DOCSLIB.ORG

Child Marriage in India: a Study of Situation, Causes & Enforcement of Prohibition of Child Marriage Act

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Child Marriage in India: a Study of Situation, Causes & Enforcement of Prohibition of Child Marriage Act Child Marriage in India: A Study of Situation, Causes & Enforcement of Prohibition of Child Marriage Act Final Report Sponsored By Planning Commission Government of India New Delhi Submitted By Pt. G.B. Pant Institute of Studies in Rural Development B/157, Shivani Bihar, Kalyanpur, Lucknow CONTENT Chapter Particulars Page Number Preface & Acknowledgment I – II Team Members III State Coordinators IV Acronyms V-VI List of Tables VII-XII List of Charts and Boxes XIII Executive Summary XIV-XXI Chapter – 1 Introduction 1 -15 Chapter – 2 Review of Literature 16 - 41 Chapter – 3 Child Marriage in India: Prevalence, Policy and 42 - 97 Legal Perspective Chapter – 4 Profile of Parents and their View Perception 98 - 149 Chapter – 5 Profile of Victims and Their View Perception 150 -206 Chapter – 6 View Perception of Officials and Non-Officials 207 – 224 Chapter – 7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 225 -238 Select Bibliography I - XX Annexure- I Questionnaires for Parents I-VI Annexure- II Questionnaires for Victims of Child Marriage VII-XIII Annexure- III Questionnaires for Officials/Non-Officials/SHG, XIV-XVII Panchayat, NGOs Preface & Acknowledgement The practice of marrying girls at a young age is a worldwide phenomenon however; this is most common in Sub-Saharan Africa, South East and South Asia including Bangladesh, Pakistan and India. The problem of child marriage is widely spread across the country however; it is most common in northern, eastern and western India. The states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra, Assam, Orissa and Gujarat have witnessed a high rate of the prevalence of early marriage in India. There are multiple reasons for the prevailing of the practice of child marriage. Socio-cultural, economic and historical reasons are identified as the main contributors of the child marriage. Cultural traditions, practices, customs, community, caste and ethnic pressures, educational and economic backwardness, poverty and ineffective enforcement of legislation and laws are the main reasons for prevailing high rate of early marriage in India. Government and non-government agencies are making serious efforts to curb the practice of child marriage however; a large numbers of child marriages are being performed on pious occasions in different parts of the country. This is a cause of concern for the policy makers, administrators and development activists as the practice of child marriage undermines the efforts for achieving developmental goals and particularly ensuring the child rights and reducing maternal and child mortality and morbidity. Against this view point, present study has been carried out in 10 states of India to assess the current situation and causes of child marriages and also to examine the implementation of Prohibition of Child Marriage Act. The study has been planned in seven chapters. Chapter 1st is introductory one which provides rationale, objectives, research methodology and limitations of the study. Chapter 2nd deals with review of literature and provides a theoretical framework while Chapter 3rd is concerned with situation, prevalence, causes and consequences of child marriage along with critical review of policy and legal perspective. Chapter 4th provides the analysis of the view perception of parents while Chapter 5th is concerned with profile and I view perception of victims of child marriage. Chapter 6th is related with analysis of the view perception of concerned officials and non-officials. Chapter 7th is concluding one which provides analysis of main research findings and policy recommendations. We are highly grateful to the concerned officials of Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi for entrusting the study to us by providing financial support. We are thankful to the officials of concerned state governments for extending all kind of support to the research team for conducting field survey. We place on record the sincere appreciation of the officials and representatives of local governments, civil societies, NGOs, CBOs and other stakeholders for sharing their views on the issue of child marriage. We are very much thankful to Dr. S. P. Pandey, Director of the Institute for providing the funds in time to conduct the study smoothly. Finally, the credit goes to Dr. A.K. Singh who assisted in drafting the report and giving it to the final shape. Our research team comprising of Dr. Neelo Farooqui, Mr.Ashok Kuswaha, Ms.Rashika Sheel, Mr. M. Nadeem, Mr. Sharique Razi, Mr. Rajesh Gupta, Mr. Sushant Singh, Manish Bahl, Ms.Sarita Singh, Mr. Javed, Mr. Sahabuddin, Mr. Mithilesh Shukla, Ms. Shalini Yadav, Mr. Abhishek Pandey and others who took entire pains for gatherings of data, literature, field survey, processing of data and analysis of research findings. Dr. Sultana Usmani Project Director II Team Members Child Marriage in India: A Study of Situation, Causes & Enforcement of Prohibition of Child Marriage Act Sl. No. Name Designation Duration 1. Mrs. Sultana Usmani Project Director 12 Months 2. Dr. Neelo Farooqui Associate Director 12 Months 3. Ms. Rashika Sheel Research Officer 12 Months 4. Mr. Rajesh Gupta Research 6 Months Investigator 5. Mr. Ashok Kuswaha Research 6 Months Investigator 6. Mr. Sushant Singh Research 6 Months Investigator 7. Mr. Manish Bahl Research 6 Months Investigator 8. Ms. Sarita Singh Research 6 Months Investigator 9. Mr. Mohmmad Research 6 Months Javed Investigator 10. Mr. Sharique Razi Research 6 Months Investigator 11. Mr. Mithilesh Shukla Research 6 Months Investigator 12. Mr. Mohammad Research 6 Months Nadeem Investigator 13. Mr. Sahabuddin Research 6 Months Investigator 14. Ms. Shalini Yadav Typist 12 Month 15. Mr. Abhishek Computer Operator 12 Months Pandey III State Coordinators Child Marriage in India: A Study of Situation, Causes & Enforcement of Prohibition of Child Marriage Act S.No. Names and Address State 1. Dr. S.P.Singh, Associate Professor, Faculty Madhya Pradesh Area of Environment and Developmental Economics, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Nehru Nagar, Bhopal 2. Prof. G.S.Bajpai, National Law Institute, Kerwa Chhatisgarh Dam Road, Bhopal. Dr. Priya Rao, Faculty of Law, Dr. Ravi Shanker University, Raipur. 3. Prof. Biswajeet Ghosh, Department of West Bengal Sociology, Bardhwan University, Bardhwan, West Bengal, Mr. Parvez Ahmad, CEO, Bhavishya Educational and Charitable Society, North 24 Pargana, West Bengal. 4. Prof. R.V.M. Reddy Dean (Academic), Anakant Maharashtra Institute of Management Studies, Baramati, Pune. 5. Prof. Ravindra Sharma, 305, Basundhara Rajasthan Colony, Tonk Road, Jaipur, Rajasthan 6. Mr. D. S. Sutaria, Supath Gramodyog Sansthan, Gujarat Himmatnagar, Gujarat 7. Prof, Sarfaraj Ahmad, Department of Sociology, Jharkhand Patna 8. Mr, Digvijay Singh, Secretary, IDEA, west Bihar Champaran, Bihar, Mr. Sudheshwar Singh, Secretary, SHASWAT FOUNDATON, Nalanda 9. Dr. S.P.Pandey, Director, Pt. G.B.Pant Institute Uttar Pradesh of Studies in Rural Development, Lucknow, Dr. A.K. Singh, Assistant Director, RCUES, Lucknow University, Lucknow 10. Prof. D.R. Sahu, Department of Sociology, Orissa Revenshaw University, Cuttack, Dr. B. Mohanty, Department of Political Science, Utkal University, Bhubneshwar IV Acronyms ARSH Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health AACP Adolescent Anemia Control Program AEP Adolescence Education Program BLS Bhagya Lakshmi Scheme BSY Balika Samridhi Yojana CMPP Child Marriage Protest Program CMRA Child Marriage Restraint Act CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women DHS Demographic and Health Surveys FGD Focused Group Discussion GCPS Girl Child Protection Scheme ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ITPA Immoral Traffic Prevention Act ICWR International Centre for Research on Women IIPS International Institute of Population Sciences IPPF International Planned Parenthood Foundation ICPS Integrated Child Protection Scheme IMR Infant Mortality Rate ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme KGBV Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalya KSY Kishori Shakti Yojana LLY Ladli Lakshmi Yojana MMKSY Mukhya Mantri Kanya Suraksha Yojana MMR Maternal Mortality Rate V NPEGEL National Program for Education of Girls for Elementary Level NCLP National Child Labour Project NFHS National Family Health Survey NPC National Policy for Children NPC National Policy on Education NPP National Population Policy NNP National Nutrition Policy NPEW National Policy for Empowerment of Women NYP National Youth Policy NAPCP National AIDS Prevention and Control Policy NCC National Charter for Children NHP National Health Policy NPYADP National Program for Youth and Adolescent Development Program NPAG Nutrition Program for Adolescent Girls PCMA Prohibition of Child Marriage Act RTE Right to Education RGSEAG Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls SHP School Health Program U5MR Under 5 Mortality Rate VI List of Tables Table No. Description Page No. Table: 1.1 Details of Sample 13-14 Table: 3.1 Hotspot Countries for Child Marriage 42-43 Table: 3.2 Top 10 Countries for Child Marriage 44 Table: 3.3 Percentage of Married Adolescents 45 (15-19 Years) Table: 3.4 Percentage of Women Aged 25-29 46 Married before Age of 18 Years Table: 3.5 Female Age at Effective Marriage in Selected 50 States of India During 1991 Table: 3.6 Mean Age at Marriage (2001) 51-53 Table: 3.7 Proportion of Child Marriage in the Selected 54 States Table: 3.8 Percentage of Women Currently Married
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Youth Development in India: Does Poverty Matter? Bijaya Kumar Malik*
    Malik SpringerPlus (2015) 4:613 DOI 10.1186/s40064-015-1410-z RESEARCH Open Access Youth development in India: does poverty matter? Bijaya Kumar Malik* Abstract This paper explores the differentials in youth development patterns determined by the economic condition of the household in India. The wealth index is used to glean youth development differentials in the different economic categories of the household. The findings suggest that youth from the bottom 20 per cent (poorest) of households are deprived in education, employment, labour force and are not working currently compared to youth from the middle and rich households. The states differ in youth development patterns (employment, appropriate education, skill development and awareness about health). There are more working youth among poor households than among rich households in India. Female youth are more disadvantaged compared to male youth and it is the same with the rural–urban distribution of youth. This paper concludes that the various economic categories/wealth index (poorest, poorer, middle, richer and richest) directly determine the pattern of youth development in India. Keywords: Youth development, Adolescence, Wealth index, Healthy lifestyle, Poverty Background and both adolescent and youth population comprise India has one of the highest adolescent (253 million) 40.1 per cent of the total population of India (Census of and youth populations in the world. The Census of India India 2011). Compared to the 2001 Census, the percent- (2011) has highlighted the profile and status of the ado- age of adolescents has declined, while that of youth has lescent and youth population, which constitutes a critical increased due to a decline in the level of fertility.
    [Show full text]
  • DISTRICT-LEVEL STUDY on CHILD MARRIAGE in INDIA What Do We Know About the Prevalence, Trends and Patterns?
    DISTRICT-LEVEL STUDY ON CHILD MARRIAGE IN INDIA What do we know about the prevalence, trends and patterns? PADMAVATHI SRINIVASAN NIZAMUDDIN KHAN RAVI VERMA International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), India DORA GIUSTI JOACHIM THEIS SUPRITI CHAKRABORTY United Nations International Children’s Educational fund (UNICEF), India International Center for Research on Women ICRW where insight and action connect 1 1 This report has been prepared by the International Center for Research on Women, in association with UNICEF. The report provides an analysis of the prevalence of child marriage at the district level in India and some of its key drivers. Suggested Citation: Srinivasan, Padmavathi; Khan, Nizamuddin; Verma, Ravi; Giusti, Dora; Theis, Joachim & Chakraborty, Supriti. (2015). District-level study on child marriage in India: What do we know about the prevalence, trends and patterns? New Delhi, India: International Center for Research on Women. 2 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), New Delhi, in collaboration with United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), New Delhi, conducted the District-level Study on Child Marriage in India to examine and highlight the prevalence, trends and patterns related to child marriage at the state and district levels. The first stage of the project, involving the study of prevalence, trends and patterns, quantitative analyses of a few key drivers of child marriage, and identification of state and districts for in-depth analysis, was undertaken and the report prepared by Dr. Padmavathi Srinivasan, with contributions from Dr. Nizamuddin Khan, under the strategic guidance of Dr. Ravi Verma. We would like to acknowledge the contributions of Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Skills Development for Youth in India: Challenges and Opportunities
    CICE Hiroshima University, Journal of International Cooperation in Education, Vol.15 No.2 (2012) pp.169 ～ 193 Skills Development for Youth in India: Challenges and Opportunities Aya Okada Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University Abstract This paper reviews the current state of education, skills development, and employment for Indian youth, and considers the challenges facing India’s skills development system. Drawing from the experience of Karnataka, one of India’s most industrially developed states, the paper discusses recent initiatives to facilitate young people’s transition to the world of work. In India, young people who will soon be entering the labor market, constitute the largest segment of the demographic structure. The majority of young people have limited access to education and training, and most find work in the informal sector. In recent years India has rapidly expanded the capacity of educational institutions and enrollments, but dropout rates remain high, and educational attainment remains low. While India has a well-institutionalized system of vocational training, it has not sufficiently prepared its youth with the skills that today’s industries require. Thus, to speed its economic growth and take advantage of its “demographic dividend,” the country has recently embarked on drastic policy reforms to accelerate skills development. These reforms have led to important changes, both in the national institutional framework and at the institutional level. Introduction This paper reviews the current state of education, skills development, and employment for Indian youth, and considers the challenges facing India’s skills development system. Drawing from the experiences of Karnataka, one of India’s most industrially developed states, it discusses several recent initiatives to facilitate young people’s transition to work.
    [Show full text]
  • Ensuring Education for All in Jharkhand: Highlighting the Obstacles
    Population Council Knowledge Commons Poverty, Gender, and Youth Social and Behavioral Science Research (SBSR) 2009 Ensuring education for all in Jharkhand: Highlighting the obstacles International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Population Council Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-pgy Part of the Demography, Population, and Ecology Commons, Education Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, International Public Health Commons, and the Medicine and Health Commons How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Recommended Citation International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Population Council. 2009. "Ensuring education for all in Jharkhand: Highlighting the obstacles," Youth in India: Situation and Needs Policy Brief no. 9. Mumbai: IIPS. This Brief is brought to you for free and open access by the Population Council. Youth in India: Situation and Needs, Policy Brief Number 9, 2009 Ensuring Education for All in Jharkhand: Highlighting the Obstacles The extent to which India will be able to successfully men and 2,141 unmarried young men. This brief is harness its demographic dividend depends based on data obtained from 2,637 young men and significantly on the situation of its youth, notably 5,414 women aged 15–24. on the levels of education and market-oriented skills they attain. While many states have made progress Achieving universal education: how far have youth on the education front, many other states, including in Jharkhand come? Jharkhand
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Sexual Abuse of Children and Youth in India 1R
    International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 17 2018, 1063-1072 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ A Study on Sexual Abuse of Children and Youth in India 1R. Kavinth Chandar and 2M. Kannappan 1Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai. ping me [email protected] 2Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai. [email protected] Abstract Child abuse is that the physical or psychological abuse of a toddler, will be differentiated into four major classes, physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect and worst of all; the sex offense. Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) could be a quite physical or mental violation of a toddler with sexual intent, sometimes by a person who is in a very position of trust or power the kid. Asian nation is that the second largest kid population in the world, forty second of India’s total population is below eighteen years “Millions of children are victims of violence and exploitation. They are physically and emotionally vulnerable and they can be scarred for life by mental or emotional abuse. We know what to do, and we know how to do it. The means are at hand, it is up to us to seize the opportunity and build a world that is fit for children”- Ban-Ki-Moon, Secretary General of United Nations (Remarks on the twentieth Anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, New York, 20 November 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Submission to the HRC on the Situation of Child, Early, and Forced Marriages in India
    Submission to the HRC on the Situation of Child, Early, and Forced Marriages in India Submission made by KHUSHI-INDIA “An initiative of concerned individuals -researchers and activists- to improve health outcomes for all with a focus on marginalised and socially excluded persons”. Writing and review team include- Sai Jyothirmai Racherla; Kaushlendra Kumar; Dr. Vivek Khurana; Jaspreet Kaur; Abha Mishra; Dipi Rani Das; and Narendra Sekhar. Correspondence to Sai Jyothirmai Racherla, [email protected] and [email protected] The United Nations Human Rights Council, on September 27, 2013 adopted a resolution on strengthening efforts to prevent and eliminate child, early and forced marriage: challenges, achievements, best practices and implementation gaps. This resolution was adopted at the Twenty-fourth session and the office of High commissioner was requested to prepare a report to guide a panel discussion at the twenty-sixth session, on the challenges, achievements, best practices, and implementation gaps for preventing and eliminating child marriage. This first-ever resolution on child, early and forced marriage adopted at the Human Rights Council was co-sponsored by 107 countriesi and India with the largest number of child brides, (24 million representing 40 % of the world 60 million child marriages) has not signed this resolution.iiiii Though India has not signed this particular resolution but Government of India is a signatory to several international human rights conventions including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Conventions on the Rights of the Child and international conferences such as the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) which illustrates Government’s commitment to protect the rights of children and particularly address the issue of child marriage.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Employment and Unemployment: an Indian Perspective
    I L O A s i a - Pacific Working Paper Series Youth employment and unemployment: an Indian perspective Arup Mitra and Sher Verick March 2013 DWT for South Asia and Country Office for India ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series Youth employment and unemployment: An Indian perspective Arup Mitra and Sher Verick March 2013 DWT for South Asia and Country Office for India Copyright © International Labour 2013 First published 2013 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Mitra, Arup; Verick, Sher Youth employment and unemployment: an Indian perspective / Arup Mitra and Sher Verick; International Labour Organization, DWT for South Asia and Country Office for India. - New Delhi: ILO, 2013 ILO Asia-Pacific working paper series, ISSN 2227-4491; 2227-4405 (web pdf) International Labour Organization; ILO DWT for South Asia and ILO Country Office for India youth employment / youth unemployment / young worker / labour force participation / India 13.01.3 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • From Education to Employability: Preparing South Asian Youth for the World of Work
    From Education to Employability: Preparing South Asian Youth for the World of Work By Sabina Dewan & Urmila Sarkar December 2017 From Education to Employability: Preparing South Asian Youth for the World of Work By Sabina Dewan & Urmila Sarkar December 2017 Published in December 2017 by JustJobs Network Inc. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the members of the Advisory Committee who offered invaluable feedback for the writing of this report: 1. Mr. Anil Kakani, Managing Partner, Vikasa Holdings 2. Mr. Anurag Behar, CEO, Azim Premji Foundation 3. Ms. Gemma Wilson-Clarke, Senior Education Advisor, UNICEF 4. Ms. Lay Cheng Tan, Program Officer, UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education 5. Mr. Michael Ettlinger, Director, Carsey School of Public Policy 6. Ms. Natalie Fol, Adolescent Development and Participation Program Officer, UNICEF South Asia 7. Mr. Nomaan Majid, Senior Employment Specialist, ILO 8. Ms. Shabnam Sinha, Senior Education Specialist, The World Bank 9. Mr. Shashank Vira, Director, Hearth Education Advisors We also thank the JustJobs Network and UNICEF South Asia colleagues, including Ivan Coursac, Sanaullah Panezai and Tanja Matheis for their help through the research process and production of this report. The JustJobs Network would like to extend a special thanks to Mr. Anurag Behar for allowing access to some of the AZim Premji Foundation’s field sites and for the many thought provoking discussions that led us to probe deeper for more meaningful research and solutions. And to Prachi Agarwal who not only provided research support, but also managed various moving parts of the research, fieldwork and dissemination events.
    [Show full text]
  • Empowering Women and Girls in India for the Fourth Industrial Revolution About Global Compact Network India (GCNI)
    Opportunity or Challenge? Empowering women and girls in India for the Fourth Industrial Revolution About Global Compact Network India (GCNI) Global Compact Network India (GCNI) was formed in November 2000 and registered in 2003 as a non-profit society that functions as the Indian Local Network of the UN Global Compact (UNGC), New York. It is the world’s first Local Network that is established with full legal recognition. The network also serves as a country-level platform for businesses, civil society organisations, and the public and private sectors. It helps align the stakeholders’ responsible practices towards 10 Universally Accepted Principles of UNGC in areas of human rights, labour, environment, and anti-corruption. It also helps align it to the broader UN goals including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other key sister initiatives of the UN and its systems. At present, the India network is among the top 10 of more than 103 Local Networks in the world. It has also emerged as the largest corporate sustainability initiative in India and globally with a pan India membership of 350 leading business and non-business participants. This has strengthened their commitment to the UN Global Compact Principles by becoming proud members of the Local Network in India. About Deloitte Deloitte is a large and most diversified professional services organisation, providing advisory, tax, management consulting and enterprise risk management services through more than 244,000 professionals in more than 150 countries. The organisation includes one of the world's largest private consultancies and a unique portfolio of competencies, integrated into one industry-leading organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Knot Ready Lessons from India on Delaying Marriage for Girls
    Knot Ready Lessons from IndIa on deLayIng marrIage for GirLs Sreela DaS Gupta SuShmita mukherjee Sampurna SinGh rohini panDe SharmiShtha BaSu Sreela DaS Gupta SuShmita mukherjee Sampurna SinGh rohini panDe Knot SharmiShtha BaSu Ready Lessons from IndIa on deLayIng marrIage for GirLs CONTENTS ExECuTivE Summary i iNTrOduCTiON 1 Child Marriage in South Asia 2 Project Description and Methods 2 KEy fiNdiNgS 4 NFHS Analysis: Marriage Trends and Factors Influencing Child Marriage in India 4 Broad Programmatic Assessment: Features of Policies and Programs to Delay Marriage 11 Detailed Program Assessments: Implementation and Effectiveness of Selected Programs 16 concluSiONS aNd recommENdaTiONS 22 Programmatic Options for Delaying Age at Marriage 22 Strengthening the Evidence Base on What Works to Delay Marriage 24 Next Steps for Policy-makers 25 rEfErENCES 26 aCKNOwlEdgments We thank all the organizational leaders, project staff, community members and government officials we met in the course of this research who work to reduce child marriage and have made this report possible. Several colleagues at ICRW provided tremendous input during this research. Sanyukta Mathur, Anju Malhotra and Christine Macaulay played significant roles in initiating, developing and furthering this work. Erin Pearson provided invaluable project management support, and she and Laura Cardinal were essential to the analysis and finalization of the report. In addition, we would like to thank the following individuals listed alphabetically: Sandra Bunch, Margaret Greene, Gwenn Hollingworth, Anjala Kanesathasan, Stephanie Miedema, Aprajita Mukherjee, Ellen Weiss, Sandy Won and Margo Young for their support at various stages of this study. Our thanks go as well to the staff of ICRW’s Asia Regional Office for their support throughout the study.
    [Show full text]
  • The Upholding and Downfall of Child Marriage in India”
    Phi Alpha Theta Pacific Northwest Conference, 8–10 April 2021 Amanda Mills, Western Washington University, undergraduate student, “Before Menstruation: The Upholding and Downfall of Child Marriage in India” Abstract: This paper will cover the roots of the tradition of child marriage in India through the British colonial period all the way to the 1980s. This paper will attempt to dissect the economic, social, and philosophical reasonings for child marriage. Particular focus will be placed on the time of British colonial rule because that was a time of both exploitation and reform in child marriage laws. This paper will explore the language that surrounded the discourses on child marriage, from both the British colonists and the Indian detractors. This timeline will follow the legislative action that reformed child marriage laws, and show how active Indian natives, particularly Indian women, were in the changes. This paper will show both how the practice was phased out, yet never completely removed. Citing census figures as late as the 1980s, it will show how child bride deals are/were still occurring. While explaining the psychological and physiological ramifications of marrying off a child at such a young age, a pattern will emerge that shows how gendered the practice was. This will explain were this practice falls into the discussion of gender in history. It will also examine where gender falls into the discussion of subaltern studies. Before Menstruation-The Upholding and Downfall of Child Marriage in India Amanda Mills Western Washington University Undergraduate Studying the facets of how gender and sexuality are discussed and viewed in India is a vital piece of historical research.
    [Show full text]
  • Breaking the Cycle of Vulnerability Education, Skills and Employability for Indian Youth
    Breaking the Cycle of Vulnerability Education, Skills and Employability for Indian Youth By Sabina Dewan and Lina Khan July 2019 Breaking the Cycle of Vulnerability Education, Skills and Employability for Indian Youth By Sabina Dewan and Lina Khan July 2019 Published in July 2019 by JustJobs Network Inc. Acknowledgments: The JustJobs Network would like to thank United Nations Children’s Fund’s India office for its support of this research, especially Ms. Dhuwarakha Sriram, Child Protection and Adolescent Specialist. We are grateful to all the stakeholders that provided valuable feedback on drafts. This report would not have been possible without the following individuals that are leaders in their respective fields, and who took the time to provide constructive insights based on their extensive experience and expertise. The authors are grateful to: Mr. Anurag Behar, CEO, Azim Premji Foundation; Member, Drafting Committee for India’s National Education Policy 2019 Ms. Rituparna Chakraborty, Co-founder and Executive Vice President of TeamLease Mr. Dilip Chenoy, Secretary General, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI); Former Managing Director and CEO, National Skill Development Corporation Mr. Sanjay Shivnani, CEO, Aditya Birla Skills Foundation Ms. Gayathri Vasudevan, CEO, LabourNet Mr. Shashank Vira, Founding Partner and Director, The Hearth Education Advisors This report includes profiles of four youth that generously shared their time and stories with us. Contributions from Priya Kumari, Anchal, Sangeeta Kumari and Neeraj Kumar further ground the findings of this report. JJN colleagues including Ramita Taneja, Divya Prakash, Maheep Tripathi, Catherine George, and Anna Ranjan helped through the research process. Our thanks to Chandrahas Choudhury for his copy-editing.
    [Show full text]