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Lotic Dragonfly (Anisoptera: Odonata) Nymphs of the Southeastern United States: Identification, Distribution and Historical Biogeography

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Lotic Dragonfly (Anisoptera: Odonata) Nymphs of the Southeastern United States: Identification, Distribution and Historical Biogeography University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 3-1982 Lotic dragonfly (Anisoptera: Odonata) nymphs of the Southeastern United States: identification, distribution and historical biogeography Jerry A. Louton University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Louton, Jerry A., "Lotic dragonfly (Anisoptera: Odonata) nymphs of the Southeastern United States: identification, distribution and historical biogeography. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1982. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2671 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Jerry A. Louton entitled "Lotic dragonfly (Anisoptera: Odonata) nymphs of the Southeastern United States: identification, distribution and historical biogeography." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Animal Science. David A. Etnier, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Dewey Bunting, Charles Pless, Paul Parmalee, Arthur Echternacht Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submi tti ng herewith a dissertation wri tten by Jerry A. Louton enti tl ed 11Lotic dragonfl y (Ani soptera:Odonata ) nymphs of the Southeastern Uni ted States: identification, distribution and historical biogeography ... I have examined the final copy of this disserta tion for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial ful fillment of the requ i rements fo r the degree of Doctor of Philoso phy , wi h a major in Zoology . D We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: /f Accepted fo r the Counc i 1 : Vice Chancel lor Graduate Studies and Research r .. ., l ' LOTIC DRAGONFLY (ANI SOPTERA:ODONATA} NYMPHS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES; IDENTIFICATION, DISTRIBUTION AND HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The Un i versity of Tennessee� Knoxville Jerry A. Louton March 1982 305803[) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express gratitude to the many persons who provided specimens for this study . Students and fo rmer students of the Aquatic Biol ogy Program at The Univers ity of Tennessee who provided specimens or fiel d assistance include J. Beets , N. Burkhea d, R. Bryant, G. Dinkins, A. Ha ines , J. Harris, C. Louton , D. Nieland, P. Shute, R. Shute , L. Starnes, W. Starnes , B. Wojtowicz, and J. Wojtowicz. David Nieland placed at my disposal a large collec­ tion of nymphal ma terial and continues to provide me with material from Al abama . Arthur Bogan of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel phia provided access to obscure litera ture in the Academy library and suppl ied series of nymphs and exuviae from severa l locations. Usefu l conversations and consultations were hel d wi th G.W. Wol fe (Rutgers Uni versity) , P. Del court (University of Tennessee ), K.J. Te nnessen (Mussel Shoals, AL ) and Christine Louton (University of Tennessee ). Access to museum collections or col lection records were pro­ vi ded by 0. Fl int (National Museum of Natural History) , S. Roback (Academy of Natura l Sciences of Philadel phia), L. Gloyd (University of Michigan Museum of Zoology) and B. Freeman (University of Georgia Insect Col lection). David Etnier served as my graduate committee chai rman. His reputati on led me to Tennessee and his gui dance an d support served me well during the course of my research. Arthur Echternacht meticulously revi ewed my dissertation manuscript and taught one of the two best courses of my graduate career . Other members of i i iii my commi ttee included Paul Parmalee, Dewey Bunting and Charl es Pless. Al l three served with dignity and good humor throughout the proceedings. The support and companionship of good friends was immeasurably important. Special thanks go to Ray and Judy Bouchard, Lynn and Wayne Starnes and Art and Cindy Bogan. Lea h Baker typed the final draft with great pa tience and expertise. My wife Christine was the gl ue that held it all together. ABSTRACT An identifi cation guide to the southeastern Uni ted States lotic dragonfly nymphs is constructed. Descriptions, fi gures, keys , verification tables, and distribution maps are provided to fa cilitate identifi cation of families , genera , and species . Information devel oped in the study of nymphs is util ized to eval uate arrangements of taxa that have been traditionally based solely on adult characters. Traditional arrangements are supported except (1} subgenera of the genus Gomphus s.l. are highly distinc­ ti ve in the nymphal stage and should be elevated to generic rank and (2) two species , Gomphurus aonsanguis and G. rogersi are improperly pl aced and as a group deserve generic rank. A study of ranges of North American species led to an analysis of the historical biogeography of the genera . An analysis of the worl dwide distribution of genera of the North American fauna led to the fol lowing concl usions: (1) the Nearctic fauna is composed of rel icts of a once continuous Holarctic Tertiary fauna , a few Jurassic rel icts, and minor lineages derived from the Neotropical realm, {2} species of the modern fauna are considered to have differentiated by late Tertiary or early Pleistocene times and (3) certa in other nominal species or yet unrecognized taxa are considered of subspecific rank and of late Pl eistocene age . iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCT ION. 1 I I . METHODS . 5 III. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT. 7 A. PETAL URI DAE NEEDHAM 1901 . 8 B. AESHNI DAE RAMBUR 1842 .. 30 Boyeria Mclachlan 1896.. 31 Basiaeshna Selys Longchamps 1883 .. 34 C. GOMPHI DAE RAMBUR 1842 ... 35 Progomphus Se lys Longchamps 1854 . 36 _Hagenius S�lys Longchamps 1854. 38 Lanthus Needham 1897. 40 Sty logomphus Fra ser 1922... 42 Ophiogomphus Se lys Longchamps 1854 .. 44 Erpe togomphus Selys Longchamps 1858 51 Dromogomphus Se1 ys Longchamps 1854 . 53 Gomphus Leach 1815.. ... 57 Gomphurus Needham , 1901 . 64 Hy logomphus Needham , 1951 b. 78 Genus A . 85 Sty lurus Needham, 1897 .... 88 D. CO RDULEGASTRIDAE CALVERT 1892 99 Cordulegaste:t> Leach 1815. 99 E. MACROMII DAE GLOYD 1959. .. 107 Didymops Rambur 1842 ... 108 Macromia Rambur 1842 .... 110 F. CORDULIIDAE SELYS LONGCHAMPS 1871 . 115 Ne urocordulia Se1ys Longchamps 1871 116 He locordulia Needham 1901 . 123 IV. DISTRIBUTION AN D BIOGEOGRAPHY . 127 V. SUMMARY .. 158 LITERATURE CI TED.. 160 APPENDICES... 179 APPENDIX A. TABLES AND FI GURES 180 APPENDIX B. MATERIAL EXAMINED. 330 VITA. 35 7 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Characters used in the descripti ons and ta bles of species • . • . • • • • . 181 2. Character states of Progomphus, Hagenius , Lanthus, StyZogomphus and Erpetogomphus species . 183 3. Character states fo r southeastern species of. Ophiogomphus . • • . • . • . • . 186 4. Character states for species of Dromogomphus ..18 8 5. Habita t preference of nymphs and distribution of North Ameri can species of Gomphus 190 6. Character states of Gomphus species. 192 Character states of Gomphurus species . 195 8.7. Character states of HyZogomphus species . 197 9. Character states of Genus A species. 200 1 a. Character states of StyZurus species . 202 11. Sources of publi shed distributional da ta . • • 204 vi LIST OF FI GURES FI GURE PAGE Taahopteryx thoreyi . 1. Boyeria� a. Boyeria grafiana, b. termi nal abdominal 206 appendages of Boyeria vinosa . 2. Basiaeshna janata . • . 207 3. Progomphus obsaurus • 208 4. Hagenius brevistyZ.us •. 209 5. Lanthus vernalis ••• 210 6. StyZ.ogomphus aZ.bistyZ.us • ..211 7. Ophiogomphus rupinsuZ.ensis. • 212 8. Erpetogomphus designatus . 213 9.• Dromogomphus spinosus . .• . 214 1 0 . Gomphus quadriaoloP • • . .• 215 11 Gomphurus vastus . 216 12. Hylogomphus viPidifPOns • • . • 217 urus aum 13. StyZ. Z. e • . • 218 14. CorduZ.egasteP ePronea . 219 15. Didymops transvePsa . 220 16. Maaromia iZ.Z.inoiensis 221 17. NeuroaoPdulia yamaskanensis • 222 18. HeZ.oaoPduZ.ia uhZ.eri • • • . 223 19. An tenna of Ophiogomphus rupinsuZ.ensis • . 224 20. Antenna of ophiogomphus sp. A. 225 21. An tenna of Ophiogomphus mainensis • . 225 22. 225 vii viii FI GURE PAGE An tenna of ophiogomphus howei ....•••..• . 23. Se tation of frontal shel f of Cor>duZegasteP, a. c. 225 er>Ponea, b. c. sayi, c. C. o. obliquua, d. C. 24. diastatops, e. C. maculata, f. C. o. fasciata . Do rsum of head of Didymops tmnsver>sa • . 225 25. Do rsum of head of Macromia iZZinoiensis . .. .• 226 26. Do rs urn of head of Neurocor>dulia mo Zes ta • • 226 27. Dorsum of head of NeUPocor>duZia yamaskanensis . • . • • 226 28. Dorsum of head of HeZocoPduZia uhler>i •...• 226 29. Lateral view of head of NeurocoPdUZia molesta • . 226 30. Lateral view of head of Macr>omia geor>gina . 226 31. Prementum of Tachopteeyx thor>eyi. 226 32. Premen tum of Progomphus obscUPUs .••. 227 33. Prementum of Hagenius br>evistylus • .• .. 227 34. Prementum of Stylogomphus aZbistyZus •• 227 35. Prementum of Lanthus ver>nalis • • • • . 227 36. Prementum of Er>petogomphus designatus . 227 37. Prementum of ophiogomphus howei • . 227 38. Prementum of ophiogomphus mainensis. • . 227 39. Prementum of Gphiogomphus PUpinsuZensis • . .. 227 40. Prementum of ophiogomphus sp. A. 227 41. Prementum of DPom ogomphus apmatus . .. 227 42. Premen tum of D:rom ogomphus spinosus . 228 43. Prementum of D:rom ogomphus spoZiatus . 228 44. Prementum of Gomphus exilis .
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