2003 – ASQDE MEETING ABSTRACTS

The views expressed by the authors or presenters in material presented at the American Society of Questioned Examiners Annual General Meeting and/or on the CD distributed at the meeting, are not necessarily the views of, nor are they endorsed by, the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners, Inc.

• Forensic Document Examiner Involvement in Medico-Legal Issues Art Anthony

Abstract: Over the course of the last 20-plus years the staff of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation’s Division of has been called upon to assist with the identification of previously unidentified remains (UIDs) discovered by hunters, recovered in flood disasters, and, most recently, the Tri-State Crematory matter, Walker County, Noble, Georgia. Additionally, requests by forensic pathologists to assist with the interpretation of faded tattoo designs and names present on UIDS’ skin that might be of assistance in the identification process have also been presented to forensic document examiners (FDEs) for interpretation. Forensic odontologists have called upon FDEs of the GBI to help with ultraviolet photography and electronic converter techniques to enhance bite marks on . Anthropologists have also consulted with GBI-FDEs with requests to examine faded hospital identification wristbands with the hope of raising original entries and, therefore, identifying skeletal remains. Finally, a recent unusual request for assistance by a medical examiner and an investigator as to whether or not words scratched onto the chest of a supposed rape victim might have been self-inflicted.

This paper will include illustrations and describe techniques used to assist with the examination of these unusual forms of documentary evidence.

• ABFDE Pilot Testing Results Howard Birnbaum

Abstract: The American Board of Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE) is pursuing accreditation by the Forensic Specialty Appraisal Board (FSAB) as a certifying body for Forensic Document Examiners. In order to meet FSAB requirements the written test utilized in the Board’s testing process needed to be validated. As part of that validation, pilot testing of proposed multiple-choice questions was conducted. The results of that endeavor will be reported in this presentation.

• Some Additional Observations Regarding Usage of the Bayesian Method for the Assessment and Reporting of Questioned Document Examinations William J. Bodziak

Abstract: Over the past years, a number of articles have been written advocating the usage of the Bayesian Method of both analysis and reporting in many areas of forensic science, including the field of document examination. The complexity of the application of the Bayes formula for forensic use, the unfamiliarity of most examiners with the statistical field in general and a number of other potential problems, has left most examiners confused and divided about this method.

This presentation will attempt to identify and explain some of the controversy and problems encountered in using the Bayesian method and question whether it could ever be used in the U.S. legal system.

• Questioned Research JoAnn Buscaglia

Abstract: The examination and comparison of questioned documents has been well accepted in the field of forensics and in court for almost 100 years. However, recent Daubert challenges have focused new attention on the underlying scientific principles that govern this discipline. In light of these challenges, forensic document examiners have expressed an interest in learning how to conduct the needed research that will withstand scrutiny by both the scientific community and the courts. This presentation will provide some useful techniques for achieving this goal. Additionally, the FBI Laboratory has expanded its research effort for questioned documents to address some of these challenges by using a statistical approach. Several research projects related to the chemistry of , visualization methods, and spectroscopic examination of documents are also being conducted. This presentation will provide an overview of the ongoing and planned questioned documents research projects. A brief discussion of the FBI Laboratory’s Research Partnership Program, which provides state and local examiners the opportunity to actively participate in these research efforts, will also be presented.

• Detectability of Altered Faxes Jack R. Calvert, Thomas P. Riley

Abstract: Faxes can and will be altered. Can document examiners, using the technology currently found in most labs, detect these alterations?

• Observations on the Brain, Perception and the Critical Examination of Questioned Documents Heather M. Carlson

Abstract: The training of forensic document examiners generally consists of reading relevant texts and articles, side-by-side instruction and casework with qualified examiners, practical exercises and exams. All of these are vital to our training but when are we taught how to see? When do we acquire the ability to evaluate proportions, shapes and sizes, to measure and compare with our eyes? Document examination requires the ability to examine the discrete units of handwriting and the skill to evaluate the specimen as a whole. The literature search and investigation discussed in this paper endeavors to draw attention to our perception and processing of visual information, the ways in which the brain edits this input, and a method of utilizing our whole brain in examinations. As the field of questioned documents does not exist in a vacuum we have the benefit of incorporating the theories and practices of other relevant fields. To that end, this paper proposes the marriage of Art and Science – the eye of the artist to critically see and the science of the brain. In the book, “Drawing on the Right side of the Brain” by Dr. Betty Edwards, the student learns how to draw by acquiring the ability to perceive edges, spaces, relationships, lights and shadows and the whole, or gestalt. In one form or another, these are the characteristics evaluated by document examiners in examining handwriting. By learning to mediate between the logical, linear skills of the left brain and the spatial, holistic skills of the right brain, we can deliberately teach ourselves how to really see.

• ABFDE Update Brian B. Carney

Abstract: Updates will be provided to the members on the status of ABFDE testing, to include Grandfather Testing and Grandfather Candidates. Additional information will be provided regarding new ABFDE Directors and Recertification for Diplomates. Detailed information will be given to the body informing them of the current status of test validation for ABFDE.

• Using PhotoShop to Detect Document Alterations Through Interlineations Brian B. Carney

Abstract: This paper will explore the use of Adobe PhotoShop as a tool to detect alterations in documents and in particular insertions or interlineations. This imaging program has several features commonly used in the examination of questioned documents. Use of the measuring tool, grids, and the arbitrary rotation feature are discussed and illustrated.

• The Complete Idiot’s Guide to the RAW-I Nancy Cox, Greg Floyd

Abstract: This paper will include a Procedures Guide and Helpful Hints for the RAW-I Ribbon Analysis Workstation (i.e., The Idiot’s Guide to the RAW-I), a comparison of the RAW-I system to the “new” RAW system, and suggestions for more effective uses of the “new” RAW system.

• The Way It Was MaryAnn Czermak, Ph.D., Dr. Manfred Phillip

Abstract: A remarkable history of the early founders of the GFS Germany (Society of Forensic Handwriting Examination), their background, and cases they may have worked, accompanied by photos of some of the individuals. Political events of this era are presented to lend perspective. An overview of how the GFS has developed and their visions and aims for the future. One of their main goals at present is quality management.

• Thermal Gradient Mechanism of Crossing Stroke Anomaly James R. Daniels

Abstract: A questioned Last Will and Testament was discovered to be a combination of alteration and page substitution, the solution to which involved recognition of an unusual phenomenon in which a line crossing anomaly mimics the microscopic appearance of the opposite order, the mechanics of which were resolved by controlled tests.

• Handwriting Pressure Investigation Magdalena Ezcurra

Abstract: The observed variations of pressure throughout the signatures of one author, and the constancy of this gradient, is one of the most important elements that the Expert can count on when making a diagnosis. The Caligraph 2.5 software allows the detection of a signature, using a digital utility and offering, among others, data about the gradient of pressure in a signature. In doing so, it offers an image of the signature that goes from white to black (going through the different tones of blue) depending on the Kg/m2 in each point of the course of the signature.

The program offers graphics of the development of pressure with respect to the real time realization of the signature while observing, as expected, a correspondence of the graphic, for signatures of the same person performed under different conditions. From the image and graphic provided by the software, it has been investigated for the obtainment of an image and a similar graphic for signatures already stamped on paper, as is the case of questioned signatures. • Lindbergh Case Jim Fisher

Abstract: Drawing from his extensive research into the Lindbergh kidnapping and the trial of Richard Hauptmann, author Jim Fisher will take a look at some of the criticisms that have been leveled at the evidence, particularly the forensic evidence.

• Characterising the Nature of Individual and Collective Practitioner Skills in Forensic Handwriting Text and Signature Examinations Bryan Found

Abstract: The Forensic Expertise Profiling Laboratory (FEPL) provides research programs aimed at characterizing skill associated with forensic practitioners’ perceptual and cognitive processes. Forensic Document Examiners (FDEs) use these processes almost exclusively when determining the authorship of questioned writings. In spite of the routine use of handwriting evidence in courts of law internationally, the nature of the expertise and the theoretical claims made by the community of FDEs, until recent times, has remained almost devoid of programs that assist in the assessment of the validity of the process, including analysis of potential error rates. This had lead to significant criticisms of the field, particularly in the USA, which have been widely reported in the forensic literature.

To date, over 50,000 blind trial opinions have been collectively expressed by participants from 9 countries on handwriting and signature tasks. The data collected thus far has resulted in numerical insights into facets of FDEs skills (such as estimates of potential error for differing levels of opinion and the determination of the probative value of opinions regarding different writing types [natural, disguised and simulated writings]). In addition, the program has provided an experimental platform where aspects of FDEs’ behavior can be investigated. Examples of these investigations are testing class/individual and complexity theories, the determination of the effect of forger practice on the validity of FDEs’ opinions, the impact of FDEs examining original versus photocopied writings and the assessment by FDEs of relative writing speed.

This presentation will provide an insight into the expertise profiling program including the experimental procedures, the revision and corrective action approach to assist in skill development and monitoring, and the impact of the results on method and reporting procedures.

• Line Quality – The Examiners Map John S. Gencavage III, John S. Gencavage

Abstract: The evaluation of line quality is an essential factor in every handwriting examination. The correct evaluation of line quality can guide an examiner toward successful conclusions. • Lindbergh Trial Jim Gentry

Abstract: This overview of Richard Hauptmann’s trial presents still photos and newsreel coverage showing many of the participants. Trial events and strategies are revealed and discussed.

• The Master of Forensic Sciences Administration (MFSA) Degree Program at Oklahoma State University as it Pertains to Questioned Document Examiners Dr. R. Thomas Glass

Abstract: The Forensic Sciences Graduate Program at Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences was conceived and developed in 1999, starting its first class in the spring, 2001. The program has two Master degrees: the Master of Forensic Sciences Administration (MFSA) and the Master of Science in Forensic Sciences (MS). While both programs have substantial -based instruction, the entire MFSA program can be taken over the Web. Recently, interest has been expressed in utilizing this distance-learning format to provide more formal instruction to those involved in the forensic examination of questioned documents. For some, this would mean using the special student status to take four courses, (The Survey of Forensic Sciences and three Question Document courses), receiving a certified transcript at the end of the four courses. For others, the MFSA degree program with an emphasis in examination of questioned documents might better fit their needs. The purpose of this presentation is to further delineate the programs available to questioned document examiners.

• Twenty-First Century Document Examinations Lorie L. Gottesman, Peter J. Belcastro, Jr., Christopher J. Kopp, Gregg M. Mokrzycki

Abstract: Before desktop publishing became affordable, it was not too difficult for the forensic document examiner to detect forgeries and manipulations. The traditional methods of tracings, simulations, and cut-and-paste left telltale signs to the trained eye. Today, however, with affordable computers, , and digital cameras, as well as high quality scanners and printers, detecting forgeries and manipulations is no longer simple for the fully-trained document examiner.

Twenty-first century document examiners must take special care when examining non- original questioned documents, including photographs and carbon copies. Depending on the equipment and software available, an opportunist can create or recreate virtually any document in a short period of time.

This workshop will include a number of practical problems for the document examiners to examine for any signs of manipulations. The examiners will also observe many of the techniques utilized by criminals and opportunists to create bogus documents. Finally, issues will be discussed concerning what information should be relayed to the investigators and/or the court with regard to non-original evidence.

• Notary Journal and Voter Registration Information Resource Manual James A. Green

Abstract: Although the Notarial process provides a gallant attempt at legitimizing a person’s signature, it isn’t foolproof. When a notarized signature is called into question, an immediate response normally would be to ask for access to the notary’s journal. What are the requirements in each state regarding the recording of data in a journal by a notary? If a journal is required, what process is necessary to examine a specific entry? Who could be contacted to learn more information regarding the notary protocol? These questions are answered in the Resource Manual to be provided to all attendees.

The manual also provides information regarding accessibility to voter registration card signatures. Voter registration offices keep one (or commonly more) voter signatures in file for their own comparison purposes. Those same signatures may be a valuable resource when the number of known signature specimens in a case is extremely limited. Basic information is provided regarding accessibility to voter registration signatures and contact information for each state.

• Bits and Pieces Linda J. Hart

Abstract: This paper contains a collection of tips and information acquired during routine casework. These include dating computer-generated documents based upon the introduction dates of word processing software defaults; where to look for conclusive evidence of a cut-and-paste fabrication even though no source document is found; and more fun with PhotoShop 7.0 using layers to gray-out distracting material and to enhance ESDAs for use as demonstratives in court.

• A Practical Guide to Research Methods for Forensic Document Examiners James L. Hayes

Abstract: This presentation will provide the attendees with a basic understanding of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Learner outcomes will include:

1. Working definitions of qualitative and quantitative research 2. The experimental design of a study using the scientific research method 3. Forms of measurement (i.e., validity, reliability, and standard errors) 4. Recognizing the two branches of statistics, descriptive and inferential 5. Conduct literature reviews 6. Results and conclusions of research

Handouts will be provided on the format of a research report, along with style guide references (i.e., MLA or APA styles).

• Protocols for Digital Image Processing Specifically for Forensic Document Examiners Gary Herbertson

Abstract: The FBI’s Scientific Working Group for Imaging Technology (SWGIT), has prepared a set of protocols which deals with digital image processing in forensic work. To date, this is the most comprehensive list on this subject. Unfortunately, this work was prepared by a group of people who were mostly concerned with the uses of photography at crime scenes, with , and for other traditional forensic photographic applications.

For a variety of reasons, document examination is significantly different and has a need for a different set of protocols. No one expects that a will be unchanged between the time of the crime and the trial, or that bloody fingerprints will go unwashed days after the crime. Crime scene photographs become the evidence and need to be “true and accurate representations.” Conversely, a document is always present at the trial. There is no substitution for the document. In a document case, digital image processing is mostly to clarify or demonstrate and the document is not absent or altered. A repetition of the processing can be done at any time.

Protocols prepared with one situation in mind do not meet and needs and practical issues related to the other. For this reason, it is suggested that a specific sub-set of protocols be prepared and approved by the forensic document community.

• New Handwriting Instruments of Which We Must Be Alert Carmen Leticia Hernandez Carmona

Abstract: Technology has produced instruments which have made an interesting and necessary contribution to produce and to make easier as much as the presentation as the improvement in the skill of the writer.

The first one of them because the color can be easily eliminated without leaving a trace through a second complementary instrument (also commercial) it’s exposed to be used in a fraudulent manner. The second one, because of its capacity of rotation modification at the last part of the paper support, and its complementary spring which it tones down the point of pressure, gives a wider and an easy way of handling, thus making an increase in the caliber of the graphics, more speed, less work in its long times of use, which they be considered as important elements to evaluate the intrinsic characteristics of the author’s handwriting.

• QD Testimony – Lindbergh Trial Frank Hicks

Abstract: The Lindbergh trial testimony of the eight Document Examiners is explored in some detail. The strategies used by the prosecution and the defense with each witness will be addressed and some of the more notable answers will be highlighted. Photos of the ransom letters and some court charts will be shown.

• Wire Mark Analysis Using Fast Fourier Transform Processing Techniques in Paper Identification Cases Neil Holland

Abstract: The methods for physical paper testing and the chemical analysis of paper are well documented throughout the literature when examining paper involved in forensic cases. Within this literature the use of X-ray, Beta Ray, Oblique and Transmitted light can provide the examiner valuable information about paper formation and in particular about surface and fiber characteristics of the paper.

A study of the wire marks where visible can provide additional information but in those papers where they are difficult to examiner, the use of a technique to capture and process the images to reveal the wire marks can be extremely beneficial.

Initially images of the paper formation are captured using oblique light or Beta ray (preferred) techniques and the resultant images are scanned and then processed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis.

This technique allows for the pattern of the wire marks to be captured and the resultant power spectrums (frequency domain) can be compared with control samples from known sources (mills) or compared to other paper exhibits.

The Power Spectrum (frequency transform) and the inverse (retransformation) patterns can be compared to distinguish papers produced on different wires thus differentiating the papers. Conversely the results may provide additional information that may establish that two or more papers are indistinguishable.

• Report on Earlier Testing & Instructions for This Year’s Test Professor Moshe Kam

Abstract: T/B/A

• Handling Procedures for Documentary Evidence Diane Kruger

Abstract: Forensic document evidence has always had special handling requirements. This paper will review current trends and recommended procedures. Specific topics to be covered include packaging, handling (glove issues), labeling/marking, storage, impact of other types of examinations, and receipt/return considerations.

• The Use of an Electrostatic Detection Device (EDD) to Identify Class Characteristics on Documents Produced by Printers and Photocopiers Gerry La Porte

Abstract: The use of an electrostatic detection device (EDD), first marketed by Foster and Freeman, Ltd. of England as ESDA (Electrostatic Detection Apparatus), is an invaluable tool that provides forensic examiners with a method to examine indentations in a document. Since ESDA is a non-destructive examination (with exception to a brief humidifying process) which is highly sensitive and capable of creating a permanent record of results. its use in forensic laboratories is ubiquitous. As well, the ESDA technique is well documented in the literature and numerous articles have been published exploring parameters affecting quality and method of enhancing results. After conducting a literature search, the authors found limited references with regards to detecting physical impressions left on a document subsequent to being produced on a or . Printing devices and photocopiers are fast becoming a rampant resource for criminals, and their forensic identification can be critical to an investigation. Examinations such as chemical analysis of colorants and the identification of trash marks are essential tools for the forensic examiner, but new techniques to identify a machine model or group of models are essential. The market is inundated with inkjet printers, printers, and photocopiers, but many of these office machine systems are built by various manufacturers, or their hardware design (e.g., “rolling” and “grabbing” mechanisms) have been changed over the years due to technological advances.

In this study, ESDA was used to examine documents produced using various printers and photocopiers to determine if class characteristics could be employed to determine the make and/or model of the machine. As well, the author attempted to ascertain the feasibility of identifying individual characteristics to compare documents produced by the same machine.

• Development of a Graduate Level Course of Academic Study in the Forensic Examination of Questioned Documents James F. Larner

Abstract: Due to recent focus of the updated Federal Rules of Evidence (702 & 703) the field of Forensic Document Examination has been challenged regarding a number of Daubert/Kumho issues.

This paper addresses the area of Academic Acceptance of the Field of Questioned Document Examination through the proposal and acceptance of a 12 Graduate credit hour Course of Academic Study in the Forensic Examination of Questioned Documents (QD/GCAS), to be taught entirely on the Internet, as a part of the existing Forensic Science Program at Oklahoma State University. The author has recently been designated as the Lead Adjunct Instructor for the QD Course of Academic Study.

Development of a Graduate Level Course of Academic Study in the Forensic Examination of Questioned Documents: (continued)

The QD Course of Academic Study: • Would allow certified Forensic Document Examiners to gain valuable field related updates, especially in specialized areas such as color copier and fax identification.

• Would provide trainees or interns valuable instrumental and specific specialized training and updates not available in most training laboratories.

• Would provide a competitive advantage for laboratory Interns who are interested in being hired as entry-level document examiner trainees.

• Would provide academic standing in the forensic and academic communities. This program will be the first of its kind, nationally and internationally. There are no other Courses of Academic Study at the Graduate University level, regarding Questioned Document Examination.

• Would support U.S. Federal Rules 702 & 703 regarding reliability and relevance of expert witness testimony.

• Would provide a centralized source for uniform training in support of apprenticeship journeyman training and preparation for American Board of Forensic Document Examiners certification.

• Would develop a lifelong learning philosophy. Participants could re-enroll and earn the certificate more that once, as all courses would be updated and infused each year with the most recent technical information.

• Would provide ongoing continuing education through seminars in support of re-certification preparation.

This paper will also include a live online demonstration of a representative “Course Lecture,” “Online Chat,” “Discussion Board Assignment” and “Weekly Quiz.” The student course project requirement will also be discussed. The presentation will make use of a new software tool called “Visual Communicator,” which provides the instructor with a CD video vehicle to explain “Power Point” presentations and lectures.

This paper presentation will follow a 30-minute presentation on the Masters of Forensic Science Administration program by Dr. R. Thomas Glass, Forensic Science Program Director, Professor of Forensic Pathology and Adjunct Professor of Micro Biology, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa.

• A Preliminary Study of the Writing Habits on Arabic Numerals in Local Population Dr. Chi-Keung Li, Yau-Sang Cheng and Nai-Leung Poon

Abstract: Handwriting specimens of Arabic numbers (0-9) were obtained from 187 volunteers. A classification system of writing habits on Arabic numerals based on assigned codes of characteristic features such as slant, writing direction, relative position of strokes, angularity of turnings, shape of initial and ending strokes, etc. was developed. Statistical distribution of each characteristic feature was also obtained. A set of characteristic codes could be assigned to each writer and despite the simplicity of Arabic numerals, comparison of the sets of characteristic codes revealed that no two individuals exhibit the same set of characteristic codes. The findings support the hypothesis of the unique handwriting.

• Identifying Manufacturer and Date of Manufacture of a CD-R and CD-RW Sandra Ramsey Lines

Abstract: A computer disc was suspected as having been produced in the summer of 2002, rather than the dates displayed for the files on the disc, which indicate the disc was written to (burned) on May 21, 1999. The forensic document examiner was asked to remove the stick-on label (that obscured the information underneath) to identify the manufacturer or distributor and then to contact them to determine the dates of manufacture and distribution of this particular disc to prove or disprove the disc was burned in 1999. Research into the manufacture and distribution of a CD-R and CD-RW revealed that it is possible to identify the manufacturer of these CDs by using special software. But that was only the beginning of a search that led to the compilation of a list of CD-R manufacturers and distributors.

• Relative Aging of – The Science and the Courts Albert H. Lyter, Ph.D.

Abstract: The analysis of writing ink for the purpose of determining the date of preparation has progressed over the years and is an integral part of Questioned Document Examination. Over the last several years, different techniques have been proposed in the scientific literature and at scholarly meetings that purport to determine dynamic changes occurring to the written ink line on a document. These techniques involve the measurement of different parameters of the ink line that change over time and thus are indicative of a certain age or range of ages of ink writings. This work will contraste the different “Relative Aging” methodologies, including those that incorporate artificial aging, as reported in the scientific literature and at professional meetings. Attention is given to the reported date and its application to the universe of writing inks, as well as the limitations of the techniques as reported.

The ultimate use of any forensic technique is as the basis for expert testimony in a legal proceeding. As such, the view of the courts regarding the above-referenced techniques will be reported. These views will be categorized regarding those elements of the procedures of which the courts were critical.

It is hoped that this presentation will provide all those in attendance a better understanding of the techniques proposed, the background scientific premises upon which the techniques are based, the limitations within the measurement process inherent in the technique and the position and comments of the courts.

• Examination of Gel Pen Inks by Microspectrometry Paul Martin, Ph.D. and Albert H. Lyter III, Ph.D.

Abstract: The examination of writing inks has been an integral part of Questioned Document Examination since its inception. The types of inks and writing instruments of concern have progressed from pencil and nib pen to ballpoint and porous point pens. The most recent development in both ink and writing instruments has been the Gel Pen. This instrument is a marriage of the ball pen with polymeric gel ink containing both dyes and pigments as colorant and water-based gel.

The standard examination protocol for writing consists of both physical and chemical procedures. The physical procedures, such as microscopy, infrared reflectance and luminescence, and the use of various filters, are still applicable to gel inks. The chemical procedures, such as spot tests and chromatography, are not entirely applicable to the examination of gel inks due to their lack of solubility and the nature of the colorant used.

This work looks at the feasibility of using a CRAIC Technologies Model QDI Questioned Document System (QDS) microspectrometer as an analysis tool for the differentiation of gel pen inks. This instrument measured samples as small as 100 microns in reflectance from the near UV to the NIR regions. Samples were also analyzed by fluorescence microspectroscopy with excitation at several wavelengths. As this system is equipped with a high-resolution digital imaging system, pictures were also stored.

We examined 8 different black gel inks under several sample preparation methodologies over the full spectral range from ultraviolet to infrared. Additionally, 2 blue gel inks having common manufacture with several of the black inks were also examined. Results of these examinations indicate the ability to differentiate, to varying degrees, the black gel inks, and consistency between those inks of common manufacture (blue and black). The preferred sample preparation methodology is also identified and elucidated. Additional work is planned to increase the both in number of inks and different colors.

• Getting Into the Jury Box? Gregory A. McNally

Abstract: Gaining a jury’s trust is of utmost importance when presenting expert testimony. This presentation will discuss ways to attain that faith. Knowledge acquired from participation in seminars with defense attorney organizations and feedback from attorneys and juries relating to testimony will be utilized.

• Counterfeiting for Dummies Darlene Morin, Jason Van Le

Abstract: In the post-9/11 era, concern over the production and use of counterfeit identity documents and genuine identity documents obtained by fraud has never been higher. However, this increased level of danger has not discouraged certain individuals from facilitating criminal access to such documents. Numerous resources that detail how to create and obtain false identities are readily available for purchase on the Internet and in bookstores. As their authors boast, and as we all know, these documents can be used to evade taxes, avoid capture by law enforcement, sidestep government regulations and gain access to a number of benefits afforded to the citizens and residents of the United States of America. This study is designed to test the accuracy of the information provided by these resources. In turn, this will determine the usefulness of this information not only to the criminals that intend to use these documents, but also to the forensic document examiner responsible for determining authenticity.

• The Effects of Gel Pens on Handwriting Details David L. Oleksow, Amy L. Matranga

Abstract: A study was conducted of characteristics of gel pens and their influences on the line quality of signatures and handwriting. Actual case references and opinions rendered regarding line flow are to be reviewed and discussed. The reasoning of the involved examiners will be addressed. It was found that the class characteristics of gel pens are well defined and examination caution is of the utmost importance to avoid erroneous opinions regarding handwriting issues. Comparison of gel pens’ class characteristics with other classes of writing instruments will also be addressed. The interaction of the gel pen with various paper surfaces can affect the lay down of the ink line, therefore complicating the examination process. The structure of the pen can also provide information as to dating issues. The history and distribution of the gel pen will be addressed.

• Two Forged American Historical Documents Appeared in Latin America Raymond Orta, Magdalena Ezcurra

Abstract: In late 2001, the Orta Poleo Document Laboratory and the Lettera Document Laboratory, analyzed “The Gettysburg Address,” which appeared in Venezuela. The task was to determine if the document was genuine or a forgery. At the same time, other colleagues were working on another American historical document, known as “The Declaration of Independence.” Investigation results showed, through paper and printing processes analysis, that both documents were reproductions treated with similar artificial aging methods to deceive collectors of historical documents.

• The Importance of Forensic Document Examiner Opinion Testimony Joseph L. Parker

Abstract: In recent years, there have been a number of court rulings that restricted Forensic Document Examiners from giving opinion during court testimony. This presentation will discuss some of these cases, the factors that contributed to these rulings, and finally address the many reasons that courts should permit opinion testimony by Forensic Document Examiners.

• Quality-Control Issues in the Production of Travel and Identity Documents: The “Grey Area” of Document Authentication John (Jim) Ross

Abstract: It has often been stated that the identification of handwriting is not always “black and white.” The subjective aspects of handwriting examination result in a “grey area” that is more difficult to discern. A similar grey area can be encountered when examining security documents such as travel and identity documents. This grey area includes quality-control issues in the production of security documents. Awareness of quality-control issues and the importance of understanding and identifying these issues when authenticating travel and identify documents will be addressed. Case studies involving quality-control problems will be examined and lessons learned will be discussed.

• Daubert in the State Courts Farrell Shiver

Abstract: This paper is a survey of which states have or have not adopted the Daubert standard for the admissibility of expert testimony. It also discusses the effects of the Daubert decision on the admissibility of forensic document examination testimony in the various state courts.

• The Haas Atlas CD Collection Andrew T. Szymanski

Abstract: The digitized version of the Haas Typewriter Atlas and classification collection is now available. Included in this CD package is the entire compilation of the Haas Typewriter Atlas and Catalog, Dr. Philip Bouffard’s Typewriter Classification program and technical papers and the latest Adobe Acrobat Reader. All PDF image scans are 300 dpi, bookmarked and easily searchable with Acrobat Reader. The Bouffard Typewriter Classification Program is compatible with Windows XP and earlier versions of Windows. The information included in this CD collection is an invaluable tool for the Forensic Document Examiner in the examination of typewriting.

• Update on Counterfeit Protection System Codes on Color Laser Copiers and Printers Janis S. Tweedy

Abstract: Due to the possible fraudulent use of color laser copiers, a counterfeit protection system code is printed on each color copy to identify the producing color laser copier. The results of a previous study were presented in an earlier paper as to the characterization of the counterfeit protection system codes from the various original equipment manufacturers who produce color laser copiers. This study is a continuation of the earlier study, however, it includes color laser copiers and color laser printers. Because it is not mandatory, not all color laser printers exhibit counterfeit protection system codes.

• Virtual Grids: A Method To Illustrate Findings of Forensic Document Examinations Using Word Processing Software Peter V. Tytell

Abstract: Throughout the last century, forensic document examiners used a variety of specially ruled grids and test plates in their work on both typewritten and handwritten documents, finding them extremely useful in the preparation of exhibits illustrating their findings for a report or a court. Contemporary practitioners have the same need for demonstrative material and can meet it using the off-the-shelf software they use to write their reports. This paper will explore the use of Microsoft Word for Windows as a tool to create illustrations with “virtual grids” in various kinds of questioned document cases.

• Do People Always Disguise Their Writing the Same? Rigo Vargas

Abstract: Most adults possess only one handwriting style, and it is this style that is used for day-to-day writing activities. When writing naturally a person will write the same way all of the time. There will be some natural variation, but the overall structure of the letters and letter combinations will remain unchanged. This is not new information in the questioned document community.

But what if a person tries to disguise his or her handwriting? Do people have a pattern or design of disguise set in their minds, and is that design so ingrained in their brains that, like their natural writing, they will reproduce it over and over again? Answering these questions in an attempt to help document examiners and investigators collect better requested known exemplars was the basis for this research.

• A Survey of “t-h” Joins in the Definite Article and Other Wording John R. Welch

Abstract: A simple classification for the methods of joining the letter “t” to the letter “h” in lower-case handwriting was developed and used to gather data on “th” joins in the definite article and in other wording. The frequency of occurrence of each category of join was obtained in the two environments. The two environments are shown to be largely the same in respect of this classification of this feature.

POSTERS

• The US Postal Money Order: Evolution of a Security Document Kirsten S. Jackson

Abstract: The US Postal Money Order was created in 1864 when the US Congress decided to provide a secure means of sending “money” to family and friends around the country.

Over the years, the Postal Money Order has evolved to meet the security challenges that inevitably occur with a document of value. The advancement of technology, in combination with the desperation and ability of criminals, have fostered continuing re- evaluation of the document’s security features.

This poster presentation provides the historical background of the Postal Money Order, and illustrates the changes the document has undergone to deter and detect counterfeiting and alteration.

• Forensic Expertise Profiling Laboratory Validation Trials – A Personal Experience Kathleen Stuebe

Abstract: The Forensic Expertise Profiling Laboratory, associated with LaTrobe University in Australia, offers validation trials for the purpose of assessing an examiner’s skill in determining authorship of questioned handwriting and signatures. Each of the validation trials is a barrage test in which 200 questioned samples are to be compared to a sample of known writing. The questioned material consists of samples that are genuine, simulated or disguised. After completion of the trial, the examiner receives a Revision and Corrective Action Package, which includes an explanation of how the trial was created, the correct answers, a breakdown of participants’ results, and a self-assessment segment. An examiner who has completed one year of trials may opt to receive a profiling certificate that provides such data as the individual’s error and conservancy rates for various types of writing.

This poster will present one examiner’s personal experience with the validation trials. It will discuss the learning curve associated with taking the trials, how the trials are set up, the use of the Revision and Corrective Action Package, the information presented on the certificate, and the benefits of participation in the trials.

CD ONLY

• Digital Image Processing in Forensic Handwriting Examination Peter E. Baier

Abstract: The aim of the presentation is that an electronic visualizer in the practical work of the questioned document examiner should be an indispensable device. With the assistance of a concrete case, it will be shown that even though in the first instance, questions appear unsolvable, they will be solved without a doubt by the help of modern technology. A fully invisible text on the backside of a blue carbon paper will be identified and the superimposition of the subsequent addition of text fragments will be shown on a receipt. The implemented methods will be briefly presented and the findings interpreted by the decipherment of the transmittal demonstrated.

• A Study on the Influence of Light Social Drinking on Writing of Chinese in Hong Kong Patrick Yau-Sang Cheng, Amy Yee May Leung

Abstract: A study on the effect of light social drinking on handwriting of Chinese, English, Arabic numerals and some geometric shapes of the Chinese population in Hong Kong has been made. A group of 151 occasional to habitual drinkers participated in the study. The results confirm the observations made by other authors in other situations of drinking that in general an increase in size, spacing, and pressure would be expected along with possible writing mistakes. The other aspects of handwriting such as the quality of writing, writing characteristics including writing movements, alignment and slant would be largely retained. The writing of geometric shapes after light drinking largely agrees with that of text writing with the exceptions explained.