In cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation

Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams

Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4250

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams

By J.F. Walker and W.R. Krug

In cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation

Water-Resources Investigations Report 03–4250

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2003

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/

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Cover and envelope photo: Wisconsin River at flood stage, Nekoosa, Wisconsin (date unknown); source: Bonnie Young postcard collection, McMillan Memorial Library, Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin. iii

Contents

Abstract...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 Previous Work ...... 1 Purpose and Scope ...... 1 Acknowledgments...... 2 Flood-Peak Data-Collection Network...... 2 Flood-Frequency Analysis...... 2 Regression Analysis and Flood-Frequency Equations ...... 2 Drainage-Basin Characteristics...... 3 Flood-Frequency Areas in Wisconsin ...... 4 Flood-Frequency Equations and Accuracy Evaluation ...... 4 Application of Estimation Techniques...... 8 Sites at Streamflow-Gaging Stations ...... 8 Sites on Streams near Streamflow-Gaging Stations...... 13 Sites on Streams Without Streamflow-Gaging Stations...... 14 Sites on Regulated Streams...... 14 Summary and Conclusions...... 15 References Cited ...... 15

Plates

1. Map of Wisconsin showing location of streamflow-gaging stations, crest-stage partial-record stations, and regulation stations ...... in envelope 2. Map of Wisconsin showing soil permeability...... in envelope

Figures

1-3. Maps showing: 1. 25-year, 24-hour rainfall in Wisconsin by climatic section...... 5 2. Mean annual snowfall from 1961 through 1990 in Wisconsin ...... 6 3. Flood-frequency areas in Wisconsin...... 7 4-7. Graphs showing relation of discharge to drainage area for selected flood frequencies along the main stem of the: 4. Menominee River, Wisconsin and Michigan...... 12 5. Wisconsin River, Wisconsin...... 12 6. Chippewa River, Wisconsin...... 12 7. Flambeau River, Wisconsin...... 12 iv

Tables

1. Comparison of regression results for ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized least squares (GLS) ...... 9 2. Flood-frequency equations for streams in Wisconsin ...... 10 3. Ranges of basin characteristics used in regression analysis ...... 11

Appendix

A-1. Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency network ...... 18 A-2. Drainage-basin characteristics for rural streamflow-gaging stations in Wisconsin ...... 30 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams

By J.F. Walker and W.R. Krug

Abstract peak data, refining the geographic areas, and including snowfall as an independent variable. The next version of the Flood-frequency characteristics for 312 gaged sites on report (Conger, 1981) included updated flood-peak data, Wisconsin streams are presented for recurrence intervals refined the geographic areas, and added rainfall intensity of 2 to 100 years using flood-peak data collected through as an independent variable. The fourth incarnation of the water year 2000. Equations of the relations between flood- report (Krug and others, 1992) included updated flood-peak frequency and drainage-basin characteristics were devel- data, provided further refinement of the geographic areas, oped by multiple-regression analyses. Flood-frequency and included an evaluation of alternative land-use data characteristics for ungaged sites on unregulated, rural and various regionalization techniques. Other reports that streams can be estimated by use of these equations. The include methods for estimating flood-frequency characteris- state was divided into five areas with similar physiographic tics of Wisconsin streams were done by Wiitala (1965) and characteristics. The most significant basin characteristics Patterson and Gamble (1968). This report uses the same are drainage area, main-channel slope, soil permeability, geographic areas as in the previous report (Krug and others, storage, rainfall intensity, and forest cover. The standard 1992), includes additional flood-peak data, and updates error of prediction for the equation for the 100-year flood the values for snowfall and rainfall intensity. Additional discharge ranges from 22 to 44 percent in the state. A data used in this report increase the confidence in estimat- graphical method for estimating flood-frequency character- ing techniques and supersede those published in previous istics of regulated streams was developed from the rela- reports. tion of discharge and drainage area. Graphs for the major regulated streams are presented. Purpose and Scope

This report includes a description of flood-frequency Introduction characteristics of Wisconsin streams where annual peak streamflow data have been collected, presents equations for Flood-frequency information is needed for the design estimating flood-frequency characteristics at ungaged sites, of bridges, culverts, highways, flood-protection structures, and includes a discussion of the development of the equa- and for effective flood-plain management. This study was tions. Additional flood-peak data were collected at the crest- done in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of gage stations at most of the same sites as previous studies, Transportation. This report is the fifth within a long-term with the data-collection period ending in 2000. These sta- study of flood-frequency characteristics of Wisconsin tions help provide a uniform distribution of sites throughout streams. Collectively these studies make up what is referred the state and a long-term record of flood-peak data. to as the flood-frequency project. Because operation of continuous-record streamflow- gaging stations is not part of the flood-frequency proj- ect, the locations and lengths of record at these sites are Previous Work controlled by other needs. Therefore, the distribution and The first report in the series (Ericson, 1961) developed lengths of record are not as uniform as at crest-gage sites. two sets of regression equations (with and without chan- Continuous-record flood-peak data in this study were col- nel slope as a parameter) for several geographic areas in lected at 175 streamflow-gaging stations whereas the data the state. The second report in the series (Conger, 1971) used by Conger (1981) were collected at 78 stations. updated the original report by including additional flood- 2 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams

Acknowledgments Flood-Frequency Analysis

Mari Dantz and Bernard Lenz of the Wisconsin Flood-frequency analyses define the relation of flood- District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) were peak magnitude to probability of exceedance or recur- instrumental in updating rainfall and snowfall data and rence interval. Probability of exceedance is the percentage performing some of the preliminary regression analyses. chance that a given flood magnitude will be exceeded in any year. Recurrence interval is the reciprocal of percent probability of exceedance divided by 100 and is the aver- Flood-Peak Data-Collection Network age number of years between exceedances. For example, a flood having a probability of exceedance of 1 percent Flood-peak data used in this study were collected has a recurrence interval of 100 years. Recurrence inter- at 137 crest-gage stations and 175 continuous-record vals imply no regularity of exceedance; a 100-year flood streamflow-gaging stations located throughout the state might be exceeded in consecutive years or it might not be (plate 1). Only the peak stage of a flood is recorded at a exceeded in a 100-year period. crest-stage station. The recorded maximum stage for each Flood-frequency analyses were performed at all rural year is converted to discharge by a stage-discharge relation streamflow-gaging stations with a period of record equal to for each station. At continuous-record streamflow-gaging or exceeding 10 years. Guidelines in Interagency Advisory stations, a continuous record of stream stage is recorded. Committee on Water Data (1982)(commonly referred to as The maximum stage for the year is selected and is con- Bulletin 17B) were used to fit logarithms of annual peak verted to discharge by a stage-discharge relation. Stations discharges to the Pearson Type III distribution. For stations with at least 10 years of record located on rural streams on unregulated streams, the generalized skew from the were included. On the basis of these criteria, 312 stations map in Bulletin 17B was weighted with the station skew were included in the report. Flood-peak data are available to give a weighted skew. Estimates of discharges at several for 104 crest-gage stations and for 108 streamflow-gag- recurrence intervals in the range from 2 to 100 years for ing stations now operated (2000) and from 33 crest-gage each station were computed and are given in Appendix stations and 67 streamflow-gaging stations that have been table A-1. discontinued. Of the continuous-record stations, 32 are on Sites on the main stem of the Wisconsin River streams that are regulated. Sites were classified as regu- received additional analyses. Krug and House (1980) lated based on knowledge of the flow system and hydro- modeled the system of reservoirs and their operation to logic judgement. The 104 crest-gage stations are operated simulate the flood peaks on the Wisconsin River for water as part of the flood-frequency project. Most of the crest years 1915 through 1976. The flood frequencies given gages have been operated since the late 1950’s or early for the Wisconsin River in this study (Appendix table 1960’s. Several stations started to operate around 1970 in A-2) include the simulated peaks (Krug and House, 1980, northeastern Wisconsin when the first analysis of the data Appendix B) and the observed peaks for water years 1977 showed the need for more data in this area. Data through through 2000. These flood frequencies are considered the 2000 water year were used for the analysis in this the most up-to-date estimates of the flood potential of the report. Therefore, at least 28 years of flood-peak data existing system of reservoirs and their operating policies. were used for most stations; however, about 18 years of flood-peak data were used for some stations in the north- eastern part of the state. Regression Analysis and Flood- Annual peak stages and discharges for all crest-gage stations and streamflow-gaging stations used in the study Frequency Equations are available by request from the Wisconsin District Office of USGS or from the world-wide-web on the internet via Multiple-regression analysis was used to estimate the the following URL: http://waterdata.usgs.gov/wi/nwis/ relation between flood discharges for given frequencies peak. and drainage-basin characteristics for 200 selected stream- flow-gaging stations in Wisconsin. The sites selected, which were the same as those used by Krug and others (1992), were rural, unregulated sites with at least 10 years of record and known basin characteristics. The multiple Regression Analysis and Flood-Frequency Equations 3

regression technique is a means of transferring flood-peak stations and crest gages. This network analysis capability characteristics from sites where observed data are available may prove to be useful in future studies. to ungaged locations. The relation is presented by flood- frequency equations. Drainage-Basin Characteristics The regression equations are used to relate the most significant drainage-basin characteristics (independent The drainage-basin characteristics determined by variables) to flood-peak characteristics (dependent vari- the multiple-regression analyses to be significant were

ables; Q2, Q5…, Q100). The multiple-regression model can drainage area, main-channel slope, storage, forest cover, be expressed in the following form: 25-year precipitation index, mean annual snowfall, and soil permeability. The characteristics used in the regression α a b c… m QT = A B C M (1) equations are listed in Appendix table A-2 at the back of this report for each station. They are defined as follows: where 1. Drainage area (A), in square miles, is the area con- QT is flood magnitude, in cubic feet per second, having a T-year recurrence tributing directly to surface runoff. This area can be interval; planimetered from topographic maps or can be taken directly for some sites from the report on drainage α is regression constant defined by ares in Wisconsin by Henrich and Daniel (1983). regression analysis; If the drainage area is taken from the report by A, B, C, … M are basin characteristics; and Henrich and Daniel, any area not contributing a, b, c, … m are regression coefficients defined directly to surface runoff should be subtracted by regression analysis. from the total drainage area. This form of the multiple-regression model is 2. Main-channel slope (S), in feet per mile, is the slope achieved by linear regression of the logarithms of the of the stream between points that are 10 percent and variables. 85 percent of the distance along the channel from the The principal method of regression analysis used in streamflow-gaging station to the basin divide, deter- the study is called generalized least squares (GLS) and mined from topographic maps. was developed by Tasker and others (1986) and Stedinger 3. Storage (ST), expressed as a percentage of the and Tasker (1985). This method was used because of its drainage area, includes lakes, ponds, and wetlands theoretical advantages over the ordinary least squares determined from USGS maps and Soil Conservation (OLS) method and the conventional weighted least squares Service data. A constant of 1 percent is added to stor- (WLS) method. age to obtain ST (to avoid zero values in the regres- In the OLS method, all the estimates of T-year floods sion equations). are implicitly assumed to have equal variance; that is, the FOR T-year flood estimate at each streamflow-gaging station 4. Forest cover ( ) is expressed as a percentage of is assumed to be as accurate as the T-year flood estimates the drainage area shown on USGS maps, determined at all other stations used in the regression, regardless of by the grid method, or is data from the Soil Conser- record length and site variability. Furthermore, in the OLS vation Service. A constant of 1 percent is added to FOR method, the concurrent flood peaks at different sites are forest cover to obtain (to avoid zero values in assumed to be uncorrelated or independently distributed. the regression equations).

In general, these two conditions are not met by flood-peak 5. The 25-year precipitation index (I25) is computed by records. The accuracy of the T-year flood estimates varies subtracting 4.2 from the 25-year, 24-hour rainfall, with the length of record and variability of the annual peak expressed in inches (Huff and Angel, 1992). The discharges at each site. Many concurrent annual floods in maximum 25-year, 24-hour rainfall has a recurrence an area are cross-correlated because the stations in the area interval of 25 years. Precipitation indices were com- are subject to similar weather systems. puted for recurrence intervals of 2-, 10-, 25-, 50- and In the GLS method, the variable accuracy of the 100-years. The 25-year recurrence interval subse- T-year flood estimates and the cross-correlation between quently proved to be the best precipitation index stations are considered. With this method, information is for predicting the selected recurrence-interval flood provided for analyzing the network of streamflow-gaging discharges. The 25-year, 24-hour rainfall amounts for 4 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams

the 9 climatic sections in Wisconsin (Huff and Angel, (as described in the previous section) beginning with the

1992) are shown in figure 1. Values of I25 were deter- variable that explains the most variability in the dependent mined at each streamflow-gaging station. variable, and continues with each successive variable that 6. Mean annual snowfall (SN) for 1961 through 1990, in explains the most remaining variability given the effects of inches, is determined from climate data processed by the variables already chosen. A variable was selected when the Spatial Climate Analysis Service at Oregon State its coefficient was determined to be significantly different University (Daly and others, 2000) and is shown in from zero at the 5-percent level (significance level less figure 2. SN is interpolated from the contours for the than 0.05). location of the streamflow-gaging station. To facilitate comparison of various regressions, the standard error of estimate was used (a measure of the 7. Soil permeability (SP), in inches per hour, is based on error in the use of regression equations to predict T-year the least-permeable soil horizon in the soil column. floods at sites used in the regression analysis). Because the The median rate is used for each range of soil perme- regression equations were computed using a logarithmic ability. Ranges of soil permeability were obtained transformation of the dependent and independent variables, from a soils table published by the U.S. Department the standard error in log space was used to determine of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1964) confidence intervals for predictions of the logarithm of a and overlaid on a soils map of Wisconsin (Hole and particular T-year discharge. The true value of the log of others, 1968). The weighted-average soil permeabil- the T-year flood will be within plus or minus one standard ity (SP) is shown on plate 2. A grid is printed on the error of the regression estimate at about two-thirds of the back of plate 2 to facilitate estimating the percent of sites. Because of the nonlinear nature of the logarithmic the basin in each soil-permeability range. transformation, the resulting confidence intervals trans- formed to actual discharges are not symmetrical. For Flood-Frequency Areas in Wisconsin comparison purposes, an “equivalent” standard error as a percent of predicted discharge was computed as follows: The state was divided into five flood-frequency areas by Conger (1981). Several boundaries between areas were SE -SE ESE = 10 –10 (2) adjusted in north-central Wisconsin on the basis of physi- 2 cal characteristics (Krug and others, 1992) and residuals where from the regression equations when applied to particular ESE is the equivalent standard error in sites (fig. 3 and pl. 1). percent of predicted discharge, and The five-area arrangement of the state is useful in SE is the standard error of the logarithm of reducing the errors in the regression equations. Different discharge. basin characteristics are significant in estimating the flood frequency in the various areas. For example, soil permea- Note that the ESE essentially results in a confidence inter- bility is not a significant variable in flood-frequency equa- val that has the same width as the true confidence interval tions for the southern part of the state (areas 1 and 5), but for two-thirds of the predicted values; however, the upper it is significant in the central and northern parts of the state and lower bounds computed with the ESE will not be cor- (areas 2, 3 and 4). Note that the driftless area is contained rect because of the asymmetry of the confidence intervals. almost entirely in area 1 (plate 1 and fig. 3). For most areas, the stepwise procedure results in a slightly different set of independent variables for each of the T-year floods (2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50- and 100-year). Flood-Frequency Equations and Accuracy To maintain consistency, a common set of variables was Evaluation chosen to predict each of the T-year floods in a particular area; in general, the set of variables explaining the most For this study, a combination of OLS and GLS regres- variability of the higher recurrence interval floods (50- sions was used to determine the best-fit regression equa- and 100-year) was chosen. This set of variables was then tions for each flood-frequency area (fig. 3). A stepwise used to estimate the regressions using the GLS procedure. OLS procedure was used as a screening tool to determine Selecting a set of variables that deviates from the stepwise the suite of variables that best predicted the T-year flood results will produce a somewhat diminished accuracy of for each area. The stepwise procedure selects a subset of prediction for the regression. To illustrate the differences variables from a group of candidate basin characteristics Regression Analysis and Flood-Frequency Equations 5

EXPLANATION 4.79 25-year, 24-hour precipitation R hite W Climatic section boundary

Douglas Co.

Tot agatic R Bayfield Co.

Ashland Co. Iron Co. 4.79 Vilas Co. R M u e a Florence Co. n e o Burnett Co. b 4.66 m Washburn Co. i m Marinette Co. n Sawyer Co. a l e

F

e Oneida Co. R

R Price Co. Forest Co. ix ro P C R Rusk Co. e t sh n e t

i l ig p Polk Co. Barron Co. o

a 4.24 p W S A isc R Lincoln Co. o Langlade Co. n

s i R Taylor Co. Marathon Co. n r R a R a w d e Menominee Co. e p St. Croix Co. C ip h Chippewa Co. Oconto Co. d

C R e Pierce Co. r

R Shawano Co. e v o l Door Co. Dunn Co. P Pepin Co. Litt Eau Claire Co. Wood Co. le W W Kewaunee Co. Y o o e l l Buffalo Co. f f

Trempealeau Co. l l R R

o

w Brown Co.

Clark Co. R 4.38 R x M o i F s 4.46 s 5.28 is Portage Co. Waupaca Co. Outagamie Co. s i pp Jackson Co. Manitowoc Co. i R R Juneau Co. lac k B Adams Co. R La Crosse Co. Waushara Co. ox F Calumet Co. Marquette Co. Winnebago Co. Sheboygan Co. Fond du Lac Co. Monroe Co. Green Lake Co. M

Vernon Co. i lw a Dodge Co. u k ee R

R o 5.29 o Crawford Co.p a Columbia Co. Washington Co. k

c i Richland Co. Sauk Co. K Ozaukee Co. 5.18 Jefferson Co. Waukesha Co. 4.66Milwaukee Co. R k Dane Co. oc Iowa Co. S R u F

g o Pe Racinex Co.

c a Grant Co. R a r to R n ic a R Lafayette Co. Green Co. Rock Co. Walworth Co. Kenosha Co.

Base from Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 0 30 60 MILES 1:100,000 digital data, 1998. Wisconsin Transverse Mercator Projection 0 30 60 KILOMETERS

Figure 1. 25-year, 24-hour rainfall in Wisconsin by climatic section (rainfall data from Huff and Angel, 1992). 6 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams

EXPLANATION 6600 Line of equal annual snowfall; te R Whi contour interval 10 inches

Douglas Co.

Tot agatic R Bayfield Co.

Ashland Co. Iron Co. Vilas Co.

R M u e a Florence Co. n e o Burnett Co. b m Washburn Co. 6600 i m Marinette Co. n Sawyer Co. a l e

F

e Oneida Co. R

R Price Co. Forest Co. ix ro P C R Rusk Co. e t sh n e 550 t

i l ig p Polk Co. Barron Co. 0 o a p W S A isc R Lincoln Co. o Langlade Co. n

s i R Taylor Co. Marathon Co. n r R a R a w d e Menominee Co. e p St. Croix Co. C ip h Chippewa Co. Oconto Co. d

C R e Pierce Co. r

R Shawano Co. e v o l Door Co. Dunn Co. P Pepin Co. Litt Eau Claire Co. Wood Co. le W W Kewaunee Co. Y o o e l l Buffalo Co. f f

Trempealeau Co. l l R R

o

w Brown Co.

Clark Co. R R x M o i s F s is Portage Co. Waupaca Co. Outagamie Co. s i pp Jackson Co. Manitowoc Co. i R R Juneau Co. lac k B Adams Co. R La Crosse Co. Waushara Co. ox F Calumet Co. Marquette Co. Winnebago Co. Sheboygan Co. Fond du Lac Co. Monroe Co. 4400 Green Lake Co. M Vernon Co. i lw a Dodge Co. u k ee R

R o o Crawford Co.p a Columbia Co. Washington Co. k

c i Richland Co. Sauk Co. K Ozaukee Co. Jefferson Co. Waukesha Co.

Milwaukee Co.

R k Dane Co. oc Iowa Co. S R u F

g o Pe Racinex Co.

c a Grant Co. R a r to R n ic a R Lafayette Co. Green Co. Rock Co. Walworth Co. Kenosha Co.

Base from Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 0 30 60 MILES 1:100,000 digital data, 1998. Wisconsin Transverse Mercator Projection 0 30 60 KILOMETERS

Figure 2. Mean annual snowfall from 1961 through 1990, in inches, in Wisconsin (snowfall data from Daly and others, 2000). This map contains data from the Climate Source, and is used herein by permission. Copyright © 2000 The Climate Source, www.climatesource.com. All rights reserved. Regression Analysis and Flood-Frequency Equations 7

EXPLANATION Hydrologic area for which flood te R 2 4 Whi frequency equations were developed

Douglas Co.

Tot agatic R Bayfield Co.

Ashland Co. Iron Co. Vilas Co.

R M u e a Florence Co. n e o Burnett Co. b m Washburn Co. i m Marinette Co. n Sawyer Co. a l e

F

e Oneida Co. R

R Price Co. Forest Co. ix ro P C R Rusk Co. e t sh n e t

i l ig p Polk Co. Barron Co. o a p W S A isc R 2 Lincoln Co. o Langlade Co. n

s i R Taylor Co. Marathon Co. n r R a R a w d e Menominee Co. e p St. Croix Co. C ip h Chippewa Co. Oconto Co. d

C R e Pierce Co. r

R Shawano Co. e v o l Door Co. Dunn Co. P Pepin Co. Litt Eau Claire Co. Wood Co. le W W Kewaunee Co. Y o o e l l Buffalo Co. f f

Trempealeau Co. l l R R

o

w Brown Co.

Clark Co. R 3 R x M o i s F s 4 is Portage Co. Waupaca Co. Outagamie Co. s i pp Jackson Co. Manitowoc Co. i R R Juneau Co. lac k B Adams Co. R La Crosse Co. Waushara Co. ox F Calumet Co. Marquette Co. Winnebago Co. Sheboygan Co. Fond du Lac Co. Monroe Co. Green Lake Co. M

Vernon Co. i lw a Dodge Co. u k 1 ee R R o o Crawford Co.p a Columbia Co. Washington Co. k

c i Richland Co. Sauk Co. K Ozaukee Co. Jefferson Co. Waukesha Co.

Milwaukee Co.

R k Dane Co. oc 5 Iowa Co. S R u F

g o Pe Racinex Co.

c a Grant Co. R a r to R n ic a R Lafayette Co. Green Co. Rock Co. Walworth Co. Kenosha Co.

Base from Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 0 30 60 MILES 1:100,000 digital data, 1998. Wisconsin Transverse Mercator Projection 0 30 60 KILOMETERS

Figure 3. Flood-frequency areas in Wisconsin. 8 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams in model accuracy, the estimated standard errors in log Application of Estimation space (approximated by the model error) and an equiva- lent standard error of estimate in percent were determined Techniques for three separate regressions: (1) the best set of variables using OLS stepwise estimation, (2) a common set of vari- The estimation techniques in this report can be ables using OLS regression; and (3) a common set of vari- applied to four types of rural sites. The first case is where ables using GLS regression (table 1). For the most part, the the site is at a streamflow-gaging station; for this case, a increase in standard error for the common set of variables weighted estimate is calculated based on the gaging record is relatively small, and in some cases is compensated for and the appropriate regression equation. The second case by the improvements afforded by the GLS procedure. is where the site is near a streamflow-gaging station; for The flood-frequency equations developed for streams this case, the discharge from the appropriate regression in Wisconsin, along with the standard error of estimate in equation is adjusted using information from the station. log space and equivalent standard error of estimate in per- The third case is where there is no streamflow-gaging sta- cent are presented in table 2. The equivalent standard error tion on the stream; for this case, the appropriate regression of estimate is shown for comparison with similar data pub- equation is applied directly. The fourth case is where the lished in previous reports (Conger, 1971 and 1981; Krug site is on a regulated stream; for this case, the discharge and others, 1992); however, it is computed differently is estimated based on drainage area and the appropriate in this study and the comparison is not exact. The stan- relation for the particular regulated stream (figs. 4-7). A dard error of estimate for the regression equations for the detailed description for applying each technique is given in 100-year flood in the Conger (1971) report ranged from the examples that follow. To estimate flood frequencies for 37 to 41 percent. The comparable range of standard error urban streams, the reader is referred to Conger (1986). of prediction was 35 to 40 percent in the Conger (1981) report. The range of standard error of prediction for the Sites at Streamflow-Gaging Stations 100-year flood was 22 to 33 percent in the Krug and others (1992) report. The range of standard error of prediction for Flood-frequency characteristics of sites at stream- the 100-year flood in table 3 is 22 to 44 percent. flow-gaging stations can be estimated from the station The biggest discrepancy between the equivalent streamflow record and by the regression equations. The standard errors in the previous report and this report occur two methods can be considered independent when a large for the most part in areas 1 and 5 (fig. 3), which consti- number of sites were used to develop the regression equa- tute a large portion of the driftless area. Recent evidence tions. This is because the influence of a given station on indicates that floods in the driftless area of the state have determining the regression equations is roughly inversely been decreasing over time (Gebert and Krug, 1996). The proportional to the number of stations used to determine issue of stationarity in the record is beyond the scope of the equations. When independent flood-frequency esti- this study; however, it is a likely topic to be considered in mates are available, the Interagency Committee Advisory the next revision of the regression equations. Committee on Water Data (1982, Appendix 8) recom- The regression equations are valid for streams without mends that the weighted average of the estimates be used significant regulation. For the purposed of this report, a as the best estimate of the flow frequency. If the estimates dam on a stream or river does not constitute regulation are weighted in inverse proportion to their variances, the unless the dam is used to control the flow during a flood. variance of the weighted average will be less than the The regression equations and the associated accuracy variance of either of the independent estimates. Flood-fre- are considered valid only within the area for which they quency characteristics estimated from flood-peak data are were developed and only for basin-characteristic values listed in Appendix table A-1. that are within the range used to calculate the regression equations. Flood estimates can be made using basin characteristics outside the range of values from which the equations were derived, but it is not possible to esti- mate the error in those values. The ranges of the basin characteristics of the streamflow-gaging stations used in the regression analysis are summarized in table 3. Application of Estimating Techniques 9

Table 1. Comparison of regression results for ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized least squares (GLS)

[SE, standard error of estimate in log units; ESE, equivalent standard error of estimate in percent; Best, results using stepwise OLS regression; Common, results using OLS and a common set of independent variables; Q , the n-year recurrence interval flood. Flood frequency areas are shown in figure 3.] n

Flood OLS SE GLS SE OLS ESE GLS ESE discharge Best Common Common Best Common Common Area 1

Q2 0.1867 0.1867 0.1803 44 44 43

Q5 .1692 .1787 .1709 40 42 40

Q10 .1591 .1746 .1631 37 41 38

Q25 .1852 .1852 .1691 44 44 40

Q50 .1690 .1963 .1764 40 47 42

Q100 .1777 .2090 .1855 42 50 44 Area 2

Q2 .1123 .1182 .1091 26 28 25

Q5 .1117 .1207 .1086 26 28 25

Q10 .1157 .1253 .1086 27 29 25

Q25 .1233 .1327 .1100 29 31 26

Q50 .1300 .1387 .1118 30 32 26

Q100 .1380 .1458 .1153 32 34 27 Area 3

Q2 .1569 .1626 .1591 37 38 37

Q5 .1489 .1518 .1470 35 36 34

Q10 .1495 .1515 .1449 35 36 34

Q25 .1522 .1525 .1439 36 36 34

Q50 .1547 .1547 .1446 36 36 34

Q100 .1580 .1581 .1466 37 37 34 Area 4

Q2 .1305 .1305 .1233 31 31 29

Q5 .1177 .1238 .1131 27 29 26

Q10 .1153 .1213 .1063 27 28 25

Q25 .1197 .1197 .0995 28 28 23

Q50 .1203 .1203 .0964 28 28 22

Q100 .1226 .1226 .0954 29 29 22 Area 5

Q2 .1069 .1248 .1179 25 29 27

Q5 .1113 .1214 .1127 26 28 26

Q10 .1306 .1306 .1196 31 31 28

Q25 .1494 .1494 .1349 35 35 32

Q50 .1655 .1655 .1490 39 39 35

Q100 .1821 .1821 .1637 43 43 39 10 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams

Table 2. Flood-frequency equations for streams in Wisconsin

[A, contributing drainage area in square miles; S, main-channel slope in feet per mile; I25 , 25-year, 24-hour precipitation intensity, in inches minus 4.2; ST, storage, in percent of basin area plus 1.0; SP, soil permeability of the least-permeable soil horizon in inches per hour; SN, mean annual snowfall for 1961 through 1990 in inches; FOR, forest cover in percent of basin area plus 1; Qn, peak flood discharge in cubic feet per second, with an n-year recur- rence interval; SE, standard error of estimate of regression, in log units; ESE, equivalent standard error of estimate, in percent. Flood frequency areas are shown in figure 3.]

Best-fit equation SE ESE Eq. no. Area 1 (39 stations)

0.652 -0.254 7.52 Q2 = 99.9 A FOR I25 0.1803 43 1-1 0.634 -0.260 8.45 Q5 = 190.0 A FOR I25 .1709 40 1-2 0.857 0.463 -0.302 6.92 Q10 = 35.0 A S FOR I25 .1631 38 1-3 0.876 0.518 -0.308 7.16 Q25 = 38.1 A S FOR I25 .1691 40 1-4 0.884 0.545 -0.310 7.36 Q50 = 41.4 A S FOR I25 .1764 42 1-5 0.893 0.571 -0.312 7.56 Q100 = 44.2 A S FOR I25 .1855 44 1-6 Area 2 (36 stations)

0.884 -0.630 0.382 Q2 = 13.0 A SP S .1091 25 2-1 0.900 -0.682 0.486 Q5 = 15.4 A SP S .1086 25 2-2 0.910 -0.710 0.541 Q10 = 16.3 A SP S .1086 25 2-3 0.922 -0.740 0.600 Q25 = 17.3 A SP S .1100 26 2-4 0.929 -0.758 0.636 Q50 = 17.9 A SP S .1118 26 2-5 0.936 -0.775 0.669 Q100 = 18.3 A SP S .1153 27 2-6 Area 3 (57 stations)

0.832 -0.614 -0.143 0.124 Q2 = 36.5 A SP ST I25 .1591 37 3-1 0.827 -0.683 -0.169 0.133 Q5 = 61.6 A SP ST I25 .1470 34 3-2 0.825 -0.713 -0.186 0.135 Q10 = 80.6 A SP ST I25 .1449 34 3-3 0.821 -0.743 -0.204 0.136 Q25 = 107.0 A SP ST I25 .1439 34 3-4 0.819 -0.761 -0.215 0.136 Q50 = 127.0 A SP ST I25 .1446 34 3-5 0.818 -0.775 -0.227 0.136 Q100 = 149.0 A SP ST I25 .1466 34 3-6 Area 4 (40 stations)

0.864 -0.296 0.279 -0.250 0.490 Q2 = 2.69 A ST S SP SN .1233 29 4-1 0.858 -0.286 0.303 -0.259 0.370 Q5 = 6.76 A ST S SP SN .1131 26 4-2 0.856 -0.286 0.321 -0.255 0.332 Q10 = 9.74 A ST S SP SN .1063 25 4-3 0.856 -0.290 0.342 -0.246 0.299 Q25 = 13.7 A ST S SP SN .0995 23 4-4 0.857 -0.293 0.357 -0.238 0.281 Q50 = 16.6 A ST S SP SN .0964 22 4-5 0.857 -0.296 0.371 -0.229 0.269 Q100 = 19.4 A ST S SP SN .0954 22 4-6 Area 5 (28 stations)

0.981 -0.293 0.416 Q2 = 9.58 A ST S .1179 27 5-1 0.912 -0.358 0.438 Q5 = 15.1 A ST S .1127 26 5-2 0.913 -0.385 0.447 Q10 = 18.9 A ST S .1196 28 5-3 0.915 -0.408 0.457 Q25 = 23.6 A ST S .1349 32 5-4 0.916 -0.420 0.463 Q50 = 27.0 A ST S .1490 35 5-5 0.916 -0.430 0.467 Q100 = 30.6 A ST S .1637 39 5-6 Application of Estimation Techniques 11

Example 1: Determine the 100-year flood discharge for Table 3. Ranges of basin characteristics used in regression the Jump River at Sheldon (station number 05362000). analysis 1. Locate the data in Appendix table A-1 by station [mi2, square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in., inches; in/hr, inches per hour. number (05362000). Flood-frequency areas are shown in figure 3.]

2. The 100-year flood discharge for Jump River is Basin characteristic Minimum Median Maximum Q 3 100 = 25,000 ft /s. Area 1 (39 stations) The flood- frequency estimates presented in this Drainage area (mi2) 0.28 25.0 2,120 report were based on the common logarithms of dis- Main-channel slope 2.27 27.3 270 charge. Therefore the weighting should be done with the (ft/mi) logarithms of the flood-frequency estimates, and the best Forested area (percent) .00 26.6 56.9 estimate is the antilogarithm of the weighted average. The 25-year, 24-hour 5.18 5.28 5.29 flood-frequency estimates in Appendix tables A-1 and precipitation (in.) A-2 are essentially independent and, therefore, could be Area 2 (36 stations) combined by this procedure to get an improved estimate at Drainage area (mi2) .56 27.4 1,760 each site. Soil permeability .20 .91 2.88 The appropriate equation (Interagency Committee (in/hr) Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982) is Main-channel slope 3.65 15.56 96 (ft/mi) xV + yV Area 3 (57 stations) z = y x (3) Drainage area (mi2) 1.00 22 2,240 Vx + Vy Soil permeability .12 1.81 8.46 where (in/hr) x and y are two independent estimates of a Storage (percent) .00 15.5 39.7 flood-frequency characteristic, 25-year, 24-hour 4.24 4.38 5.29 precipitation (in.) Vx and Vy are their respective variances, and Area 4 (40 stations) z is the weighted estimate of the flood- Drainage area (mi2) .66 35.0 696 frequency characteristic. Storage (percent) .00 9.40 52.4 In the example of the Jump River at Sheldon, Main-channel slope 1.08 11.6 204 x = log (25,000) = 4.398 from table A-1 (ft/mi) 2 Vx = (0.0435) = 0.00189 from table A-1 Soil permeability .12 .82 4.68 y = log(41,100) = 4.614 from table A-2 (in/hr) V= (0.1153)2 = 0.0133 from table 2, eq. 2-6. Mean annual snowfall 34.4 48.3 172 y (in.) (4.398)(0.0133) + (4.614)(0.00189) (4) Area 5 (28 stations) log(Q100) = 0.0133 + 0.00189 Drainage area (mi2) 1.32 18.9 3,340 Storage (percent) .00 1.65 15.4 0.0585 + 0.00872 (5) log(Q100) = = 4.422 Main-channel slope .74 12.85 74.2 0.0152 (ft/mi)

3 (6) Q100 = 26,400 ft /s 12 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams

40,000 100,000 100-yr flood 50-yr flood 25-yr flood 10-yr flood 5-yr flood 2-yr flood

100-yr flood 50-yr flood

25-yr flood 10,000

10-yr flood

5-yr flood DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

10,000 DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

2-yr flood

6,000 1,000 1,000 5,000 600 1,000 10,000 20,000 DRAINAGE AREA, IN SQUARE MILES DRAINAGE AREA, IN SQUARE MILES

Figure 4. Relation of discharge to drainage area for selected Figure 5. Relation of discharge to drainage area for selected flood frequencies along the main stem of the Menominee flood frequencies along the main stem of the Wisconsin River, River, Wisconsin and Michigan. Wisconsin.

200,000 30,000

100,000

10,000

100-yr flood 50-yr flood 25-yr flood

10,000 10-yr flood 100-yr flood 50-yr flood

DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND 5-yr flood DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND 25-yr flood 10-yr flood 5-yr flood

2-yr flood 2-yr flood

2,000 1,000 500 1,000 10,000 500 1,000 2,000 DRAINAGE AREA, IN SQUARE MILES DRAINAGE AREA, IN SQUARE MILES

Figure 6. Relation of discharge to drainage area for selected Figure 7. Relation of discharge to drainage area for selected flood frequencies along the main stem of the Chippewa River, flood frequencies along the main stem of the Flambeau River, Wisconsin. Wisconsin. Summary 13

Sites on Streams near Streamflow-Gaging the two estimates weighted by the proportion of drainage Stations area in each of the flood-frequency areas.

Flood-frequency characteristics at sites near a Example 2: Determine the 100-year flood of Black streamflow-gaging station on the same stream are deter- Earth Creek at U.S. Highway 14, which is 2 miles down- mined using a combination of the station’s flood frequency stream from the station Black Earth Creek at Black Earth characteristics and the characteristics determined by the (05406500). regression equations. The procedure is applicable for sites First, equation 1-6 from table 2 is used to determine that have a drainage area between 50 and 150 percent the 100-year flood estimate at the gaged site: of the drainage area of the station. The suitability of the 0.893 0.571 -0.312 7.56 flood-frequency characteristics should be determined by Q100 = 44.2 A S FOR I25 (1-6) comparing them with flood-frequency characteristics at the station. The following procedure was used by Curtis The drainage-basin characteristics at the gaged site are (1987) for streams in Illinois based on work by Sauer given in Appendix table A-2: 2 (1974). The procedure is as follows: A (contributing drainage area) = 42.8 mi , First, the ratio r´ is defined by S (main channel slope) = 9.42 ft/mi, FOR (forest cover in percent Q |A – A | Q r´ = g – g u g – 1 (7) of basin area plus 1) = 21.8 + 1 = 22.8, and QÔ g ()() 0.5A QÔ g g I25 (25-year, 24-hour where precipitation index) = 5.18 – 4.2 = 0.98 inches. r´ is the adjustment ratio, Substituting into equation 1-6, Q is a flood-frequency characteristic g QÔ = 44.2 (42.8)0.893 (9.42) 0.571(22.8) -0.312 (0.98) 7.56 determined at the station, u = 1,470 ft3/s (9) QÔ g is a flood-frequency characteristic

determined for the station by the QÔ u at the Black Earth Creek at U.S. Highway 14 appropriate multiple-regression can be determined at the ungaged site by use of the same equation (table 2), eq. 1-6 and the procedure that was used to determine QÔg at the station, as follows: Ag is drainage area of the gaged site, and

Au is drainage area of the ungaged site. 0.893 0.571 -0.312 7.56 Q100 = 44.2 A S FOR I25 (1-6, table 2) The adjusted flood-frequency characteristic for the ungaged site (Qu ) is computed by the equation The drainage-basin characteristics at this site were deter- mined to be: Q = r´QÔ u u (8) A = 45.0 mi2 (2.8 mi2 non-contributing area), S = 8.81 ft/mi, where FOR = 21.9 + 1 = 22.9, and QÔ is a flood-frequency characteristic u I = 5.18 – 4.2 = 0.98. determined for the ungaged site by the 25 appropriate multiple-regression equation. Substituting into equation 1-6,

If the difference in drainage area between the 0.893 0.571 -0.312 7.56 QÔ u = 44.2 (45.0) (8.81) (22.9) (0.98) ungaged site and the gaged site is more than 50 percent, = 1,480 ft3/s (10) equations 7 and 8 should not be used. In this case, the appropriate multiple-regression equation from table 2 should be used without adjustment but should be compared to the flood-frequency characteristic of the station on the stream for suitability. If the drainage area crosses the boundary of two flood-frequency areas, compute the flood frequency using equations from both areas. Compute the final flood-frequency estimates as the weighted average of 14 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams

From Appendix table A-2, the 100-year flood at the 1:24,000), the total length of the stream for this site 3 gaging station (Qg) is 1,650 ft /s. Next, Equation 7 is used was determined to be 5.20 mi. The elevation at the to determine the adjustment factor (r´): 10-percent point is 847.6 ft and at the 85-percent point is 963.0 ft. The main channel slope is Q |A – A | Q r´ = g – g u g – 1 (7) 963.0 – 847.6 QÔ g ()() 0.5A QÔ g S = = 29.6 ft/mi (13) g 5.20

1,650 | 42.8 – 47.8| 1,650 3. The percent forest cover was determined to be r´ = – – 1 = 1.094 1,470 ()() 0.5 • 42.8 1,470 (11) 45.8 percent based on land use/land coverage in the WISCLAN database (Reese and others, 2002) and Finally, Equation 8 is used to compute the adjusted a digitized drainage-basin outline after Henrich and discharge at the ungaged site, thus Daniel (1983).

4. The precipitation intensity index (I25) was determined • 3 Qu = r´QÔ u = 1.094 1,480 = 1,620 ft /s (12) by locating the site in figure 1 and determining the 25-year, 24-hour precipitation intensity, then sub- If the drainage area crosses the boundary of two tracting 4.2. The 25-year precipitation intensity for flood-frequency areas, compute the flood frequency using climatic section 4 is 5.28; therefore I25 equations from both areas. Compute the final flood-fre- is 1.08. quency estimates as the weighted average of the two esti- 5. Substituting these values into equation 1-6: mates weighted by the proportion of drainage area in each of the flood-frequency areas. 0.893 0.571 -0.312 7.56 Q100 = 44.2 (4.48) (29.6) (46.8) (1.08) = 629 (14) Sites on Streams Without Streamflow-Gaging Stations If the drainage area crosses the boundary of two flood-frequency areas, compute the flood frequency using Flood-frequency characteristics at sites on ungaged equations from both areas. Compute the final flood-fre- streams are calculated using equations 1-1 through 5-6 quency estimates as the weighted average of the two esti- from table 2. mates weighted by the proportion of drainage area in each Example 3: Determine the 100-year discharge for Tappen of the flood-frequency areas. Coulee at Blair. This site is in area 1; therefore, use equa- tion 1-6 from table 2: Sites on Regulated Streams Q= 44.2 A0.893S 0.571FOR -0.312I 7.56 (1-6) 100 25 Flood-frequency characteristics at ungaged sites on regulated streams are estimated using the flood-frequency 1. The drainage area A was determined to be 4.48 mi2 characteristics at streamflow-gaging stations on the from Henrich and Daniel (1983). regulated streams and adjusting the characteristics accord- 2. The main channel slope (S) was computed from U.S. ing to the relation of drainage area and discharge. Graphs Geological Survey topographic maps as follows: showing the peak discharge of floods plotted at selected (a) The river or coulee length was measured from the recurrence intervals against drainage area are presented in site to the basin divide. For forked streams, the fork figures 4-7 for the following major regulated streams in with the larger drainage area is followed. Wisconsin: (b) The elevations at points that are 10 and 85 percent a. Menominee River between Wisconsin and Michigan of the total stream length from the site are then deter- (fig. 4), mined. b. Wisconsin River from the mouth to Rainbow (c) Next, the difference in elevation between the Reservoir near Lake Tomahawk (fig. 5), sites is determined and is divided by the distance, in c. Chippewa River from the mouth to Lake Chippewa miles, between the points. By use of the appropriate in Sawyer County (fig. 6), and quadrangle maps (Blair, 1968, 1:24,000; Hegg, 1969, Regression Analysis and Flood-Frequency Equations 15

d. Flambeau River from its mouth to Flambeau Flowage age area, channel slope, soil permeability, storage, rainfall northeast of Park Falls (fig. 7). intensity, and forest cover are the most significant drain- Storage reservoirs in these basins can significantly age-basin characteristics for estimating flood-frequency change the flood-frequency characteristics at streamflow- characteristics. gaging stations. Flood-frequency analyses were performed Graphical relations of flood-frequency characteristics for stations along the main stems for the period of record and drainage area are presented for the regulated Menomi- beginning with the completion of the last large storage nee, Flambeau, Chippewa, and Wisconsin Rivers. The rela- reservoir in each basin for the Menominee, Chippewa, tions were developed by use of data at stations for periods and Flambeau Rivers. These analyses represent flood-fre- after the last large storage reservoir was constructed in quency characteristics in 2000. Completion dates for the each basin. For the Wisconsin River, the source of simu- last large storage reservoir for each basin follow: 1941 for lated flood discharges through 1976 was a report by Krug the Menominee River; 1926 for the Flambeau River; and and House (1980). Observed flood discharges were used 1923 for the Chippewa River. For the Wisconsin River, after 1976. flood peaks prior to 1976 were simulated using a model of the river system (Krug and House, 1980). Observed flood peaks were used after 1976. References Cited

Conger, D.H., 1971, Estimating magnitude and frequency Summary and Conclusions of floods in Wisconsin: Madison, Wis., U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 200 p. Equations, tables, and graphs presented in this report ___1981, Techniques for estimating magnitude and fre- provide a means for estimating flood-frequency charac- quency of floods for Wisconsin streams: U.S. Geologi- teristics for rural streams in Wisconsin. Flood-frequency cal Survey Open-File Report 82−1214, 115 p. characteristics were determined at 104 crest-stage stations, ___1986, Estimating magnitude and frequency of floods at 33 discontinued crest-stage stations, at 108 continu- for Wisconsin urban streams: U.S. Geological Survey ous streamflow-gaging stations, and at 67 discontinued Water-Resources Investigations Report 86−4005, 18 p. streamflow-gaging stations using the log-Pearson Type III frequency distribution. The flood-frequency characteris- Curtis, G.W., 1987, Technique for estimating flood-peak discharges and frequencies on rural streams: U.S. Geo- tics at 96 crest-gage stations, 29 discontinued crest-gage logical Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report stations, 48 streamflow-gaging stations, and 27 discontin- 87−4207, 79 p. ued streamflow-gaging stations, and their drainage-basin characteristics, were used in a multiple-regression analysis Daly, C., Gibson, W., and Taylor, G., 2000, United States to derive equations for estimating flood-frequency charac- mean monthly and annual snowfall: Spatial Climate Analysis Service, Oregon State University. teristics. The generalized least-square procedure was used in the multiple-regression analyses. The state was divided Ericson, D.W., 1961, Floods in Wisconsin, magnitude into five areas with similar physiographic characteristics. and frequency: Madison, Wis., U.S. Geological Survey For the 100-year flood discharge, the standard Open-File Report, 109 p. errors of prediction in three of the five areas were rela- Gebert, W.A., and Krug, W.R., 1996, Streamflow trends tively unchanged from those reported in Krug and others in Wisconsin’s driftless area: Journal of the American (1992). The most notable discrepancies were in areas 1 Water Resources Association, v. 32, no. 4, p. 733−744. and 5 (southwestern and south-central Wisconsin) where Henrich, E.W., and Daniel, D.N., 1983, Drainage area data the standard error of estimate increased from 26 and 22 for Wisconsin streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open- percent to 44 and 39 percent, respectively, for the 100-year File Report 83−933, 322 p. floods. This discrepancy may be due to nonstationarity in the discharge record coupled with the use of relatively Hole, F.D., Beatty, M.T., Lee, G.B., and Klingelhoets, A.J., recent snowfall and precipitation data. The standard 1968, Soil map of Wisconsin: Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, scale 1:250,000, 11 sheets. error of estimate for the 100-year flood equation ranged statewide from 22 percent for streams in the eastern area to Huff, F.A., and Angel, J.R., 1992, Rainfall frequency atlas 44 percent for streams in the southwestern area. Drain- of the midwest: Illinois State Water Survey Bulletin 71. 16 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams

Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982, Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency: Bulletin 17B of the Hydrology Subcommittee, U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water Data Coordination, Reston, Va. Krug, W.R., Conger, D.H., and Gebert, W.A., 1992, Flood-frequency characteristics of Wisconsin streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91−4128, 185 p. Krug, W.R., and House, L.B., l980, Streamflow model of Wisconsin River for estimating flood frequency and volume: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Open-File Report 80−1103, 44 p. Patterson, J.L., and Gamble, C.R., 1968, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, part 5, Hudson Bay and Upper Mississippi River basins: U.S. Geologi- cal Survey Water-Supply Paper 1678, 546 p. Reese, H.M., Lillesand, T.M., Nagel, D.E., Stewart, J.S., Goldmann, R.A., Simmons, T.E., Chipman, J.W., and Tessar, P.A., 2002, Statewide land cover derived from multiseasonal Landsat TM data⎯A retrospective of the WISCLAND project: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 82, no. 2−3, p. 224−237. Sauer, V.B., 1974, Flood characteristics of Oklahoma streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 52−73, 301 p. Stedinger, J.R., and Tasker, G.D., 1985, Regional hydro- logic analysis 1⎯Ordinary, weighted and generalized least squares compared: Water Resources Research, v. 21, no. 9, p. 1421−1432. Tasker, G.D., Eychaner, J.H., and Stedinger, J.R., 1986, Application of generalized least squares in regional hydrologic regression analysis, in Subitzky, Seymour, ed., Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2310, p. 107−115. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser- vice, 1964, Engineering test data and interpretations for major soils of Wisconsin: table 11, p. 3−43. Wiitala, S.W., 1965, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States, part 4, St. Lawrence River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1677, 357 p. Appendixes 17

Appendixes 18 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams record Period of Type , standard error of 100-year 100 100 network 2,270 2,540 .04494 G 1914–2000 47 53 .07286 C 1960–2000 666 717 .05022 C 1970–2000 4,250 4,690 .04076 G 1924–2000 501 582 .07562 C 1958–2000 1,530 1,730 .06027 G 1964–2000 73 77 .03289 C 1970–2000 139 150 .04758 C 1967–2000 3,485 3,942 .05185 G 1944–2000 40 47 .07502 C 1960–2000 8,000 8,960 .05343 G 1939–2000 405 464 .09667 C 1958–1981 1,600 1,690 .06013 G 1918–1947 3,200 3,750 .13014 G 1918–1962 7,000 7,920 .05505 G 1949–2000 701 874 .10298 C 1960–2000 19,700 22,700 .05616 G 1915–2000 394 455 .09759 C 1960–1981 2,370 2,700 .07463 C 1971–2000 186 209 .07335 C 1958–1958 1,840 2,280 .09817 C 1959–2000 498 624 .10347 C 1959–2000 1,460 1,640 .04830 G 1943–2000 1,510 1,890 .10020 C 1957–2000 12,400 13,800 .06607 G 1974–2000 599 681 0.07219 C 1959–2000 2,010 41 612 3,800 427 1,340 69 126 3,044 34 7,040 348 1,500 2,700 6,090 555 16,800 336 2,050 163 1,470 391 1,280 1,190 10,900 516 ars; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE ars; discharge Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE Unregulated Stations WRC skew Station name Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 04066500 Wis. at Amberg, River Pike .1391,010 1,400 1,660 04066300 Wis. Cole Creek near Dunbar, .145 21 29 34 04064800 near Aurora, Wis. Little Popple River -.285 355 467 534 04064500 near Florence, Wis. Powerplant Pine River below Pine River -.0282,000 2,730 3,200 04063800 Creek near Fence, Wis. Woods .570 197 277 339 04063700 near Fence, Wis. Popple River .105 635 904 1,090 04063688 Wis. near Newald, South Branch Popple River -.212 49 58 63 04063640 Dam near Alvin, Wis. at Windsor North Branch Pine River -.118 73 95 109 04061000 near Florence, Wis. Brule River .1491,447 2,052 2,479 04059900 near Alvin, Wis. Allen Creek tributary .200 13 20 26 04029990 near Saxon, Wis. at Saxon Falls Montreal River -.1723,200 4,720 5,740 04029700 Boomer Creek near Saxon, Wis. -.260 131 213 272 04029000 at Gile, Wis. Branch Montreal River West -.684 924 1,200 1,350 04028000 Mich. at Ironwood, Montreal River .2391,080 1,650 2,090 04027500 near Ashland, Wis. White River -.1132,640 3,970 4,890 04027200 Wis. Pearl Creek at Grandview, .596 179 295 395 04027000 near Odanah, Wis. Bad River .317 739010,800 13,300 04026700 near Marengo, Wis. Brook tributary Trout -.186 124 203 260 04026450 near Mellen, Wis. Bad River .091 915 1,340 1,650 04026400 Creek near Cayuga, Wis. Spillerberg -.002 77 110 133 04026300 Wis. near Washburn, Sioux River .477 467 780 1,050 04026200 Wis. near Red Cliff, tributary Sand River .384 112 198 273 04025500 at Brule, Wis. Bois Brule River .071 607 864 1,040 04025200 Pearson Creek near Maple, Wis. .415 350 609 834 04024430 Wis. near South Superior, Nemadji River -.0935,250 7,510 9,020 04024400 Wis. Brook near Superior, Stoney -0.457 182 312 402 discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, Table A-1. Table in ye Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (Interagency as defined skewness [WRC skew, Appendixes 19 record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 14,500 15,900 .03470 G 1896–2000 6,030 6,830 .04512 G 1920–2000 1,040 1,160 .10083 G 1990–2000 4,680 5,130 .02900 G 1908–2000 2,890 3,120 .03784 G 1928–1962 80 87 .04365 G 1959–1997 2,450 2,590 .03439 G 1968–2000 228 257 .07377 C 1970–2000 193 220 .06501 C 1958–2000 104 111 .04241 C 1970-2000 6,900 7,520 .02769 G 1898-2000 626 725 .11770 G 1987-2000 571 658 .13481 G 1987–1995 669 846 .21313 G 1982-2000 183 204 .05106 C 1959–2000 61,00 7,190 .16461 G 1989–2000 5,270 6,030 .09460 G 1973–1996 2,050 2,300 .05923 C 1961–2000 625 690 .05680 C 1958–2000 5,650 6,310 .03600 G 1907–2000 502 604 .09931 C 1970–2000 8,510 9,330 .04118 G 1954–2000 3,770 4,080 .03818 G 1913–1956 271 315 .07602 C 1958–1992 1,740 1,930 .05755 C 1970–2000 27,500 29,800 .03473 G 1908–2000 63 74 .12759 C 1959–1980 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 13,100 5,250 922 4,240 2,670 72 2,290 198 167 97 6,250 533 489 517 162 5,030 4,510 1,800 557 4,990 410 7,690 3,440 231 1,560 25,100 52 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE WRC skew Station name Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 04079000 London, Wis. at New River Wolf -.2856,690 9,37011,100 04078500 near Embarrass, Wis. Embarrass River -.0382,320 3,440 4,230 0407809265 Wis. near Wittenberg, Middle Branch Embarrass River -.027 456 640 764 04077400 Wis. near Shawano, River Wolf .2632,500 3,190 3,650 04075500 Wis. near Keshena, River Branch Wolf West above River Wolf .3191,740 2,120 2,360 04075200 Creek near Langlade, Wis. Evergreen .282 43 55 62 04074950 at Langlade, Wis. River Wolf -.3151,480 1,850 2,050 04074850 Wis. near Lily, Lily River -.268 81 127 158 04074700 near Elcho, Wis. Hunting River .315 80 112 135 04074300 Mud Creek near Nashville, Wis.–.057 62 77 86 04073500 at Berlin, Wis. River Fox –.217 3,380 4,590 5,340 04073468 Wis. A near Green Lake, inlet at County Highway Green Lake .193 223 335 418 040734644 Road near Ripon, Wis. Creek at South Koro Silver .118 206 310 385 04073462 Wis. Road near Green Lake, White Creek at Spring Grove .122 124 243 349 04073400 Wis. Bird Creek at Wautoma, -.008 81 113 135 04072150 Wis. Duck Creek near Howard, -.3671,410 2,690 3,680 04071858 Wis. near Pensaukee, River Pensaukee -.3591,600 2,710 3,490 04071800 near Pulaski, Wis. River Pensaukee -.194 802 1,200 1,460 04071700 near Coleman, Wis. North Branch Little River -.538 240 373 457 04071000 near Gillett, Wis. Oconto River -.0382,430 3,440 4,120 04069700 Wis. near Wabeno, North Branch Oconto River .226 139 230 303 04069500 at Peshtigo, Wis. Peshtigo River .0134,300 5,680 6,580 04068000 Wis. near Crivitz, at High Falls Peshtigo River -.0832,000 2,600 2,980 04067800 Armstrong Creek near Creek, Wis. .488 103 148 182 04067760 Wis. near Cavour, Peshtigo River -.143 778 1,090 1,300 04066800 Mich. at Koss, Menominee River -.41813,200 18,400 21,500 04066700 Wis. McCall Creek at Wausaukee, -.466 13 27 37 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, 20 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 5,960 6,490 .06379 G 1982–2000 4,220 5,110 .07696 G 1931–2000 218 251 .12300 C 1962–1980 6,540 7,490 .11815 G 1968–1994 2,880 3,360 .14051 G 1969–1981 702 815 .13115 G 1969–1981 2,840 3,300 .12381 G 1968–1981 8,560 9,480 .05163 G 1917–2000 470 532 .15115 G 1991–2000 360 419 .10278 C 1959–1980 7,440 8,700 .09349 G 1973–2000 1,880 2,080 .07025 C 1961–2000 767 915 .09511 C 1959–2000 4,160 4,880 .10540 G 1973–1996 8,86010,300 .07333 G 1958–2000 30,200 33,400 .08689 G 1989–2000 818 965 .11004 C 1958–1980 1,980 2,140 .05885 C 1960–2000 19,000 19,900 .04130 G 1986–2000 2,740 3,030 .10851 G 1939–1954 179 203 .09570 C 1961–1963 1,770 1,910 .08279 G 1939–1954 2,330 2,770 .09267 C 1961–2000 129 145 .09376 C 1959–1981 2,410 2,620 .04226 G 1917–1985 7,930 8,710 .04555 G 1914–1984 100 108 .03693 C 1959–2000 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 5,410 3,400 185 5,590 2,420 593 2,410 7,580 405 303 6,250 1,650 629 3,480 7,510 27,100 678 1,790 18,000 2,420 155 1,610 1,920 112 2,180 7,100 92 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE WRC skew Station name Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 04086600 Wis. near Cedarburg, River Milwaukee -.2172,940 3,980 4,630 04086500 Wis. Cedar Creek near Cedarburg, -.136 918 1,750 2,420 04086400 near Fredonia, Wis. tributary River Milwaukee -.576 55 105 140 04086360 Wis. at Waubeka, River Milwaukee -.3172,020 3,380 4,340 04086340 near Fillmore, Wis. River North Branch Milwaukee -.266 789 1,380 1,820 04086200 Wis. Fane, at New River East Branch Milwaukee -.137 214 353 455 04086150 Wis. at Kewaskum, River Milwaukee -.049 901 1,450 1,850 04086000 Wis. at Sheboygan, River Sheboygan -.5513,140 4,990 6,170 040857005 Road near Plymouth, Wis. Otter Creek at Willow -.559 137 243 315 04085700 near Plymouth, Wis. tributary River Sheboygan -.012 113 182 233 04085427 Wis. at Manitowoc, River Manitowoc -.072 2220 3,670 4,760 04085400 near Chilton, Wis. River Killsnake -.667 612 1,040 1,320 04085300 near Denmark, Wis. tributary Neshota River -.101 191 342 460 04085281 at Mishicot, Wis. River East Twin -.1301,170 1,990 2,620 04085200 Wis. near Kewaunee, River Kewaunee -.2212,650 4,450 5,760 040851385 Wis. Depot at Green Bay, at Oil Tank River Fox .22015,000 19,700 22,900 04085100 at Greenleaf, Wis. tributary East River -.162 216 379 504 04085030 Apple Creek near Kaukauna, Wis. -.721 828 1,260 1,510 04084445 at Appleton, Wis. River Fox -.31612,600 15,100 16,500 04083500 du Lac, Wis. at Fond du Lac River East Branch Fond -.708 910 1,540 1,950 04083400 near Eden, Wis. tributary du Lac River East Branch Fond -.392 58 96 122 04083000 du Lac, Wis. at Fond du Lac River Branch Fond West -.698 762 1,140 1,360 04081900 Wis. Creek at Oshkosh, Sawyer -.234 554 1,030 1,400 04081010 Wis. near Waupaca, tributary River Waupaca -.489 41 69 88 04081000 Wis. near Waupaca, River Waupaca -.518 1060 1,540 1,840 04080000 Wis. at Royalton, River Little Wolf -.5223,200 4,850 5,880 04079700 Wis. Spaulding Creek near Big Falls, -.107 55 71 80 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, Appendixes 21 record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 3,330 4,150 .14984 C 1961–1980 171,000 193,000 .04694 G 1929–2000 6,800 8,660 .13070 C 1959–2000 208 233 .10752 C 1959–1980 2,520 2,760 .03314 G 1905–2000 592 757 .11123 C 1958–2000 54,100 60,400 .06335 G 1923–1961 413 505 .10232 C 1959–1993 121 138 .08758 C 1960–1980 747 870 .09064 C 1961–2000 3,620 4,360 .07686 G 1928–2000 1,900 2,060 .06880 G 1915–1927 1,600 1,690 .03787 G 1972–2000 261 291 .06323 C 1960–2000 4,230 4,690 .05264 G 1964–2000 1,460 1,570 .04115 G 1964–2000 209 225 .05445 C 1962–1993 3,990 4,880 .09745 G 1960–2000 1,260 1,400 .05081 G 1964–2000 1,150 1,340 .07723 C 1958–2000 8,670 9,640 .07739 G 1982–2000 13,600 16,300 .08698 G 1962–2000 1,320 1,550 .07748 C 1959-2000 6,280 8,190 .15610 G 1975–2000 424 471 .05998 C 1958–1993 1,620 1,860 .08530 G 1975–2000 12,800 14,700 .04427 G 1915–2000 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 2,610 14,8000 5,140 181 2,280 455 47,500 331 105 628 2,990 1,740 1,500 230 3,770 1,350 192 3,210 1,130 962 7,700 11,200 1,100 4,700 376 1,390 11,000 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE WRC skew Station name Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 05346600 Wis. Creek near Bay City, Little Trimbelle .034 650 1,260 1,790 05344500 at Prescott, Wis. Mississippi River -.19062,200 95,600 119,000 05341900 Wis. Falls, at River tributary Kinnickinnic River -.381 789 2,060 3,250 05341700 Richmond, Wis. near New tributary River Willow -.776 59 109 142 05341500 near Somerset, Wis. Apple River -.2991,180 1,650 1,930 05340300 near Fredric, Wis. River Trade .447 121 220 309 05339500 Minn. near Rush City, St. Croix River -.42619,500 30,800 38,300 05335380 Wis. Brook near Shell Lake, Bashaw .155 98 174 236 05334100 Wis. Creek near Shell Lake, Sawyer -.144 44 68 84 05333100 Little Frog Creek near Minong, Wis. -.324 200 357 473 05332500 Wis. near Trego, Namekagon River .9271,250 1,810 2,270 05332000 Wis. at Trego, Namekagon River .1211,050 1,330 1,510 04087257 near Racine, Wis. River Pike -.436 944 1,200 1,340 04087250 Wis. Creek near Kenosha, Pike -.528 92 149 186 04087240 at Racine, Wis. Root River -.0901,900 2,660 3,150 04087233 Canal near Franklin, Wis. Root River -.362 767 1,020 1,170 04087230 near North Cape, Wis. Canal tributary Branch Root River West -.713 96 140 165 04087220 near Franklin, Wis. Root River .261 999 1710 2,310 04087204 Wis. Oak Creek at South Milwaukee, .157 607 811 948 04087200 Wis. Oak Creek near South Milwaukee, -.241 316 550 725 04087159 Wis. at S. 11th St. Milwaukee, Kinnickinnic River -.0593,840 5,380 6,410 04087120 Wis. at Wauwatosa, Menomonee River .0863,680 6,240 8,260 04087100 Wis. Creek at Milwaukee, Honey .048 388 637 828 04087088 Wis. Creek at Wauwatosa, Underwood .156 952 2,020 3,020 04087050 near Freistadt, Wis. Little Menomonee River -.373 168 253 309 04087030 Wis. at Menomonee Falls, Menomonee River .073 590 888 1,100 04087000 Wis. at Milwaukee, River Milwaukee .0444,730 7,090 8,780 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, 22 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 23,800 27,000 .04271 G 1908–2000 11,600 13,600 .07039 G 1934–2000 1,460 1,650 .06759 C 1958–2000 17,100 20,200 .05985 C 1914–1990 484 578 .09158 C 1960–2000 362 412 .05979 C 1958–2000 26,000 29,800 .06094 C 1943–2000 9,46010,100 .05710 G 1915–1926 9,05011,100 .16058 G 1986–2000 2,660 3,430 .12687 C 1958–2000 4,480 4,970 .09169 G 1934–1954 5,310 6,780 .10483 C 1945–2000 780 889 .07158 C 1962–2000 14,300 16,900 .06554 C 1943–2000 22,000 25,000 .04348 G 1916–2000 313 342 .06865 C 1970–2000 9,82010,800 .08911 G 1944–1954 1,420 1,620 .07195 C 1970–2000 1,360 1,530 .06369 C 1961–2000 51 59 .09680 C 1960–1980 402 470 .07159 C 1958–2000 8,750 9,480 .04089 G 1930–1975 124 145 .12375 C 1960–1980 352 386 .06055 C 1970–2000 287 334 .09569 C 1970–2000 948 1,050 .05852 C 1970–2000 434 484 .08118 C 1960–1980 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 20,600 9,720 1,260 14,300 398 314 22,200 8,830 7,230 2,020 3,990 4,050 670 12,000 19,000 282 8,820 1,220 1,190 43 339 7,980 103 318 242 846 383 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE WRC skew Station name Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 05369000 at Menomonie, Wis. Red Cedar River -.0318,920 13,400 16,500 05368000 Wis. at Wheeler, Hay River -.1093,340 5,630 7,350 05367700 Lightning Creek at Almena, Wis. -.416 471 781 993 05367500 Wis. near Colfax, Red Cedar River .4005,800 8,74011,000 05367480 near Dallas, Wis. East Branch Pine Creek tributary .161 137 226 296 05367030 Creek near Eau Claire, Wis. Willow .002 138 205 252 05366500 Creek, Wis. near Fall Eau Claire River -.2778,180 13,500 17,300 05366000 near Augusta, Wis. Eau Claire River -.1895,750 7,110 7,910 05365707 near Thorp, Wis. Eau Claire River North Fork -.0141,960 3,670 5,100 05365700 Goggle-Eye Creek near Thorp, Wis. .151 437 896 1,320 05365000 Wis. Falls, Duncan Creek at Chippewa -.1761,940 2,770 3,310 05364500 Wis. Duncan Creek at Bloomer, .057 879 1,820 2,680 05364100 Seth Creek near Cadott, Wis.–.344 247 410 524 05364000 at Cadott, Wis. River Yellow .2704,590 7,140 9,120 05362000 at Sheldon, Wis. Jump River -.0518,130 12,300 15,200 05361600 near Phillips, Wis. Jump River North Fork -.532 132 196 236 05361500 near Ogema, Wis. Jump River South Fork -.0084,740 6,390 7,470 05361420 Douglas Creek near Prentice, Wis. .125 545 798 980 05361400 Hay Creek near Prentice, Wis. -.357 483 764 953 05360200 at Ladysmith, Wis. tributary Flambeau River –.023 17 27 34 05359600 PRICE Creek near Phillips, Wis. .456 145 212 264 05359500 near Phillips, Wis. Flambeau River South Fork -.3784,290 5,880 6,850 05359200 Wis. Falls, near Park tributary Flambeau River South Fork -.399 30 56 76 05358100 Wis. Falls, Smith Creek near Park -.217 166 229 269 05357390 Wis. Creek near Mercer, Weber -.011 90 145 186 05357360 Wis. near Powell, Bear River -.233 414 591 706 05356200 Creek near Radisson, Wis. Kenyon -.340 167 254 312 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, Appendixes 23 record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 329 405 .13863 C 1961–1981 7,170 9,380 .13241 C 1959–2000 8,56010,100 .17065 G 1934–1981 6,800 8,760 .14656 C 1961–2000 6,990 7,980 .05457 G 1914–1978 3,420 3,960 .07038 C 1934–1981 292 327 .07281 C 1959–1980 3,100 3,620 .10613 C 1960–2000 57,100 64,700 .04836 G 1932–2000 34,700 39,000 .04130 G 1905–2000 8,57010,200 .09001 C 1961–2000 13,300 15,300 .06617 C 1958–2000 281 313 .06181 C 1960–2000 13,500 15,700 .05763 G 1914–2000 16,800 20,000 .17306 G 1968–2000 207,000 229,000 .03003 G 1879–2000 3,670 4,530 .11289 C 1961–2000 11,100 13,000 .12334 G 1933–1950 5,480 6,560 .10734 C 1974–2000 175 196 .05853 C 1960–2000 193 273 .27526 C 1962–1980 673 789 .08562 C 1962–2000 477 538 .06516 C 1959–1993 22,500 28,900 .21708 G 1942–1953 4,030 4,470 .07449 G 1942–2000 7,950 9,080 .12645 G 1982–1995 433 555 .16192 C 1960–1980 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 261 5,300 7,070 5,090 6,030 2,890 258 2,590 49,600 30,300 7,010 11,400 248 11,300 13,800 184,000 2,920 9,220 4,490 153 129 560 416 17,100 3,550 6,830 330 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE WRC skew Station name Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 05388460 Du Charme Creek at Eastman, Wis. .018 70 131 183 05387100 near Genoa, Wis. River Bad Axe North Fork -.132 851 2,090 3,290 05386500 Wis. Coon Creek at Valley, -.1832,180 3,900 5,230 05386300 Mormon Creek near La Crosse, Wis. -.292 788 2,020 3,190 05383000 Salem, Wis. near West La Crosse River -.1172,470 3,820 4,770 05382500 near Leon, Wis. Little La Crosse River –.237 999 1,700 2,210 05382300 near Sparta, Wis. Creek tributary Beaver .040 127 178 213 05382200 French Creek near Ettrick, Wis. -.297 818 1,460 1,940 05382000 near Galesville, Wis. Black River -.16920,800 32,000 39,600 05381000 at Neillsville, Wis. Black River -.27112,900 19,800 24,500 05380970 Creek near Neillsville, Wis. Cawley -.1892,020 3,740 5,090 05380900 near Owen, Wis. Poplar River -.0374,610 7,140 8,960 05380800 Wis. near Whittlesey, tributary Black River -.233 114 168 203 05379500 at Dodge, Wis. River Trempealeau -.1623,920 6,610 8,610 05379400 at Arcadia, Wis. River Trempealeau -.1384,240 7,58010,200 05378500 Minn. at Winona, Mississippi River -.19789,400 128,000 153,000 05378200 Wis. City, Eagle Creek near Fountain .342 891 1,530 2,080 05372000 Wis. near Tell, River Buffalo -.2522,910 5,190 6,890 05371920 Wis. near Mondovi, River Buffalo .0631,450 2,490 3,300 05371800 near Osseo, Wis. tributary River Buffalo -.234 67 101 124 05371300 By Golly Creek near Nelson, Wis. -.311 10 36 68 05370900 Spring Creek near Durand, Wis. -.304 171 311 416 05370600 Wis. near Arkansaw, Creek tributary Arkansaw -.141 181 272 335 05370500 Wis. at Elmwood, Eau Galle River .1403,760 7,67011,300 05370000 Wis. at Spring Valley, Eau Galle River -.6081,390 2,290 2,870 05369945 Wis. bridge at Spring Valley, at low-water Eau Galle River -.2542,600 4,210 5,350 05369800 Wis. near Hersey, tributary Eau Galle River .210 76 151 219 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, 24 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 109 120 .06093 G 1960–1987 98 108 .08562 G 1960–1975 1,720 1,930 .09319 G 1914–1951 2,680 3,170 .09500 C 1973–2000 26,400 30,600 .05463 G 1914–2000 471 550 .11085 C 1959–1980 9,53011,200 .14161 G 1942–1954 1,700 2,030 .08156 C 1959–2000 8,070 9,030 .04256 G 1914–2000 946 1130 .13267 C 1983–2000 2,380 2,780 .08734 C 1962–2000 22,400 25,400 .08037 G 1925–1957 497 585 .08058 C 1959–2000 790 892 .06970 C 1970–2000 3,750 4,250 .04415 G 1914–2000 893 1,060 .08165 C 1960–2000 3,810 4,410 .08813 C 1953–1980 294 328 .06279 C 1970–2000 263 316 .16362 C 1970–1981 3,750 4,080 .04202 G 1942–2000 156 174 .05049 C 1959–2000 112 119 .02959 C 1958–2000 58 64 .05962 C 1970–2000 130 143 .05001 C 1970–2000 128 136 .03814 C 1970–2000 130 143 .06163 C 1970–2000 224,900 246,200 .03576 G 1880–2000 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 99 88 1,520 2,240 22,300 395 7,950 1,400 7,100 777 1,990 19,400 413 689 3,250 741 3,230 259 216 3,390 139 105 51 117 120 117 203,100 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE WRC skew Station name Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 05400650 Wis. at Plover, River Little Plover -.462 48 69 83 05400600 near Arnott, Wis. River Little Plover -.473 41 61 73 05400500 Point, Wis. near Stevens River Plover .052 738 1,040 1,250 05400025 Wis. Johnson Creek near Knowlton, .369 892 1,360 1,720 05399500 near Stratford, Wis. Big Eau Pleine River -.1927,890 13,200 17,100 05399200 near Abbotsford, Wis. Marsh Creek tributary -.313 124 223 296 05399000 Wis. near Colby, Big Eau Pleine River -.1322,640 4,530 5,970 05397600 Wis. Big Sandy Creek near Wausau, .219 496 804 1,050 05397500 Wis. at Kelly, Eau Claire River -.2153,180 4,740 5,780 05396300 Wis. at Wausau, tributary River Wisconsin -.068 243 427 572 05396100 Wis. Pet Brook near Edgar, -.009 717 1170 1,520 05396000 Wis. at Rib Falls, Rib River -.4806,950 11,800 15,200 05395100 near Merrill, Wis. tributary River Trappe -.181 133 233 308 05395020 Creek near Doering, Wis. Lloyd -.170 296 449 554 05394500 near Merrill, Wis. Prairie River -.0621,410 2,120 2,610 05394200 Creek near Merrill, Wis. Devil .452 290 442 563 05394000 near Merrill, Wis. River Wood New -.0311,230 1,960 2,490 05393640 Little Pine Creek near Irma, Wis. .014 126 178 214 05393620 Wis. Creek near Tomahawk, Skanawan .263 75 123 160 05393500 Wis. at Spirit Falls, Spirit River -.5491,630 2,400 2,860 05392350 Wis. Bearskin Creek near Harshaw, .394 76 100 117 05392150 Wis. Mishonagon Creek near Woodruff, -.326 68 85 94 05391950 Creek near Harrison, Wis. Squaw -.108 25 36 42 05391260 Creek near Starks, Wis. Gudegast .175 68 88 101 05390240 Wis. Creek near Three Lakes, Fourmile -.105 80 98 108 05390140 Wis. Muskrat Creek at Conover, -.131 62 85 99 05389500 Ia. at McGregor, Mississippi River -.133109,500 148,300 172,900 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, Appendixes 25 record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 8,27010,400 .24061 C 1959–1969 2,950 3,660 .17523 G 1954–1969 9,52011,500 .07215 G 1939–2000 1,380 1,580 .11341 C 1959–1980 2,010 2,500 .10273 C 1959–2000 3,970 5,010 .11895 C 1958–2000 790 1,030 .13916 C 1960–2000 1,440 1,650 .06723 G 1954–2000 203 229 .10722 G 1985–1998 435 510 .14838 G 1985–2000 1,600 2,020 .11453 C 1961–2000 7,570 8,400 .04486 G 1914–2000 6,230 7,090 .08325 C 1958–2000 5,070 6,170 .18487 G 1988–2000 1,250 1,550 .09854 C 1958–2000 366 445 .12340 C 1972–2000 45 53 .13681 C 1962–1980 2,650 3,210 .10311 C 1958–2000 571 630 .07333 C 1961–2000 6,680 7,220 .05027 G 1944–1994 14,700 16,000 .08511 G 1941–1957 9,050 9,980 .09808 G 1927–1940 10,800 11,700 .04208 G 1944–2000 860 941 .04770 C 1959–2000 468 542 .11350 G 1964–1978 471 519 .06962 G 1961–1979 392 427 .05763 G 1964–2000 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 6,320 2,320 7,740 1,190 1,580 3,060 589 1,220 179 363 1,230 6,700 5,340 4,050 995 297 37 2,130 506 6,070 13,200 8,060 9,870 774 398 423 356 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE WRC skew Station name Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 05408800 Wis. Bishops Branch near Viroqua, -.3541,060 2,630 4,070 05408500 Knapp Creek near Bloomingdale, Wis. -.122 537 1,100 1,580 05408000 Wis. at La Farge, Kickapoo River .1962,510 4,250 5,650 05407400 Wis. near Norwalk, Morris Creek tributary -.580 377 690 909 05407200 Creek near Boscobel, Wis. Crooked .055 399 768 1,090 05407100 Wis. Richland Creek near Plugtown, -.003 687 1,410 2,050 05406800 Wis. Branch near Richland Center, Rocky -.022 107 243 374 05406500 Black Earth Creek at Earth, Wis. -.239 443 735 945 05406491 Garfoot Creek near Cross Plains, Wis. .102 87 122 146 05406470 Creek at Cross Plains, Wis. Brewery -.209 118 206 273 05405600 Wis. Creek at Poynette, Rowan -.059 265 558 820 05405000 near Baraboo, Wis. Baraboo River -.4012,940 4,480 5,480 05404200 Wis. Creek at Loganville, Narrows -.5661,730 3,130 4,110 05404116 at Hillsboro, Wis. South Branch Baraboo River -.345 915 1,950 2,800 05403700 Delton, Wis. Dell Creek near Lake .205 286 512 703 05403630 Dells, Wis. Hulbert Creek near Wisconsin .269 97 162 216 05403610 Dells, Wis. at Wisconsin tributary River Wisconsin -.501 10 20 27 05403550 Onemile Creek near Mauston, Wis. -.214 550 1,080 1,510 05403520 Lisbon, Wis. Creek at New Webster -.710 196 328 410 05403500 Lisbon, Wis. at New Lemonweir River -.6952,860 4,290 5,130 05403000 at Necedah, Wis. River Yellow -.6465,990 9,15011,100 05402500 at Sprague, Wis. River Yellow -.5213,520 5,430 6,630 05402000 at Babcock, Wis. River Yellow -.6544,850 7,100 8,410 05401800 near Pittsville, Wis. tributary River Yellow -.346 388 551 653 05401535 Big Roche A Cri Creek near Adams, Wis. .205 167 251 313 05401100 Rome, Wis. Creek near New Fourteenmile .101 231 308 358 05401050 Wis. Creek near Nekoosa, Tenmile -.268 191 261 304 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, 26 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 41 47 .24343 G 1926–1954 490 521 .04965 G 1984–2000 187 204 .06193 C 1962–1980 10,500 11,800 .08277 G 1978–1994 5,120 5,580 .03772 G 1931–2000 1,100 1,230 .08569 C 1973–2000 437 480 .07576 C 1960–2000 5,180 5,770 .04439 G 1932–2000 351 392 .09865 C 1959–1980 4,570 5,440 .11921 G 1950–2000 341 374 .05026 C 1960–1993 1,510 1,710 .08080 G 1949–2000 1,020 1,230 .15136 C 1959–1980 1,530 1,770 .10544 G 1949–1981 12,400 16,000 .13815 G 1940–1969 16,700 20,100 .07721 G 1937–1992 4,850 6,910 .16637 C 1960–2000 7,890 9,370 .15923 C 1988–2000 1,260 1,430 .07644 C 1958–2000 18,700 22,800 .07883 G 1935–2000 25,800 30,600 .07369 G 1935–2000 7,78010,400 .28172 G 1987–1996 2,480 3,180 .11778 C 1960–2000 11,900 14,700 .07703 G 1982–2000 10,600 12,500 .08414 G 1913–1977 6,270 9,460 .34378 G 1968–1980 403 525 .23001 G 1968–1979 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 36 456 169 9,280 4,630 976 389 4,580 308 3,740 307 1,300 811 1,270 9,450 13,500 3,320 6,490 1,090 15,000 21,100 5,620 1,880 9,440 8,910 3,990 301 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE WRC skew Station name sh River at Milford, Wis. sh River -.4762,280 3,290 3,910 Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 05426500 Wis. Creek near Whitewater, Whitewater -.249 14 22 28 05426250 near Rome, Wis. Bark River -.297 290 364 408 05426100 Wis. Scuppernong Creek near Wales, .080 97 126 145 05426031 Wis. at Jefferson, Rock River .0774,620 6,440 7,680 05426000 Crawfi 05425827 near Sun Prairie, Wis. Dup-Maunesha River -.258 448 661 802 05425700 Wis. Robbins Creek near Columbus, -.753 151 253 316 05425500 Wis. at Watertown, Rock River -.2532,110 3,110 3,770 05424300 Wis. near Watertown, tributary Rock River -.699 108 190 244 05424000 near Mayville, Wis. East Branch Rock River -.2491,060 1,990 2,720 05423800 Wis. near Slinger, tributary East Branch Rock River -.085 164 222 260 05423500 Wis. at Waupun, South Branch Rock River -.496 447 778 1,010 05423300 Wis. near Waupun, tributary South Branch Rock River -.506 163 377 556 05423000 Wis. near Waupun, Branch Rock River West -.626 323 670 931 05415500 at Council Hill, Illi. Galena River East Fork .0511,980 4,180 6,190 05415000 at Buncombe, Wis. Galena River .1374,310 7,390 9,880 05414900 Wis. Creek near Elk Grove, Pats .422 481 1,150 1,890 05414213 Wis. near Platteville, Little Platte River -.1841,950 3,540 4,770 05414200 Wis. Bear Branch near Platteville, -.489 387 663 852 05414000 near Rockville, Wis. Platte River -.2093,730 7,44010,500 05413500 at Burton, Wis. Grant River -.3955,520 11,000 15,200 05413449 Wis. Kickapoo Creek near North Andover, .074 900 2,150 3,420 05413400 Wis. Creek near Lancaster, Piegon .111 406 838 1,240 05410490 at Steuben, Wis. Kickapoo River .2182,730 4,870 6,670 05410000 at Gays Mills, Wis. Kickapoo River -.1213,060 5,160 6,740 05409890 Nederlo Creek near Gays Mills, Wis. .122 324 1,060 2,000 05409830 Nederlo Creek near Gays Mills, Wis. North Fork .136 60 129 193 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, Appendixes 27 record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 1,130 1,340 .13829 G 1955–1980 699 851 .10646 C 1961–2000 16,500 19,000 .05719 G 1916–2000 151 173 .10576 C 1959–1980 7,950 9,370 .10016 C 1955–2000 9,98012,100 .08030 G 1940–2000 17,500 22,100 .09161 G 1937–2000 1,870 2,490 .13182 C 1959–2000 8,75610,330 .08868 G 1940–1981 8,120 9,820 .07659 G 1938–2000 4,769 5,667 .08519 C 1961–2000 1,020 1,170 .10833 G 1984–2000 228 241 .05609 G 1984–2000 557 643 .13122 G 1984–1995 13,000 14,100 .03043 G 1914–2000 996 1,110 .08026 C 1982–2000 3,910 4,510 .08950 G 1978–2000 1,050 1,110 .05724 G 1978–2000 1,060 1,160 .10237 G 1957–1966 780 849 .03143 G 1930–2000 871 947 .06103 G 1976–2000 1,080 1,220 .09161 G 1975–2000 825 954 .08741 C 1961–2000 1,430 1,720 .13485 G 1976–2000 11,500 12,500 .05515 G 1976–2000 306 353 .07360 C 1958–1993 625 732 .13602 G 1927–1981 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 926 561 14,100 129 6,510 8,010 13,400 1,370 7,235 6,560 3,939 878 212 473 11,900 882 3,350 980 958 710 789 930 698 1,180 10,400 262 524 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE WRC skew Station name sh Creek near Cooksville, Wis. -.455 616 783 876 sh Creek near Stoughton, Wis. -.494 461 675 806 Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 05436000 Wis. Creek near Mount Vernon, Mount Vernnon -.135 280 504 679 05435900 Wis. near Pine Bluff, tributary Sugar River -.056 153 287 398 05434500 Wis. at Martintown, Pecatonica River -.2195,260 8,60011,000 05434200 near Monroe, Wis. Skinner Creek tributary -.463 42 75 98 05433500 near Blanchardville, Wis. River Yellowstone -.6421,430 3,210 4,620 05433000 near Blanchardville, Wis. East Branch Pecatonica River -.0772,170 4,090 5,680 05432500 at Darlington, Wis. Pecatonica River .0773,100 6,220 9,020 05432300 Rock Branch near Mineral Point, Wis. .363 277 574 865 05431500 Creek near Clinton, Wis. Turtle -.3282,074 3,903 5,306 05431486 Rock Road near Clinton, Wis. Creek at Carvers Turtle -.1231,810 3,400 4,690 05431400 Wis. Creek at Allens Grove, Little Turtle .0481,330 2,233 2,936 05431017 Wis. Lawn, 50 at Lake inlet at State Hwy. Lake Delavan -.213 340 545 689 054310157 near Elkhorn, Wis. Jackson Creek tributary -.636 126 167 189 05431014 Jackson Creek at Petrie Road near Elkhorn, Wis. -.134 177 287 367 05430500 at Afton, Wis. Rock River -.3746,350 8,73010,200 05430403 at Janesville, Wis. Fisher Creek tributary -.103 425 607 728 05430175 near Fulton, Wis. River Yahara .5021,560 2,190 2,670 05430150 Badfi 05430100 Badfi 05429500 Wis. near McFarland, River Yahara .068 416 536 614 05427965 at Madison, Wis. Spring Harbor Storm Sewer -.470 397 567 670 05427948 Pheasant Branch at Middleton, Wis. -.546 324 564 727 05427800 Creek near Madison, Wis. Token -.351 232 406 532 05427718 Wis. at Windsor, River Yahara .199 405 667 874 05427570 at Indianford, Wis. Rock River -.1105,650 7,600 8,850 05427200 Atkinson, Wis. Allen Creek near Fort -.108 101 161 204 05427000 Wis. Ray Road near Whitewater, Creek at Willis Whitewater -.062 185 306 398 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, 28 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 18,000 20,000 .03628 G 1903–1961 9,42010,200 .04650 G 1930–1975 5,300 6,390 .16259 G 1915–1938 4,690 5,390 .07766 G 1928–1960 523 599 .06716 C 1962–2000 22,300 24,700 .03888 G 1914–2000 9,83012,100 .07927 G 1940–2000 7,740 8,520 .04317 G 1912–2000 2,470 2,830 .08984 C 1959–1982 51,800 56,500 .03364 G 1902–2000 323 378 .07519 C 1958–2000 22,900 25,300 .04641 G 1923–1970 481 580 .09021 C 1962–2000 9,80010,700 .03180 G 1914–2000 92 103 .09608 C 1960–1981 22,100 23,200 .02402 G 1918–2000 310 322 .02865 G 1974–2000 32,000 35,800 .04829 G 1945–2000 2,170 2,420 .05540 G 1960–2000 27,520 29,730 .03456 G 1908–1981 1,090 1,440 .14133 C 1958–1993 29,100 32,100 .05457 G 1950–1982 13,200 15,600 .05817 G 1914–2000 17,900 19,980 .03813 G 1915–2000 469 585 .10446 C 1960–2000 9,56111,190 .14200 G 1990–2000 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 16,100 8,550 4,310 4,000 450 19,900 7,880 6,900 2,110 46,700 270 20,400 391 8,830 80 20,900 296 28,300 1,920 25,140 801 26,100 10,900 15,820 369 8,050 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE Regulated Stations WRC skew Station name Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 05360000 near Ladysmith, Wis. Flambeau River .0808,490 11,500 13,500 05358500 at Babbs Island, Wis. Flambeau River -.5764,190 6,100 7,250 05358000 near Butternut, Wis. Flambeau River .1841,410 2,380 3,160 05357500 Wis. at Flambeau Flowage, Flambeau River -.2001,490 2,430 3,100 05548150 Wis. North Branch Nippersink Creek near Genoa City, -.056 185 284 355 05356500 near Bruce, Wis. River Chippewa -.2379,510 13,700 16,500 05545750 Wis. Munster, near New River Fox .5432,660 4,310 5,710 05356000 Wis. at Bishops Bridge near Winter, River Chippewa -.5652,980 4,640 5,680 05545300 near Burlington, Wis. White River -.198 808 1,30005340500 1,650 Wis. at St. Croix Falls, St. Croix River -.50922,300 32,800 39,200 05545200 near Burlington, Wis. tributary White River -.062 95 158 205 05336000 Wis. near Grantsburg, St. Croix River -.12110,300 14,400 17,100 05545100 Sugar Creek at Elkhorn, Wis. .166 12705333500 215 Wis. near Danbury, St. Croix River 286 -.1304,700 6,400 7,490 05544300 Wis. near Mukwonago, tributary River Mukwonago -.553 30 50 64 04084500 Wis. at Rapide Croche Dam near Wrightstown, River Fox -.81912,800 16,800 18,800 05544200 Wis. at Mukwonago, River Mukwonago -.501 214 254 274 04067500 Wis. near Mc Allister, Menominee River .07014,100 19,700 23,400 05543830 Wis. at Waukesha, River Fox -.103 92304067000 1,320 1,590 MI near Koss, Menominee River -.45313,420 18,560 21,620 05437200 near Beloit, Wis. Raccoon Creek tributary East Fork .052 139 320 498 04066000 near Pembine, Wis. Menominee River -.12613,400 18,600 21,900 05436500 near Brodhead, Wis. Sugar River -.1773,340 5,99004063000 8,030 near Florence, Wis. Menominee River -.1327,473 10,800 13,010 05436200 Gill Creek near Brooklyn, Wis. .344 106 04062011 187 near Commonwealth, Wis. Brule River 258 .1803,153 4,889 6,203 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, Appendixes 29 record Period of Type 100 , standard error of 100-year 100 network—Continued 508 553 .08051 G 1984–2000 846 901 .05405 G 1986–2000 68,200 72,400 .02718 G 1881–2000 71,800 76,200 .02801 G 1944–1953 66,400 70,400 .02845 G 1935–2000 67,200 72,200 .03070 G 1903–1950 68,000 73,100 .02992 G 1982–2000 63,770 67,190 .04751 G 1921–1942 54,700 58,400 .02830 G 1941–2000 28,000 30,400 .03038 G 1903–2000 2,935 3,282 .05212 G 1930–1973 5,390 5,720 .02443 G 1906–1961 3,210 3,380 .02282 G 1937–2000 106,000 119,000 .04285 G 1880–2000 93,600 109,000 .14336 G 1903–1954 80,300 87,400 .03411 G 1884–2000 20,660 22,360 .03734 G 1952–2000 rs; discharge in cubic feet per second; SE rs; discharge 460 787 63,400 66,700 61,700 61,700 62,500 59,830 50,500 25,500 2,591 5,010 3,020 92,800 79,600 72,900 18,880 Discharge for indicated recurrence interval 2 5 10 25 50 100 SE WRC skew Station name Flood discharges at selected recurrence intervals and WRC skew for streamflow-gaging stations in the Wisconsin flood-frequency

Station number 05431022 Wis. Road near Delavan, Outlet at Borg Lake Delavan -.492 227 328 389 05425912 Dam, Wis. at Beaver Dam River Beaver -.283 495 625 701 05407000 at Muscoda, Wis. River Wisconsin -.68935,900 48,800 55,900 05406000 at Prairie du Sac, Wis. River Wisconsin -.73137,200 51,100 58,700 05404000 Dells, Wis. near Wisconsin River Wisconsin -.76434,200 47,200 54,300 05401500 near Necedah, Wis. River Wisconsin -.62132,400 45,700 53,300 05400760 Rapids, Wis. at Wisconsin River Wisconsin -.58033,400 46,500 54,100 05400000 Wis. at Knowlton, River Wisconsin -.70336,210 47,490 53,520 05398000 at Rothschild, Wis. River Wisconsin -.62427,900 38,300 44,200 05395000 at Merrill, Wis. River Wisconsin -.40313,600 18,800 21,900 05393000 Wis. at Bradley, River Tomahawk -.0491,245 1,776 2,134 05392000 Wis. at Whirlpool Rapids near Rhinelander, River Wisconsin -.5203,000 3,930 4,450 05391000 Wis. Tomahawk, near Lake Lake at Rainbow River Wisconsin -.6361,870 2,410 2,710 05369500 at Durand, Wis. River Chippewa .00243,300 62,500 75,600 05367000 at Eau Claire, Wis. River Chippewa .87438,200 52,200 63,300 05365500 Wis. Falls, at Chippewa River Chippewa -.35738,400 53,200 62,300 05360500 near Bruce, Wis. Flambeau River -.30510,500 14,120 16,310 Table A-1. Table in yea Data, 1981); recurrence intervals Advisory Committee on Water in Bulletin 17B (nteragency as defined skewness [WRC skew, discharge, in log units; C, crest-stage gage; G, continuous-record gage] discharge, 30 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams area Flood- frequency by /s) 3 100 (ft Q regression Soil (in./hr) permeability (in.) Snowfall (in.) 25-yr, 24-hr 25-yr, , 100-year flood.] precipitation 100 Forest (percent) Storage (percent) /s, cubic feet per second; Q 3 Slope (ft/mi) ) 2 (mi area Contributing Drainage-basin characteristics for rural streamflow-gaging stations in Wisconsin , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, mean annual snowfall; ft mean annual snowfall; inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, 2 Station number Station name 04024400Wis. Superior, near Brook Stony 04025200Wis.Maple, near Creek Pearson 04025500 near Brule, Wis. Bois Brule River 04026200 Wis. near Red Cliff, tributary Sand River 04026300Wis. Washburn, near River Sioux 04026400Wis.Cayuga, near Creek Spillerberg 04026450Wis.Mellen, near River Bad 04026700 near Marengo, Wis. Brook tributary Trout 1.8604027000 near Odanah, Wis. Bad River 4.0704027200 Wis. 56.3 Grandview, at Creek Pearl 1.09 11804027500 75.2 near Ashland, Wis. White River 0.0004028000 Mich204 Ironwood, 13.7at River Montreal 6.59 04029700 51.8Wis. .00Saxon, 3.60near Creek Boomer 48.6 04029990 11.5 39.6 1.75 near Saxon, Wis. at Saxon Falls Montreal River 15.4 4.79 .6604059900 82.0 1.21 near Alvin, Wis. Allen Creek tributary 39.4 04063640 98.0 4.79179 52.9 85.0 Dam near Alvin, Wis. at Windsor North Branch Pine River 82.6 0406368811.2 81.4 Wis. near Newald, South Branch Popple River 13.7 597 63.1 04063700 4.79 11.9 0.12 4.79 4.79 27.8 near Fence, Wis. Popple River 264 .00 4.6604063800 61.4 Wis. 301 Fence, 30.6near Creek Woods 81.596.104066300 18.8 .12 Wis. Dunbar, 71.5 698 24.2near 74.9Creek 88.1 Cole 5.33 4.49 04066500 8.62 6.38 18.6 19.1 1,593 Wis. at Amberg, River Pike 4.66 9.7004066700 Wis. 15.7 84.6 22.6 2.19 4 Wausaukee, 1.02 93.1 4.66at .12 Creek 9.47 1.65 McCall 2.98 15.9 04067760Wis. 13.1 Cavour, 94.5near 4 River 80.0 13.1 Peshtigo 81.1 1,614 12.004067800 4.79 80.0 18.5 91.5 240 2,021 82.1 589 Armstrong Creek near Creek, Wis. 80.004069500Wis. 84.1 Peshtigo, 1.65 at 4.66 4.66 River 4 Peshtigo 74.8 5.6018.5 04069700 4.24 4 131 5.28 Wis. near Wabeno, 4 North Branch Oconto River 4 .12 41.4 2,952 172 4.66 4.6604071000 81.2 96.0 near Gillett, Wis. 1.65 Oconto River 93.8 80.0 3.20 107 128 14.8 4 66.1 511 6.24 1.65 1,025 1.33 23.1 4.24 27.4 1.51 4.24 24.0 150 255 3.71 22.8 1.65 2,271 19.2 1.65 4 19.1 34.1 4 2.18 21,243 78.3 79.4 7.52 59.4 20.31,120 94.5 4.40 257 12.6 4 636 85.30 9,267 9,106 36.5 10.0 4.24 4 23.6 4.18 35.3 2.93 17.2 4.24 6.21 4.24 4 3 15.5 61.5 4 62.1 4 80.7 67818.4 4.24 56.1 86.0 21.0134 61.7 71.9 4.24 4.24 1.65 72.0 53.3 2.93 3 4.24 7.50 3 1.40 58.6 4.24 4.24 659 58.9 16.8 .50 54.4 51.91 1,943 51.2 1.45 63.5 3 2.04 3 88.0 103.7 2,097 3.68 2.41 3 1.65 3 4.24 317 7,727 3 1,684 618 51.1 3 3 3 3 2.26 5,493 3 Table A-2. Table [mi Appendixes 31 area Flood- frequency by /s) 3 100 (ft Q regression Soil (in./hr) permeability (in.) Snowfall (in.) 25-yr, 24-hr 25-yr, , 100-year flood.] precipitation 100 Forest (percent) Storage (percent) /s, cubic feet per second; Q 3 Slope (ft/mi) ) 2 (mi area Contributing Drainage-basin characteristics for rural streamflow-gaging stations in Wisconsin—Continued , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, mean annual snowfall; ft mean annual snowfall; inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, 2 Station number Station name 04071700 near Coleman, Wis. North Branch Little River 04071800Wis.Pulaski, near River Pensaukee 04073400Wis. Wautoma, at Creek Bird 04073500Wis.Berlin, at River Fox 04074300Wis.Nashville, near Creek Mud 04074700 Wis.Elcho, 23.3near River Hunting 04074850Wis. Lily, near River Lily 04075200 Wis.Langlade, 10.6near Creek Evergreen 48.804075500 Wis. near Keshena, River Branch Wolf West above River Wolf 15.804077000 633 11.0 Wis. near Keshena, Falls at Keshena River Wolf 04078500 Wis.Embarrass, near 3.59 River Embarrass 26.2 04079000 6.53 London, Wis. at New River Wolf 1,430 27.7 9.05 04079700 9.60 Wis. Spaulding Creek near Big Falls, 4.24 3.50 9.0004080000 15.5 5.57 6.87 Wis. at Royalton, River 812 Little Wolf 4.90 04081000 .84 4.24 Wis. near Waupaca, River 37.9 6.09 Waupaca 50.0 31.8 45.6 04081010 19.712.6 76.0 Wis. near Waupaca, tributary River Waupaca 29.2 49.9395 04081900 90.1 9.51 4.38 10.1 Wis. Creek at Oshkosh, Sawyer 22.0 9.90 04083000 .50 4.24 80.1 du Lac, Wis. at Fond du Lac River Branch Fond 13.9 West 4.24 16.80408340011.9 86.9 .57 41.8 4.38 near Eden, Wis. tributary du Lac River East Branch Fond 2,240 04083500 1,008 4.24 50.1 15.0 69.0 85.1 4.90 66.5 du Lac, Wis. at Fond 2,371 du Lac River East Branch Fond 4.2404085030 4.33 41.1 514 Apple Creek near Kaukauna, Wis. 83.1 64.7 1.00 36.0 04085100 5.80 4 18.5 4.24 272 2.78 4.24 55.3 4 2.91 .99 at Greenleaf, Wis. tributary East River 04085200 3.69 70.2 14.6 30.4 Wis. near Kewaunee, River Kewaunee 4.24 1.48 20.8 78.4 6.86 61.804085300 8.77 4,500 70.0 1.92 49.1 111 9,021 10.0 near Denmark, Wis. tributary Neshota River 3 04085400 Wis. Chilton, 43.0 47.4near 15.8 1.00 12.0 River 9.20 197 Killsnake 84.5 2.50 04085700 3.85 1.68 3 124 3 3 6.20 2.51 near Plymouth, Wis. tributary River Sheboygan 04086000 35.0 4.00 4.38 1.72 11.0 6.44 3 Wis. at Sheboygan, River Sheboygan 4.38 7.30 559 3.36 26.0 3 6,111 4,470 15.2 4.38 4.46 4.38 42.8 7.18 .33 6.00 44.6 4.46 3 127 4.31 4.38 3 3 11.8 43.4 40.9 34.7 44.1 4.46 6.51 1.81 1.96 35.5 22.9 1.65 43.4 29.4 10.5 12.5 21,919 21.0 .00 4.46 34.4 1.28 .50 .48 1.25 .00 9.23 418 146 3.23 .43 13.0 1.99 2.54 3 45.0 8,459 2,710 1.42 172 .70 2.60 2,974 172 8.92 3 4.46 12.5 4.46 4.63 5.39 3 4.46 4 2,029 .12 3 4.46 3 4 9.60 4.46 44.8 4.46 44.6 4,607 42.0 4 38.2 13.0 45.8 43.9 .69 .12 3 4.46 .12 .36 .22 2,256 .39 584 46.7 2,448 8,995 964 4 709 4 4 4 4 .68 4 9,202 4 Table A-2. Table [mi 32 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams area Flood- frequency by /s) 3 100 (ft Q regression Soil (in./hr) permeability (in.) Snowfall (in.) 25-yr, 24-hr 25-yr, , 100-year flood.] precipitation 100 Forest (percent) Storage (percent) /s, cubic feet per second; Q 3 Slope (ft/mi) ) 2 (mi area Contributing Drainage-basin characteristics for rural streamflow-gaging stations in Wisconsin—Continued , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, mean annual snowfall; ft mean annual snowfall; inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, 2 Station number Station name 04086150 Wis. at Kewaskum, River Milwaukee 04086200 Wis. Fane, near New River East Branch Milwaukee 04086340 near Fillmore, Wis. River North Branch Milwaukee 04086360 Wis. at Waubeka, River Milwaukee 04086400 near Fredonia, Wis. tributary River Milwaukee 04086500 54.1 Wis. Cedar Creek near Cedarburg, 14804087000 Wis. at Milwaukee, River Milwaukee 13804087050 3.44 near Freistadt, Wis. Little Menomonie River 04087204 4.10 Wis. Oak Creek at South Milwaukee, 15.1 04087230 4.70 near North Cape, Wis. Canal tributary Branch Root River West .8204087233 6.50 432 27.1 Canal near Franklin, Wis. Root River 12.104087240 3.19 27.6 at Racine, Wis. Root River 14.1 04087250 4.46 120 Wis. Creek near Kenosha, Pike 21.4 13.1 5.89 69605333100 8.00 1.38 Little Frog Creek near Minong, Wis. 4.66 05334100 41.4 2.04 8.86 Wis. Creek near Shell Lake, Sawyer 30.0 4.66 05335380 9.90 25.0 .19 5.32 Wis. Brook near Shell Lake, Bashaw 42.6 05340300 Wis. 14.6Frederic, near 2.55 River 10.7 Trade 40.6 1.06 .75 05341700 4.66 9.90 57.0 7.64 Richmond, Wis. near New tributary River Willow 05341900 4.66 4.66 .86 1,102 Wis. Falls, at River tributary Kinnickinnic River 3.00 7.16 12.0 05346600 39.0 1.60 .61 6.58 Wis. Creek near Bay City, Little Trimbelle 3,71005356200 40.1Wis. 42.2 Radisson, 183 near 4.66 13.0 4.66 Creek Kenyon 4 4.66 7.25 5.70 05357360 3,328 1.20 .12 Wis. near Powell, Bear River 1.04 1.40 05357390 Wis. 4 Mercer, near 28.5 22.8 42.5 39.5 Creek .50 .86 Weber 4.66 40.6 8.15 2.16 1.9005358100 4 7.26 67.8 50.7 Wis. Falls, Smith Creek near Park 189 6.3405359500 27.7 16.7 9,771 1.70 near Phillips, Wis. 48.9 Flambeau River South Fork 4.66 .97 231 .64 96.0 .50 05359600 19.9Wis. .77 Phillips, 53.8 near Creek .96 Price .00 92.3 4 Wis. 11.2 05360200 Ladysmith, at 3.50 tributary 4 River 41.1 4,031 Flambeau 13,93911.2 .42 5 34.9 .00 783 .50 16.8 7.50 7.14 41.9 4.79 4.66 44.2 4.66 12.2 4 4 3.17 615 .50 4.79 5 5.28 .00 999 120 4.79 60.5 7.10 4.79 44.124.7 40.0 5.28 17.6 2,139 43.7 45.7 9.46 .8014.6 5 3.69 87.9 57.2 50.2 1.77 1.08 .27 46.1 15.210.8 5.28 16.9 12.8 .80 33.3 5 4.79 1.65 1.65 1.65 52.4 2.40 28.8 593 3,413 90.3 20.3 42.5 72.6 5.14 58.0 .46 373 1,003 193 62.8 235 48.7 39.7 4.66 900 4 5 63.9 4.66 4,512 1.65 1.24 2 5 4.79 95.3 4.66 4 87.4 2 4 4.66 2,732 59.7 435 2 56.6 4.66 80.6 1.65 74.1 2 2 59.7 2.02 1.41 402 4.68 6,645 .80 1.74 70.1 4 856 2 380 3 499 4 3 3 Table A-2. Table [mi Appendixes 33 area Flood- frequency 3 by /s) 3 100 (ft Q regression Soil (in./hr) permeability (in.) Snowfall (in.) 25-yr, 24-hr 25-yr, , 100-year flood.] precipitation 100 Forest (percent) Storage (percent) /s, cubic feet per second; Q 3 Slope (ft/mi) ) 2 (mi area Contributing Drainage-basin characteristics for rural streamflow-gaging stations in Wisconsin—Continued , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, mean annual snowfall; ft mean annual snowfall; inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, 2 Station number Station name 05361600 near Phillips, Wis. Jump River North Fork 05362000 at Sheldon, Wis. Jump River 05364000 at Cadott, Wis. River Yellow 05364100Wis.Cadott, near Creek Seth 05365000 Wis. Falls, Duncan Creek at Chippewa 05365700Wis.Thorp, near Creek Goggle-Eye 05366000 10.4 near Augusta, Wis. Eau Claire River 05366500 Creek, Wis. near Fall Eau Claire River 05367030 19.6 Creek near Eau Claire, Wis. Willow 05367480 near Dallas, Wis. East Branch Pine Creek tributary 36.5 574Wis.05367500 Colfax, near River Cedar Red 114 35105367700 3.04 59.0 Lightning Creek at Almena, Wis. 05368000 6.70 8.30 Wis. at Wheeler, Hay River 43.8Wis. 05369000 Menomonie, 506at 6.75 5.96 River 20.0 Cedar 4.66 Red 3.85 758Wis. 17.6 Hersey, 05369800near tributary River Galle Eau 14.1 .66 1.6005370600 6.42 52.4 56.1 Wis. near Arkansaw, Creek tributary Arkansaw 62.0 7.40 4.38 05370900Wis. 32.9 Durand, 6.36 16.9 near 1,100 11.0Creek 63.0 Spring 05371300 5.70 57.1 .00 4.79By Golly Creek near Nelson, Wis. 1.38 4.79 05371800 4.40 4.66 4.79 4.17 4.79 near Osseo, Wis. tributary River Buffalo 1,760 05371920 45.0Wis. 12.2 19.8 Mondovi, near .65 River 43.8 43.5 47.6 Buffalo .00 45.3 7.80 31105372000 2.56 46.2 44.0 Wis. near Tell, River Buffalo 68.2 4.33 4.7905378200 426 4.79 17.1 38.7 9.80 4.79 Wis. City, Eagle Creek near Fountain .50102 .20 05379500Wis. 3 .63 Dodge, 6.00at River 2.01 Trempealeau .00 5.28 43.4 05380800 .67 5.56 45.3 4.79 1,108 45.0 2,795 Wis. 35.0 41,052 near Whittlesey, tributary Black River 6.12 6.49 05380900 33.8 .00 3,223 19,884 44.4 near Owen, Wis. Poplar River 8.14 1.44 2 1.72 46.0 1.3479.6 5.28 3.20 2 .28 1.77 5.28 2 279 27.3 67.1 2.02 4.79 2 2 15,517 270 32.4 39.2 .00 20,102 2.69 45.7 726 19,398 5.28 7.15 26.8 56.9 52.2 .00 406 643 2 5.28 2.20 2.12 2 .00 2 506 .63 2 .41 43.1 40.9 5.28 28,633 44.4 44.4 18.6 .79 50.0 3.64 24.9 6.30 294 2 43.5 1.32 2 5.28 .00 1.40 157 2,393 8.50 5.28 5.28 2.10 2.12 2 25.8 1.63 47.6 45.5 903 31.6 44.7 28.6 9,872 2 42.2 7.04 1,438 5.28 5.28 4.66 1 2.50 2.39 5.28 4.17 2 1.65 45.4 1 13,473 41.8 50.3 22.2 41.9 367 1.77 182 1 1.65 4.66 18,913 2.36 1 .93 1 3,684 16,738 1 46.1 276 1 1 .50 2 13,027 2 05361400Wis.Prentice, near Creek Hay 05361420Wis.Prentice, near Creek Douglas 21.9 24.6 15.6 22.7 24.8 8.90 61.6 74.4 4.66 4.66 53.3 51.5 .48 .80 1,301 1,411 3 Table A-2. Table [mi 34 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams area Flood- frequency by /s) 3 100 (ft Q regression Soil (in./hr) permeability (in.) Snowfall (in.) 25-yr, 24-hr 25-yr, , 100-year flood.] precipitation 100 Forest (percent) Storage (percent) /s, cubic feet per second; Q 3 Slope (ft/mi) ) 2 (mi area Contributing Drainage-basin characteristics for rural streamflow-gaging stations in Wisconsin—Continued , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, mean annual snowfall; ft mean annual snowfall; inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, 2 Station number Station name 05380970Wis.Neillsville, near Creek Cawley 05381000Wis.Neillsville, at River Black 05382000Wis.Galesville, near River Black 05382200Wis.Ettrick, near Creek French 05382300 near Sparta, Wis. Creek tributary Beaver 05382500 near Leon, Wis. Little La Crosse River 05383000 Salem, Wis. near West La Crosse River 38.605386300 Mormon Creek near La Crosse, Wis.05387100 17.2756 near Genoa, Wis. River Bad Axe North Fork 2,12005388460 Du Charme Creek at Eastman, Wis. 05390140Wis. Conover, .08at Creek Muskrat 14.3 5.81 1.72 5.5105390240 Wis. Creek near Three Lakes, 20.3 Fourmile 77.105391260 Wis. 7.30Starks, 33.8 8.20near 66.2Creek 398 Gudegast 05391950Wis.Harrison, 4.66 near Creek 30.8 43.7 Squaw 80.9 20.0 05392150 Wis. Woodruff, .00near 25.0 Creek Mishonagon .00 05392350 43.0Wis. 6.98 4.66 Harshaw, 5.28 near Creek 26.6 27.3 Bearskin 2.60 05393500 39.0 60.6 Wis. at Spirit Falls, Spirit River 3.10 41.6 05393640 37.7 .30 .50 5.28 30.4 10.2 Little Pine Creek near Irma, Wis. 10.3 .00 Wis. 05394000Merrill, near 5.28 River 31.9 Wood .00200 New 6,395 41.2 2.1505394200 Wis. .62 Merrill, 14.0 5.28near 28.0 8.45 Creek Devil 13.9 05394500 8.27 36.0Wis. 42.0 Merrill, 59,559 5.28near 42,318 River 3.23 2 Prairie 4.47 1.6505395020 Wis. .00 7.04 Doering, 41.1 5.29near 21.2 Creek Lloyd 6.77 19.6 17.9 05395100 5.28 1 92.3 2 39.822.7 4.22 2,250 near Merrill, Wis. tributary River Trappe 30.0 26.2 05396000 88.2 35.5 13.9 1.68 Wis. at Rib Falls, Rib River 6.48 4.66 75.0 05396100 39.8 Wis. Edgar, 1 near 82.4 2.99 81.6Brook 444 82.2 Pet 5.29 28.7 82.8 05397500 22.0 4.66 7,210 1.65 79.7 Wis. 4.66 at Kelly, Eau Claire River 05397600 16,895 4.66 1.6514.7 12.5 69.3 Wis. 4.66 Big Sandy Creek near Wausau, 37.3 1 24.0 74.7 9.58 66.0 9,878 1 3.37184 14.5 83.5 4,718 17.2 4.66 1 59.1 10.5 1.58 7.80 1.65 9.55 4.04 84.2 3.01 237 1 10.4 6.22 57.6 51.5 1 2.4825.5 2.50 35.0 79.9 4.6623.2 204 192 3 26.4 190 132 6.27 4.66 2.57 303 93 74.6 4.66 .00 53.7 6.86 3 1 74.4 4.66 375 11.5 3 3 170 56.0 34.5 4.6654.5 3 11.8 55.7 .74 4.24 52.9 20.3 3 8.28 53.5 4.66 .00 6.80 .85 3,342 56.3 3.30 .50 11.4 15.3 .00 1.54 55.4 2,877 53.7 3 1,095 .71 389 45.2 55.4 4.66 3,308 4.66 3 3 .50 503 49.4 3 4.66 4.66 3 51.4 3 517 50.9 53.6 .42 .89 3,144 2 1.28 .47 21,860 2 7,955 1,772 2 3 3 Table A-2. Table [mi Appendixes 35 area Flood- frequency by /s) 3 100 (ft Q regression Soil (in./hr) permeability (in.) Snowfall (in.) 25-yr, 24-hr 25-yr, , 100-year flood.] precipitation 100 Forest (percent) Storage (percent) /s, cubic feet per second; Q 3 Slope (ft/mi) ) 2 (mi area Contributing Drainage-basin characteristics for rural streamflow-gaging stations in Wisconsin—Continued , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, mean annual snowfall; ft mean annual snowfall; inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, 2 Station number Station name 05399000 Wis. near Colby, Big Eau Pleine River 05399200 near Abbotsford, Wis. Marsh Cr tributary 05399500 near Stratford, Wis. Big Eau Pleine River 05400025Wis. Knowlton, near Creek Johnson 05400500 Point, Wis. near Stevens River Plover 05400650 Wis. at Plover, River Little Plover 05401050Wis. Nekoosa, near Creek Tenmile 05401535 78.1 Big Roche A Cri Creek near Adams, Wis. .5605401800 224 near Pittsville, Wis. tributary River Yellow 05402000 9.29 at Babcock, Wis. 62.2 River Yellow 25.105403000Wis. Necedah, at River 10.1 Yellow 3.80 145 05403500 32.6 8.93 Lisbon, Wis. at New Lemonweir River 05403520 1.90 17.4 Lisbon, Wis. Creek at New Webster 55.805403550 2.55 16.0Wis. 7.91Mauston, 52.8near 5.64Creek Onemile 21.205403630 7.23 56.4 4.66 Dells, Wis. Hulbert Creek near Wisconsin 10.7 6.54 18.905403700 4.66 4.83 Delton, Wis. Dell Creek near Lake 4.66 05404200 20.1 4.66Wis. Loganville, 8.00 52.7at Creek Narrows 40.7 1.5005405000 53.7 Wis. 1.50 Baraboo, 215 near River 491 22.7 Baraboo 507 47.3 66.6 05405600 .30 26.5 Wis. Creek at Poynette, Rowan 4.38 38.7 .25 05406500 4.38 .25 11.8 Black Earth Creek at Earth, Wis. 27.5 6.07 30.2 7.63 .41 05406800 11.2 3.65 4.38 14,023 .31 Wis. Branch near Richland Center, Rocky 44.8 4.38 05407100 43.8 Wis. Plugtown, 9.40 near 19.3 2,788 Creek 15.9 4.90 Richland 15.6 492 4.38 33,619 05407200 Wis. 29.8Boscobel, 42.7near 2 Creek 48.7 Crooked 41.7 44.9 1.79 8.46 05407400 40.1 39.2 3 .50 44.2 Wis. near Norwalk, Morris Creek tributary .00 44.3 609 2 Wis.05408000 2 Farge, La 4.38at .09 5.96River Kickapoo 29.1 2,230 11.6 28.3 7.28 367 05410500Wis. 4.38Steuben, 41.7 at 4.38 River Kickapoo 42.8 34.3 44.305413400 2.02 .57 4.38 1.68 10.4 .00 Wis. Pigeon Creek near Lancaster, 130 3 3 .94 527 43.5 4.38 41.9 19.2 .60 1.68 13.0100 5.29 9.42 47.7 866 30.4 28.5 12.9 3 28.8 13,502 43.8 3 51.8 4.59 .77 5.29 2.88 40.4 .20 1.26 51.1 3 5.29 .00 .30 126 5.29 266 2 13,219 .00 43.6 1.64 6,559 21.8 2,357 1.6540.9 690 .00 40.9 38.2 8.90 35.9 9.13 2 1.59 .00 2 5.18 908 2 35.1 5.29 6.93 5.18 5.29 721 1.48 4.30 2.40 4,350 .10 29.9 5.29 34.9 2 12,300 49.8 36.1 39.6 34.0 .30 33.9 3 1,483 5 5.28 35.3 37.2 5 1.52 5.29 1.65 .00 1.65 1.42 3 43.2 1.65 5.29 3,657 1,469 38.6 1.62 1,152 581 2,562 35.4 1.65 1 1.63 5.29 1 5 1 1 14,402 1.51 1,669 33.3 21,397 1 1 1.65 1 3,294 1 Table A-2. Table [mi 36 Flood-Frequency Characteristics of Wisconsin Streams area Flood- frequency by /s) 3 100 (ft Q regression Soil (in./hr) permeability (in.) Snowfall (in.) 25-yr, 24-hr 25-yr, , 100-year flood.] precipitation 100 Forest (percent) Storage (percent) /s, cubic feet per second; Q 3 Slope (ft/mi) ) 2 (mi area Contributing sh River at Milford, Wis. sh River 762 2.50 11.1 7.40 5.18 37.2 1.18 7,026 5 sh Creek near Stoughton, Wis.Stoughton, near Creek sh 39.8 8.01 1.78 4.40 5.18 32.4 1.92 1,518 5 Drainage-basin characteristics for rural streamflow-gaging stations in Wisconsin—Continued , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, mean annual snowfall; ft mean annual snowfall; inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, 2 Station number Station name 05413500 at Burton, Wis. Grant River 05414000Wis.Rockville, near River Platte 05414200 Wis. Bear Branch near Platteville, 05414900 Wis. Creek near Elk Grove, Pats 05415000 at Buncombe, Wis. Galena River 05423000 Wis. near Waupun, Branch Rock River West 05423300 Wis. near Waupun, tributary South Branch Rock River 05423500 Wis. at Waupun, South Branch Rock River 05423800142 Wis. near Slinger, tributary East Branch Rock River 05424000 269 12.6 near Mayville, Wis. East Branch Rock River 05424300 11.5 2.72 Wis. near Watertown, tributary Rock River 40.7 05425500 13.8 8.50 Wis. at Watertown, Rock River 9.73 60.2 12505425700 .00 4.42 Wis. Robbins Creek at Columbus, 9.58 05425827 63.6 14.5 26.9 22.3 .00 near Sun Prairie, Wis. Maunesha River 05426000 74.2 .00 10.0 11.3 181 Crawfi 05426100 Wis. 5.29 22.1 1.18 8.33Wales, near .00Creek Scuppernong 1.07 05427200 .99 4.58 1.57 .00 Atkinson, Wis. Allen Creek near Fort 34.1 8.20 4.4605427800 3.21 5.29 4.00 Creek near Madison, Wis. 5.29 Token 13.205430100 4.46 7.56 4.10 Badfi 3.80 1.50 1.65 38.2 5.29 31.5 969 37.2 4.66 26.0 5.29 38.1 10,672 .00 8.01 10.6 4.46 35.7 1.00 1.65 5.69 39.0 1.65 12.9 1.38 21.0 1 33.2 4.58 5.18 38.2 .96 17,175 21.1 1.65 10.2 12.1 528 1,703 5.18 1.99 .87 1.62 37.1 .80 1,422 13.1 1.51 2,268 1 15.5 24.3 9.10 3 38.2 3.86 15,145 1 3.45 12.7 1,624 4 663 .79 5.18 1 4.11 5.18 8.53 5.18 4.66 1 .56 4,509 3 5 3.24 39.5 1.24 36.2 38.7 34.6 412 4 5.18 3.43 2.67 .99 1.65 1.47 5 5.18 37.1 6,454 201 1,518 533 33.6 2.98 5 5 5 5 1.65 459 1,102 5 5 05430500 at Afton, Wis. Rock River 05432300 Rock Branch near Mineral Point, Wis.05432500 at Darlington, Wis. Pecatonica River 05433000 near Blanchardville, Wis. East Branch Pecatonica River 05433500 near Blanchardville, Wis. River Yellowstone 05434200 near Monroe, Wis. Skinner Creek tributary 05434500 221Wis. Martintown, at River Pecatonica 05435900 Wis. near Pine Bluff, tributary Sugar River 4.83 8.25 2733,340 28.5 80.1 .10 26.4 .48 8.25 .74 1,030 17.2 .00 136 11.4 7.42 .00 .00 6.42 2.27 5.29 43.9 11.7 7.90 .00 7.00 .30 5.29 30.0 11.5 5.18 5.29 .00 5.29 36.5 .00 .68 5.18 10.8 31.5 35.4 35.1 5.18 14,203 .98 29.6 5.18 1.20 1.57 37.9 .51 2,259 1 1.08 33.8 14,853 19,189 5,707 13,577 .12 1 5 1 .42 1 1 325 910 1 1 Table A-2. Table [mi Appendixes 37 area Flood- frequency by /s) 3 100 (ft Q regression Soil (in./hr) permeability (in.) Snowfall (in.) 25-yr, 24-hr 25-yr, , 100-year flood.] precipitation 100 Forest (percent) Storage (percent) /s, cubic feet per second; Q 3 Slope (ft/mi) ) 2 (mi area Contributing Drainage-basin characteristics for rural streamflow-gaging stations in Wisconsin—Continued , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, mean annual snowfall; ft mean annual snowfall; inches per hour; in., inches; snowfall, , square miles; ft/mi, feet per mile; in/hr, 2 Station number Station name 05436000 Wis. Creek near Mount Vernon, Mount Vernon 05436200 Gill Creek near Brooklyn, Wis.05436500 near Brodhead, Wis. Sugar River 05437200 near Beloit, Wis. Raccoon Creek tributary East Fork 05543830 Wis. at Waukesha, River Fox 05544300 16.4 Wis. near Mukwonago, tributary River Mukwonago 05545100 Sugar Creek at Elkhorn, Wis. 05545200 25.0 4.64 near Burlington, Wis. tributary White River 05545300Wis.Burlington, near River White 05546500 24.3 .00 1.32 Wis. at Wilmot, River Fox 3.34 52305548150 Wis. North Branch Nippersink Creek near Genoa City, 13.0 21.1 .00 57.3 3.18 126 5.18 3.85 2.42 .00 13.5 .00 .90 34.0 5.18 34.8 97.5 4.55 6.68 6.73 12.8 5.69 12.0 30.2 15.1 4.66 12.0 5.20 .83 .36 5.18 3.80 5.18 15.4 868 39.8 6.70 3.60 2.48 1,270 .78 33.5 1.67 13.3 31.9 4.66 4.66 4.04 1.11 4.66 3.75 1 554 1.65 4.66 1.08 4.66 39.3 40.1 7.80 42.8 37.8 164 5 620 8,843 10.0 42.2 1.08 .56 2.75 5 .81 1 1 4.66 2,854 .36 2,171 280 557 44.2 5 5 289 5 5 .74 5 6,185 5 Table A-2. Table [mi