Drinking Research at US EPA’s Office of Research and Development Simoni Triantafyllidou US EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD)

Virginia Tech EWR Student Seminar

April 16, 2021 1 A bit about me

Technical • Bachelor’s in Environmental Engineering University of Crete, Greece

• M.S. in Environmental Engineering • Ph.D. in Civil Engineering

• ORISE post-doctoral fellow

• Environmental Engineer at US EPA’s Office of Research and Development-ORD

2 A bit about EPA EPA Mission Protect Health and the Environment

Program Offices (Air, Water, Waste, Chemicals) Regional Offices Primary Interface • Policies • Congressional with States • Regulations mandates

National Decisions Implementation

Office of Research and Development (ORD)

Scientific Foundation 3 Research and Development at EPA’s ORD

ORD is the technical arm of EPA ORD at a Glance Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response (CESER) in Cincinnati:

We conduct applied stakeholder-driven research and provide technical support

4 Research and Development at EPA’s ORD • About 2,000 employees

• Lab or research facilities across the U.S.

Office of Research and Development (ORD)

Center for Environmental Research and Emergency Response (CESER)

Water Infrastructure Division (WID) Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center (AWBERC) Drinking Water Management Branch Cincinnati, OH (DWMB) 5 Christy Muhlen Who We Are ORD CESER

In Cincinnati Darren Lytle Dan Williams

Jonathan Simoni Mike DeSantis Jennifer Tully Mike Schock Regan Murray Burkhardt Triantafyllidou

Casey Formal Steve Harmon Evelyne Doré Mariah Caballero 6 6 Drinking Water Treatment

Sustainable Drinking Aquatic Water General Chemistry Infrastructure Research Areas

Public Corrosion Health Science

7 Home Plumbing Simulator (HPS) Faucet 2

A Simulated Household Plumbing System to Faucet 3 Faucet 4 Understand and Corrosion: • Leaded brass faucet, leaded solder, LSL (added in 5th year of operation) Effects on Pb of: • Water Use Patterns Faucet 1 • Sampling Protocols

Excavated Lead Service Line

8 8 Home Plumbing Simulator (HPS)

Faucet 1: Faucets 2-4: Faucet 2-4 Brass Utility Faucet Chrome Faucet interior

Toilet Showerhead Hot Water Heater 9 Home Plumbing Simulator (HPS)

Lytle et al (2021) Water Research https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117071 10 Hydraulic Lead Modeling

11 Hydraulic Lead Modeling

Burkhardt et al. (2020) Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001304

12 Advanced Materials and Solids Analysis Research Core X-Ray (AMSARC) Diffraction - Research and technical support efforts - Largest repository of excavated lead pipes in North America (1989-2020) - Diverse equipment and expertise X-Ray for a suite of scale analyses Fluorescence developed over 30 years - AMSARC Factsheet: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF. cgi?Dockey=P100E4QV.txt Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

13 AMSARC Pipe Scale Analysis

14 AMSARC Water Quality and Pipe Deposit Relationships

22 midwest systems, analyzed versus predicted pipe Multiple wells and mixed water qualities scales within same system, analyzed pipe scales

12 11 Predicted 10 Obtained

8 6 6 5 5

4 3

NUMBER OF SYSTEMS 2 1 0 Cerussite Hydrocerussite Phosphates MINERAL PHASES

13 of 22 systems contained scales that were not Within distribution system, water predicted quality variation effect on scales Schock et al. (2014), JAWWA Tully et al. (2019), AWWA Water Science 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1127 https://doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0064 Lead Service Line Identification

Assessment of different tools, including relative pros and cons

Utility Cost Disturbance Impact to Homeowner Utility Skills Required Overall

Homeowner Water Onsite Pre-/Post- Service Traffic Property involvement Technical Financial service Labor Time Accuracy time time line flow damage (includes pre- interpretation disruption /post-time) LSL ID Method Community L or M (if M to H (L if Records Review digitized) NA digitized) None None None None None L to M None M L to H Basic/Visual Observations (on private-side) L L L to M None None None None L L L L M to H Water Quality Sampling-Flushed L L M to H None None None None L M L M L to M Water Quality Sampling- Sequential M L M to H None None M None M to H M L to M M L to H Water Quality Sampling- Targeted L L M to H None None M None M to H M L to M M M Excavation- Mechanical H H M to H H M to H H H L L to M H H H Excavation- Vacuum M to H L to M M to H M L to M M to H M to H L M M to H M M to H Hensley et al. (2021) Under Review in AWWA Water Science 16 Lead Nanoparticle and Filtration Studies Particles in tank water, influent to faucet filter

Filter mode By-pass mode

Particles in effluent of faucet filter (were not removed by filter)

No filter (total lead) Ultrafiltration (“soluble” lead)

0.2 µm syringe filter

Doré et al (2021) Under Review in Water Research Lytle et al (2020) ES&T https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c03797 Lytle et al (2020) Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2020.1810498 17 Variability and sampling of lead in tap water

Pb variability Contributing Factors Pb spatial Water chemistry (corrosivity) & variability hydraulic disturbances Pb temporal Pb plumbing materials, variability dimensions, configurations Particulate vs dissolved Pb Individual water use patterns for drinking or cooking Pb in concentration water

What constitutes a “representative” water sample? Triantafyllidou et al (2021), Environment International https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106259 18 Sample collection: What question(s) are you trying to answer?

QUESTION(S): SAMPLE FOR: • Pb regulatory compliance in a certain jurisdiction: 1. Pb regulatory compliance • Does the water meet a regulatory standard for Pb?

• Where is the Pb coming from? 2. Pb plumbing sources • What form of Pb is present determination and/or (dissolved/ particulate)? Pb form identification

• What is the average exposure to Pb in water in this community? 3. Pb exposure assessment • What is the average exposure to

Pb in water in this household? 19 SAMPLE TYPE SAMPLE PROTOCOL SUMMARY OBJECTIVE & QUESTION(S)

First Draw, US* - Overnight water stagnation (6+ hr) 1. Lead regulatory compliance in a certain - 90th percentile Pb < 15 µg/L - Collect 1 L jurisdiction: Random Daytime (RDT), UK - Collect during random work hours (i.e., variable stagnation) • Does the water meet a regulatory standard - 95th percentile Pb < 10 µg/L - Collect 1 L for Pb?

30 Min. Stagnation (30MS), Ontario Canada - 2 to 5 min. preflush - Pb <10 µg/L (5 µg/L considered) - 30 min. stagnation - Collect first two liters & average Pb results Profile (or else sequential) - Defined stagnation time 1. Lead plumbing sources determination - Collect 10 to 20 sequential samples of defined volume (125 mL, 250 and/or lead form identification: mL, 1 L, etc.) Fully flushed - No stagnation • Where is the Pb coming from? - Flush out several piping volumes - Collect 1 L School guidance, US - Overnight stagnation (8-18 hr) - Collect first 250 mL from all taps and fountains

Particle stimulation Profile sampling repeated at increasingly higher water flow rate: low, • What form of Pb is present (dissolved/ medium, and high flow rate particulate)? - 5 min stagnation - Collect first liter at maximum flow rate, open and close tap five times, fill rest of bottle at normal flow rate - Collect second liter at a normal flow rate - Collect third liter the same way as the first RDT - Collect statistically sufficient RDT samples (explained above) at 1. Average Pb Exposure Assessment at homes across community community level or household level • What is the average exposure to Pb in Composite proportional - Sampling device diverts fixed proportion (e.g., 5%) of water every water in this community? (automatic or manual) time water is drawn for consumption - Cumulative water samples may alternatively be collected manually at • What is the average exposure to Pb in each water consumption event (typically no more than 3 L) water in this household? - Over extended period of time (e.g., 1 day to 1-2 weeks) Triantafyllidou et al., 2021 20 Field analyzers for Pb in water

Doré, et al. (2020) Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1782654

21 Field analyzers for Pb in water

ASV analyzer Fluorescence analyzer 22 Field analyzers for Pb in water

Wasserstrom et al. (2019), WQTC Proceedings Triantafyllidou et al. (2021), Datasets’ complication paper under development

23 Technical Support

As tracked from 2015 to 2020

Muhlen et al (2020) Technical Support Summary, Water Infrastructure Division, Fiscal Year 2019. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm? dirEntryId=349782&Lab=CESER

24 …current reality the good old times…

cdc.gov 25 Contact

Simoni Triantafyllidou, PhD Environmental Engineer Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response US EPA Office of Research and Development [email protected] 513-569-7075

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the US EPA. Any mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute EPA endorsement or recommendation for use. 26 How we communicate our research & technical support Peer-review journal articles: Our journal articles now become freely accessible after about a year of publication in a journal! • Hensley, K., Bosscher, V., Triantafyllidou, S., Lytle, D. Lead Service Line Identification: A Review of Strategies and Approaches. Submitted to AWWA Water Science, 2021 • Lytle, D., Formal, C., Cahalan, K., Muhlen, C., Triantafyllidou, S. The Impact of Sampling Approach and Daily Water Usage on Lead Levels Measured at the Tap. Water Research, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117071 • Triantafyllidou, S., Burkhardt, J., Tully, J., Cahalan, K., DeSantis, M., Lytle, D., Schock, M. Variability and Sampling of Lead (Pb) in Drinking Water: Assessing Potential Human Exposure Depends on the Sampling Protocol. Environment International, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106259 [JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS] • Doré, E., Lytle, D.A., Wasserstrom, L., Swertfeger, J., Triantafyllidou, S. Field Analyzers for Lead Quantification in Drinking Water Samples. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2020.1782654 • Burkhardt, J. B., Woo, H., Mason, J., Triantafyllidou, S., Schock, M., Lytle, D., Murray, R. A Framework for Modeling Lead in Premise Plumbing Systems using EPANET. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001304 • DeSantis, M.K., Schock, M. R. Tully, J., Bennett-Stamper, C. Orthophosphate Interactions with Destabilized PbO2 Scales. Environmental Science and Technology, 2020. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.0c03027 • Lytle, D.A., Schock, M. R., Formal, C., Bennett-Stamper, C., Harmon, S., Nadagouda, M.N., Williams, D., DeSantis, M. K., Tully, J., Pham, M. Lead Particle Size Fractionation and Identification in Newark, New Jersey’s Drinking Water. Environmental Science and Technology, 2020 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c03797 • Tully, J.; DeSantis, M. K.; Schock, M. R. Water Quality–Pipe Deposit Relationships in Midwestern Lead Pipes. AWWA Water Science 2019, 1 (2), e1127. https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1127[JOURNAL OPEN ACCESS in March 2019], 27 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7336533/ [EPA PUBLIC ACCESS in July 2020] How we communicate our research & technical support

EPA Science Matters Newsletters (Freely accessible at https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters) • Scaling Back: EPA Researchers Help Communities Protect Drinking Water Systems from Lead, April 8, 2019 • Revealing the Complicated of Tap Water Lead Contamination: A Madison, Wisconsin, Case Study, July 30, 2018 • Identifying the Best Lead Sampling Techniques to Protect Public Health, October 22, 2018 Fact Sheets (Freely accessible) • How to Identify Lead Free Certification Marks for Drinking Water System and Plumbing Products • Consumer Tool for Identifying POU Drinking Water Filters Certified to Reduce Lead Workshops • EPA 17th Small Drinking Water Systems Annual Workshop in Cincinnati, September 1-3, 2020. - Presentations: Lead Particulate Release (Lytle), Practical Insights from Theoretical Lead Solubility Modeling (Wahman) - Break-out sessions and training sessions on corrosion Technical Support Summaries, including lead (Freely accessible) Technical Support Summary, Water Infrastructure Division, Fiscal Year 2019 Webinars • ORD/OW Small Systems Monthly Webinar Series Lead Management in Homes and Buildings, DeSantis, Tully, and Latham, March 26, 2019 28