The Public Core of the Internet
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The Internet Beyond Borderless Versus Balkanized
POROUS TERRITORIES: THE INTERNET BEYOND BORDERLESS VERSUS BALKANIZED LUKE MUNN Western Sydney University (Australia) [email protected] Abstract: If the internet was once viewed as a borderless realm, critics now warn it is in danger of being “balkanized”, splintering into nationalized fragments. Certainly nation-states increasingly see the Internet as “their” internet, a national space to be regulated and actively shaped. The first half of this article charts the technologies that appear to place this vision within reach: data localization, internet shutdowns, and internet filtering. These moves promise to exert sovereign control, to make the inter- net an extension of national territory. Yet by drawing on two recent events in China, this article argues that these territories are messy and their borders are permeable. Pro-government activists jump across the firewall in order to attack individuals and organizations who threaten the stability and security of their motherland. Simultane- ously, individuals scale the firewall in order to question the party line and express solidarity with democratic movements, undermining the political and technical boundaries established by their nation. Internet architectures create a condition where territorialization is constantly being both amplified and undermined by “extra- territorial” activities. These practices demonstrate the everyday porosity of internet territories, providing a messier portrait that goes beyond the dichotomy of borderless vs balkanized. Keywords: territory, fragmentation, balkanization, internet, China. When nations speak of the internet today, they no longer use the language of the virtual, but of soil. At the dawn of the internet, cyberspace was framed as a new realm decoupled from the state. This digital sphere stretched across the globe, making it essentially ungovernable. -
Threat Modeling and Circumvention of Internet Censorship by David Fifield
Threat modeling and circumvention of Internet censorship By David Fifield A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor J.D. Tygar, Chair Professor Deirdre Mulligan Professor Vern Paxson Fall 2017 1 Abstract Threat modeling and circumvention of Internet censorship by David Fifield Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Professor J.D. Tygar, Chair Research on Internet censorship is hampered by poor models of censor behavior. Censor models guide the development of circumvention systems, so it is important to get them right. A censor model should be understood not just as a set of capabilities|such as the ability to monitor network traffic—but as a set of priorities constrained by resource limitations. My research addresses the twin themes of modeling and circumvention. With a grounding in empirical research, I build up an abstract model of the circumvention problem and examine how to adapt it to concrete censorship challenges. I describe the results of experiments on censors that probe their strengths and weaknesses; specifically, on the subject of active probing to discover proxy servers, and on delays in their reaction to changes in circumvention. I present two circumvention designs: domain fronting, which derives its resistance to blocking from the censor's reluctance to block other useful services; and Snowflake, based on quickly changing peer-to-peer proxy servers. I hope to change the perception that the circumvention problem is a cat-and-mouse game that affords only incremental and temporary advancements. -
Data Localization Requirements Across Different Jurisdictions 70
The Localisation Gambit Unpacking Policy Measures for Sovereign Control of Data in India 19th March, 2019 By Arindrajit Basu, Elonnai Hickok, and Aditya Singh Chawla Edited by Pranav M Bidare, Vipul Kharbanda, and Amber Sinha Research Assistance Anjanaa Aravindan The Centre for Internet and Society, India Acknowledgements 2 Executive Summary 3 Introduction 9 Methodology 10 Defining and Conceptualizing Sovereign Control of Data 11 Mapping of Current Policy Measures for Localization of Data in India 13 The Draft Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018 13 Draft E-commerce Policy (s) 17 RBI Notification on ‘Storage of Payment System Data’ 19 Draft E-Pharmacy Regulations 20 FDI Policy 2017 20 National Telecom M2M Roadmap 21 Unified Access License for Telecom 21 Companies Act, 2013 and Rules 21 The IRDAI (Outsourcing of Activities by Indian Insurers) Regulations, 2017 22 Guidelines on Contractual Terms Related to Cloud Services 22 Reflecting on Objectives, Challenges and Implications of National Control of Data 24 Enabling Innovation and Economic Growth 24 Enhancing National Security and Law Enforcement Access 34 Law Enforcement Access 34 Protecting Against Foreign Surveillance 36 Threat to fibre-optic cables 37 Widening Tax Base 40 Data Sovereignty and India’s Trade Commitments 41 A Survey of Stakeholder Responses 48 Data Localisation Around the World 49 Conclusions and Recommended Approaches 61 Annexure I 70 Mapping Data Localization Requirements Across Different Jurisdictions 70 Annexure 2 75 A survey of stakeholder responses 75 1 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Pranav MB, Vipul Kharbanda, Amber Sinha, and Saumyaa Naidu for their invaluable edits and comments on the draft. -
"Splinternet" – Danger for Our Citizens, Businesses and Society?
"Splinternet" – Danger for our citizens, businesses and society? Once upon a time, there was the World Wide Web (www). Just as it was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. John Perry Barlow wrote the "Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace" in 1996. The Internet was a great promise of freedom. It worked like a continuation of the Gutenberg invention, the printing press: the Internet gave a voice to all citizens whose views and attitudes were suppressed by the media and elites. This had and has great political consequences. 30 years later the opinion about the internet changed: It was thought that monopoly companies like Google, Facebook, etc. control Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, and therefore control us. However, politics followed suit and began to regulate. The concern now is that the state will disenfranchise citizens and restrict companies. There is a fear of new totalitarian regimes. And in this situation, the Internet ("splinternet") is increasingly fragmented. National "Internet" networks are emerging. States treat the Internet as an extension of their national territory. The most recent example is Russia, where Kremlin laws ensure that national Internet traffic goes through state nodes and the state has the right to shut down the global Internet: a sort of digital Iron Curtain. The champion of the national Internet is China. The state monitors and controls Internet content, blocks foreign services and companies (like Facebook) and replaces them with national services and companies that are in line with the Communist Party. The "Great Firewall" is successful. The number of states imitating China's Internet policy is growing: Iran, North Korea, Cuba, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, but also Thailand and Vietnam etc. -
Blas, Zach. 2016. Contra-Internet. E-Flux Journal, 74, ISSN 2164-1625
Blas, Zach. 2016. Contra-Internet. e-flux journal, 74, ISSN 2164-1625 [Article] https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/18595/ The version presented here may differ from the published, performed or presented work. Please go to the persistent GRO record above for more information. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Goldsmiths, University of London via the following email address: [email protected]. The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. For more information, please contact the GRO team: [email protected] Zach Blas 1 of 5 e-flux journal #74 (2016) CONTRA-INTERNET 1. Killing the Internet On January 28th, 2011, only a few days after protests had broken out in Egypt demanding the overthrow of then President Hosni Mubarak, the Egyptian government terminated national access to the internet. This state-sponsored shutdown became known as flipping the internet’s“kill switch.” Intentions motivating the killing of the internet in Egypt were to block protestors from coordinating with one another and the dissemination of any media about the uprising, especially to those outside of the country. Peculiarly, it is a death that only lasted five days, as internet access was soon reinstated. More precisely, the internet kill switch unfolded as a series of political demands and technical operations. Egyptian Internet Service Providers, such as Telecom Egypt, Raya, and Link Egypt, were ordered to cancel their routing services, which had the effect of stymying internet connectivity through these major companies. -
Internet Drift: How the Internet Is Likely to Splinter and Fracture
Steve Song Internet Drift: How the Internet is Likely to Splinter and Fracture Future-Proofing Digital our Digital Rights Freedom Fund Future-Proofing our Digital Rights Steve Song Internet Drift: How the Internet is Likely to Splinter and Fracture The idea of a “splinternet” or “Balkanization” of the internet is not new, although the exact manner by which this is becoming a reality is evolving. Early discussions on the topic focused around cultural or policy differences and extraterritoriality that could result in a fractioned internet. For example, China’s Great Firewall is implementation of a national policy which creates an “intranet” connected to the greater Internet. However, there is another shift in internet infrastructure that is less talked of and even more fundamental to its functioning – the physical backbone of fi- bre optic cables crossing oceans and international borders that enables the relatively seamless experience of the Internet regardless of location. Increas- ingly investment and ultimately ownership and control of the cables used to transport information across the world is moving away from telecommunica- tions operators. One example is the increased investment in and ownership of trans-oceanic cables by application and service providers, or platforms, such as Google, Facebook, and Microsoft. Another is the strategic investment in undersea cables by nation states as part of a geo-political cyber strategy. 2 Internet Drift: How the Internet is Likely to Splinter and Fracture Internet Giants and Undersea Cables Historically, undersea cables were either publicly owned or owned and oper- ated by telecommunications network operators (telcos) which had little to do with content or application delivery, unlike digital platforms like Google, Face- book and others that are now beginning to expand their private networks. -
Regulation 2.0 in a Web 3.0 World
REGULATION 2.0 IN A WEB 3.0 WORLD ISTANBUL, TURKEY APRIL 2013 1 SCENE SETTING 2 What is news? News is the communication of selected information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth [the media] to a third-party or mass audience. Italics mine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News 3 Why regulate the media? • The management of what is arguably the key economic resource in the emerging `information society', with a very high dependence on all forms of communication. • The protection of public order and support for instruments of government and justice. • The protection of individual and sectional rights and interests that might be harmed by unrestricted use of public means of communication. • The promotion of the efficiency and development of the communication system, by way of technical standardization, innovation, connectivity and universal provision. • The promotion of access, freedom to communicate, diversity and universal provision as well as securing communicative and cultural ends chosen by the people for themselves. • Maintaining conditions for effective operation of free markets in media services, especially competition and access, protection of consumers, stimulating innovation and expansion. Source: http://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/media/ms7501/mod2unit11/index.htm 4 Current examples • Twittergate – Superinjunctions and Lord MacAlpine – Slander via citizens using digital technology to produce user generated content • Phone hacking and Leveson – Journalists acquiring private data -
SIPA Capstone Assessing Social Media-Driven Influence Operations in Latin America
SIPA Capstone Assessing Social Media-Driven Influence Operations in Latin America Client FireEye Advisor Neal Pollard Team Timothy Lehey Daniel O’Quinn Edward Shim Jonathan Song Fan Zhang Acknowledgements. The Columbia SIPA Capstone team would like to extend its gratitude to any individuals or organizations that contributed to the Capstone project and assisted in advancing our research. Professor Neal Pollard, Adjunct Professor of International and Public Affairs, whose advising and mentoring was critical to the overall success of the Capstone project. Luke McNamara and the rest of the FireEye team, who were always available to answer our questions and provide feedback. Suzanne Hollman and Saleha Awal for their logistical support and backing for unique opportunities that presented themselves along the way. United States Southern Command and Special Operations Command South for taking an interest in our research and making its personnel available for consultation. All the interviewees that provided their expertise and participated in our project. Your input was instrumental in advancing our research.1 1 Any views expressed herein are the authors’ own and do not necessarily represent those of SIPA. 1 Executive Summary Given the recent rise and influence of social media in Latin America (LA), social media (SM) has become the platform of choice for actors seeking to influence public opinion and, in effect, the electoral process. With social media-driven influence of the 2016 U.S. Presidential election dominating headlines and with six Latin American (LA) national elections in 2018, there is concern that SMDIO may impact elections. “Social media” in LA encompasses platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Instagram, and related messaging platforms. -
Effect of Telecommunications Deregulation on the Deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Texas and at the Texas-Mexico Border
Technical Reoort Documentation Paee 1. ReportNo. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. TTl/ITS RCE-97/02 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date EFFECT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEREGULATION ON June 1997 THE DEPLOYMENT OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION 6. Perfonning Organization Code SYSTEMS IN TEXAS AND AT THE TEXAS-MEXICO BORDER 7. Author(s) 8. Perfonning Organization Report No. Marcia L. Pincus 9. Perfonning Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Texas Transportation Institute The Texas A&M University System 11. Contract or Grant No. College Station, TX 77843-3135 DTFH61-93-X-00017-004 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Texas A&M ITS RCE Final: Texas Transportation Institute February 1996 - February 1997 The Texas A&M University System 14. Sponsoring Agency Code College Station, TX 77843-3135 15. Supplementary Notes Research supported by a cooperative agreement from the Federal Highway Administration, ITS Research Centers of Excellence Program. Additional support for this research rpovided by the Texas Department of Transportation and the Texas Transportation Institute Research Project: Improve Transportation Efficiency in the U.S.-Mexico Border Area Through the Use of ITS 16. Absttact In 1996, the U.S. and Mexico passed legislation to deregulate their telecommunications industries. In both countries, telecommunications deregulation dramatically changed the nature of the competitive relationships between telecommunications service and equipment providers, as well as changing the nature of the market in general. These changes will affect the development and use of individual telecommunications technologies, and will also affect the nature of public-private partnerships for the research, development, and deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), particularly at the U.S.-Mexico border. -
Emerging Global Markets: a Five-Country Comparative Study Frank Cost
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Books 2007 Emerging global markets: A Five-country comparative study Frank Cost Stanley Widrick Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/books Recommended Citation Cost, Frank and Widrick, Stanley, "Emerging global markets: A Five-country comparative study" (2007). Accessed from http://scholarworks.rit.edu/books/9 This Full-Length Book is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emerging Global Print Markets: A Five-Country Comparative Study By Stanley Widrick, Ph.D. Senior Associate Dean E. Philip Saunders College of Business Rochester Institute of Technology Frank Cost Associate Dean College of Imaging Arts and Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology A Research Monograph of the Printing Industry Center at RIT No. PICRM-2006-06 Emerging Global Print Markets: A Five-Country Comparative Study Part A By Stanley Widrick, Ph.D. Senior Associate Dean E. Philip Saunders College of Business Rochester Institute of Technology Frank Cost Associate Dean College of Imaging Arts and Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology A Research Monograph of the Printing Industry Center at RIT Rochester, NY October 2007 PICRM-2006-06 © 2007 Printing Industry Center at RIT— All rights reserved. i With Thanks The research agenda of the Printing Industry Center at RIT and the publication of research findings are supported by the following organizations: bc ii Widrick & Cost (PICRM-2006-06) Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... -
Redalyc.Information Technologies and the Evolution of the Digital Divide In
Análisis Económico ISSN: 0185-3937 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco México Merritt, Humberto Information technologies and the evolution of the digital divide in Mexico: a public policy approach Análisis Económico, vol. XXVI, núm. 62, 2011, pp. 119-137 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Azcapotzalco Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=41319914007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Information technologies and the evolution of the digital divide in Mexico:… 119 Análisis Económico Núm. 62, vol. XXVI Segundo cuatrimestre de 2011 Information technologies and the evolution of the digital divide in Mexico: a public policy approach (Recibido: febrero/011–aprobado: junio/011) Humberto Merritt* Abstract The rapid diffusion of Information Technologies (ITs) has noticeably influenced the ability of societies to stimulate economic growth and development. Among these technologies, the Internet stands out due to its contribution to the advancement of education, learning and knowledge. Hence, the commitment of some developing nations like Mexico to the diffu- sion of the Internet has become a top issue in their policy agendas. However, the country’s promotion of this technology has undergone a number of setbacks, mainly due to a misin- terpretation of the factors causing the so-called ‘digital divide’. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the rationale for governmental intervention regarding the diffusion of the Internet in Mexico. -
Can We Fix the Internet?
Fighting Fake Can We Fix the Internet? As governments around the world have struggled with the coronavirus pandemic, one service has performed with surprising robustness, the Internet. But like so much technology these days we take the Internet for granted — at least until our broadband goes down... And yet problems on and with the system are growing, and there are fears about security. If we want to maintain the many services we currently enjoy / rely on, we are going to have get serious about fixing the underlying architecture — and fight off attempts to Balkanise the Web. Midway through a pandemic may not seem a good time to be asking probing questions about the operation of the Internet, but time is not on our side. In November the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) is scheduled to hold a major conference in India, where a delegation from China will make proposals for a new IP and if it (and covert lobbying and arm twisting) are successful, it could be a game-changer. The new protocol may well “support faster broadband” (as China claims), but it will also enable authoritarian regimes around the world to have even more control over their citizens. The primary purpose of this paper is to try to explain the nature of ‘The Problem’ in accessible language.1 But to set this in context I’ve started with a comment on the contribution that the Internet makes to (and takes from) the world economy. 1 What’s the Internet worth? Many brave individuals have tried to estimate the Internet’s economic value.