DOCSLIB.ORG

Phycotoxin Loads in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phycotoxin Loads in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops PHYCOTOXIN LOADS IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) FROM THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON ESTUARY SYSTEM AND COASTAL ATLANTIC WATERS, FLORIDA: 2002 – 2011. by JEREMY ALAN BROWNING B.S., California State University Long Beach at Long Beach A thesis submitted to the Department of Biological Sciences of Florida Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF SCIENCE in BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Melbourne, Florida July 2016 PHYCOTOXIN LOADS IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) FROM THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON ESTUARY SYSTEM AND COASTAL ATLANTIC WATERS, FLORIDA: 2002 – 2011. A THESIS By JEREMY ALAN BROWNING Approved as to style and content by: Spencer E. Fire, Ph.D., Chairperson John Trefry, Ph.D., Member Associate Professor Professor Department of Biological Sciences Management and Environmental Systems Robert van Woesik, Ph.D., Member Wendy Noke Durden, M.S., Member Professor Research Scientist Department of Biological Sciences Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute Rich B. Aronson, Ph.D. Professor and Head Department of Biological Sciences July 2016 ABSTRACT PHYCOTOXIN LOADS IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) FROM THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON ESTUARY SYSTEM AND COASTAL ATLANTIC WATERS, FLORIDA: 2002 – 2011. by Jeremy Alan Browning, B.S., CSU Long Beach Chairperson of Advisory Committee: Spencer E. Fire, Ph.D. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are dramatic increases of algae that produce phycotoxins, and these toxins lead to subsequent neurological dysfunction with symptomatic illness leading, in extreme cases, to mass mortalities of marine mammals. This presents a conservation challenge since the frequency and severity of HABs are increasing on a global scale. Two HAB species that impact marine mammals residing in and utilizing an eastern Florida estuary and surrounding coastal Atlantic waters are Karenia brevis (K. brevis) and Pyrodinium bahamense (Pyrodinium); these HAB species produce the neurotoxins brevetoxin (PbTx) and saxitoxin (STX), respectively. These toxins are present at times in high concentrations during a HAB and in almost all trophic levels in the food web of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), a sentinel marine mammal species in the Florida’s Indian River Lagoon estuary system (IRL) and coastal Atlantic waters. Ecological impacts of present HAB toxins in this region are not well understood. In 2007 a rare and toxic K. brevis HAB event in the coastal Atlantic waters bordering Mosquito Lagoon (a water basin bordering the northern iii Indian River Lagoon) resulted in the detection of PbTx (liver; 11 – 89 ng·g-1) in most of the dead-stranded dolphins analyzed in this region. However, lack of baseline concentrations for HAB toxins in dolphins from this region prevented a full understanding of the impact of phycotoxins in this event on a regional scale. The IRL is also an emerging area of concern for STX contamination of other marine organisms. In this study, we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to analyze PbTx and STX in liver tissue from bottlenose dolphins recovered from the IRL from 2002–2011 (n = 119). This tissue aided in completing our primary objective establishing preliminary baseline concentration values and concentrations for HAB toxin exposure in these animals. For dolphins recovered during baseline conditions, toxin concentrations ranged between 0.27 – 1.2 ng·g-1 and 0.41 – 1.9 ng·g-1 for PbTx and STX, respectively. For liver samples from dolphins recovered during exposed conditions detected maximum concentrations of 12.1 ng·g-1 and 9.9 ng·g-1 for PbTx and STX. This research also involved attempting to model the probability of detecting HAB toxins in dolphins at a given cell abundance; which is a key component when determining a dolphins chance of receiving a toxin if its distribution overlaps with a ‘hot-spot’ for HABs within a period of time. The detection probability may be useful in predicting future HAB impacts on dolphins in this region. Although HABs in eastern Florida are infrequent, cell concentrations approach densities large enough to pose significant health risks for both dolphins and human inhabiting this region. Continued biomonitoring of HAB toxins is therefore warranted and can aid resource managers in assessing future impacts and risks to bottlenose dolphins, a sentinel species which inhabits both the IRL estuary and adjacent coastal Atlantic waters iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks go out to the staff at Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute: Wendy Noke Durden, Megan Stolen, and Teresa Jablonski, for retrieving and organizing for transport my samples for this research. For establishing certain aspects of this research I had help from Marilyn Mazzoil (Florida Atlantic University) and Wendy Noke Durden, with their knowledge of IRL dolphins, their experience with dolphin behavior, and a passion for ecology conservation they were a huge asset. For much of the HAB historical phytoplankton data, help with querying and unpacking the data came from my initial contact Karen Atwood (FWRI) and was then carried on through Jim Ivey and Alina Corcoran (FWC). Both St. Johns River Water Management District (Ali Simpson & Wendy Tweedale) and FWC staff helped and aided when necessary in my GIS work as well. I want to acknowledge my committee members, especially Spencer Fire my advisor; thank you all for helping me realize this research in guidance, wisdom, and experience. To my other professors, colleagues, family, friends, and ones I miss daily; without you who would I learn from and share with. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………......iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………….v TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………..vi LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………..viii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………...ix INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………......1 METHODS AND MATERIALS………………………………………………….12 STUDY AREA…………………………………………………………….12 DOLPHIN SAMPLE COLLECTION………………………………….....12 TOXIN EXTRACTION…………………………………………………...15 Brevetoxin (PbTx)………………………………………………...15 Saxitoxin (STX)…………………………………………………...16 ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTS…………….…………………………….....16 Brevetoxin………………………………………………………...16 Saxitoxin………………………………………………………….17 HAB PHYTOPLANKTON MONITORING SAMPLES…………………18 GIS DATA MANAGEMENT………………………………………….....19 DEFINING EXPOSURE……………………………………………….....22 DATA ANALYSIS………………………………………………………..26 RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………28 vi PHYTOPLANKTON DATA……………………………………………...............28 K. brevis…………………………………………………………...28 Pyrodinium………………………………………………………...29 COMBINING IRL AND COASTAL SAMPLES………………………...30 ELISA RESULTS…………………………………………………………31 Brevetoxin………………...…………………………………….....31 Saxitoxin………………..………………………………………….32 Modeling toxin detection for PbTx………………………………..34 Modeling toxin detection for STX………………………………...35 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………..36 LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………47 APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………..56 vii LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1. Summary of grouping dolphins into Kb-Baseline vs. Kb-Exposed for PbTx………………………………………………………………….32 Table 2. Summary of grouping dolphins into Pb-Baseline vs. Pb-Exposed for STX…………………………………………………………………..33 viii LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 1. Mass mortality events (MMEs) by year and causes……………………..3 Figure 2. Spread of HABs and toxin type globally………………………………...4 Figure 3. Study Area: Indian River Lagoon Estuary System (IRL) and coastal Atlantic waters………………………………………………5 Figure 4. IRL and coastal Atlantic recovered dolphin carcasses 2002-2011…………………………………………...14 Figure 5. Historical HAB data displayed as contours of color for densities using a Kriging interpolation raster (ArcMap 10.2)…………21 Figure 6. Example map of rendered dolphin-digital buffer (ArcMap 10.2) and toxic phytoplankton data………………………..…25 Figure 7. Historical HAB data and PbTx toxin positive dolphin livers plotted; K. brevis abundance data on log scale……………………………………………….................................28 Figure 8. Historical HAB data and STX toxin positive dolphin livers plotted; Pyrodinium abundance data on log scale……………………………………………….................................29 Figure 9. Bar chart of Welch’s two sample t-test between Kb-exposed and Kb-Baseline dolphins for PbTx concentrations (ng·g-1)………….………………………………32 Figure 10. Bar chart of Welch’s two sample t-test between Pb-exposed and Pb-Baseline dolphins for STX concentrations (ng·g-1)..………………………………………...33 ix Figure 11. Logistic model showing increase in probability of detection of PbTx as cell abundance increases for K. brevis…………..34 Figure 12. Logistic model showing increase in probability of detection of STX as cell abundance increases for Pyrodinium….…….35 Figure 13. Historical K. brevis Kriging interpolation raster for densities displayed with recovered dolphins and their detected levels of PbTx………………………………………………………….37 Figure 14. Historical Pyrodinium Kriging interpolation raster for densities displayed with recovered dolphins and their detected levels of STX…………………………………………………………..42 x 1 INTRODUCTION Marine mammals are frequently described as sentinel marine organisms and serve as indicators of ocean health typically because of their long life spans, coastal residence, role as top predators, and propensity to accumulate bioavailable contaminants and toxins in their tissues (Wells et al. 2004; Stolen & Barlow 2003; Odell et al. 1990; Wells et al. 2004; Durden et al. 2007, Fire et al. 2007, Wang 2008, Bossart 2011, Twiner et al. 2011). Unfortunately, marine mammal populations that live in close proximity to growing human coastal populations are
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Toxicity Equivalence Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs TECHNICAL PAPER
    JOINT FAO/WHO Toxicity Equivalency Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs TECHNICAL PAPER Cover photograph: © FAOemergencies JOINT FAO/WHO Toxicity equivalence factors for marine biotoxins associated with bivalve molluscs TECHNICAL PAPER FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ROME, 2016 Recommended citation: FAO/WHO. 2016. Technical paper on Toxicity Equivalency Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs. Rome. 108 pp. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or of the World Health Organization (WHO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these are or have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by FAO and WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall FAO and WHO be liable for damages arising from its use.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Characterization of Bioluminescence in Mangrove Lagoon, Salt River Bay, St. Croix, USVI
    Ecological Characterization of Bioluminescence in Mangrove Lagoon, Salt River Bay, St. Croix, USVI James L. Pinckney (PI)* Dianne I. Greenfield Claudia Benitez-Nelson Richard Long Michelle Zimberlin University of South Carolina Chad S. Lane Paula Reidhaar Carmelo Tomas University of North Carolina - Wilmington Bernard Castillo Kynoch Reale-Munroe Marcia Taylor University of the Virgin Islands David Goldstein Zandy Hillis-Starr National Park Service, Salt River Bay NHP & EP 01 January 2013 – 31 December 2013 Duration: 1 year * Contact Information Marine Science Program and Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 (803) 777-7133 phone (803) 777-4002 fax [email protected] email 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 4 BACKGROUND: BIOLUMINESCENT DINOFLAGELLATES IN CARIBBEAN WATERS ............................................... 9 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 19 OBJECTIVE I. CONFIRM THE IDENTIY OF THE BIOLUMINESCENT DINOFLAGELLATE(S) AND DOMINANT PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES IN MANGROVE LAGOON ........................................................................ 22 OBJECTIVE II. COLLECT MEASUREMENTS OF BASIC WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS (E.G., TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, DISSOLVED O2, TURBIDITY, PH, IRRADIANCE, DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS) FOR CORRELATION WITH PHYTOPLANKTON
    [Show full text]
  • Algal Toxic Compounds and Their Aeroterrestrial, Airborne and Other Extremophilic Producers with Attention to Soil and Plant Contamination: a Review
    toxins Review Algal Toxic Compounds and Their Aeroterrestrial, Airborne and other Extremophilic Producers with Attention to Soil and Plant Contamination: A Review Georg G¨аrtner 1, Maya Stoyneva-G¨аrtner 2 and Blagoy Uzunov 2,* 1 Institut für Botanik der Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; [email protected] 2 Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 blvd. Dragan Tsankov, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; mstoyneva@uni-sofia.bg * Correspondence: buzunov@uni-sofia.bg Abstract: The review summarizes the available knowledge on toxins and their producers from rather disparate algal assemblages of aeroterrestrial, airborne and other versatile extreme environments (hot springs, deserts, ice, snow, caves, etc.) and on phycotoxins as contaminants of emergent concern in soil and plants. There is a growing body of evidence that algal toxins and their producers occur in all general types of extreme habitats, and cyanobacteria/cyanoprokaryotes dominate in most of them. Altogether, 55 toxigenic algal genera (47 cyanoprokaryotes) were enlisted, and our analysis showed that besides the “standard” toxins, routinely known from different waterbodies (microcystins, nodularins, anatoxins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins, BMAA, etc.), they can produce some specific toxic compounds. Whether the toxic biomolecules are related with the harsh conditions on which algae have to thrive and what is their functional role may be answered by future studies. Therefore, we outline the gaps in knowledge and provide ideas for further research, considering, from one side, Citation: G¨аrtner, G.; the health risk from phycotoxins on the background of the global warming and eutrophication and, ¨а Stoyneva-G rtner, M.; Uzunov, B.
    [Show full text]
  • Screening of Human Phycotoxin Poisoning Symptoms in Coastal Communities of Nigeria: Socio-Economic Consideration of Harmful Algal Blooms
    Journal of Environmental Protection, 2020, 11, 718-734 https://www.scirp.org/journal/jep ISSN Online: 2152-2219 ISSN Print: 2152-2197 Screening of Human Phycotoxin Poisoning Symptoms in Coastal Communities of Nigeria: Socio-Economic Consideration of Harmful Algal Blooms M. O. Kadiri1, E. M. Denise2, J. U. Ogbebor3*, A. O. Omoruyi4, S. Isagba1, S. D. Ahmed5, T. E. Unusiotame-Owolagba6 1Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria 2Department of Botany & Ecological Studies, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria 3Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria 4Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria 5Department of Medicine, Irrua Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria 6Department of Marine Environment & Pollution Control, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Warri South-West L. G. A., Delta State, Nigeria How to cite this paper: Kadiri, M.O., Abstract Denise, E.M., Ogbebor, J.U., Omoruyi, A.O., Isagba, S., Ahmed, S.D. and Unusi- A screening of human phycotoxin poisoning symptoms was done in the coastal otame-Owolagba, T.E. (2020) Screening of communities of Nigeria, every quarter for one year, using structured ques- Human Phycotoxin Poisoning Symptoms tionnaires. A multi-stage sampling technique consisting of cluster, snowbal- in Coastal Communities of Nigeria: So- cio-Economic Consideration of Harmful ling, convenience purposive and random sampling was applied in the study. Algal Blooms. Journal of Environmental Based on the responses, a total of 17 Harmful algal toxin-related poisoning Protection, 11, 718-734. symptoms were recorded from respondents, who experienced these symptoms https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2020.119044 from seafood consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Yessotoxin the Main Phycotoxin in Croatian Waters?
    Mar. Drugs 2010, 8, 460-470; doi:10.3390/md8030460 OPEN ACCESS Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Article Is Yessotoxin the Main Phycotoxin in Croatian Waters? Živana Ninčević Gladan 1,*, Ivana Ujević 1, Anna Milandri 2, Ivona Marasović 1, Alfiero Ceredi 2, Silvia Pigozzi 2, Jasna Arapov 1, Sanda Skejić 1, Stjepan Orhanović 3 and Igor Isajlović 1 1 Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šet. I. Meštrovića 63, 21000 Split, Croatia; E-Mails: [email protected] (I.U.); [email protected] (I.M.); [email protected] (J.A.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (I.I.) 2 Fondazione Centro Ricerche Marine National Reference Laboratory on Marine Biotoxins, 47042 Cesenatico, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (S.P.) 3 Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia; E-Mail: [email protected] (S.O.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +385 21 408015; Fax: +385 21 358650. Received: 21 January 2010; in revised form: 8 February 2010 / Accepted: 20 February 2010 / Published: 5 March 2010 Abstract: With the aim of investigating whether yessotoxin (YTX) is responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) events in Croatian waters, three different methods were combined: a modified mouse bioassay (MBA) that discriminates YTX from other DSP toxins, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Among 453 samples of mussels and seawater analyzed in 2007, 10 samples were DSP positive.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxidative Metabolism of Photosynthetic Species and the Exposure to Some Freshwater and Marine Biotoxins
    BIOCELL Tech Science Press 2021 Oxidative metabolism of photosynthetic species and the exposure to some freshwater and marine biotoxins SUSANA PUNTARULO1,2;PAULA MARIELA GONZÁLEZ1,2,* 1 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Buenos Aires, CP 1113, Argentina 2 CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Buenos Aires, CP 1113, Argentina Key words: Blooms, Climate change, Metabolic stress, Photosynthetic organisms, Toxins Abstract: Environmental climate conditions could lead to an increasing global occurrence of microorganism blooms that synthesize toxins in the aquatic environments. These blooms could result in significantly toxic events. Responses of photosynthetic organisms to adverse environmental conditions implicate reactive oxygen species generation; but, due to the presence of a varied cellular antioxidant defense system and complex signaling networks, this oxidative stress could act as an important factor in the environmental adaptive processes. The objective of this review was to assess how some biotoxins are implicated in the generation of oxidative and nitrosative metabolic changes, not only in biotoxin-producing organisms but also in non-producing organisms. Therefore, toxins may modify the oxidative cellular balance of several other species. Hence, the effect of toxins on the oxidative and nitrosative conditions will be evaluated in freshwater and marine algae and vascular plants. The changing climate conditions could act as agents capable of modifying the community composition leading to alterations in the global health of the habitat, risking the survival of many species with ecological relevance. Introduction cyanobacterial toxins, such as cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), nodularin (NOD), and microcystins Certain species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, (MC), have been described (González-Jartín et al., 2020).
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of the Phycotoxin Pectenotoxin-2 in Waters Around King George Island, Antarctica
    Polar Biology (2020) 43:263–277 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02628-z ORIGINAL PAPER Detection of the phycotoxin pectenotoxin‑2 in waters around King George Island, Antarctica Bernd Krock1 · Irene R. Schloss2,3,4 · Nicole Trefault5 · Urban Tillmann1 · Marcelo Hernando6 · Dolores Deregibus2,8 · Julieta Antoni7,8 · Gastón O. Almandoz7,8 · Mona Hoppenrath9 Received: 29 April 2019 / Revised: 29 January 2020 / Accepted: 8 February 2020 / Published online: 23 February 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract In order to set a base line for the observation of planktonic community changes due to global change, protistan plankton sampling in combination with phycotoxin measurements and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was performed in two bays of King George Island (KGI) in January 2013 and 2014. In addition, SPATT sampling was performed in Potter Cove during a one-year period from January 2014 until January 2015. Known toxigenic taxa were not frmly identifed in plankton samples but there was microscopical evidence for background level presence of Dinophysis spp. in the area. This was consistent with environmental conditions during the sampling periods, especially strong mixing of the water column and low water temperatures that do not favor dinofagellate proliferations. Due to the lack of signifcant abundance of thecate toxigenic dinofagellate species in microplankton samples, no phycotoxins were found in net tow samples. In contrast, SPATT sampling revealed the presence of dissolved pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and its hydrolyzed form PTX-2 seco acid in both bays and during the entire one-year sampling period. The presence of dissolved PTX in coastal waters of KGI is strong new evi- dence for the presence of PTX-producing species, i.e., dinofagellates of the genus Dinophysis in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Techniques for Detecting and Monitoring Algal Toxins And
    ntal A me na on ly ir ti v c n a l E C f h o e Journal of Environmental Analytical l m a n i s r t u r y o Zhang C et al., J Environ Anal Chem 2015, 2:1 J Chemistry 1000123 ISSN: 2380-2391 DOI: 10.4172/2380-2391. Case-Report Open Access Current Techniques for Detecting and Monitoring Algal Toxins and Causative Harmful Algal Blooms Chunlong Zhang1* and Jianying Zhang2 1Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas 77058, USA 2College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China *Corresponding author: Chunlong Zhang, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas 77058, USA, Tel: 281283-3746; Fax: 2812833709; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: November 12, 2014, Acc date: December 14, 2014, Pub date: December 16, 2014 Copyright: © 2014 Zhang C, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The detection and monitoring techniques for algal toxins and the causative harmful algal blooms (HABs) are essential for the protection of aquatic lives, shellfish safety, drinking water quality, and public health. Toward the development of fast, easy, and reliable techniques, much progress has been made during the last decade for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of algal toxins. This review highlights the recent progress and new trends of these analytical and monitoring tools, ranging from in-situ quick screening protocols for the monitoring of algal blooms to mass spectrometric analysis of trace levels of various algal toxins and structural elucidation.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Associated with Moderate Blooms of Pyrodinium Bahamense in Shallow and Restricted Subtropical Lagoons in the Gulf of California
    DOI 10.1515/bot-2012-0171 Botanica Marina 2012; 55(6): 611–623 Lourdes Morquecho * , Rosalba Alonso-Rodr í guez , Jos é A. Arreola-Liz á rraga and Amada Reyes-Salinas Factors associated with moderate blooms of Pyrodinium bahamense in shallow and restricted subtropical lagoons in the Gulf of California Abstract: We examined the environmental and biological Introduction factors related to blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Pyro- dinium bahamense in three shallow, restricted subtropical The distribution pattern and factors related to bloom for- lagoons in the Gulf of California during the rainy summer. mation of the bioluminescent, toxic dinoflagellate Pyrod- In the San Jos é , Yavaros, and El Colorado lagoons, the inium bahamense plate have been extensively described vegetative stage peaked at 63, 108, and 151 ( × 10 3 cells l -1 ), for coastal areas of the tropical Indo-Pacific (MacLean respectively. At San Jos é , production of cysts peaked at 1989 , Azanza 1997 , Azanza and Taylor 2001 ) and tropical- 9.7 × 10 3 g -1 of dry sediment mass as the bloom declined. subtropical North Atlantic (Phlips et al. 2004, 2006 , Soler - Large diatoms predominated, with P. bahamense the most Figueroa 2006 ). In the northeastern Pacific, descriptions common dinoflagellate during the blooms. Abundance are less comprehensive and ecological information is of P . bahamense at San Jos é was positively correlated limited. with salinity (r = 0.50, p = 0.0003), seawater temperature In the central Indo-Pacific region, P. bahamense (r = 0.44, p = 0.005), silicates (r = 0.45, p = 0.003), and ammo- blooms in shallow coastal environments during the warm nium (r = 0.32, p = 0.005), and negatively correlated with period (April through October), peaking mainly during the dissolved oxygen (r = -0.34, p < 0.0001).
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Determinants in Phycotoxins and Achbp Conferring High Affinity
    Structural determinants in phycotoxins and AChBP conferring high affinity binding and nicotinic AChR antagonism Yves Bournea,1, Zoran Radi´cb, Rómulo Aráozc, Todd T. Talleyb, Evelyne Benoitc, Denis Serventd, Palmer Taylorb, Jordi Molgóc, and Pascale Marchote,1 aArchitecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université d’Aix-Marseille, Campus Luminy–Case 932, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; bDepartment of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0657; cLaboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard–FRC2118, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; dInstitut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Laboratoire de Toxinologie Moléculaire, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and eCentre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université d’Aix-Marseille, Institut Fédératif de Recherche Jean Roche, Faculté de Médecine–Secteur Nord, CS80011, F-13344 Marseille Cedex 15, France Edited* by William A. Catterall, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, and approved February 17, 2010 (received for review October 26, 2009) Spirolide and gymnodimine macrocyclic imine phycotoxins belong to an lated from the digestive glands of mussels, scallops, and phytoplankton
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial and Seasonal Variabilities of Picoeukaryote Communities
    Spatial and Seasonal Variabilities of Picoeukaryote Communities in a Subtropical Eutrophic Coastal Ecosystem Based on Analysis of 18S rDNA Sequences CHEUNG, Man Kit A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Biology © The Chinese University of Hong Kong Sept 2007 The Chinese University of Hong Kong holds the copyright of this thesis. Any person(s) intending to use a part or whole of the materials in the thesis in a proposed publication must seek copyright release from the Dean of the Graduate School. 1 /M/ 2 Sff M jij >g}VNsLIBRARr SYSTEM Thesis/Assessment Committee Professor KWAN, Hoi Shan (Chair) Professor WONQ Chong Kim (Thesis Supervisor) Professor CHU, Ka Hou (Committee Member) Professor QIAN, Pei Yuan (External Examiner) Abstract Picoeukaryotes are eukaryotes smaller than 2-3 |im in diameter. They occur in photic zones worldwide and play fundamental roles in marine ecosystems. Lacking distinctive external features, picoeukaryotes are difficult to be identified by conventional methods such as electron microscopy. Recent studies based on cloning and sequencing of small subunits (SSU) of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes directly from environmental samples have revealed high diversity of picoeukaryotes and identified many novel lineages. While numerous studies have been carried out in various ecosystems and geographical regions, information on subtropical coastal waters of the western Pacific is not available. In addition, information on the relationships between picoeukaryotic diversity and environmental factors are crucial for understanding ecosystem functioning. While several studies have been initiated to work on the effects of various environmental variables such as pH and temperature, data relating marine picoeukaryotic diversity and trophic status is still lacking.
    [Show full text]
  • Phycotoxins by Harmful Algal Blooms (HABS) and Human Poisoning: an Overview
    International Clinical Pathology Journal Review Article Open Access Phycotoxins by harmful algal blooms (HABS) and human poisoning: an overview Abstract Volume 2 Issue 6 - 2016 Phycotoxins are potent natural toxins synthesized by certain marine algae and cyanobacteria species during “Harmful Algal Blooms”, (HABs), often seen as water Olga M Pulido discoloration known as “Red Tides”, “Green Tides”. They are grouped by chemical Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University structure, mechanisms of action, target tissues, biological and health effects. A of Ottawa, Canada constant threat to public health, and economy, environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystems, seafood, drinking water, requiring multidisciplinary action at the local Correspondence: Olga M Pulido, Department of Pathology and international level to manage their potentially harmful effects. The 2015 bloom of and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia along the west coast of North America resulted in domoic Ontario, Canada, Email [email protected] acid contamination of crab and clams, numerous harvesting closures and Consumer Received: September 21, 2016 | Published: September 26, Warning issued by local public health authorities. Thereafter, in September 2016 the 2016 Oregon coast was closed to razor clam and mussel harvesting. Whereas, the massive cyanobacteria blooms reported in Florida in June 2016 lead to banning drinking water in some locations. Public health vigilance, monitoring, and research need to be maintained and enhanced. Despite scientific advancements, phycotoxin research relating to human exposure and health consequences are sparse, while, blooms of toxigenic species have become more prevalent worldwide. At present, phycotoxins poisonings diagnosis and management is largely based on the ability of health care provider to interpret presenting clinical symptoms, collect exposure history, identify and establish the exposure event.
    [Show full text]