Rosal: a Deserted Township in Strath Naver, by Horace Fairhurst

INVESTIGATIONS AT ROSAL Ordnancpreparatiow e th ne n e I th ef o SurvenHighlandse th f yo 6-inp problea ,ma . m unique in Britain arises in connection with the ruins of the numerous settlements deserted during the depopulation of the last hundred and fifty years. They are not 'antiquities' in the normal sens clearlt characteristia ebu e yar c featur Highlande th f eo s which shoul recordede db ; they were rather casuallmiddle th f lasf o eo y 6-intp d includecenturyol ma .e th Sutherlandn n I d.o e th , notorious eviction f 1806-2so particulad 0ad r interes theso t e ruined settlements. While workin northern gi n Scotlan archaeologs da y Ordnance officeth r fo r e Surveyr M , . Rive F forcibl s A. .L twa y struccharactee th y knumbeb a f ro thesf ro e site uppen si r Strath Naver which were located on land intended for ploughing and planting by the Forestry Commission. In some case depopulatee th s d townships have largely escaped interference since time th eth f eo eviction havd san e preserve remarkabla dn i evidency e wa folstud e a periodr e th k ef th fo ylif o f eo . In particular the township of Rosal1 (NC 690415) appeared to have exceptional possibilities and calle immediatr dfo ploughee b consideratioo t plante d s neae dan th wa r n t di i future s a n n a ; Iron Age souterrain occurred in the middle of the site, indicating occupation from a remote period. Consultation wit Forestre hth y Commission resulte postponemena dn i plantinf o taree f th a o n go the old arable lands and the ruined dwellings until a detailed survey could be made. Meanwhile, the writer had been directing investigations on a deserted settlement of much the same period at Lix near Killin in west Perthshire. An invitation from the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments to make a study of Rosal was accepted largely because of the possibilities of Rosal itsel t alsbu fo because there woul opportunite db comparisof yo n wit Perthshire hth e evidence. projece Th finances wa t d jointlMinistre th y y b Universite Coure f Workyth o th f d o t san f yo Glasgow Ordnance Th . e Survey provided base plans specially enlarged e fro plotth e mr th sfo new 6-in. map: the Forestry Commission gave every facility including the use of a hut on the site. colleagueo Tw s fro Universite mth y assiste worke th r Gordo n di M , n Petrie wit survee hth d yan r JohD n Corcora excavatioe th n souterraine ni th f no . Students, mainly fro Universite mth y Archaeolog Geographd yan y Departments, provide laboue dth r forc d durinean perioe gth d 16t hJulh Jun7t y o et 1962 , about sixtee workes site u y dul windn d th ef i dr n o n an l t d o ybu weather. preparatioe Th followine th f no g repor involves ha t d consideratio evidencf no e from ground survey, excavatio documentsd nan tase weldinf kTh o . g together this divers sometimed ean s very incomplete informatio bees nha ntasa somf ko e complexity thorne ;th y proble authenticite th mf o y

1 O.S. l-in. (7th Series) Sheet 10, Tongue. The new O.S. 6-in. Sheets NC 63 NE, 63 SE, 64 SE, 73 NW, . SW 4 7 , 73SW 136 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 1967-8 of some widely current statements on the Sutherland Clearances has had to be considered. The final form of the report reflects the varied nature of the material and, inevitably, the limits of one's competence.

THE SITE AND SITUATION OF ROSAL GENERAL SURVEY Northern Sutherland for the most part consis ts of a wide irregular plateau, rarely rising much above 800 ft. O.D. and taking the form of an extensive peaty moorland interspersed with shallow lochs and rocky rounded hills. Above the general plateau surface, there arise at intervals, the great mountain masses such as Klibreck, Ben Hope and Ben Loyal, to heights of 2,000-3,000

Rosal

FIG positioe . 1Th . f Rosano l

ft. The straths are not usually incised to any great depth and upper Strath Naver is a rather shallow, gentle-sided valley, muc contrasn hi t wit greae hth t glens whic characteristie har e th f co Central Highlands and the West (PI. lOa). townshid ol e f RosaTh po l lies about fourteen mile Stratp su h Naver fro coase mth t a t , on the E. side of the river (figs. 1 and 2). It is in the angle between the road S. towards Altnaharr Lairgd athaan d an ,t which t Syrbranchea . e bridgSE e sth ofeo t ftoward Strate sth f ho Kildona Helmsdaled nan t nammarkee O.Se no Th th .s e i . n d1-ino outline . e sheeth th t f eo bu t old settlement areshowfirss e th a wa t n 6-inno . sheet (Sutherland, sheet XLIV NE.) together with vera y small numbe ruinee th f 1961E o rd 6-in S w buildings muc4 )a ne . 6 sheee C hth (N n t o ; more adequate representatio sitbeee s th eha nf n o made . From the narrow haughs along the river which are only about 200 ft. above sea-level, the ground slopes up rather sharply in a rocky terrace about 100ft. high, and then, beyond this shoulder arable li etownshith d ol e e landwida th n pf i e so stretc f smoothlho y rolling grassland which lOb)L (P . ft Stil 0 lextrem44 e furthe riseth o t n . si erSE away fro rivere m th lane th , d continues to rise irregularly to the water parting with the River which flows down to the Strath of Kildonan. Beinn Rosail (851 ft. O.D.) is one of the highest points on this ridge which used to be called the Heights of Strath Naver. settlemend ol e Th Rosaf o tseparate s lwa d fro rouge mth h grazing mood san r arouna y db dry-built stone wall tracee whicrounb y n eighte wa d hdca th e mos grounf th y o f acreo to s r dso FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP I 137

STRATH NAVER SETTLEMENTS PRIOR TO THE EVICTIONS

OVE 9 RFAMILIE S

2-9 FAMILIES

- 2 FAMILIES Stole O I 15 5 2 I O

FIG. 2 | PROCEEDING 8 13 THF SO E SOCIETY j 1967-8 which had once been included. This 'ring-dyke' corresponds to the 'head-dyke' which is a con- tinuous feature alonmoorlane edge th gth f eo mann di y part f Scotlandso Uppen I . r Strath Naver, however arable th , t continuoueno lans dwa s alon vallee gth togethed yan r with other settlement same th f es o date , Rosal must have appeared lik isolaten ea d islan cultivatiof do a n i wide expans presen e moorf eo th t A .t time contrase ,th t betwee smoothe nth , green area withie nth ring-dyke and the rough moorland outside has been heightened by the plough of the Forestry Commission whic tors hha n great furrows coars e inth e gras heatherd san youne ;th g conifers will soon transfor townshipd ol settin e meanlanmo e e th n th th dy l f gB withiso .al ring-dyke nth e had, however, been improved for cultivation and at least one-third of the area is rough and covered

Wall ** Rigs •• House DEH Earth House ® Hut Circle vi Rough Pasture

plae f RosaFIGTh no . 3 . l FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHI [ 13P 9 with heather. Ove e otheth r r two-thirds, includin plouge gth h rigs themselve lla)L e (P sth , underlying Boulder Clay had been picked comparatively clean of boulders which had either been utilised in the old dry-stone walling, or had been piled in clearance cairns, some of which were of great size. In places, isolated patches of peat bog occurred between the better drained ground. remarkable Onth f eo e characteristic amoune th s si goof o t d grassland which occurs aftea r century and a half of neglect. Mr J. C. C. Romans who came from the Macaulay Institute at Aberdeen to examine the soils while we were investigating, and whose findings are discussed later, emphasise e relativeldth y high fertility whic difficuls hwa explaio t t farmine termn ni th f o s g practice pre-Evictioe th f so n period. Only rarely heathee ,th tood rha , colonise plougd ol e hdth lands, though here and there bracken had spread on the drier slopes. Down by the river, most of the ground was very rough fluvio-glacial material and had not been brought within the ring-dyke. Although the land is nowhere at any great elevation above sea-level, there is very little shelter from milde thth e windn ,i damd ,an p climat thif eo s par Sutherlandf to , peat formatio occurres nha n do most level or gently sloping ground. The Rosal lands must have represented an exceptionally large exten arablf to regioa n ei n where settlement maximueves it t na always mwa s discontinuous. Within the 'ring-dyke' the outlines of over a dozen long dwelling-houses can readily be traced, together wit associatee hth d barns, outhouses, yard corn-dryind san g kilns which madp eu characteristie th c loosely clustered settlemen eighteente th f to h centur Pisyd (fig.an 1 3 .lib). Od aan 1 ruinee Th d buildings were markedly periphera thein li r distribution withi townshipe nth o n d an , explanation is readily apparent in terms of slope or drainage for this arrangement.

CONTINUIT SETTLEMENF YO T FRO PREHISTORIE MTH C PERIOD In Sutherland it is often possible to find evidence of settlement over a long period of time within some small pocket of attractive land, and Rosal is no exception. An indication of an early occupation may occur in the SW. part of area of the area enclosed by the ring-dyke, where a rounded heap of stones stands on the summit of the highest hillock (690413). The new O.S. 6-in. map (Sheet NC 64 SE) singles it out as a 'cairn', presumably because forsitd e th ean m sugges Bronza t buriae eAg l cairn rathe numeroue th f r o tha e snon clearance heaps which occur nearby. On another hillock near the centre of the old arable lands, there is an Iron Age souterrain which was discovered some years ago by two amateurs who partially cleared it. Under Dr Corcoran,2 the whole passage was excavated and proved to be some 42 ft. long by 2 ft. 6 in. wide by 4 ft. 6 in. high. The structure had been lintelled with stone slabs just below turf-level, but at some stage had been filled in with earth and stone. Excavation around the upper end revealed what may have been the traces of a roughly circular hut and further to the SW. there was a curious curving bank possibly forming par somf o t e larger enclosure. There are other indications of settlement in relatively ancient times. Within a space of two r threo e hundred yards outsid ring-dyke eth sitee therthref th so e four ear o r hut-circles each some 30 to 40 ft. in diameter and formed by a low bank of earth and boulders (O.S. 6-in. map SE)4 6 . C AnotheN r grou sevef po eighr no t occurs abou quartea t southe mila th l f o ero Al t . largeld ha y been destroye receny db t ploughin plantind gan g operations, thoug lar hnM Crawford succeede findindn i fragmenga f sofo t t brown potter carbonisea yn i d deposit nea centre rth f eo one immediatel e Rosalf o sidth e t anothe . f th e o Ye .n ySW o . r N grou stile y seee th lb pma o n t

Excellen r photographai t available (O)sar 6 10 / n ei r Corcoran'D s report appears separatel . 114p n .yo 1 Scot/UK 76, Nos. 8188- 9 or2 CPE/Scot/UK 181, 2071-2. 140 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F SYO 1967-8 road from Syre towards Kildonan, about a mile away. To the S. in the direction of Truderscaig and Dalharrold, there are other examples (Sheets NC 63 NE and NC 73 NW). Such groups of hut-circles are a very characteristic feature of the moorlands of eastern d northeran n Sutherland e almosar d tan ,alway s accompanie ancieny b d t clearance cairns indicating cultivation at the same period. The cairns were often plotted on the old 6-in. map as 'tumuli' as at Rosal; on the new 6-in. map, the ambiguous term 'Enclosure' has been used for the larger hut-circle exceedingle th d san y numerous cairns detecte surveye th n di , have perforce been omitted. There was no time to excavate any of these sites during our investigations in 1961, and in any case, the destruction had been relatively complete in the examples close to the ring-dyke. Subsequently, however, the writer has been able to examine a small cluster of similar circles, with their associated cairns and well defined cultivation plots at in the Strath of Kildonan (O.S. 7th series, Sheet 15, Helmsdale, NC 990193). It would appear that each circle consisted of a low, thick stone wall; the conical roof was supported internally by an inner ring of posts. It is possible that the structures go back to a very late phase in the Bronze Age, but an Early Iron Age dat probables ei . While some for f occupatiomo t thina s envisagee periob n d ca r Rosaldfo - t musi ,em e b t phasised that the circles and associated clearance cairns in Sutherland generally show a much wider and far more diffuse distribution than the buildings of the townships dating to the eighteenth century continuito N . settlemenf yo postulatee b origitownshipe e n th th ca t f d no dan generan si l remain mossa t obscure problem.

CONTINUIT SETTLEMENF YO T FRO MEDIEVAE MTH L PERIOD The place-name prolongs this state of uncertainty into a later period. According to a private communication from Miss Bridget Gordon,1 Rosa Norsa s i l e name with (anglicised) Gaelic spellin witd g an hGaeli a c genitive for mRosail)n (e.gthinkBe e e n i b Sh . . y s thama t i t derived from hrgssa voll (accusative singular) meaning 'horses' field'. The early spellings quoted in Origines Parochiales Scotiae,2 'Rossewall' 1269, 'iRosewall' 1525, 'Rossewall' 1542, 'Rosswall' 1525, 'Rosswall' 1570 and 'Rosewah" 1601, are consistent with this interpretation and show regular developmen Norse th f eo t sound Gaelice th Norse o st Th . e vgllr, pi. vellir, doe t necessno - sarily mean an enclosed field but rather a piece of cleared land perhaps isolated from the main farm-buildings. earliese Th t documentary referenc Rosao et l goes bac o 126kt occurd 9granan a n y si b t the Bisho f Morapo f variouyo s land Stratn si h Naver Reginal wifs Si hi eo t ro t Chee dd d nan Mary, daughter of the deceased Friskyn of through whom these lands were claimed.3 Be- sides Rosal, the charter also refers to Achenedes (Achness or Achadh an Eas on the O.S. map), Langewal (Langdale Clibrd )an y (Klibreck), Norsee whicf ar o laso e h,th t tw accordin Misgo t s Gordon. There is no certainty, from4 a mere mention of 'the lands of Rosal', that a permanently inhabited settlemen involveds ti inherentl s i t i t ,bu y probable tha foul tal r township comd sha e into bein thit ga s period; thereafter, they continu referree b o et regularlo dt documentare th yn i y record. Usin datee gth s quote Originesdn i Parochiales Scotiae, nexe name o mentionee th b tw t o st d for Strath Naver are Invernaver and Carynnes (Carnochy) in 1401; Rhino vie and Farr occur in

1 Personal communication from Miss Gordon, English ' Registrum Episcopatus Moraviensis (Bannatyne Language Department, Glasgow University, who is Club, Edinburgh 1837), 139. 126No , . making a study of the Norse element in Scottish 1 Origines Parochiales Scotiae, Vol. 2 (2), 715.

place-names. 2 Origines Parochiales Scotiae (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1855), Vol (2)2 . , 715. FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP | 141 149sixteente thend th 9an n i , h century, Skai Skelpicd an l k (1530), Moudale, Grummord ean Grumbeg (1551). When Timothy Pont compiled the data for his map somewhere about 1600, twenty-three names were noted in Strath Naver as a whole. In the middle of the eighteenth century, Roy's map included thirty named settlements with the sites of several others indicated. Strangely, Truderscaig, which was a large settlement, was not noted in any of the lists, possibly because of its remote situation in the moor. For the year 1806, Henderson gives what is intended to be a full list of all the townships of Strath Naver wit aree hf th arabl ao numbee eth land familief dan o r each.n o snamee Th 1e sar very much corrupted. This data has been mapped on fig. 2. The arable was probably very variabl qualityn ei sometimer fo , s there were thre ever eo n fewer familye acreth t sometimeo st bu , s ten or more; no distinction was made between infield and outfield. In all, Henderson's list comprise settlements9 s4 , excluding some which were clearly outside Strath Naver severad an , l which cannot be located. Of the 49, however, it is clear that many were very small; 11 had less than 10 acres (with only 1 or 2 families) and only 26 had more than 30 acres. From this list, it would appear that Rosal was one of the largest townships in Strath Naver, with 13 families and 50 acres of arable; it is surpassed in size of population only by Truderscaig and Langdale with 18 families Grummord an , Syrd ean e wit. h14 It is noticeable that the lists of settlements in Strath Naver which can be compiled succes- sively from the early records in Origines Parochiales, from Pont, then from Roy's map, and finally from Henderson, grow longer with time. Possibly this merely reflects more attentio detaino t d lan namew ne Henderson'n se i th fac n l i al t s verlise tar y small settlements. Another explanation must be considered however. Several of the new names appearing on both Font's and Roy's map are apparentl shielind yol g names, e.g. Dionach Caraidh, 'Stronchergarry', Achargory, and from their location others migh addede tb thin I .s connection strikine th f o ge facton , s which emergee th n di recently published Survey of Assynt2 was the extent to which in this neighbouring area minute patche whaf sobviouslo d ha t y once been shieling groun beed dha n brought under cultivationt I . seems only reasonable to suggest that the number of settlements in Strath Naver had been extended sinc Middle eth e Ages mainlcolonisatioe th y yb f shielinno g ground thad san t this process swa greatly accelerate latee th rn d i eighteent h century situatioe e Th th . f o t Rosa na e ev le itselth n o f Evictions seems understandabl assumptioee onlth n yo n that suc hproces a t work a t this bu ,swa problem mus discussee b t anothen di r context.

A PLAN OF ROSAL IN 1811 Ther preserves ei munimente th n di s roo mt Dunrobia n Castl valuablea e collectio planf no s covering various Sutherlane partth f so d Estate hithertd san o unpublished, which see mhavo t e been compiled on the eve of the Evictions. They were in all probability used by advisors of the Duchess Elizabeth, such as James Loch and Patrick Sellar, in planning the change-over to sheep farmin Stratn gi hStrate Naveth Kildonanf d ho ran . Normall plane yth s themselves shoe wth positioe arablextene th th d f f individuaeo an nto l houses. Ther mucs ei f interesho themn i t , especially those which extend to the coast at Farr and Helmsdale where the new 'lots' to receive the evicted tenants were demarcated. greatese th plan e f th o f s sti o interese On thesn ti e investigation covert i s sa s 'The Heightf so Rosalf signeo s i . t I are.SE e d e th a'B.M. th - 'aroun dateo d t an d ' dd an 1811e th ; Scot0 8 scalo st presen6chainse . s ei | th in o about r t. o , milearein e 6 t aTh . surveyedf o lie . sE

'Henderson, Captain John, General e th View f o 2 Adam . W,R . (ed.), John Home's Survey of Assyntn i Agriculture of the County of Sutherland (London, 1776, The Scottish History Society, Edinburgh, 1961. 1815), 25. 142 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F YSO 1967-8 the river Naver and includes Rosal and Dalharrold with their common grazing land, together with Truderscaig and some rough grazing which was an outlying part of Rheloisk. The settlement of Rosal itself is shown as an enclosed area comprising 39 Scots acres and 1 rood of arable, together wit rood 2 acre5 h2 d pasturf so an e (PI near .arable o edg12a)e th n rth f eO o e. ground whics hi indicated by a faint yellow wash, there are some twenty-two buildings plotted as small rectangles picked out in red; some are L-shaped, some have small yards attached and all vary rather remark- abl sizeyn i addition n I . plae ,th n give 'tablsa contentsf eo ' which list amoune sth lanf to eacn di h holding in terms of arable, grass, shielings, moss pasture and hill grazing. (This is quoted in full in the Appendix (Table 3). It will be necessary to return to the details of the plan in a later section.) . AdaEconomie J . th R f m o r M c History Department Universite th , t Andrews,S f yo o wh bees ha n workin recorde Sutherlane th th n gf o so d Estates suggestes ha , d tha initiale th t s 'B.M.' on the plans refer to a Benjamin Meredith. Mr Adam has also been able to provide a copy of what appear havo st e bee ncomplementara y statemen fore 'Repora presene th f m o th n i t n o tt state of possessions in Strathnaver, the property of the most noble the Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford: with the probable means of its further improvements. Surveyed by B. Meredith 1810.' The document, which runs to twenty-one foolscap pages, is mainly concerned with possibilities on the farms below Syre, and with the desirability of establishing the population on the coast as fisherfolk. Some attention is paid to the development of large-scale sheep farming, including one area which obviously included Rosa t whicbu l h t beehad'ano nt surveyesye detailn di . Meredith insists tha maie th t n sourc incomf tenante o th r thosf efo so e pre-Eviction days was stockrearing, especiall blacf yo k cattle, though horses, shee goatd pan s were also kepte H . remarks tha more tth e industriou menfole th f so k migrated south durin sprine g th summe d gan r months to supplement their resources. I

CLEARANCE TH ROSAF EO L Towards the end of 1813, Patrick Sellar, who was then factor to the Duchess of Sutherland, obtaine sheew ne leaspe a d farth f eo m comprisin township d . sid ol E Stratf eo e e th th l hn gsal o Naver from the Mallart River to Dunviden Burn, extending eastwards to Loch Rimsdale and including Rosal. Notic duls tenante eywa th servel al s o dthat t they would hav leaveo et ; small lots were offered on the coast at Bettyhill where the dispossessed were to make new farms and learn to supplement their living from the sea. 1 meano evictionsn e y firsth e b Thif sth s o t swa . Henderson states that abou familie7 t7 s were move uppee dsid. th froS f ero e mStrathth , alon abovd gan e Loch Naver 1806.n i , Sellar himself had superintended other evictions in Assyn2t in 1812 and again along the Strath of Kildonan in 1813 when people were moved to Helmsdale.3 When Sellar commenced the new series of clearances in Jun einvolves 1814wa e ,h d bot prospectiv s factos a h a d ran e sheep farmer publid an , c indignation became focused upo personallym nbroughs hi wa e triao H t . 181n li chargen 6o brutalitf so y but, on the evidence submitted, the jury had no option but to acquit.4 The point was that Sellar had been carefu sta o evictet e l yth withid d an stric tenante legao nw th n la td l e letterrighsha th f f o o t redress widesprea e spitn th I . f eo d publicit resentmend yan t which arose over these evictiond san the other more extensive clearances in Strath Naver in 1820, the evidence available is still very

1 Fairhurst, H., 'The Surveys for the Sutherland •' ReporTriae th f Patrico n l o t k Sellar, e Esq.th r fo , Clearances 1814-1820', f Scottish/o . Studies,8 crime f Culpablo s e Homicide, Real Injurd an y (1964), 1-18. Oppressio t Invernessna , 1816 (Edinburgh, 1816). 2 Henderson', op. cit., 24. (This is reprinted in Thomas Sellar: The Sutherland 3 Statement by Patrick Sellar in December 1825, Evictions of 1814, ful1883.a r l statemenFo ) . I e se t published personally and reprinted in The Sutherland Grimble Triale Th , of Patrick Sellar (1962). Evictions f 1814o Thomay b s Sellar, 1883. FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP ,| 143 unsatisfactory in many details. Sage is often quoted as a reliable eye-witness, but his memoirs were written long afte primarilevents e th casery wa describee e an sh h , n i y d discussindan 1e gth later clearance f 1820so fulA . l understandin comn gca e only wit hclosa e analysi stile th l f o s unpublished Sutherland Estate records especialld an , papere yth f Patrico s n k ow Sellar r Ou . problem arises from the fact that we found no evidence that the buildings we excavated had been burnt; admittedly only a small sample was examined but a careful study was made with this point in mind as the name of Rosal specifically has been quoted as an example of Sellar's ferocity. An- other interpretatio possibls ni attentiof ei pais ni variouo dt s circumstantial details fro sube mth - factor' statementsn sow . courstrial,e s th hi f n 2I eo Sellar said tha sheriff'e tth s officer Junn i s e 1814, '. .mad. e void and redd Rhiloisk, Rhiphail, Ravigill, Rhimsdale and part of Garvault' and the only burning which took place was in the ejection of a squatter, the tinker William Chisholm, from Badinloskin.3 In another statement by Sellar in 1826 he remarks of his new sheep farm, 'that one being taken by myself, it was in my power to leave one half of it, for four years in possession of the old tenantry, wero coursf ewh o e allowe whole dth thesf eo e four year transfeo st r themselves, their familied san property, to the new allotments provided for them; so that in point of fact there were removed, in 1814, only 27 tenants, and one tinker or caird . . .'.4 Rosal quite clearly was included within this half of the sheep farm in which evictions may have been protracted over the years 1814-8. It is tr*- notee b dtriae thath l n i evidenct e thermentioo n s ei f burninno t Rosaga l itself, either bye "th prosecutio defencee conclusioe th th r tha e nd tenanto e b an tth ,y nma s move t wit l theidou h al r possession orderln a n si y fashion.

THE RUINED BUILDINGS ON THE SITE OF ROSAL complete Th e evictio populatioe th f no n brought settlemen somewherd en t Rosaa tn a o lt e between 1814 and 1818. The coming of the sheep from the South involved the cre^'aon of a wilderness to provide the extensive grazing demanded by the new shepherds who we-^e producing wool for the mechanised textile manufacturers of the Industrial Revolution. Since .'at time, the arable lands at Rosal have remained as a grassy island in the moor, completely untouche^'v modern farms, road house d dykesr so ol e ruine sth ; th hav f so e simply crumbled away withou||L/ outside interference. At the present time, it is possible to distinguish about seventy structures which appear to have been in use at the time of the evictions or not long before. Each structure is normally freestanding weld an l spaced fro neighbourss mit vere b yl al looselthet n ,bu y ca y grouped into three peripheral clusters in the N., SE. and SW. of the area enclosed by the ring-dyke (see fig. 3). The ruined dry- stone walls nowhere appear more than 1 ft. or 2 ft. high, but in general, the outlines of the buildings recognisee b n ca d wit faiha r degre accuracyf eo individuae th ; t badll no site e y sar encumbere d with fallen stones and it is obvious that in many cases, stone-work could have formed only the lowe originare parth f o t l building (PI. lOa). Preliminary inspection suggeste dbroaa d fourfold classification. (Measurement internae sar l in each case. For a detailed catalogue see Appendix, Table 2.) Dwellings. These seem to have been houses of exceptional length, the average being about somn I . eft cases2 1 o smala t , widte 9 s lTh extreme roo hwa . th ft md 8 coulan e10 . ft e db 0 8 distinguished at one end, but there was no partition elsewhere between what was apparently the Sage, Donald, Memorabilia Domestica (edited by his The site of Badinloskin is shown in Sellar, Thomas, 1 son, 2nd edit., Wick, 1899). 3 op. cit. See p. 163 for a further discussion. 2 Sellar, Thomas, op. cit., p. xlii. ' Statement by Patrick Sellar in 1826, reprinted in Thomas Sellar, op. cit., 49. 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 1967-8 living quarters and the byre. A single doorway was normal, about half-way in a long wall. There were about twelv fifteeo et n long-houses cleao n thert s rbu , distinctioewa n wit nexe hth t category. Outhouses numbered about thirty and were of vpry varied dimensions and forms. The major- ity were rectangular structure t threft. 0 rounded bu s1 , eabouha y b 0 d3 t endd abouan s t nine had one rectangular and one rounded end. Several were quite diminutive. A provisional estimate was that most were barns or stables but three or four were over 40 ft. long and one was as much as 58 ft. by 11 ft.; obviously these could have been'cottages or even small byre-dwellings. Yards numbered about twenty and again were! of very varied sizes and shapes; they were as across. ft muc0 7 s .h a Ther littls ei e doubt that they were stackyards t possiblbu , y they could also have been use r stocdfo r evek o r growin nfo g vegetables. Corn-drying kilns were usually built into the side of a hillock and formed one end of a kiln- house measuring about 16 ft. by 7 ft. There were seven of these kilns. A purely farming community appeared to be ^involved at Rosal, with no obvious signs of specialised buildings such as a smiddy, inn or a school. In general, the buildings were so widely scattered and so haphazard in their relation to each other that it was difficult to recognise the basic farming units, i.e. to associate in a complex any one long-house with its barn, yards, kiln or other outbuildings NW.e th long-housn a ,I . e seeme accompaniee b o dt severan di l caseleast a e y tson b separate yard morr ,o wite e hon outhouses witd greao an hkil,a n t nta distance southere th n I . n townshipe parth f to , however yare th , d seemed sometimecentra s severaa r t efo ac o lst buildings, wits a hmodera n farm yard additionn ;i , isolated long-houses appeared attempn A . t wil made lb e late . 153r(p grou)o t buildinge pth thao s complexta eacn i s hi , taking into account proximity, "orientation and surface features, but it must be emphasised that such an arrangement can only be tentative. The groups have been numbered in a clockwise direction on the plan (fig. 7) commencing in the NW. There are also to be taken into account at Rosal a large number of depressions which appear to be the sites of small storage pits; usually these are in or near a complex, and often inside one buildingsr othee o th f ro .

COMPLEX A IN THE NORTHERN CLUSTER In such an extensive settlement as Rosal with so much variation in the buildings pattern, excavatio highle b o t yd selectivnha detailea d ean d investigatio complee on f no x seemed indicated. Comple mose th (fig xA ) t 4 .southerl y grounorthere th n pi n cluste f buildingo r chosens swa , largely becaus accessibilityf eo belonget I . 'opene th do t ' typ complexf eo , whic mors hwa e common than that grouped vaguely around a 'yard', and it was already in part differentiated from its neighbours by its very position on the edge of the cluster. A significant point was that it seemed to contain representative example mosf so t type structurf so e withi townshie nth wholea s pa . complee smootn Th o s xhwa hummocky ground just abov steee eth p rough slope dowo nt the river Naver periphere ;th ytownshie walth f o l somy pla e 100-150 ydso T . . downhilW e th o t l the S. and E. came extensive stretches of arable land before the next buildings occurred, but the nearest neighbou . (ClusteN e th bega ) o rB t n some 150 yds. away. Basically, the complex consisted of the following: 1 A rectangular long-house, presumably combining living quarters and byre. 2 An adjacent barn-like structure with one rounded end in which was a pit. nearbA 3 y outhouse witroundeo htw d ends. stretcA 4 f dykh o adjacents whico et wa ) h(3 . stacA 5 k yard. ROSAL NorthernCluster Complex A

Storage Pit

fireplace- temporary entrance

paving

dividing hearth fireplace wair paving psr

Section along A-B

SO 5 IP 15 JO 3 5 30 35 Scale 1M20 or 1 in. = 10ft.

FIG. 4 FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHI5 14 | P 6 A pit on top of a nearby knoll. In addition, and possibly to be included, were: corn-dryinA 7 g kiln. circulaA 8 r area, possibl ypena . barn-likA 9 e structure wit hsmala l yard attache whicn di h anothe t occurrepi r d (this could equally have belonged to the adjacent Complex B).

The Long-house Complexin A long-house Th ebeed (figha n ) 4 constructe. gentla n do e slope downo s toward . N e sth soms tha. abov highee ft wa e tth lower4 e d vers esite th ren eywa Th . much expose strone th o dt g prevailin gwels windswa l drainet bu , d naturally. Before excavation outline th , indicate s ewa sub-angulay db r stone boulderd san s whicd hha obviously been gathered locally innee outed Th .ran . r ft face dry-stona 3 f so o t . in e6 wal. ft l2 . wid6in e coul seee db placen i t thesbu y rarely reached 2ftspreae heighn th i ver.s d dywa an t slight in view of the fact that no stone robbing had taken place. Internally structure ,th e measure widte lengtn i th . t ft h h 5 bu varied 8 . ft 2 d1 betwee d an . ft n9 as though the walls had been carelessly aligned. The only cross wall was at 17 ft. 6 in. from the upper end t ros;i e distinctly higher tha maie nth n walls verf , o thoug s y poowa t hi r construction. The entrance door was about half-way along the eastern long wall, but in addition, there was a second rough entranc temporara r eo y break-throug lowee th n hri end-wall. thesl al n eI features structure ,th typicaa s ewa l exampl othe e mosf eo th f rto long-houset sa Rosal. Sometimes the cross wall was missing, sometimes in the South-West Cluster, the whole hilloca f buildino p k to insteaoven ge ra rth dowf do n slop lOa)L e(P ; sometimes, toobreake th , - through in the end wall was not present. As the plan indicates (fig. 4 and PL 13a) excavation of long-house th onls eywa partial appearet i t ,bu d sufficien indicato t generae eth l lay-out. stonewore Th externae th f ko l walls could never have risen more than in.abou3 e . ;th ft t2 fallen stones both inside and outside the building were no more than sufficient to level off the walling at the height of the highest boulders still in situ. Between the walls, there was everywhere layea peaf ro t immediatel restind an yd gbelo so directl e wth occupatioyd upool e nth n horizon. This peat was as much as 8 to 10 in. thick and presumably came from the decay of the turf which would originally have carried the walls up to the required height; what this might have been, there was no obvious method of calculating. Documentary evidence fully confirms that the houses Stratn i h Naver were normally buil turf o r 'failt o f ' upo nbasa stonesf eo ; Captain Henderson for instance, remarked that'. .. the houses of the smaller tenantry, whic1 h they and their cattle inhabit together vere ,ar y mea (provinciallwretchedd d nan mu f walle o e Th .s rooar e yth featfd )an made water-tight with divots or thin sods, supported by couples and side timbers of birch or fir, made in the form of a semi-circle, having a few holes on the top of the roof to let out the smoke from a fire upon the hearth in the middle of the building, surrounded by the tenant, his wife and children. smoke th s eA diffuses throug wholbuildinge e hth th tief e ebindingo y ar cattlde b o ,th ewh s made o fhousee bircth f o h, d wytherea benefie warmthe en pth th e stakeo walle f st on o tth t a s.n si somn I e case walle sbuilth e sar t wit htiea stonf o r e betwixt eac hsomn i tie e f feald o reth an , first three fee twalle hig gableth d f sh an o buil e sar t wit hremaindee stoneth d ,an sods.feaf d ro an l ' On the inside of the long west wall of the long-house, excavation showed that slots occurred in the masonry which must have represented the recesses for the crucks, or couples supporting distancerooe e 13b)L th Th f(P . s apart were very small, ranging fro t mucmno h moreo t tha . ft n5 firse tabouTh seeme. ft t7 occudo t end-wall. t onlfroS . ra ft e my4 th . Generally, these recesses

1 Henderson . cit.. op ,45 , 146 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 1967-8 were 6 in. to 12 in. across, and at the foot, there was a bowl-like depression in the ground, into whic lowee hth rcouple e endth f so casese fitted. deep mucon s whicin d ,a n ther8 I s an .,s ha h wa e was a double depression as though the timber had been forked at the lower end.1 In two other cases recesexpecte,a e th t sa d interva appeart walline no th flatherf t d a o s ltgdi , bu p stonewa to n eo provido t cruca f seatine loweo e keth th d whicr ren g beefo d hha n markedly shorter than usual. Fro variable mth slote sizth recesser sf o eo lookt i s thougs sa h suitable beams wer t readileno y available couplee th f O .s themselve tracso quitthern d s ean ewa clearly the beed yha n abstracted whe house desertedns th ewa . In-the evidence at the trial of Patrick Sellar, it is stated that the couples were normally cut fro woode proprietoe mth th f so werd ran e therefor propertys ehi werd an , e left behind whee nth individual tenant moved: the cross timbers were often of bog wood and belonged to the tenant. strangs i t I edetailee thath n i t d description housf so e type Stratn si h Nave s givea r y nb Sage, Lock and Henderson, there are no references to the form of the ends of the buildings. This particular long-hous t Rosaea rectangula s wa l plan n shorr i e ruin e th th ,f tso end-wal l nowhere rising above the general level of the long walls, rather suggesting that it was hip-ended. Several other alternatives are possible, however. Turf may have formed the upper part of a gable end and left no trace behind. In Home's Survey of decorative illustrations on various individual plans show several type dwellingf so s including hip-ends, gable ends wit hsmala l windowe on d an , variety which somewha upturnen a tf resembleo w d bo boat latte e e wely sth Th .lrma have been buil ston a turf o n t o fe foundatio indicatd nan long-house fore th eth f m o Complen ei t I . xA seems .probable, however, that there was some variety at Rosal, judging from the surviving outlines. The stonework forming the base of the walls of the long-house was not set in any foundation places trencwa groun d t d ol hdirectl bu e dth surfacen yo . Normally, too stonewore ,th k com- mence . abov mucin s dgeneraa e 8 eth s h a rougle leveth f ho l earthen livine flooth gn i r quarters inside the house; this difference can probably be explained by wear and tear in treading and by constant sweeping of the interior. At the living-, or house-end of the building, the lower stonework seems to have been pointed on the inside with grey clay to make it windproof. There was not enough clay to suggest that the superstructure of turf was also plastered over in this way, but patches in the middle of the rooms did indicate that leaks in the roof were perhaps mended with the same material. There were no signs of windows or of chimneys in the walling, and the stonework had not been carried up any higher on either side of the entrance to the long-house which was almost exactl ylon. centraE ge wallth doorwae wid . tracen ft d li Th wooden2 .ea an s f so y wa jamb were noted on one side. Outside, there was a pavement of large slabs, extending 4 ft. outwards and ending on a straight edge. This pavement was neither smooth nor regular but was an obvious necessit beasd y an whe tn wernma e utilisinentrance on e gth e int buildinge oth . Agains outside lone th t th byrge f ewalo th doorwayee n sidth o l f eo , adjacen pavee th o dt t apron , rathea ther s ewa r neatly cobbled platfor shape rouga th f mn eo i h crescen 12b)L (P t t .I wa stonef so outline endw n so ro ,a risiny db g abou. abovin 0 1 te present turf leve aboud lan t . 15in subsoile th totaf e maximuo e th ;th p l abovd to an e . emth in breadt6 . platfore ft th 4 o hs t mwa platfore Th probabl. s min lengt wa 6 1. s 7ft hywa intende storage th r dpeatf fo e o immediatr sfo e use; no parallel, however, was noted elsewhere at Rosal. seconA d opening intlong-house oth e occurre shore th lowen te di walth t ra l end. This entranc ill-defines abous wid. wa eoutsidt wa ft o thern t3 d e bu s dan eewa apro slabsf no . Instead,

1 Thern exampla s i e f suceo a hforke d coupln i e positio outhousan in n e belongin laMr n to g Grimble at Newlands, Bettyhill. FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP | 147 pila stonef eo eithen so r side suggested tha temporarta y break-throug involveds hwa , possiblo yt remove the accumulation of dung from the byre after the milch cattle had been kept indoors throughout the winter. Similar gaps were noted elsewhere at Rosal but did not occur invariably. There were indications that this long-hous t soma d ee ha tim e been enlarged, certainle th t ya possibld well s uppelowean a e th d d . t yrseeen en Froa e b plane n m thath nca t (figi t ) ther4 . s ei a marked change of alignment some 27 ft. from the lower byre end, and the building becomes narrower. At the opposite end there was a change of alignment at 8 ft. 6 in. and also the stonework consiste f smaldo l boulders t seemI . s quite possible tha originae th t l buildin beed gha n about 50 ft. in length and some 12 ft. wide. Several other structures of about 40 to 50 ft. in length were noted elsewher n Rosa o ed wer an l e difficul classifo t t thes a y y lacked bot characteristie hth c internal cross wall and the size of the normal long-house. The cross wall separating off the small room at the upper end of the building was not bonded into the long walls on either side and was flimsily constructed with angular stones and what appeare earth r beed o blockd ha ne t b ;liberalli mu d o t f so y plastered with cla botn yo h sides. doorwae Th y leading fro maie mth nlong-house parth f o t ill-defineds ewa t ther beed bu , eha n a wooden threshold. It is relevant to recall two statements in Donald Sage's memoirs; speaking of the manse at Kildonan he says, 'the partitions within were of "cat and clay" plastered over with lime and finished with a coat of "white wash" . ..'. He also speaks of '. .. kitchen and byre, divided from each othe "ca y clayd rb tan " partitions which very soo A. n . 1gavy ewa Before proceeding to a description of the lay-out of the interior of this long-house in Com- pleRosalt a xA , another quotation from Sag illuminatinges i . Writin manse th f gLochcarrot o e a n as it was about 1782 when his grandfather moved in, he remarks, 'The manse was constructed after the fashion of all houses about the end of the seventeenth century. About 100 feet long walle ,th s were buil stonf to abour efo t three fee heighn i t t abov foundationse eth around an , d couplesroote e th th f so , which were previously ground e fixeth n di ; over this were several layerf so brin o heighwholt e feet e waltur0 s e theth s a 1 g fair Th th .o f o o l t en ts wa o l divided into several apartments callefirss e chamber:th e wa t dth , where chimnethera s ende smalea wa on , t ya l glazed window looking to the south, and a tent bed inserted into the partition which divided it from the next room thin I . s apartmens tood familyheade e wa an kth t th i t f theisn o sa i d r mealsbe e Th . usually appropriate guestsr dfo nexe th ; t apartment contained ten junioe t bedth r rsfo branches, wit entryn ha doo whicy rb h accesprincipae th o st l apartmen provides heade e twa th th f r so d fo famil wels ya theis a l r guests. This second apartment opened int othira d wher heade e eth th f so family slept. Next came wha calles ti "cearne dth r servant'"(o s hall). This compartmene th f o t Highland house r "tigo , h slathait, larges "wa r tha crosotherse d nth ha st I lights. , namelya small boarded window on each side. The fireplace was usually on an old mill-stone placed in the centrapartmente th f eo whicn ,o peae hth tkindled s firewa , whil otheo en r substitut chimnea r efo y other tha roofe nhola th ,n e i fence d wit hbaskea wickef to r work ope bott na h ends. Aroune dth fire sat the servants, and in the farmers' houses the heads of the family along with their children. Divided fro "cearn"e mth ofted vera an ,y ynb slender lase partitionth t s divisioa e d th an ,f no tenement cowhouse th s wa ,r byre e(o ) occupyin entir e t leasga th fee 0 f 5 eto t length.'2 The description is not entirely specific and clearly refers to something better than a 'farmer's house', but it is fairly obvious that in the long-house at Rosal there was a byre occupying about half the length, next to it the equivalent of the 'cearn' and at the upper end a small parlour bedroom provided with a separate fire-place, corresponding to Sage's 'chamber'. The small room seem havo t s e bee nrelativela y late additio simplea o nt r typ f dwellineo g f mado p eu 'cearn' and byre.

1 Sage cit.. . op , 56 , z Sage . cit.op , , 10-11. 8 14 PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F YSO 1967-8 This separate e uppe rooth d measure t men r. a internall ft 8 1 de th n lengtyi d an h middlhousee e th th f n f I o e. o d en widt e th ht a varie . ft partitio9 e dd th betwee t an a . d ft n en 2 n1 the end wall and set back a foot out from it, there was a setting of flat stones measuring 3 ft. . acrossin 6 . .ft paralle1 Around wale d th lan o lt charcoal d , theran pea s h ewa tas , especialln yi the SE. corner, but the walling at the back showed no sign of scorching. It is possible that the flat stones supporte iron da n fire-basket with, perhaps canopa , y chimney (PI. 13c). Another small settin flaf go t stone across. ft notes1 s ,wa d agains partitioe tth oppositne walth n lo e sidf eo the room. Otherwise earte th , h floofeaturelesss wa r noteworthys i t I . , however, tha surface tth e was extremely rough and uneven and did not seem to have been much consolidated by trampling; in fact, apart from extremel s ashwa t ,i y difficul distinguiso t t clae th y floof e o hth p r froto e mth subsoil. Beyon partitioe dth distinctla t na wald lan y lower level cam maie eth n living room apparently corresponding to Sage's 'cearn'. The earthen floor was trampled smooth but formed a very uneven surface and patches of the grey clay, up to 2 in. thick, occurred commonly. The outstanding centrae featurth s lewa hearth (PI. 13b) whic trapezois hwa shapn di e with sides measurin in.4 g2 , . fro partitioe in mth 3 . ft 6 n y wallla t I . . Therkera in s stonef bo 4 ewa 3 d s an 3. 3in in.3 3 , centre som cobbledth s . hig d in e wa he5 an thin o ; s cobblin thia y ng la roun d stone . abouin 0 1 t across which had been used for baking. To the east and almost as far as the inner face of the long wall, the floor was carefully flagged with large flat slabs (see plan, fig. 4). It was not easy to decide exactly where the living-end gave place to the byre which occupied the lo'wef half of the long-house; if there was a partition between the two, it was of the flimsiest nature and we could find no trace of it on the ground. On proceeding from the main hearth towards the doorway in the middle of the eastern long wall, it was noticeable that the couples became progressively more widely spaced (see plan), tha evidence t th interna e th f eo l pointing with clay disappeared thad amoune an th ,t f brokeo t n pottery decreased t seemI . s reasonablo et assume tha fact n byrti e th , e commenced just abov doorwaye eth . This would giv maiea n living space around the hearth about 18 ft. long, and 11 ft. 9 in. wide at the upper end, narrowing to . 1nea 1ft doore t agaibyre i abours th . lon ft d Th e.wa n g7 an 4 tnarrowe d from . 1dow1ft o nt walld en .e Wherth t a excavatione . eft th 9 s troddeexposef o s byree flooe wa th ndt th f i , eartho r , somewhat middlhollowee th t withoun i e t bu centra e signdy ou th f tan so l stone-built drain which comd we ha regar o et normas dinvestigationr a ou n i l t Lixsa .

Other Structures in Complex A Adjacent to the W. wall of the long-house, near its higher end, there was a separate building which jutteright a t td ou angle reached verse an th y do edg t stee a f eo p downward slope. Generally, walline th same g long-hous e th appeare f eth o thoughtyp e n i e w b s e a d detecteo de t ean tw o dtw buildinge . walrecesseE th e f l o wherth d n si ,couplee en contiguou eth . E rised e sha nTh (fig . s4) . with the long-house, was more or less rectangular but the W. end was markedly rounded; other buildings similar in plan occurred elsewhere in Rosal. The internal dimensions were 34 ft. by 11 ft. 6 in. About 10 ft. inward from the rectangular end, there were doorways on either side, directly . widein opposit3 .. ft Thes 2 eaco o et et . suggestehft othe2 d ran d tha structure tth fac n i s t ewa usebara das n wit winnowinhthe g floor betweedoortwo s nwhicthe h would giv througea h draught on a windy day. Within the rounded end, there was a circular depression about 18 in. surfacee deeth t pa . Excavation showe . shalloa in d s 3 tha . wa t abou wft t . acrospi ti 2 ft d 7 t san deep; it was simply dug into the earth without any attempt at lining (PI. 14a). There was another pit on the top of a knoll some 20 yds. NW. of the byre-end of the long- house (fig. 5). This was sectioned and proved to be about 8 ft. across measuring from the top of the FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP 149

ROSAL Comple -StoragxA e Pit

! ftel

FIG. 5

rim around, and was 3 ft. deep. From near the bottom of the filling came a fragment of china very similar to that which was found frequently in the floor of the long-house. The third building in the complex (fig. 4) lay some 20 yds. E. of the byre-end of the long- house ; it was of a rather unusual form at Rosal but was not unique. The dry-stone walling was similar to that elsewhere in the complex but in this case, the stones were smaller and rougher. buildine Th roundes gwa t botda h end side-wallso whiltw e eth s were distinctly bowed outwards. lengte Th doorwae ft.9 2 hth : s froone-thirs wa m ywa . distance NWth SE f do o t . e alone gth centra wend l linan t. erathe froSE e mrth obliquel . acrossin e y4 . througTh .ft 2 s walle hth wa t ;i SE.e centre th th narrowin d , n n widenini i e an . . . ft in in 9 2 2 . go g. t ft agaift widt 7 8 s o nt hwa . befor roundee NW eth e (PIth d t d.en a 14b). Excavation revealed very littl interesf eo t insid buildinge eth . Ther soms ewa e reddeningn i the NW. centre as though there had been a fire at some time, or possibly a hearth, but there was little sig f ashno . Running obliquely across were foundation stones which seeme continuo dt e dyke linth e ef th e o comin g from Comple thed an n xturninB g sharpl . towardyN maie sth n ring- dyk buildinge e (figTh . .4) othen ,i r words, seeme havo dt e been inserted dyke int linth e eof th eo for some obscure reason clae . sigo th Thery n f npointins o wallse wa th n g,o almost nothingn i artifactf o y recoveredextrems e wa th swa e n i th ed N.ground-levee an , ,th l dipped downwardo s markedl buildere th y y thadifficulswh s i chose t ti se o et t this particular site ,outhouse n evea r nfo . The building remains an intriguing problem. There can be little doubt that latterly it must have functioned as an outhouse, possibly a stable or barn. Nevertheless, the two rounded ends, bowee th t sid dovaou e th wall l d forsan m generall suggestive yar buildina f eo g technique some- 150 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 1967-8 what different from that of the long-house. One cannot help but wonder whether this was not in fac survivaa t l fro earlien ma r period. long-house th f uppee o justh exampld e s f r en o on testackyar wa e . vera E f Th ye o th o dt variable typ triangula s t Rosalea wa t I . forn i r m though with distinctly rounded cornerse th , interna massivels l measurementwa t I . yft constructe6 2 y sb bein. ft 4 dg4 with large foundation boulders giving a wall as much as 4 ft. thick and 3 ft. 6 in. high; the doorway was 4 ft. 6 in. wide. long-housee th shor A f o td dyken . . eS joinee th yar e d dth dan

STRUCTURES ADJACEN COMPLEO TT XA structuree Th s which have been described see mcompriso t e Comple essentias it n i xA l form. addition I n there were three other building yds0 s3 somr . uphilo 0 e2 l which could also belono gt the group. To the SW. of the long-house were the much dilapidated ruins of a corn-drying kiln built into the side of a hillock. The dimensions of the building comprising the kilnhouse were 18 ft. 6 in. by 8 ft. 3 in. internally. The structure must have resembled very closely another corn-drying kiln which was chosen for excavation as it was much better preserved, and which will be described in detail below. The kiln almost certainly belonged to Complex A, since the adjacent Complex B was apparently provided with its own kiln in a small enclosure near the peripheral wall to the NW. Near the kiln and a little to the N., on a gentle slope down towards the long-house of .Comple nearla , th^r xs B owa y circular platfor mdiametern i abou. ft boundare 1 4 tTh . y wall, downhile th n o l side trenca , t wher examinationr cu he fo ew strongls ,wa y built with large founda- . highin 6 . . Soift obviousld tio 2 . thicha lft nd 4 blocksk an s y wa shifte t i ; d downhild ha d an l accumulated to a depth of ,14 in. on the inside of the enclosure. The boundary wall, however, was incomplete over abou circumferenc e thirta th f do highee th n ero side. Here, purposeful levelling had caused the slope to be scooped out somewhat, and a short trench revealed no sign of walling. shoro tw Neithe te trencheth n i r s mentioned r fro no ,mcuttin a centre therth s y n gei wa e an evidence of Sj&mestic occupation (PI. 15a). The platform may have been no more than a simple fold, possibly for sheep, but it is difficult uppee th completelt y r no thir wh s e dwa se o t y walled. Probably datet ,i d an sIroe e bacth n Ag ko t hut-circlerepresente th f o e son mentioned earlie occurrins ra vicinite th n g i Rosalf yo . Another problematical structure lies about 20 yds. NW. of this last enclosure and somewhat neare long-house rth Complen ei tha xB consistt I n . thabuildina A f n sti o g measuring internally rectangulae wit. roune ft on 0 hon d 1 dan y b . r ft end3 3 , simila bare th no rt whic investigates hwa d in Complex A. There are slight suggestions of a cross wall, with the doorway opening into the northern compartment. Adjacent on the W., there is a small yard 22 ft. 6 in. by 20 ft., with a pit in one corner. The structure may be a barn, but could conceivably be a small cottage. It is one of a number of buildings on Rosal which cannot readily be fitted into a simple classification. These curious pits occur rather commonly ove site Rosaf erth o whol a s la mucn ei same hth e situatio ths na e three which have been mentione connection di n with Comple . ThexA y seemo t have been use r storagedfo , possibl r graiyfo somn ni e for f containermo jusd an ,t possibls ya potato pits.

ADDITIONAL EXCAVATIONS A Hump-backed Long-house In the South-West Cluster, several long-houses were built in a very remarkable situation smala f eaco l p hhilloc to ove e rth k (PI. lOa) t seemei ; d advisabl discoveo et r whethe livine rth g FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP 151 r occupiequartero d en summie de sth continueon t ta aree b seemes aa o d t d likely exampln A . e was selected (Complex L/59) t unfortunatelbu , y onl yvera y cursory examination proved possible time inth e available quits wa e t clearI . , however normae , tha th lay-oue f o tth ls pattertwa n with the central hearth more or less at the summit and the living quarters and byre downhill on opposite sides.

Pen A Stockfor In the SE. part of the settlement within the periphery wall, there was a small cairn standing on top of a low hill; it might be a Bronze Age burial but was possibly no more than a clearance heap of stones from the neighbouring arable ground. Just below and at the foot of a heathery slope toward NW.e sth , adjacen somo t t e very distinct cultivation rigs ovan ,- a ther s en l ewa

ROSAL KILN

Until battle

balllr

O

FIG. 6 152 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 1967-8 t exciteI . ft d4 1 som y closurb . e ft commen 6 e2 possibla s a t e domestic site earlier tha longe nth houses of the Clearance period. Excavation showed that it was no more than a pen for stock.

Corn-dryingA Kiln Of the seven corn-drying kilns found at Rosal, some were very dilapidated and may have been obsolete long before the Clearance. All were very similar in form and size; two were very wel ldecides preservewa t 15c)d i excavato dt an d .Pisb d an (fige an 15 . e6 on . selectee Th d exampl contiguous ewa s wit ring-dyke settlee hth th extreme f o -th . n ei eSW ment and lay on the N. side of a large yard measuring 54 ft. by 33 ft. On the S. side of the yard, against the peripheral wall, there was another small rectangular building measuring 19 ft. 6 in. by othere wits th l A t Rosalhs a al . builkil in s e kilna 6 th , n. n wa ti ft hous8 e indicate stone th y edb base of an oval structure measuring 17 ft. by 7 ft. e kiln Th t int itselse os slopinf wa (fig ) 6 . g roughls groundwa d yan , circula formn i r t i ; was carefully built of flattish stones, and was about 4 ft. deep. Internally, it measured about 4 ft. across the top, but narrowed markedly downwards to only about 2 ft. 7 in. at the earthen floor. sigledgo a Ther n f ns o suppor o et ewa framewora t k upon whic core hth n coul laide db . Coming kilinte base th no th f aloneo centrae g. th in 3 kil. le long . axiin th nft f 9 houss1 flue. ,o a ft s 2 , ewa to 1 ft. 7 in. across and 1 ft. 3 in. high, sloping gently upwards towards the kiln. At the kiln end there was an upright slab 1 ft. 5 in. across and 9 ft. high, which partially blocked the flue, narrowing it to 6 in. at the top; this was a baffle to prevent the flames entering the kiln. At the other end of the flue, the fire seems to have burned in a space where the side walls were carried out beyond the limit of the flue roof, the western by 4 ft. 3 in. and the eastern by 1 ft. 2 in.; perhaps this had been necessar mako yt fire eth 'draw'.

EXCAVATION ROSALT SA SMALE TH : L FINDS From the long-house in Complex A came a variety of small finds all of which seem to have been discarded in the last few years of the occupation. A list appears in the Appendix, Table 1. Perhap interioe housse th th beed f ero ha n repeatedly suggestes swept wa face s th a , t y thadb e tth distinca floos wa r t hollo relatiown i surroundine th o nt g wallst seemi t bu ,s highly probable that the dwelling was of no great age when it was dismantled. All the finds came either from the neigh- bourhood of the central fireplace, or from the small room at the upper end of the building. The byre belo living-ene wth d produced almost nothin excavatioe th t d allga an , f bot no bare hth n alongside the long-house, and the building with round ends nearby, yielded not one single find. coino N s were recovere sigo n therf windod no s dan ewa w excavatioe glasth n si e th f no long-house. Except for part of a door latch, scarcely a single object was found which was other than a discarded fragment. There is every indication of a complete stripping of the dwelling before it was abandoned, including, as already noted, the removal of the couples for the roof. A quantit plaif y o decorate d nan d potsherd collecteds swa fragmente th ; listee sar d belo wgivo t n ea t beeno ns possibl ha variete t ideai th t f o reconstruc o yebu vesselt e th f o s y involvedan t . The sherds were examined by a colleague from Glasgow University, Dr Denis Stott, who collectes ha d eighteenth-century English excavates potterha d yan kiln do n sites near Bristole H . difficulto n d ha recognisinn yi greae g th eighteent e t th bul f o datins ver ke a d th y hen o g t centur y and to the first decade or so of the nineteenth. Only one sherd, from a rather fine, blue patterned r smalo p l cu bowl, coul placee db earls da abous ya t discoveres 1775wa t ;i d deep insid drye eth - stone masonry around one of the slots for the couples in the side wall of the long-house. In general, FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP | 153 this dating would indicate an occupation up to the time of the Clearances and that the house had not stood for much more than about three decades. r StotD t though bettee t thath t originate pottere f ro no tth knowy d yan ha n dni factorien si England t seemeI . d rathe suggeso rt t somewhat crude imitation botn si h for decoratiod man s na though craftsmen without any great skill had copied the products current in the south. A source might well have been in the kilns of the Glasgow or the Forth area which were producing in quantit than yi t period. Nevertheless interestins i t i , noto gt e tha mass-producee th t d waref so Lowlande th s were being imported into these inland awar sitefa Strats s ysa a h Naver. Presumably importe th s were pai expore either dth fo y blacf rb o t earninge k th migratore cattly th b f r so eo y labourers movin soute th ho gt durin sprine gth summed gan r months suggestes wa e s th a , n di repor f Benjamio t n Meredith quoted earlier.

THE BUILDINGS PATTERN - GENERAL In the light of the excavations, and bearing in mind such obvious pointers as orientation and proximity, an attempt must now be made to classify the buildings visible at Rosal into functionally related groups and to trace the number of farming units involved in the township (dimensions are Appendixe giveth n ni probleme , TablTh . e2) , however r frofa ms i , reasons o simpltw r n efo I . the first place, the various structures themselves do not conform to a rigid pattern, and secondly, it t reasonablisbu supposo et e that buildinge somth f eo s whic alreadd hha y become t derelicno d tha been completely dismantled before the evictions actually occurred. Comparison with Meredith's plan of 1811 is of relatively little help in this respect (PI. 12a). Some twenty-two building e depictear s d withi peripherae nth l wall, including three L-shaped structures which could represen housa t adjacend ean t Complebar n i numbee s na Th . f xo A r building considerabls si y less than halnumbee fth r recognisabl grounde th n eo , mainl t woulyi d appear, becaus esmale mosth f lo t outbuilding kiln d beed an s ha sn omitted. Eve , certainso n discrepancies are noteworthy. An isolated long-house standing on a ridge within a loop of the ring dyke in the extreme north-east (fig. 3) is absent from the plan but could hardly have been over- looke Meredithy db othee th n r handO . L-shapen ,a d structure occur soutse welth Complef ho lo t x wherA efoundation o thern e ear notede b s todayo t ,s i too t I . , tha spacine tth orientatiod gan f no the buildings on the plan is often inaccurate and a precise identification is not always possible. On the whole, a rather careless approach to the survey of the buildings is indicated, perhaps be- cause they were all relatively impermanent, perhaps because the surveyor knew that evictions were imminent. Changes, too, could have occurre shore th n tdi interval betwee survee nth d yan the evictions t musI . remarkede b t , however, tha buildinge studa t th f yo s pattern fro plae mth n alone would have been decidedly misleading.

THE THREE CLUSTERS From the point of view of slope, soil and exposure conditions, there is no obvious reason why the houses at Rosal should be grouped into distinct clusters; no such division is traceable at nearbe th y settlemen Truderscaigf to , whic comparablf o hs i e size. Withi clusterse nth buildinge ,th s are so widely spaced that a quite unnecessarily large area of ground seems involved in each farming unit (figs. 3 and 7). The Northern Cluster The first cluster, on the N. and NW. side of the township, is for the most part set a little inward fro periphere mth y wall arabld , ol alon e eedge th glanth f eo d wher slope eth e begino st 15 I 4PROCEEDING SOCIETE TH F SO Y 1967-8 steepen towards the River Naver and a tributary burn to the N. The ground is more hummocky than the arable in the central part of the township; there was less incentive to plough and at the same time, better natural drainage conditions coul expectee db de smoothe th tha n no r land. Overall, the cluster measures nearly 300 by 200 yds. A sub-division within the buildings pattern occurs along the line of a shallow depression; it is also traceable on the plan of 1810, but the break appears to be wrongly shown as a narrow strip of arable.

/TEarth ;Ys House

it'kt >7 70f,' «•

ROSAL

IN

'•'•' Circular Encletun

FIG . Referenc7 . ebuildinge Plath o nt t Rosasa l Within the SW. sub-division of the Cluster, two long-houses (A 2 and B 9) can be distin- guished, together with two kilns and five barn-like structures. A rather purposeless dyke runs up from the periphery wall, partially separating the two units. Almost certainly, the ruins include some outhouses whic becomd hha e derelict befor evictions. sub-divisioe eth NE e Th . n seem contaio st n at least two long-houses (D 19 and E 25), but there are two other possibilities (C 14 and D 18) sever o x nsi outhousee th d an s migh l haval t ewhee bee abandoneds situs e nen th wa i . For the North Cluster as a whole this gives a total of four to six long-houses and about a dozen outhouses; four kilns appear but at least two seem badly ruined and were perhaps derelict. Awaextreme th . cornen ysettlementi e eth NE f ro , therisolaten a s ei d long-house withina triangular area outside what seem havo st e bee nsubsidiara olden a r yro peripheral walle Th . ground, whic heathes hwa r covered beed ,ha n ploughe planted dan d befor investigationr eou s took place and the only recognisable structure beside the long-house was a circular enclosure which could have been of Iron Age date. FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP 155 The South-Easterly Cluster This cluster extends ove stretca r grounf ho least da t 400yds. lon t onlgbu y abou yds0 10 .t wide; it is near the peripheral wall, where the land is sloping down towards the east from a series of hillocks. A tongue of arable land extends into the cluster, as the 1811 plan would also indicate. Three long-houses of the type of Complex A are visible (G 32, H 41 and L 44). In addition, there are two other features to be noted, each associated with a yard. One consists of a yard with othee th formes d ri yara an possibl) a y db 34 (39G )e d witlong-housan n h5 a 3 side G eon ( n eo outhouse (40) which might once have been a larger building. Somewhat similar structures occur South-Wese th n i t Cluste havd an r e provisionally been called yard complexes. Ther foue ear r other outhouses. The plan of 1811 shows at least one of the yard complexes, and apparently two of the long-houses, but the most northerly building indicated cannot be identified on the ground. Study of the air photograph, however, shows faint indications of a possible long-house precisely where the plan would suggest. It may be that both yard complexes had ceased to function as homesteads (if that were their nature) at the time of the evictions, and that the three long-houses wer criticae eth l units, together with abou outhousex f whic o kilns si o t vers e tw h wa yon ,d san ruinous.

The South-West Cluster This occupie aren sa ayds0 abourathen i 10 .yds 0 y 30 b t.r hummockyf o ground l al t no , which would have bee rougo n to cultivationr hfo woulface n i ; on t d have expecte housee dth o st have been placed clear of the arable ground nearer the peripheral wall. The long-houses are less widely dispersed than elsewhere, and some of them extend over the tops of low hummocks, instead of down slope. At least two 'yard complexes' can be distinguished. ) 53 66)P J f these( d .O e an on 0 , 6 M , 59 L Ther, 57 five ear eK , long-house53 J ( l al n si lies along the side of a yard (J 54) on which abuts an outhouse (J 55). Another yard (N 61) had three outhouses aroun 61-4N ( t di ; PI. lib). photographsr Froai e mth suspecte on , ruine sth f so yet another complex aroun yare 65)dallth O n d( I ,. ther some ear e eight outhouse kilnso tw ,d san one of which is very ruinous.

THE POPULATIO ROSAF NO L

Cluster Long-houses Outhouses Kilns N 6-8 12 3 (1 ruinous) (NE) 1 — — SE 3-4 6 2 (1 ruinous) SW 5 8 2 (1 ruinous) Total 15-18 26 7 (3 ruinous)

This tabulation would give an average of one long-house, one or two outhouses, and a half share in a kiln to each Complex. The yards are too indeterminate to apportion, but it seems reasonabl assigo et eaco t t leasna e h on Complext . t wil I recallee lb d that Captain Henderso gived populatione ha nth Rosaf no 3 1811 n li s 5a families.1 Thi onls estimatn sywa a t suggestebu approximate sth e tota dwellingf lo expectee b o st d t Rosala observee Th . d number, 15-18, includes t leasa t three whic havy hma e been eithe- ob r solete or were perhaps just large outhouses, so that no serious discrepancy occurs. One difficulty arises, however. In estimating the total population, Henderson may not have included or allowed sufficiently 1 Henderson . cit.. op , ,25 156 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 1967-8 for squatters, either refugees from other evicted settlements or of the type of the notorious William Chisholm who figured so largely in the trial of Patrick Sellar and who was illegally occupying a small stretch of arable in the moor to the east of Rosal. James Loch in his apologia Evictionse foth r 1 states that just beforehand, during famine relief measure Sutherlane th n o s d Estate, there were no fewer than 2,000 of these squatters, mainly in the remote areas. The possi- bility exists that one or more of the barns or outhouses were being occupied as dwellings. All that can be said is that in the two which were excavated in Complex A, there was no sign of domestic occupation thad referenceo an ,n t squattero t s t Rosasa l have been documentare noteth n di y materials so far consulted. The three clusters of buildings at Rosal, with their noticeable peculiarities might conceivably have originated as separate islands of cultivation though no suggestion of subsequent amalgama- tion has been found in the documentary record. Individuality might have been preserved if, for example, three different plough teams had been in use amongst the tenants. Presumably the land was stil run-rievictionse n i ltime th thesl th f al eo t g t a e problembu , s must remain unsolved until the Sutherland Estate records have been analyse detailn di . It will be shown below that further expansion of the arable area at Rosal was taking place Clearancese time th th f et o a , presumabl resula s y a lanf to d hunger. Almost certainly buildinge ,th s pattern within the ring-dyke must be regarded as in process of adjustment to new conditions - growing population with greater security withi Highlande n th introductioe th d san potate th f no crop, increasing contacts wit e outsidhth e world through drovin d seasonagan l migratiof no labour. The amount of mass produced pottery from the south is a reflection of these changes in archaeological terms. Perhaps mixture tooth , squaref eo rounded-end -an d buildings 'open-f o , ' and 'yard-'complexes may be another indication of breaks with the old order.

THE TOWNSHIP LANDS WITHIN THE RING-DYKE The ring-dyke (fig. 3) now appears as no more than a row of tumbled rounded boulders whic neven hca r have been more than abou . highft wits 2 t housa e ; hth e walls, however, this probably represent stone sth e highebasa r efo r tur tracee f b wall dyke y dTh e.ma roun d mosf o t the periphery, but in one short section in the E. there appears to be no other limit than a very shallow burn. In places along the periphery, two dykes appear, probably where slight extensions have been made. There is one which has been already mentioned in the extreme NE. where the isolated long- house is located within a triangular area largely consisting of unimproved moor. Other small peripheral enclosures rivee th t necessaril rn no ,o sid . eW e yth recentn i s i t i , t SE.occue bu th , n ri townshie ofth p that most complexity occurs groune Th . d within these intakes thaf ,i whas ti t they arelargels i , y roug heathed han r grown therd an littl s ei e sig f improvementno difficuls i t i ; o t t see why the extensions were made. Another puzzle on the W. side of the township occurs in the form of a very straight dyke running downhill from the boundary wall to the bank of the Naver; it is marke plae th f 1811 no n do . These enclosures on the edge of the main arable lands may represent one very late develop- ment when pressur populatiof eo developins nwa g within Rosal, perhaps just befor Clearancee eth . Within the main boundary wall, three types of ground can be distinguished though it is rarely possibl delimio et tgroune theth n mo d precisely. They consis) unimprove(a f o t d land, cultivatioe (b)th ) improven(c rigd san d land without rigs. 1 Loch, James, An Account of the Improvements on the Estates Marquesse th f o f Staffordo (London, 1820), 82. FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHI7 15 | P The Unimproved Land The peripheral wall included rough, rocky ground especially on the SW., W. and N. sides, which could never have offered much hope of improvement. In two areas in the centre of the settlement there were small peat mosses which had been used for fuel. It is clear that the boundary dyk beed eha n planne includo dt t leasea t some rough ground fro beginninge mth . The Cultivation Rigs Extensive areas within the ring-dyke are deeply ridged (Pis. 1 la and 13a) and it is possible to trace with precision the extent of the individual rigs on National Survey air photographs (fig. 3). The arable land is much more restricted than the plan of 1811 would indicate; the ridged land1 is in fact broken up into a number of large and small patches. Unfortunately, there seems no way of deciding whether all these individual stretches were farmed together as a township unit or whether they had been divided up between the various clusters. Clearance cairns of stones collected from the arable occurred sometimes between the rigs and sometimes along the edges. Many were merely rounded heaps a few feet across but some took the form of elongated piles, in caslengte n i . on eft oveh0 (PI10 r . lOb). Profiles have been constructed (fig. 8) across two rather contrasting types of ridged land; they were drawn from readings taken at one-foot interval. The most common type at Rosal appears in the upper example, on gently sloping ground where the rigs rise 8 in. to 17 in. above the intervening depression (PI. secone 13a)th n .I d type slope steeo s th , s epi that continuous ploughing along the contour has resulted in shallow terraces rather than ridges (PI. 1 la). t wil I recallee b l d that aree mucth af ho withi ring-dyke nth e consist f roundeo s d hills hillocksd an , sometimes with marshy hollows between. Almost invariably rige morn ,th s ru r eo less alon slightlr go yimpossibls i obliqu t i contoue o th s theo r ed t efo an r mfollo o t wstraigha t considerably coursan r efo e distance. This alignment alon slopee gth s make vere sth y decided ridging difficult to explain simply as a primitive method of surface drainage before the advent of field drains maie Th n. concer ploughinn i g operations must have bee steeno t ploug e r rth fa s ha as possible on the same level. On the irregular ground at Rosal, the rigs often display a marked curvature when viewed in plan, but the sharpest curve represents a turning circle for the plough of never less than . abouWheft particula0 y nt35 an r spu hollor ro w would have involve dsharpea r tur plouge nth h seem havo st e bee alignmenw n stoppene a d td an adopted . This mucs a , s ha anything, seems to explain why the rigs occur in series, with breaks or baulks between. The top of a hill was often unridged as the furrows along the contour became too short; the unploughed patch might be used as a receptacle for stones piled into cairns. With what seems to have been a heavy and unwieldy plough at work on these hills at Rosal, rarels wa yt i possibl havo et e more tha n verriga w syfe runnin cultivatee g on paralle y an dn i l patch, and often adjacent rigs were of different lengths. Some rigs were less than 80 ft. whereas opposite th t a e extreme . woun regards NE A , e somd. th ft alon s 0 n emucs i a 40 ghil a r s ha fo l width, the same rig can vary quite markedly from one end to the other, usually being broadest in the centre. Those in the series illustrated in fig. 8 ranged between 16 ft. and 26 ft., measured across the middle. Improved Ground without Rigs thire Th d typ f grouneo d withi ring-dyke nth e occurs mainlvicinite housee th th n yi f yo s and sometimes between the series of rigs. It is smoother than the unreclaimed ground and is now 1 Especially 106(G)/Scot/U , Nos76 K . 3188-9, although the other pair, CPE/UK 181, 2071-2 were much superior in the study of the ruined buildings. I PROCEEDING 8 15 SOCIETE TH F SO Y 1967-8

D) cc

in -J o ** '-Z LO U ° CO

o (J FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP | 159 mainly covered with coarse grass t seem;i havo st e been freed largely from stones onle Th y. sug- gestion cultivatiof so n mark vere sar y sligh discontinuousd an t , though part wely slma have been tilled with the spade or foot plough. It was noticeable that this type of ground is often traversed for considerable distance openy sb , shallow surface drains t see; no themexten o t o yd d inte oth rouge th rigd h t smooinvolvedan no s ri . Thebelon y post-Clearance th yma o gt e perioe th f do sheep farmers; Loch mentions the construction of such drains as though something entirely new were being introduced.1

SOILS During the investigation at Rosal, Mr J. C. C. Romans took soil samples for subsequent analysi Macaulae th t sa y Institut r Soiefo l Research, Aberdeen indebtee ar staf e e f th o fW .o d t the Institute for the detailed report which was made available, and especially to Mr Romans for his interes r problem informatioe ou th n i t d san n whic presentes hi thin di s summary. He selected three representative sites for examination of the soil profile broadly correspond- categoriee th o t g lanf in so d considere previoue th n dunimprovei n o ss sectionwa e dOn . heathery moorlan grassa n . o dys justerrace-likNW wa e te outsidth on n i , ring-dyke g N. eri th e th n eo grassa centran o ys hillocsettlementle wa are th e f ao kon nead souterraine an , rth eachn I .e th , parent materia lighs wa lt textured moraine derived from acid schists, granitic gneis somd an s e mica schist. This rather sandy Boulder Cla freels ywa y drainesoile th sd werdan e strongly leached and acid (podzols). unimprovee th n O d moorlande outsidth peaf d o ring-dyke e . an te th in 8 o t ,p u ther s ewa surface layers were low in phosphate content. On the terrace-like rig, an unexpectedly high phosphate conten founs twa d withi uppee nth r layers whic oncd hha e been cultivated grase Th .s cover had already indicated a richer soil than normal for upper Strath Naver in general, but Mr Romans suggested that phosphatic fertiliser had been used sometime in the past; of this we have no record alse H o. thought tha soie tth l profile might indicat changea methon ei cultivatiof do t na some period befor evictionse eth . Nea souterraine rth phosphate ,th e conten agais twa n high, this time dow. depta ft no 2 t f ho Mr Romans thought that there had been disturbance of the soil profile in the period pre-dating the souterrain. It is possible that a hut-circle of an earlier phase of occupation had been located at the top of the hillock, but we did not succeed in locating the foundations. The phosphate content flooe recesa th f o rn so withi souterraie nth vers nywa high. fertilitw maintaines Ho ywa rign do s under constant cultivatio pre-Clearance th n i e period is a problem requiring investigation both from the documentary material and from further soil surveys.

COMMOE TH N GRAZING ROSAF SO OUTLYIND LAN G ENCLOSURES The Plan of the Heights of Strath Naver in 1811 is of great value in that it shows the extent of the common grazings of Rosal and Dalharrold, together with the location of the shielings and certain small enclosures at some distance from the main settlements (see Appendix, Table 3). Accordin Meredith'o gt s survey (Appendix, Tablcommoe th ) e3 n lands amounte 5,00o dt 0 Scots acres (or 6,250 English acres). In the W. and S. the limits follow the Naver and one of its major tributaries the Mallart, but elsewhere the course is quite unpredictable. In general it is often marked by minor lochs and burns and the conclusion seems to be that an arbitrary line had been agreed with neighbouring settlements.

1 Loch . cit.op , , 145. 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 1967-8 Several curious feature apparene sar lande 'grazete Th (figs ar . 9) . d jointl tenante th y yb f so Rosehill and DalharrokT although the latter appears to have been a very unequal partner. The arable was a third the size of Rosal, and Henderson1 states that only four families were in occupa- tion. The Plan shows about seven buildings set back a little from the river; Dalharrold is now the sheesita f eo groune p th far d mucms di an h altere fiele th d y ddykeb fard sman buildings thao s , t ti

Enclosed Land

' -v Township Boundary

FIG. 9. The Common Grazings of Rosal is difficul recogniso t t pre-Clearance eth e settlemen 680386)C wholee t(N th n t seemi O , . havo st e been little more than an outlying community from Rosal; it is relevant to note that the name occurs onl documentarye latth n ei y record. nexe th t n placeI commoe th , n lands approached very closely indeeneighbourine th o dt g settlement sites of Achness and Truderscaig, both of which were as large as Rosal. Achness (Achadh an Eas on the O.S. maps, NC 668371) lies immediately across the Mallart river and appears to have been amongst the oldest of the Strath Naver settlements. The lands were largely cleared as early as 1806 and became part of a very extensive sheep farm belonging to a Mr Marshall. Numerous ruined building stile sar l visiblgrounsitbees e e eth th ha nt n ealtereo d bu modery db n farm buildings and dykes. Truderscaig (NC 703342) lies far out in a lonely part of the moor and 1 Henderson . . cit.25 op , FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHI I 16P 1

TRUDERSCAIG T T \ N XV N v V ( ] I I \ ^ o \ '\ \ \\ \ x x g } ) *( \ O V "i. X \ V-x N —' \v \ V._ \ -- \ '^ - ? J n.*\ \

^

Contour Interval 251 eel

K = Corn Drying Kiln

Compiled from photogrammetri field an cd survey of the Ordnance Survey - 1961

Scale 1:2500

2OO O 5OO O-

FIG. 10. Plan of Truderscaig 16 | 2PROCEEDING THF SO E SOCIETY 1967-8 seems to have been untouched since it was evacuated in 1814. A plan (fig. 10) drawn from data supplie Ordnance th y db e Survey, show buildinge sth havo st e been arranged somewhat peripherally as at Rosal, and the individual structures are much the same in character. Two circular sheepfolds have, however, been constructed in the middle of the settlement; they might be the handiwork of firse th t sheep farmer t havsbu e been maintaine goon di d condition till recently. Incidentallya n o , , therextensivn a hillsidW. s ei e th eo et grou circulaf po r enclosure anciend san t clearance cairns which almost suggest Iroanceston e sa nAg r Truderscaigfo r name th ; e itsel Norses i f . Why the boundary of Rosal approached to within about half a mile of this large settlement of Truderscaig is not obvious, nor can an explanation be given for the outlying part of Rheloisk, to the east of Rosal, which could be more easily approached from either Rimsdale or Truderscaig. Within these extensive boundarie commoe th o st n grazings, heathery moorland predomin- ates, becoming rocky on the steeper slopes such as Beinn Rosail but turning to peaty waste on the flatte rPlane variousls areasi th t n i , O . y describe 'moss da s pasture', 'wet boggy moss r 'gooo ' d heath pasture' poos i t I r. quality lan thert doubo dn bu s ei t that more could have been clearef do stones and brought under cultivation if the need for arable land had been stronger. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that reclamation was taking place at the time of the evictions; from this poin f viewo te isolate th , d enclosures mentioned earlier for ma ver y suggestive series. (For details Appendixe ,se , Tabl) e4. In the extreme north, the Plan shows three of these discrete units. They are indicated on the recognisee b n ca O.Sd d an withou. E 6-inN 3 . 6 tShee difficult C grounde N tth n o yclosn i , e proximity to the modern road from and about half a mile from Syre Bridge. In each case substantia t ruinoubu l s dyke f ston o sturd ean f for enclosuree mth s which var sizn yi e betweesimple on e yacresnx th terme si thre n I d . ean d 'Shealing Plae th buildingo nn n o ' e sar visibl althougd ean groune hth bees d ha som o nt e extent cleare stonesf do , t muctherno s ehi trace of cultivation t 'Auchenrach'A . , however, there appearsmala e b l o long-housest outhousn a , e an dyarda ; permanent occupatio singla y nb e family seems involved t 'AchuphreshA . ' nearby, thert leasa full-scale s ei on t e long-hous possibld ean ysecona d small example, together with a barn, a corn-drying kiln, a yard and at least one other outhouse. The enclosure in this case is complex as though it had been increased by successive intakes from the moor on two or three occasion thao s t eventuall t compriseyi d nearl acresx yeventuasi n A . l amalgamatio thesf no e three enclosures which are separated by no more than two hundred yards, would have resulted in uni a t dissimilano t sizn ri e from Dalharrold. The shielings shown on the Plan as lying east of Beinn Rosail, about one and a half miles from Rosal itself, seem to comprise two distinct features. In the first place, there are traces of three shieling huts, vaguely rectangula for n rmeasurini d mp an to e ft.6 th ; y g t theb a abou. e ft y li 0 1 t of a heathery knoll each in its own small patch of grass but without any enclosure (NC 712405). Two hundre SW.e th steepldn o , t o yardo s yr s o slopin rockd gan y ground wit traco hn cultivaf eo - tion hala , therared n f a abouf acre an a s o ei o sttw surrounde stoua y db t dry-stone dykC e(N 711404) middle th n I e. stand ruismale a sf th n o l square structure thin I .s case dyke ,th e must have penned in the stock and not protected growing crops from wandering beasts. The 'Shealings' between Rosal and Dalharrold just over a mile back from the Naver (NC 691400) seem to have comprise aren d a mucf ao same hth e type. Further upstream angle , justh en i t betwee NaverMallare e nth th d , an tDalmallar d seems havo t e been anothe thesf o r e mor r leseo s permanently occupied patche arablef so thin i , s case about two acres in extent and presumably supporting a single family. Up the Mallart, the Plan indicates a second unit but the name is scarcely decipherable and there is no record on the O.S. 6-in. enclosurn sheea f o t thin ei Leathard n sa aread Ba . , however clearls i , y marke thres da e FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHI3 16 | P separate enclosures in close proximity and comprising in all about six acres. The buildings seem to indicate permanent occupation by possibly two families. This outlying community was three and a half miles distant from Rosal and two from Dalharrold, but Truderscaig is just over the hill, . S onl e ymila th o et A discrete area belonging to Rheloisk within the peaty waste three miles SE. of Rosal, is of special interest. It will be recalled that much of the evidence at the trial of Patrick Sellar in 1816 revolved around his treatment of a tinker William Chisholm, who was summarily ejected as a squatter on a small patch of ground called Badinloskin, in a peaty waste not far distant from Rims- dale but on Rheloisk ground. This place is indicated roughly on a map in Thomas Sellar's book on The Sutherland Clearances of 1814' and corresponds to an enclosure of rather less than 3 acres whic alss i showO.Ss h e i o d th namindicate y .an n b n6-in o Plap e t e th f 1811no ma .n o n t do bu , in either case. Here is to be seen the outline of a long-house, two stackyards, two outhouses and a corn-drying kiln t woulI . d appear unde circumstancee rth s that Chishol tryins m wa establiso gt h permanena t occupatio thesf o e e on discret f no e enclosures. Looking problee th t wholea a ms possibls a i t i , thino et termn k i seriesa f so , commencing wit simple hth e enclosure shieline th t sa g grounds, developing into unit permanenf so t occupation singla y b e family subsequentld an y increasin intakey gb amalgamatior so n into 'townshipse th f o ' size of Dalharrold with its four families and fifteen acres of arable, but still sharing the common grazings with Rosal. It is appropriate to recall Professor Ronald Miller's suggestion1 that the gatherin e animalth f gr milkino r safetsfo fo r ygo aroun shielinge dth s would ten timn di o et improv groune eth manuriny db treadingd gan aren A a. already cleare stonef do makinn si n ga enclosure for a pen might in the process become cultivable and a discrete patch of arable would emerge. These small units are a very noticeable feature of Home's plan in his 'Survey of Assynf in 1776. Pressure of population in the late eighteenth century might well have stimulated the coloni- sation of these discrete units, especially when the potato was beginning to provide a useful crop for ground of this type. There is evidence to show, however, that a similar process had been at wor r generationfo k s for s alread,a y described, severae Stratth f ho l Naver townships have shieling names such as Kedsary, across from Rosal.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ROSAL: PRESERVATION In the numerous deserted settlements of Sutherland, the Clearances have provided a field of stud parallelyw whicfe same s th Europen h ha si t e a time d episode an ,th , sucs ei hbittea d an r lasting memory that interesgroune ruin e fror th th fa n msn o s di t i limite studentdo t Scottisf so h folk life and rural settlement. These sites are not yet 'ancient monuments' but at least some ex- amples should surel preservede yb . Comparative material, however sparso s s i , e thadifficuls i t ti t formulato t e ideawhao t s sa t precisely shoul conservede db . Absenc disturbancf eo claritd ean outlinf ybuildingo e th n ei s themselve pattere th d f nso an their distribution within the township must be a primary issue. The state of preservation of the old boundary dykes, of the cultivation rigs and of the limits of the old arable lands with their clearance cairns is also significant. So, too, are the character and boundaries of the old common grazings, the position and form of the shieling sites and of those discrete patches of arable which seem to have commenced as shielings. Completeness is an over-riding factor in all these matters. Even so, evidence on the ground is far more valuable when appropriate documentary material is 1 Miller, Ronald, 'Land Use by Summer Shielings', Scottish Studies, 11 (1967), 193-221. 164 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 1967-8 also available, whether in the form of references in ancient charters, old rent rolls, or old plans and descriptions. Furthermore, additional interest must surely attach to those settlements for which there is clear evidence of occupation over a very long period, perhaps from prehistoric times. Clarity, completeness and length of settlement seem to be the keynotes. Rosal unquestionably has a strong claim for preservation, not because it is spectacular nor because it figures any more than incidentally in the story of the Clearances. It is simply an ex- cellent representative exampl accordancn ei e wit above hth e criteria. Isolated withi ringe nth - dyke fro moore mth , free from disturbance sinc evictionse eth tracebuildingse e th ,th f so , rigd san clearance cairns all provide an almost ideal site. The plan of 1811 throws light on the situation, and almost inevitably the archives in Dunrobin Castle will contain material relating to such an relativeld an d ol y large settlement. Occupatio groune th f n o traceabl s di ed froan Iroe e mth n Ag perhaps even earlier. claime Th r preservatiosfo n become stronger whe characteristice nth othee th f rso known Strath Naver site largconsiderede w sar fe e e settlementsth f O . , Langdal 698455C e(N Achd )an - ness (NC 668371) have both been badly disturbed by later buildings. Grummore (NC 608367) is at present a scheduled site and claims special attention because it is near the road and a magnificent broch gives added distinction. Grummore itsel sufferes fha d little damag t seemi t ebu s very diffi- cul interpreto t t sprawlI . s ove widra e area, with numerous minor enclosures which sometimes contain buildings no larger than shieling huts. The arable area must have been poor and there is no series of rigs parallel to those of Rosal. Truderscaig (NC 703342) is more comparable to fina s e Rosaserieha d plougf lsan o h rigs. Strangely little mentio t occur i documentar e f no th n si y record, however, and it is difficult of access at present. Two circular sheepfolds have been the cause of stone robbing from adjacent buildings. othee Mosth f ro tsettlemen Clearancte siteth f so e perio uppen di r Strath Nave muce rar h smaller; som relativele ear y inaccessible, others nea roae rth d have been damage stony db e robbing t Grumbea s a 634385)C g(N numbeA . r late seeb e m o t foundations lowen I . r Strath Naver below Syre Bridge, modern farms have been established durin lase gth t hundred year mucd san h bees ha nd disturbeol e oth f r destroyeddo . preservatioe Th f Rosa no longeo n ful n i ls i l r possible extensivs a , e commoe areath f so n grazings°have been ploughe ring-dykee planted th do an t p du ;outlyin e mosth f o t g arable areas stile ar l untouched however. Sinc submissioe eth preliminara f no y investigationsr reporou n o t , Forestre th y Commissio undisturbee fences th n ha f dof d settlemen time th er beingtfo ared aan , it is to be preserved in sheepwalk; cattle would all too easily damage the loose stonework of the old buildings. Nevertheless, Rosalongeo n complete s i l th r e uni t mighi t t haves it been d an , setting will be transformed with the growth of the new forests. Basically, the claim for preservation at Rosal rests on the visible remains of the last phase of settlement at the time of the Clearance. Apart from the site of the ruinous souterrain and perhaps two hut-circles going back to the Iron Age, one looks almost in vain for traces of the long con- tinued occupation fro t leasm a late e tth r Middle t littereAges site no s ei Th .d with puzzling grassy banks and fragments of dry-stone buildings inviting further excavations. The reason seems clear. e buildingTh s themselves were largel a dry-stonf tur yo n o f e footing aroun earthen da n floor and there were no trenches for foundations. When such structures fell into disrepair as would be inevitable afte generatioa r t wouli , easieso e dsitb r w n o erebuil o rt ne nearby a n do , utilisine gth stones again, and then to run a plough over the old site to freshen up the ground. We know from documentare th y record, however, that Rosa bees ha lconstann ni since us tt leas ea t A.D. 1269. Somewhere, traceoccupatiod ol f so n phase survivey revealee sma b o ,t mory db e extensive excava- tion or more sophisticated techniques than we could undertake. Preservation might allow investi- FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP | 165 gation future th n esi int probleoa m about whic vero hs y littl knows ei origie th townshipnf - n o s of this type. In trying to describe Rosal, one has been very conscious of breaking new ground in this type of field study. It is to be hoped that further detailed studies elsewhere will soon help to illuminat darkee eth r corner perhapd san s even leafresa o dt h evaluatio data e evidence th f Th .no e fiele th d n remaini s largely intact, thank forbearance th o st Forestre th f eo y Commission. Equally valuable would be a series of comparative studies, on a regional basis, of the remains of the more recently abandoned settlements in the Highlands, and in the Lowlands too if they could be found, so that Rosa othed an l r sites which migh selectee b t r detailedfo d morphological examination, coul seee broadea d b n ni r setting.

APPENDIX TABLE 1

LIST OF SMALL FINDS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS

From the small room at the upper end of the long-house, Complex A Metal 2 fragments of a large iron hinge 2 pieces of an iron pot (? 3-legged) 9 small rusty fragments of iron 2 piecethihala e f th no f f curveso d tub f eitheeo r coppe r brasro s \ in. diameter (fro whiskma y still?) crea4 Potsherd platesm? ( )s- chin a 1 jug handle, cream thi4 n white 1 thin white (bowl with blue pattern) 6 white, with blue pattern 4 white whit5 e with brown floral pattern 2 white with brown and yellow band (? cup) Potsherd searthenwar- crea1 insidm e glaze- th ee n do clea1 r fragment Glass Glass - bottle (fragments) 7 thick, green 1 olive green fine1 , green 5 thin, clear Flint Worked grey flint Bone 2 burnt fragments Around the central hearth, long-house, Complex A piece2 shoa f so e last Metal 4 pieces of an iron pot (? 3-legged) woodea f o d fragmenn1 en handle blade th sickl para d th f f o f etean o o t e 1 iron hook 1 hinge fragment 1 nail 1 brass door latch thickPotsherd4 , crea schin- m a 17 thin, white 10 creamy white 2 rim, small, thin, creamy white 8 plain rim, from a white ?plate 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY 1967-8 11 scalloped rim, from a white plate 12 cream (dish or plate) 7 cup or small bowl, much used, with two blue bands near the rim and blue floral pattern crea3 m with floral pattern 3 from a bowl, cream inside, pink outside, with a brown, cream and white pattern cream2 y white wit hblua e pattern 9 fro mbowa r vaseo l , creamy white inside, pink-brown outside, with variegated spirals of brown, white and green cream1 y white with double blue band 3 thin, cream, yellow and brown band 4 white with brown floral pattern 1 whit greed e an wit nd patterhre n Earthenware reddis1 h brown fabric, brown glaze Glass fragments2 pictur? , e glass 3 thin clear fragments Glas s- bottl e (fragments) 1 clear 12 thick olive green 10 thin olive green 1 green 13 clear 3 thin, clear Leather 4 very small fragments Textile smal1 l fragmen clotf o t h Bone 1 long bone, ? ox 1 long sliver Shells 2 mussel shells From the pit to the west of Complex A 1 small fragment of white china with pink pattern, 2 ft. 3 in. below the surface

TABLE2

INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURES ON ROSAL: DIMENSIONS Complex Number Description Dimensions feetin Characteristics

Northern Cluster A 1 Outhouse 34 xll-J- Round ends, opposing doors, pit - a barn. A 2 Long-house 85 x!2 Rectangular, partition at 17 ft. from S. end. A 3 Yard 44 x26 Sub-oval. A 4 Outhouse 29 x 9i Round ends. A/B 5 Kiln 18'\ x 9i Fairly well preserved. — • 6 Enclosure 41 diam. Incomplet E.n eo , possibly use yars dt a dbu probably obsolete. A/B 7 Outhouse 33 xlO Roun rectangulad dan r ends with yard attache whicn di h barn ipitsa A . ? B 8 Outhouse 32 x!2 Rectangular and round ends, pit - a barn. B 9 Long-house 108 x!2 Rectangular, partitio. froft . endm8 S 1 . t na FAIRHURST: ROSAL TOWNSHIP 167

Complex Number Description Dimensions in feet Characteristics

B 10 Outhouse 14|x 9i Rectangular, open extension of Sift. — 11 Outhouse 34 x 9i Round ends with partitio. ft 4 2 t na — 12 Kiln 6 1x 8 In small adjacent to periphery wall; badly ruined an derelictd? . ?B 13 Yard 58 x24 Rectangular, against periphery wal possibld lan y associated with (11). C 14 ^.Long-house 50 xllj Rathe robviou o vagun d ean s partition, roundet da NNE., rectangular SSW. C 15 Outhouse 25 xll Roun rectangulad dan r ends . ope witft 0 nh1 extension. — 16 Outhouse 8 2x 4 Rectangular, against periphery wall, partition at 8 ft. — 17 Yard 42 x42 Sub-rectangular, isolated. D 18 ILong-house 46 xll Round and rectangular ends, partition at 17 ft. from NE., possibl ybara n latterly. D 19 Long-house 73 xll Rectangular, partition at 18 ft. from NE. D 20 Yard 37 x37 Triangular with (19) along S. side. D/E 21 Kiln 9 x 2 2 Fairly well preserved. — 22 Yard 63 x37 Quadrilateral, with modern lambing pen and walling in . probablN y modified. — 23 Outhouse 30 x 9 Outlying near peripheral wall, partition at 8 ft. — 24 Outhouse 18ix 9 Isolated, rectangular. E 25 Long-house 83 x!2 Rectangular in SE., rounded at NW. end, partition at 2. fro1. ft mSE E 26 Outhouse 32 xll Rectangular, abutting against (25). Possible partitiot na . . froft m9 SW E 27 Yard 75 x31 Sub-rectangular. E 28 Outhouse 29 xlO Round ends, pit. Near (27). — 29 Outhouse 28 x!2 Rectangular, badly ruined.

Outlying North-East Cluster F 30 Long-house 83 xlO Rectangular, partitio . fro. ft m8 SW n2 F 31 Yard 41 diam. May be an earlier enclosure modified.

South-Eastern Cluster G 32 Long-house 92 xll Rectangular, partition 14 ft. from SW. G 33 Outhouse 16 x 8 Rectangular. G 34 ILong-house 58 xll Rectangular, partition 15 ft. from NE. pit; N. side of (35). G 35 Yard 75 x65 Sub-oval. — 36 Kiln 1x 66i 200 yds. NE., much ruined. — 37 Outhouse 29 x 9 Vague but probably round ends. ?H 38 Kiln 8 x 6 1 Well preserved. — 39 Yard 59 x56 Sub-rectangular, wide . side opeN n .no — 40 Outhouse 19ix 9 Rectangula round ran d . sidends S yarf eo n o ,d (39d an ) resemblin combinatioe gth n 34-35. H 41 Long-house 7x 97i Rectangular, partitio . fro. ft m0 SW n2 H 42 Outhouse 9x9 Badly ruined, rectangular, just S. of (41). H 43 Yard 55 x44 Rectangular on outside of and adjacent to periphery wall. I 44 Long-house 78 x 9 Rectangular, partition at 23 ft. from NE. Possible extensio. ft 5 9 o nt I 45 Yard 21 x 9 Attached to N. of (44). I 46 Outhouse 24 xlO Rectangular and round ends, pit. ?I 47 Yard 24 x30 Top of hill, upstanding stone at corner, sub-oval. ?I 48 Yard 55 x66 Quadrilateral yard or croft in an intake just beyond the peripheral wall, partly overgrown. — 49 Yard 26 x!4 probabl, Foo W. hilf o to lt ypena . — 50 Yard 68 x72 Isolated against peripheral burn to SSW. of Complex I. Overgrown with bracken. — 51 Enclosure Small, rectangular, visible on air photograph.

M 16 | 8PROCEEDING THF SO E SOCIETY 1967-8

Complex Number Description Dimensions in feet Characteristics

South- West Cluster — 52 Kiln 15 x 1\ Badly ruined, N. of (J). 3 53 Long-house 85 xll Rectangular in NE., round at SW., partition at 40 ft. On N. side of yard (54). 3 54 Yard c. 100 x60 Ill-defined oval, especiall. E n yi 3 55 Outhouse 28 x 9 Rectangula round ran d ends. Abuts fro . intmW o yard (54). — 56 ?Yard Vague traces to S. of yard (54). K 57 Long-house 97 xlO Partitio . . froMorft m7 SW 2 e t nmassivela y built than normal, and might have a chimney back in the cross wall. It suggests recent modification, possibly as a shepherd's bothy. J/K/L 58 Outhouse 41 xlO Possible extension downhil . sideN n . o l This coule db an old long-house. L 59 Long-house 83 xll Rectangular, extending over a knoll (living quarters on NE.). M 60 Long-house 73 xll Probably rectangular, extends over a knoll. N 61 Yard 63 x63 Quadrilateral, formin complega x with three other buildings. N 62 ? Outhouse 35 xll Rectangular . sid N yarf eo n o ,d (61). Might havn ea wit. extensioft h2 . 1 sidrounde E r en fo no . dW endn i t ;pi N 63 Outhouse 28 x 9 Rectangular, near (63) abutting on to yard (61) from E. N 64 Outhouse 11 x 8i Rectangular at S. angle of yard (61). — 65 Yard Some 30 yds. W. of (61), there are faint traces of another yard ?housdan e attached. P 66 Long-house 66 x 10J Round ended, no obvious partition, extends over slight hillock. P 67 Outhouse 14 xll Rectangular. P 68 Outhouse 37 x 8i Rectangular and round ends, pits at either end. P 69 Yard 54 x33 Sub-rectangular, against the periphery wall with 2 structures attached. P 70 Kiln 17 x 7 . sid N yarf eo d (69) built int ohilloca verd kan y well preserved. P 71 Outhouse 19i x 91 Against periphery wall on S. side of yard (69), rect- angular.

opposite9 16 . p r Table .Fo se e3

TABLE4 ROSAL - DALHARROLD COMMON GRAZINGS OUTLYING ENCLOSURES

Yards distant Estimate Name N.G.R. Altitude from Acres of Rosal Dalharrold enclosed occupation Auchenrach 698430 375 1,200 4 1 family Shieling 697432 250 1,300 ' 3 Seasonal Achuphresh 699434 300 1,600 6 2 families Shieling 711404 500 2,400 2i Seasonal Shieling 691940 425 1,250 5 (?) Seasonal Dalmallard 673379 225 3,400 1,100 2 1 family Bad an Leathaid 703360 580 5,500 3,550 6 2 or more families Badinloskin 722375 440 (4 miles from Rheloisk) 3 1 family TABLE 3 TABL CONTENTF E O PLA E 181F TH N O N 1SO

HEIGHTS OF STRATHNAVER including Rosshill, Dalharrold and the final possessions of Achuphresh, Auchenrach, Dalmallard, Breckachunahowen & Badilealoid wit l sheilinghal hild san l grounds attached in Colonel Clunes's Wadset the Farm of Trudeskeg and part of the Hill bounds belonging to Rheloisk. B.M. 1811

CONTENTS Arable land Grass Shealings Moss pasture Hill grazing Total ^ > A R F A R FF R A A R F A R F A R F 1 Rosshill shade d dre small tenants 46 1 35 34 3 4 6 1 36-^ v> Achuphresh , , „ „ „ 3 7 37 4 27-} Auchenrach „ „ ,, ,, 2 — 27 1 2 24 r 2 1 9l 703 3 10 4140 — 29 5005 — 3 Dalharrold „ „ ,, „ 15 3 34 32 2 7 7 f. y Dalmallard ,, „ „ „ 1 1 24 12 3 14 - - -J £ Truderskeg shaded green „ „ 54 3 7 6 — 19 52 — 63 — 20 0 3 3042091 2 — 36 H Part of Rheloisk „ yellow Mr Willm Gordon 3 3 — — — — — — — 1051 2 30 — — — 1055 1 30