of in and change agents scenarios based of both content as locally providers schools design involving topics on these activities of network the start Finally, signals it also sustainable. more the event itself making design, to exhibition design ‘lighten’ adapted tools to service toof of video-based new sets the scenarios in the co-design processes participative from attitudes new design both introducing patterns, indesign usual to asign breakthrough intended in the exhibition used language The than artefacts. rather ofon design services and for relying that on a hosted sustainability amajor focus event introducing institution Milanese thetime prestigious the first it towas appears be a because key also moment ¹ , scenarios building and development of product-services systems building andof , development product-services scenarios ² . It www.sustainable-everyday.net The second activity of the digital magazine is to generate a Scenarios Laboratory. The The Laboratory. is ato Scenarios generate ofmagazine the digital activity second The contexts. life daily urban focusing of organization models for new sustainable stimulations is to purpose concentrate Its development. promising ofin terms sustainable innovations, of ofsocial initiatives more than hundred a selection presents of Cases Catalogue The and projects. all activities hosted from key outputs on the discussion and raise visibility give ofboard is to the editorial principle The select, lifestyles. on sustainable conversation social toEMUDE, with trigger started sustainability, oftowards innovations promising social of the SEP One ofof is to then Cases the main activities andpublish complete the Catalogue magazine A digital repository. to the initial promising cases worldwide initiatives local of more examples contributing Tohoku/Japan, Orléans/France... Totnes/UK, Étienne/France, Saint- Paris/France, Hong-Kong/China, Milan/Italy, Brussels/Belgium, UK, Montréal/Canada, Leeds/ have held inbeen Aalborg/Denmark, workshops Design process. design based the initial EMUDE’s case- or partly entirely reproducing activities aofthen range didactic all over since andEurope, inspired has gathered of innovations social of cases a collection It aprovided base: conclusion. its after to extend project research this enabled has which inhosted the SEP platform, currently is one ofproject the projects EMUDE The research sustainability. for design strategic toand links support literature selected tools, of useful to a library access and gives hosts the various between and collaborations promotes synergies space, inan openweb visibility It offers contexts. fields ineveryday and sustainability design to relating workshops and didactic activities research several hosts SEPThe platform platform hosting An and Tokyo. Bolzano Wuppertal, Aalborg, Montréal, Eindhoven, Paris, Bratislava, Florence, New Delhi, to Brussels, Milan, travelling itbeen has Since 2003 conferences. scientific or focused public fairs to professional museums Science & Art tolarge It adapts new acontents. from of wide range events integrating constantly and of initiatives local a becoming catalyst up-gradable, and conditions continuously local to to Itconceived be been adaptable has many SEP is anthen exhibition-in-progress. lifestyles. sustainable on the event intofocus-group local turning a large, of interactions, their and leave traces

Collaborative services I 191 Collaborative services I 192 _UQÀM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada duà Québec Montréal, Université _UQÀM, Canada Edmonton and(Alberta), Design, of Art Department of Alberta _University Finland Helsinki, and Design of Art _University _TUNetherlands Eindhoven, The Technische Universiteit China Peking, & Design, of Arts Academy Design, _Tsinghua Dept of Industrial University _Tokyo Tokyo, Zokei University, Japan (Illinois), Chicago of Chicago, USA Institute _The of School the Art Germany. Cologne, ofSciences, Applied University of Design, _School Scotland of School Art, Glasgow The of Design, _School Denmark University, Aalborg and Design, of Architecture _School di Italy Milano, _Politecnico NID,ofIndia Design Institute Ahmedabad, _National Belgium Brussels, Visuels, Arts ENSAVdes Cambre, EcoleSupérieure Nationale _La –di ISD,Design Superiore Italy Napoli, _Istituto –Studies Corea IDAS, Seul, for Advanced School, Design _International France; d’Orléans, Visuels _IAV, Arts des Institut China; Changsha, Design, of Industrial Department University _Hunan Hongof School Kong, Design, China; University Kong_Hong Polytechnic, China; Canton, of Division Design, of Art, Fine Academy _Guangzhou Estonia of Arts, Academy _Estonian Rio, Brazil; Industrial, de/ Desenho _ESDI Superior UERJ Escola de France Saint-Étienne, et d’Art Design Ecole Supérieure _ESADSE France Paris, Ateliers, Les _ENSCI France Paris, Décoratifs, Arts des Supérieure Ecole Nationale _ENSAD Italy Milan, Academy, _Domus in Krakow, Poland of Arts Fine _Academy ofschools: design network international of a the collaboration andwith developed haveand detected been solutions Cases Network: of UNEPProgram. the patronage Environment United Nations SEP received events participation. on a are based voluntary activities Editorial events. of and organization projects by public research funded SEP is network an independent open approach. same the with themes on these who will themselves commit It is open to all inpartners Brussels. SEP is promoted jointly by Scenarios DIS-INDACO Design diand Politecnico Milano Strategic Actors: for the debate. them could life daily be like aandwhat proposing more sustainable asking visions, local suggest will worldwide schools Design Program. by the United Environmental Nation conducted Lifestyles on to Sustainable to the Global Survey process contribute scenario-generation quite a and create large organize is SEPto One of support, Lab’s the current main activities stories… story-boards, films, as such material through users with of ways Itliving. interacts mainstream to current inalternatives possible articulated cases by inspired and the previous visions solutions everyday sustainable displays Lab

delivery systems), Growth Program, 2000; MEPSS, (Methodology for Product Service Systems), Growth Program, Program, Growth Systems), 2001. Service Product for (Methodology MEPSS, 2000; and Program, Growth production systems), design, delivery Solution-oriented Solutions, Customerised (Highly HiCS 1998; Program, MNP Sustainable the Household), towards (Strategies SusHouse solutions: sustainable more and new of designing experience ² 2003". Ambiente, Edizione F. and Solutions, Jégou, Manzini by E. of edited Promissing a Catalogue "Album, catalogue: exhibition of the booklet and additional exhibition separated as Everyday' published 'Sustainable in the integrated were Results 2003. and 2001 between countries in 10 schools different in design building of scenarios 15 workshops achievements, other among generates and Manzini Ezio ¹ References 3 major research projects funded by the European Commission provide the scientific background and the the and background scientific the provide Commission European by the funded projects research 3 major by of Design School University Politechnic, Honk-Kong the at started was Sustainability) for (Design network DfS 2005, as a pedagogical tool for teachers and students, which assists them in the process of inthem the process assists which and toolstudents, for teachers a2005, as pedagogical in launched first It born. was (LOLA), was for Likely Looking Alternatives the project, Thus of the initiatives. of the potential impacts and discussion commitment, and environmental ethical social, strong evince who often of the promoters the initiatives with contact walls, school outside of the nature investigation in the neighbourhood, located of initiatives the proximity concerns, on day-to-day focus a pragmatic could highlight likely alternatives” of for “looking process The lifestyles. tosustainable about approach learning “hands-on” to andconsidered be new a was significant initiatives of investigating itself process very ofway the toliving, the mainstream andfor alternatives living daily possible solutions ofof In innovation. sustainable social toaddition being able cases toinspiring review of examples the investigation through issues sustainability about awareness for raising howabout to activity so consultation it aadapt could the EMUDE process become didactic lead to a discussions These consumption. and responsible for sustainability education of the context within the CCN amongst partners discussed were the EMUDE experiences from reflections The held in was Bratislava. which Network Citizenship the Consumer of conference atinternational the second in an Project exhibition Everyday Sustainable by The presented were project Inof 2005, May the initial outcomes the EMUDE research process adidactic as initiatives social Investigating of innovation. new areas social and exploring communities creative meeting of way ona as living peoples’ whole, focusing activities, to related everyday systems larger questioning ofand began goods, on theeco-design reflection went mere beyond designers The to users. approaches and ethnographic lifestyles offor sustainable design crossroads at the for designers a enjoyed andit, new fielddiscovered process of investigation in who the collection took part and professors their than 200– –more students design The of innovation. social examples in ofa collecting process countries European eight from ofschools the involvement with design started project research EMUDE The European in but general. in schools schools, in design to howconsider began not a used, could be ofonly modified version theEMUDE procedure and project oftheresearch EMUDE benefits the potential pedagogical recognized designers into and came abeing ofwhen group educators for (Looking Likely LOLA Alternatives) The of possibilities”. viable cases “constructive as and of be the sharing construed can what of sound like can what “doomsday prophecies” the transmission the thin line between traverses development for sustainable Education options exist. nothat positive convinced and to depressed become the learner causing without and events trends negative describing the problem ofdeal with also must And teachers exist. inlearners which the community from and abstract apart worlds become often Schools experience. real life with and fact theory of the challenge connecting face Teachers system onof all the educational levels LOLA, Looking for Likely Alternatives Victoria W. 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Collaborative services I 195 Collaborative services I 196 planters and containers around the town. and containers planters town-centre parklands, in homes, spaces their unused in food own their previously growing of experience direct them gave that activity in of number practical citizens a substantial Farming engaged Urban Inand terms, miles. food Dott supply infrastructures regeneration; urban and usage; ownership landholding as issues level on priority such grassroots at of change ways seeding explored project terms, In policy production. food local to increase Middlesbrough from involved Farming, residents Urban project, Dott Another Urban Farming or adding building more new cars roads. without service transport in one aimprove byandfor place one life daily reliable designing sustainable community ways to practical MoveMe investigated In terms, Dott efficiency. and resource access rural intensity, looked at transport the project terms, In policy in Northumberland. community in and aaccess rural for mobility the need tackled for example, Move The project, Me Move Me tofor people participate. easy in asuch to as way should be organised make it projects than a platitude, rather a reality to was become of the new initiatives ownership ifthat teamcommunity Dott realised The progressed. events as co-designers and citizen partners involve new stakeholders, and and toto project develop each team identify appointed athen Senior Producer/Designer theDott had identified, been Once aof core group projects ways. eight manner of creative inlife daily with all wedealing innovatively people England found East in North Everywhere needed. were and they when as and resources, platforms technology skills, in by design innovation additional bringing grassroots zero, but existing to from and discover accelerate not to projects therefore create role Dott’s was media. invisibly, - andand of but below mainstream often the radar policy happening are already experiments many that grassroots was for Dott Emude The lesson Accelerating existing projects get there?’ be world help like?’ us and in life ‘how design might acan sustainable ‘what questions: two addressed that the region, from people with developed and exhibitions, events projects, (ONE), of 07community a Dott programme was One NorthEast agency development regional of 07). the time (Dott the UK, Designs the with Council of A the Design initiative national in influence aon programme significant was national innovation a Emude The experience DOTT 07 John Thackara http://www.dott07.com knowledge and understanding of design processes and sustainability. ofprocesses design and understanding knowledge new had they said gained by hadand inspired quarters visit they been their more than three than 80 More per cent said of visitors and pilots prototypes. scenarios, tool kits, models, of scalable on ones The awere display variety confronted. were challenges novel design case and innew technology, every incorporated usually But they citizens. with designed and co- were - site-specific, were they did not answers global 07propose Dott projects of the public. members 20,000 more than of the River age. the banks Tyneevent The attracted of the carbon - a birthplace in on atSquare Baltic a presented 12were day public festival of projects all Dott results The Festival. fromthemapping weekend inand word. the 07 20madedisplayed Dott filmswere original video,film,using orwritten the of the territory aspects mapping different teams mapped Local city. a of heritage world centre Durham, the city through runs that of riverside stretch team Park ato ‘Mapping the Necklace’- 12- sponsor aevent called mile 4-day ‘mapping’ 07Necklace Dott teamed upDurham The with the Necklace Mapping Incalled a project Mapping the Necklace and tourism? on the landscape It wind asked: power can have aeffect positive attraction. and tourist spectacle visual as ofthe concept power generation investigated group Another completely. or have ruined havedisappeared that become structures industrial highlighted installations beautiful evokedThese that Allendale’s lead mining heritage. installations ‘Revealing the Invisible’.ontitled a project involved concept outdoor The night-time light Pennines of the North heritage and industrial community the rural with worked One group there. and be developed implemented might tourism how sustainable toasked investigate and location to allocated ateam different Each was the globe. across from professionals and young artists visual senior students, young together designers, brought camp design An international in aproject. 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Collaborative services I 197 Authors’ biographies I 198 processes and entrepreneurship sustainability, social innovation Service Design with a focus on / COPPE - Brazil. Her work is on Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Production Engineering from Italy, and Master of Science (MSc.) Politecnico di Milano / INDACO – PhD in Industrial Design from is a research consultant with a Carla Cipolla Democratic Republic of Congo. during periods of conflict in the accountability in the mining sector examined the role of corporate (Canada) and her dissertation work from Royal Roads University ConflictAnalysis andManagement holds a Master of DegreeArts in communities. Ms.Bala-Miller food safety in resource poor in supporting food security and the role of the informal economy in Asia and Africa, which considers snapshot of the street food sector the CI publication Streetwise: A G on SC). In 2005, she authored for Consumer Protection (Section at implementing the UN Guidelines consumers, and on projects aimed mainstream concepts of SC among network of consumer journalists to has worked on developing a media accountability. In this capacity, she consumption (SC) and corporate international work on sustainable Officer at CI, she coordinates level. In her role as Senior Policy international and grassroots sustainable development at the has worked on issues of Priya Bala-Miller works at the Dutch research Helma Luiten design.net network. platform and the www.solutioning- the www.sustainable-everyday.net EU research projects, promotes products. He is involved in several products, innovation in food design, security of pharmaceutical ergonomics, senior friendly interaction design, cognitive including: sustainable design, He is active in various fields product-service system definition. co-designing scenarios and new and Brussels, specialising in Design Scenarios based in Paris he runs the consultancy Strategic Visual Art in Brussels. Since 1990 in Milan and La Cambre School of Faculty of Design of the Politecnico he is visiting professor at the with a degree in industrial design: is a Strategic Design consultant François Jégou innovation and new value creation. to strategic thinking, sustainable and Design and their application in the fields of Social Foresight new thinking and new knowledge Design in 1997. She promotes of Trends and Strategy at Philips was appointed Senior Director Josephine Green relationships in services. of quality of interpersonal research interest is in the theme projects and events. Her main in many international research promotion. She has been involved communications with young adults Youth and Consumer NGOs in based resource kit to support produced YOUTHXCANGE, a web- to this survey, UNEP and UNESCO of empowerment. As a follow up attitudes as consumers and sense countries about their aspirations, reaching 10 000 youth in 24 it started in 1999 with a survey youth and consumer organisations: in co-operation with UNESCO and youth programme is carried out to more sustainable lifestyles. Her make a contribution to the shift a huge market power and could Both governments and youth have governments and young people. consumption issues concerning since 1997, is specialised in programme officer at UNEP DTIE Isabella Marras interest to her. demands of users are of main focus on the (future) needs and studies, vision development and Innovation in Health Care. Foresight the Dutch Innovation Platform on She wrote the position paper for elderly and people with dementia. on living, wellness and care for in innovation projects focussing society. She is currently involved to cause breakthroughs in a method for societal experiments the development the MIXT-method, innovation projects. One of them is involved in a number of sustainable University of Technology. She is Design Engineering at the Delft Institute TNO and studied Industrial net/manzini/ http://www.sustainable-everyday. Several papers can be found in: Projects, Birkhäuser Basel, 2007. Research Now: Essays and Selected Michel R. (edited by), Design sustainable social innovation in: E. Manzini, Design research for stories, Erthscan, London, 2007; Designers, Visionaries plus other society, in J. Chapman, N. Gant, The scenario of the multi-local Most recent papers: E. Manzini, Edizioni Ambiente, Milano, 2003). , F., Sustainable everyday, Manzini, E., F. Jégou innovation in everyday life (see for sustainability and on social design, service design, design His works are focused on strategic “Designing Connected Places”. the International Summer School “Changing the Change” and of Design Research Conference Coordinator of the International of Melbourne and Scientific and Society at the University Centre for Science, Innovation in China, fellow at the Australian also visiting lecturer in Japan and of the Doctorate in Design. He is for Sustainability and coordinator Research Design and Innovation where he is Director of the Unit of at the Politecnico di Milano Full professor in Industrial Design Ezio Manzini about responsible lifestyles. the Netherlands, where she is Sustainability at Philips Design, is Senior Director of Design-for- Simona Rocchi Environment). (French National Institute for the policy issues for WHO, UNEP, IFEN as a consultant in environmental for the UNEP; he was working prepared the GEO report series He is part of the group that issue. and a number of articles on the former USSR: he published a book socialist countries, including the of the environment in the former analysis of information on the state Budapest. He has specialised in at Central European University, Environmental Sciences and Policy is head of Department of Ruben Mnatsakanian journals about strategic innovation. and events, and writes for design the organisation of symposiums international research activities, in she is involved in several is strategic system innovation: consortium POLI.design. Her topic Strategic Design, organised by the of the international Master in Strategic Design and co-director Assistant Professor in Service and Politecnico di Milano, where she is INDACO (Industrial Design) of Sustainability of the Department DIS, Design and Innovation for as researcher in the research unit in Industrial Design. She works architect and designer, has a PhD Anna Meroni

Authors’ biographies I 199 Authors’ biographies I 200 member of the advisory board project ToolSust, 2000- 2003, is the Coordinator of the European Science 1985 – 1988 (co-editor). He the Norwegian Journal of Political labelling. He was the first editor of sustainable consumption and eco interests, consumer complaining, working with consumer policy and Consumer Research) and has been at SIFO (National Institute for in 1972. He is director of research science from University of Oslo (mag. art.) degree in political born in 1945, holds a graduate Eivind Stø durability. eco-labelling and product consumption and sustainability, fellow, focussing mainly on Consumer Research) as research joined SIFO (National Institute for Future project until 1992, when he 1987. He worked at the Alternative from the University of Oslo in gained a Mag. art. in sociology Pål Strandbakken number of universities. innovation and lectures at a on sustainability and design the author of several publications Products and Sustainability. She is PhD in Cleaner Production, Cleaner Management and Policy, and a Masters degree in Environmental has a degree in Architecture, a emerging markets program. She for the development of the design-related activities and creative direction of sustainable responsible for managing the the National Norwegian Committee curriculum and also a member of for revision of the country’s core the Norwegian national board Thoresen has been a member of a teacher and teacher trainer, to many years of experience as consumer education. In addition education, lifelong learning and peace education, value-based development, global education, has specialized in curriculum Citizenship Network. Thoresen manager of The Consumer College in Norway and project at the Hedmark University is Associate Professor of Education Victoria Thoresen out in new ways. familiar, daily-life activities carried scenarios pilots and prototypes of citizens codesign, with companies, from here, to there?” John helps design steps are needed to get us world be like?”; and, “what “what might life in a sustainable is inspired by two questions: innovators. This unique community innovators, and grassroots changing designers, technology a worldwide network of paradigm- and Bangalore, connects together network, with offices in France (Doors). This global design is director of Doors of Perception John Thakara Association, 2001 –2006. under the European Sociology of Consumption” Working group and 2001 Chair of the “Sociology of CRIC, Manchester University is currently a PhD student at Edina Vadovics Madison, United States (1998). of the University of Wisconsin in Communication andArts Journalism she attended the school of Netherlands. Prior to graduation, at the University of Utrecht, the social aspects of new media, Sciences, specialized in the graduated in 1999 in Social innovation projects. Stefanie the future (of technology) and a central role in thinking about & Trends’, in which people play work lies in the area of ‘People group in 2001. The focus of her strategic research and design (the Netherlands). She joined the at Philips Design, Eindhoven is a Senior Research Consultant Stefanie Un for Social Responsibility. of International Standards (26000) expert contributing to the creation functions also as an international the Baha’is of Norway. Thoresen the National Spiritual Assembly of Peace Center and a member of of the board of the Norwegian number of years she was chairma’n sustainable consumption. For a core curriculum for education for Forces in the development of a the U.N. Marrakech Process Task presently assisting UNEP and educational consultant. She is functioned as an international and teacher training and has has written textbooks for schools for consumer education. Thoresen 2002 as head of department of researcher and since January since February 2001 as senior Tom van der Horst joined STB SME’s operation with multinationals and projects in practice in close co- of research projects and innovation specificexperience in a wide scope (1997-2001). He has built up on Sustainable System innovation manager of the TNO new initiative 2001). At the same time he is co- product innovation TNO/DUT (1997- of Kathalys, centre for sustainable development (1993-2001), founder was head of department of product (the former TNO Productcentre) and joined TNO Industrial Technology from 1981 to 1987. In 1988 he the Delft Universty of Technology (1963) studied Industrial Design at Tom van der Horst Sustainable Solutions Association. also president of GreenDependent and Western part of Europe. She is communities both in the Eastern has been involved with creative as an expert and a volunteer, she students in higher education. Both the field bothfor companies and and delivered training courses in and sustainability management, CEU, she worked in environmental to her studies and research at sustainable communities. Prior on sustainable consumption and Budapest. Her research focuses European University (CEU) in Policy Department of Central the Environmental Sciences and consumption and production. She She is an expert on sustainable based in Paris, France (since 2003). Industry and Economics (DTIE), (UNEP) Division of Technology, Nations Environment Programme Project Officer at the United Adriana Zacarias 2008 on. continue working on Foresight from Karlsruhe, Germany where she will and Innovation Research (ISI) in Fraunhofer Institute for Systems has been a researcher at the (STS). Before joining IPTS she science and technology studies a framework of interdisciplinary since her PhD she is working within is in mechanical engineering but original educational background and innovation patterns. Philines projects with a focus on production European and national Foresight been involved in a number of technology and society. She has on patterns of co-evolution of making. Her research interest is (Foresight) in support to policy oriented stakeholder dialogue advancing and supporting future (JRC IPTS). Her work is focussing on Prospective Technological Studies Research Centre Institute for the European Commissions’ Joint “European Foresight” group of is currently a researcher in the Philine Warnke Environment the Business Unit Innovation and At this moment he is Manager of the team Sustainable Innovation. Consumption” (OECD, 2002). “Towards Sustainable Household where she co-published the book in the Environment Directorate, operation and Development (OECD) Organisation for Economic Co- Adriana was a consultant with the sustainability. Before joining UNEP, the opportunity to leapfrog to for development, as well as provides new opportunities production patterns/systems sustainable consumption and the idea that the adoption of on poverty reduction, promoting She is also carrying out projects Latin America, and North America. level, including Africa, Asia, Europe, Process) at the global and regional Production (so called Marrakech on Sustainable Consumption and 10-Year Framework of Programmes is working in the development of a

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