Gold Open Access Publishing Must Not Be Allowed to Retard the Progress of Green Open Access Self-Archiving

LOGOS Gold Open Access Publishing Must Not Be Allowed to Retard the Progress of Green Open Access Self-Archiving

Stevan Harnad Introduction Universal Open Access (OA) is fully within the reach of the global research community: research institutions and funders need merely mandate (green) OA self-archiving of the fi nal, refereed drafts of all journal articles immediately upon acceptance for publication. The money to pay for gold OA publishing will only become available if Born in Hungary, Stevan Harnad did his under- universal green OA eventually makes subscriptions graduate work at McGill University and his gradu- unsustainable. Paying for gold OA pre-emptively ate work at Princeton University. Currently Harnad today, without fi rst having mandated green OA is Professor in Electronics and Computer Science at not only squanders scarce money, but it delays the University Southampton, UK, and Canada Research attainment of universal OA. Chair in Cognitive Science at Université du Québec à Montréal. He was founder and editor of CUP’s Be- Open Access (OA) means free online access. What havioral and Brain Sciences journal, past president of made Open Access possible was the advent of the the Society for Philosophy and Psychology, external networked online medium: the Internet, and even- member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and tually the Web, empowered the authors of digital author and contributor to over 300 publications. works to give them away free for all online if they Harnad’s research interests are in Open Access Sci- wished. entometrics, Category Learning, Symbol Grounding The term “Open Access” was fi rst coined by the and Language Origins. One of the most devoted and Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI),1 spon- outspoken supporters of Open Access to research, sored by the Open Society Institute (OSI)2 in 2001. Harnad spends a considerable amount of time advo- But the idea of providing free online access – and cating Open Access to scholarship worldwide. the provision of free online access – started much earlier than the BOAI and the adoption of the E-mail: [email protected] name “OA.” The inventors of Unix3 and the In- ternet4 – mostly computer scientists – had already Websites: http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/people/harnad been providing OA to their research papers by http://openaccess.eprints.org self-archiving them in “anonymous FTP archives”5 since at least the 1970s. With the invention of the Web 6 in 1990, websites soon became the preferred way of self-archiving papers. High energy physicists – who had already been systematically shar- ing their works on paper before the Internet, and DOI: 10.1163/095796511X559972 then via email when it became possible – began

self-archiving them in Arxiv,7 a centralized physics science are cited signifi cantly more than non-OA web archive, in 1991. Many individuals from many articles.17 Many subsequent follow-up studies18 con- other disciplines have since followed the lead of fi rmed that this “OA impact advantage” was also the computer scientists and the physicists. present in every other scholarly and scientifi c fi eld tested. But even the OA advantage was not suf- The “Subversive Proposal” to Self-Archive fi cient to induce the 85% of non-self-archiving au- Refereed Journal Articles thors to do so. A “Subversive Proposal”8 to make all refereed journal articles free for all by self-archiving them Mandating Self-Archiving online was posted in 1994. The proposal also iden- It had already been proposed since 1998 in the tifi ed the way to cover the cost of publication if American Scientist Open Access Forum19 that uni- OA self-archiving eventually made subscriptions versities and research funders should mandate OA unsustainable: fees for publishing individual arti- self-archiving (i.e., make it a requirement, as a cles instead of subscription fees for accessing them. natural extension of the requirement to publish-or- The fi rst OA journals began appearing in 1989;9 perish).20 The School of Electronics and Computer most were either the online versions of subscrip- Science at Southampton University (UK) was the tion journals or they were subsidised online-only fi rst in the world to adopt an OA self-archiving journals. mandate, in 2002.21 The fi rst university-wide OA Meanwhile, the 1994 Subversive Proposal to mandate was then adopted by Queensland Univer- self-archive went largely unheeded: For the follow- sity of Technology (Australia)22 and the fi rst Eu- ing decade, the rate of author self-archiving con- ropean university-wide mandate by University of tinued to hover at about 15-20 percent10 of yearly Minho (Portugal),23 both in 2004. refereed research output. The proportion of articles published in OA journals was even lower.11 Providing centralized archives like Arxiv for other In 2001, Steve Lawrence disciplines (e.g., CogPrints12 for the Cognitive Sci- published a paper in ences) likewise failed to increase the rate of OA self-archiving. Nature reporting that In 1999, the Open Archives Initiative (OAI)13 OA articles in computer developed a metadata-tagging protocol in order to make all Open Archives “interoperable,” which science are cited means that depositing locally in any individual signiﬁ cantly more than archive became equivalent to depositing centrally in one global, seamlessly searchable Open Archive. non-OA articles. In 2000, free software (EPrints)14 was designed at the University of Southampton (by adapting the Likewise in 2004, the UK Parliamentary Se- CogPrints software to make it OAI-compliant and lect Committee on Science and Technology rec- generic) to make it possible for all universities to ommended that universities and research funders create their own OAI-compliant Open Archives should mandate OA.24 In the same year, the US (which soon came to be called, instead, “Institu- House Appropriations Committee, too, recom- tional Repositories” [IRs]).15 Many IRs were subse- mended that NIH should mandate OA.25 The UK quently created, worldwide – their growth has been government failed to act on the Committee’s rec- monitored by the University of Southampton’s ommendation, yet within a few years all seven of Registery of Open Access Repositories (ROAR)16 the UK Research Councils nevertheless followed since 2001 – but IRs remained near-empty because it, each adopting a self-archiving mandate of its 85% of researchers still were not self-archiving. own.26 The Wellcome Trust became the fi rst re- In 2001, Steve Lawrence published a paper in search funder to mandate OA in 2005.27 In the Nature reporting that OA articles in computer same year, NIH adopted an OA request instead of a

mandate; that policy failed and was upgraded to a OA (publishing). In fact, the fastest and surest road mandate in 2007.28 to OA is the green road of OA self-archiving,44 A further incentive to mandate and provide OA for two fundamental reasons: (1) providing green was provided by the fact that the outcome of the OA is entirely in the hands (and interests) of the UK Research Assessment Exercise29 – in which providers of the research itself, the global research peers review and rank the research publications community, and (2) green OA can be mandated – of all departments of all UK universities every six whereas gold OA is in the hands of the publishing years – turns out to be highly correlated with the community and cannot be mandated. citation metrics that OA has been shown to in- Hence green OA needs to come fi rst, and it crease.30 The University of Southampton has been needs to be universally mandated, by institutions strongly promoting the development of OA met- as well as funders. It has been a great strategic mis- rics31 to track, evaluate and reward research usage take to wait instead for Gold OA.45 If, despite all and impact, creating Citebase32 as a model for a the benefi ts, most authors are not providing green scientometric engine for research evaluation and OA spontaneously of their own accord, at no cost, navigation and IRStats33 for gathering IR usage and without having to abandon their journal of metrics. choice, then they certainly will not provide gold Two international, cross-disciplinary author sur- OA, for an additional cost, and having to publish veys by Alma Swan in 200534 reported the most in a gold OA journal instead of their journal of fundamental strategic and practical fi nding about choice. Nor will their institutions have the mon- why OA growth had been so slow: although most ey to pay their authors’ gold OA publishing costs authors do not self-archive, over 90% of them in- while those funds are still tied up in paying for dicate that they would self-archive if their funders journal subscriptions. Nor can institutional jour- or institutions mandated it – over 80% of them nal subscriptions be cancelled while the journals’ indicating they would do so willingly. Outcome contents are still not otherwise accessible to the studies35 from Arthur Sale in Australia have since institution’s users. Moreover, the asking price for confi rmed that within two years of mandate adop- gold OA publishing is still much higher than it tion, compliance rates are indeed over 60% and needs to be, while journals are still producing print well on the road toward 100%. ROARMAP36 and online editions. shows that the number of mandates is approaching If universal green OA mandates are adopted 200 worldwide and now includes Harvard,37 MIT,38 fi r s t , t h e n , if and when the resulting universal green UCL39 and ETH Zuerich,40 as well as the European OA makes subscriptions unsustainable as the means Research Council41 and the European Commis- of covering publishing costs (because institutions sion.42 cancel their journal subscriptions), the natural effect will be to induce journal publishers to cut costs, downsize, and convert to gold OA; and the The most frequent self-same annual windfall savings from the insti- misconception about OA tutional cancellations will be available to pay the institutional authors’ costs, per article, of gold OA is that OA only means publishing. Those costs per article will, however, Gold OA (publishing). be substantially lower after universal green OA has made subscriptions unsustainable, because journals will no longer need to provide the print or on- Open Access: Green and Gold line edition: all access-provision and archiving will OA self-archiving has come to be called the “green” have been offl oaded onto the distributed network road to OA (or “Green OA”), to distinguish it from of green OA IRs. Journals will only provide the OA journal publishing, which is called the “gold” service of peer review,46 and the institutional sav- road to OA (“Gold OA”).43 The most frequent mis- ings47 will be more than enough to cover its costs. conception about OA is that OA only means Gold If, rather than mandating green OA fi rst and

waiting for green OA mandates to propagate glo- OA will prepare the ground for universal gold OA bally and to have their natural effects, institutions and increasingly widespread libre OA. instead commit some of their scarce available funds to paying pre-emptively for gold OA – and at the current asking price – they will get very lit- Copyright is not an tle OA in exchange for their money and they will obstacle to universal OA reinforce gold OA publishing’s current asking price and current modus operandi while failing to grasp self-archiving mandates; the universal (green) OA that is already within copyright reform will their reach. Consortial institutional “membership” commitments (like SCOAP3)48 – intended to bar- come as a consequence, gain down journal prices in exchange for their con- not a precondition, verting to gold OA – are unsustainable, because, unlike subscriptions, they can be cancelled at any of universal green OA. time by individual instutions without losing access (because the journals have converted to gold). Copyright is not an obstacle to universal OA self- Hence the only scaleable, sustainable and cer- archiving mandates; copyright reform will come as tain means of attaining universal OA is to man- a consequence, not a precondition, of universal green date green OA fi rst, and to convert to gold OA only OA. The majority of journals (including almost all if and when universal green OA makes subscriptions the top journals)53 already endorse OA self-archiv- unsustainable. That means institutional cancella- ing of the author’s refereed fi nal draft, immediately tions force journals to downsize to providing the upon acceptance for publication. peer review service alone while at the same time For the articles in the minority of journals that releasing the institutional subscription cancella- do not yet endorse immediate OA self-archiving, if tion funds to pay for it. the author wishes to honor the publisher embargo, This scenario is independently confi rmed by the the paper can be deposited in the IR immediately Houghton report, an economic analysis focussed upon acceptance anyway, and access to it can be on publishing costs. Its conclusion is that universal set as Closed Access54 instead of OA. IRs have a gold OA publishing will eventually save institu- semi-automated “email eprint request button”55 tions money, but that by far the biggest benefi t/cost that allows any user to request – and the author ratio49 can be gained from mandating green OA to provide – an individual copy of a Closed Access today. deposit for research purposes through just one click each. This is not yet OA; it is “Almost OA,” but it “Almost Open-Access” will soon hasten the end of OA embargos. Institutional and funder OA mandates need to be convergent and collaborative50 rather than diver- Other Kinds of Content gent and competitive: institutional deposit followed OA’s primary target is refereed scholarly and scien- by central harvesting (not direct central deposit for tifi c journal articles – 2.5 million articles per year, funder mandates vs. institutional deposit for insti- published in the planet’s 25,000 peer reviewed jour- tutional mandates). nals,56 across all disciplines, languages and nations Apart from the two ways of providing OA (green – because every one of those articles is, without OA self-archiving and gold OA publishing) there exception, an author give-away, written solely for are also two forms or degrees of OA: “gratis” OA51 research uptake, usage, applications and impact, is free online access and “libre” OA52 is free online not for income from sales. Other forms of digital access plus certain further re-use rights (which may content – books, textbooks, magazine/newspaper include republication or remixing in derivative articles, music, video, software – are not author works). Both gold OA and libre OA are premature give-ways, written for impact rather than income. and cannot be mandated; but universal green, gratis Here again, the growth of OA to refereed research

articles is likely to encourage providing more OA is based must be made OA once the paper has been to these further forms of content too, but it is again accepted for publication (with due exceptions for the a great strategic mistake to treat author give-away timing of serial articles all based on mining one content and non-give-away content as if they were data-set). all the same sort of thing, under a vague notion of “open access to knowledge.” Open Access Policy Guidance Another increasingly important form of re- The optimal green OA self-archiving mandate search content is research data57 – but providing is the “Liège model,”58 which designates deposit- immediate OA to data cannot be mandated being all papers accepted for publication in the IR cause researchers must be allowed a fair period of as the (sole) mechanism for submitting them for exclusive time to mine and analyze the data they institutional performance review and for national have gathered. Researchers can also be encouraged research assessment. Policy guidance for institu- – but not required – to provide OA to their pre-ref- tions and funders worldwide about designing OA ereeing preprints; this must remain a matter of au- mandates is being provided by Enabling Open thor choice. There is scope, however, for research Scholarhhip (EOS),59 Open Access Scholarly In- funders to mandate that as a condition of funding formation Sourcebook (OASIS),60 and SPARC the data on which a peer-reviewed research paper Campus Open Access Policies.61 

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Endnotes

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29 Mandated online RAE CVs linked to university eprint ar- 42 OA Self-Archiving Policy: European Commission – 2 (EC). chives: Enhaning UK research impact and assessment. http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/full- http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue35/harnad/. info.php?inst=European%20Commission%20-%202%20 30 Harnad, S., Carr, L. and Gingras, Y. (2008) “Maximiz- %28EC%29. ing research progress through Open Acces mandates and 43 “The green and the gold roads to Open Access.” Nature metrics.” Liinc em Revista, v.4, n.2, setembro 2008, Rio de Web Focus. http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/accessde- Janeiro, p. 269-273. bate/21.html. http://revista.ibict.br/liinc/index.php/liinc/article/view- 44 Harnad, S. (2007) “The Green Road to Open Access: File/282/182. A Leveraged Transition.” In: The Culture of Periodi- 31 Harnad, S., Carr, L., Brody, T. and Oppenheim, C. (2003) cals from the Perspective of the Electronic Age, pp. 99-105, “Mandated online RAE CVs linked to university eprint L’Harmattan. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/15753/. archives: Enhancing UK research impact and assessment”, 45 Waiting for Gold, Self Archiving FAQ for the Budapest Ariadne Issue 35. Open Access Initiative (BOAI). http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue35/harnad/intro.htm. http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/self-faq/#31.Waiting. 32 http://www.citebase.org/. 46 Harnad, S. (2010) “No Fault Peer Review Charges: The 33 http://wiki.eprints.org/w/IRStats. Price of Selectivity Need Not Be Access Denied or De- 34 Swan, A. (2005) Open access self-archiving: An Introduc- layed,” D-Lib Magazine, Volume 16, Number 7/8. tion. Technical Report , JISC, HEFCE. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july10/harnad/07harnad.html. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11006/. 47 Harnad, S. (2008) “The Postgutenberg Open Access Jour- 35 Sale, A.H.J. (2006) “Comparison of IR content policies in nal.” In: The Future of the Academic Journal, Chandos, Australia,” First Monday, 11 (4). 2009. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/15617/. http://eprints.utas.edu.au/264/. 48 Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in 36 ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Materi- Particle Physics (SCOAP3). http://scoap3.org/. al Archiving Policies) as recommended by the Berlin Dec- 49 Harnad, S. (2010) The Immediate Practical Implication of laration. http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/. the Houghton Report: Provide Green Open Access Now. 37 OA Self-Archiving Policy: Harvard University: Faculty of Prometheus, 28 (1). pp. 55-59. Arts and Sciences. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/18514/. http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/fullinfo. 50 Harnad, S., “How to Integrate University and Funder php?inst=Harvard%20University%3A%20Faculty%20 Open Access Mandates,” Open Access Archivangelism. of%20Arts%20and%20Sciences. http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/369- 38 OA Self-Archiving Policy: Massachussetts Institute of guid.html. Technology (MIT). 51 Suber, P., “Open Access: ‘Gratis’ and ‘Libre’,” Open Access http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/fullinfo. Archivangelism. php?inst=Massachussetts%20Institute%20of%20Technol- http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/442- ogy%20%28MIT%29. guid.html. 39 OA Self-Archiving Policy: University College London 52 Suber, P., “Green/gold OA and gratis/libre OA,” Open Ac- (UCL). http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/ cess News. http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2008/08/ fullinfo.php?inst=University%20College%20London%20 greengold-oa-and-gratislibre-oa.html. %28UCL%29. 53 Journal Policies – Summary Statistics So Far. 40 OA Self-Archiving Policy: ETH Zürich. http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php. http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/fullinfo. 54 “The Immediate-Deposit/Optional-Access (ID/OA) Man- php?inst=ETH%20Z%C3%BCrich. date: Rationale and Model,” Open Access Archivangelism. 41 OA Self-Archiving Policy: European Research Council http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/71-guid. (ERC). http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/ html. fullinfo.php?inst=European%20Research%20Council%20 %28ERC%29.

55 Sale, A., Couture, M., Rodrigues, E., Carr, L. and Harnad, 59 Open Access Policies for Universities and Research Insti- S. (2010) “Open Access Mandates and the ‘Fair Dealing’ tutions. Button.” In: Dynamic Fair Dealing: Creating Canadian Cul- http://www.openscholarship.org/jcms/c_6226/open- ture Online (Rosemary J. Coombe & Darren Wershler, Eds.). access-policies-for-universities-and-research-institu- http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/18511/. tions?hlText=policie. 56 http://www.ulrichsweb.com/ulrichsweb/. 60 Open Access Scholalry Information Sourcebook. Practi- 57 Harnad, S., “Shared Access and Reuse of Publicly Funded cal Steps for Implementing Open Access. Scientifi c Data,” Open Access Archivangelism. http://www.openoasis.org/index.php?option=com_ http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/779- content&view=article&id=148:the-optimal-open-access- Shared-Access-and-Reuse-of-Publicly-Funded-Scientifi c- policy-for-institutions&catid=81:articles&Itemid=340. Data.html. 61 http://www.arl.org/sparc/advocacy/campus/. 58 OA Self-Archiving Policy: Université de Liège. http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/fullinfo. php?inst=Universit%C3%A9%20de%20Li%C3%A8ge.