Supporting Information Paper Title: Plant Diversity in Tropical Dry

Supporting Information

Paper title: Plant diversity in tropical dry deciduous forests of Jashpur, Chhattisgarh with special reference to their ethnomedicinal uses

Authors: Santosh Kumar Prajapati, Kapil Sharma & Prasant Kumar Singh

Bibliometric details: Tropical Ecology 59(3): 505–514, 2018

Table S1: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site Luikona (LMD

Table S2: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site Luikona (LHD)

Table S3: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site BelPahar (BMD)

Table S4: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site BelPahar (BHD)

Table S5: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site ChandanTongari (CMD)

Table S6: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site Marga (MHD)

Table S7: Ethnomedicinal documentation of Jashpur district

Table S1: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site Luikona (LMD)

Whitford Index S.N. Plant species Frequency Density Abundance R.F. R.D. (A/F) 1 Shorea robusta 100 56.556 56.556 14.754 74.852 0.565

2 Terminalia tomentosa 44.444 0.667 1.5 6.557 0.882 0.034

3 Syzygium cumini 100 4.333 4.333 14.754 5.735 0.043

4 Diospyros melanoxylon 100 3.778 3.778 14.754 5 0.038

5 Buchanania lanzan 100 2.667 2.667 14.754 3.529 0.027

6 Woodfordia fruticosa 44.444 0.778 1.75 6.557 1.029 0.039

7 Croton oblongifolius 100 5.556 5.556 14.754 7.352 0.056

8 Ziziphus nummularia 44.444 0.778 1.75 6.557 1.029 0.039

9 Lygodium flexuosum 44.444 0.444 1 6.557 0.588 0.023

Table S2: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site Luikona (LHD)

S.N. Plant species Frequency Density Abundance R.F. R.D. (A/F)

1 Shorea robusta 100 97.778 97.778 16.364 27.839 0.978

2 Syzygium cuminii 55.556 0.778 1.4 9.091 0.221 0.025

3 Diospyros melanoxylon 88.889 8.556 9.625 14.5451 2.436 0.108

4 Dicanthium annulatum 66.667 117.333 176 10.909 33.407 2.640

5 Eupatorium coelestinum 66.667 42.222 63.333 10.909 12.022 0.950

6 Chrysopogon aciculatus 55.556 23.667 42.6 9.091 6.738 0.767

7 Cynodon dactylon 100 25.444 25.444 16.364 7.245 0.254

8 Desmodium triflorum 77.778 35.444 45.571 12.727 10.092 0.586

Table S3: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site BelPahar (BMD)

S.N. Plant species Frequency Density Abundance R.F. R.D. (A/F)

1 Shorea robusta 100 107.667 107.667 10.843 33.634 1.077

2 Buchanania lanzan 100 16.333 16.333 10.843 5.102 0.163

3 Nyctanthes arbor- tristis 100 6 6 10.843 1.874 0.06

4 Croton oblongifolius 88.889 4 4.5 9.638 1.249 0.051

5 Bauhinia vahlii 100 6.222 6.222 10.843 1.944 0.062

6 Carrisa carandas 55.556 1.889 2.8 6.024 0.590 0.050

7 Diospyros melanoxylon 77.778 1.111 1.4289 8.434 0.347 0.018

8 Adina cordifolia 55.556 0.778 1.4 6.024 0.243 0.025

9 Schleichera oleosa 33.333 0.556 1.667 3.614 0.174 0.05

10 Anogiessus latifolia 55.556 1.556 2.8 6.024 0.486 0.050

11 Cyanodon dactylon 33.333 106.556 319.667 3.614 33.287 9.59

12 Vitex negundo 77.778 6.333 8.143 8.434 1.978 0.105

13 Desmodium triflorum 44.444 61.111 137.5 4.819 19.091 3.094

Table S4: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site BelPahar (BHD)

S.N. Plant species Frequency Density Abundance R.F. R.D. (A/F)

1 Shorea robusta 100 52.556 52.556 21.951 54.809 0.526

2 Lantana camara 77.778 30.333 39 17.073 31.634 0.501

3 Acrocephalus indica 66.667 1.333 2 14.634 1.390 0.030

4 Randia dumentorum 66.667 0.889 1.333 14.634 0.927 0.020

5 Tephrosia purpurea 66.667 9.778 14.667 14.634 10.197 0.220

6 Vitex negundo 77.778 1 1.286 17.073 1.043 0.017

Table S5: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site ChandanTongari (CMD)

S.N. Plant species Frequency Density Abundance R.F. R.D. (A/F)

1 Shorea robusta 100 94.444 94.444 9.008 51.924 0.859

2 Buchanania lanzan 100 4.778 4.778 8.189 2.627 0.048

3 Carrisa carandas 77.778 1.444 1.857 6.369 0.794 0.024

4 Bauhinia vahlii 55.556 0.889 1.6 4.550 0.489 0.029

5 Butea parviflora 77.778 1.333 1.714 6.369 0.733 0.022

6 Desmodium pulchellum 88.889 25.667 28.875 7.279 14.111 0.325

7 Diospyros melanoxylon 100 10.333 10.333 8.189 5.681 0.103

8 Woodfordia fruticosa 100 17.111 17.111 8.189 9.407 0.171

9 Syzygium cuminii 77.778 1.555 2 6.369 0.855 0.026

10 Randia dumentorum 44.444 1.111 2.5 3.640 0.611 0.056

11 Terminalia tomentosa 66.667 1.444 2.1667 5.460 0.794 0.033

12 Hemidesmus indicus 66.667 0.889 1.333 5.460 0.489 0.02

13 Croton oblongifolius 66.667 16.889 25.333 5.460 9.285 0.38

14 Lygodium flexuosum 55.556 0.889 1.6 4.55 0.489 0.029

15 Asparagus racemosus 77.778 1.889 2.429 6.369 1.038 0.031

16 Curculiogo orchioides 55.556 1.222 2.2 4.550 0.672 0.040

Table S6: Frequency, Density, Abundance, Relative frequency (R.F.), Relative density (R.D.) and Whitford Index of different plant species found at the site Marga (MHD)

S.N. Plant species Frequency Density Abundance R.F. R.D. (A/F)

1 Shorea robusta 100 64.333 64.333 20.455 90.610 0.643

2 Buchanania lanzan 66.667 0.778 1.167 13.636 1.095 0.018

3 Diospyros melanoxylon 77.778 2.111 2.714 15.909 2.973 0.035

4 Madhuca longifolia 66.667 1.333 2 13.636 1.878 0.03

5 Ficus benghalensis 11.111 0.111 1 2.273 0.156 0.09

6 Butea parviflora 77.778 1.111 1.429 15.909 1.565 0.018

7 Acrocephalus indicus 88.889 1.222 1.375 18.182 1.721 0.015

Table S7: Ethnomedicinal documentation of Jashpur district

S. N. Botanical name Family Hindi/ Uses Local name

1 Abrus Fabaceae Ratti/ Root paste is applied externally in precatorius Gumachi scorpion sting. Seed paste is applied Linn. externally in sciatica and back pain. Decoction of leaves is given twice a day to treat fever and cough. 2 Abutilon Malvaceae Kanghi Decoction of leaves and stem bark is used indicum (Linn.) for goggling in dental problems. Sweet 3 Acacia nilotica Fabaceae Babul Decoction of leaf and bark is used to treat (Linn.) Del syn. respiratory problems. Gum from the stem A. arabica is given in dysentery. (Willd.) 4 Acorus calamus Acoraceae Bach *Paste of dried rhizome is applied Linn. externally in scorpion bite. **Rhizome of A.calamus is crushed with root of Carrisa carandus to make a paste. Carosene oil is added to this paste and applied externally in body ache. 5 Achyranthes Amaranthaceae Chichidi Ash from the whole plant is mixed with aspera Linn. karanj oil and applied externally in skin problems. Root paste is applied externally in scorpion sting and snake bite. The juice extracted from the root is also given orally in snake bite. 6 Adina Rubiaceae Haldu Leaf paste mixed with oil is applied cordifolia /Karam externally in pain and swelling. (Roxb.) HK. f.ex Bradis 7 Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Bel Fruit pulp is given in diarrhea and (Linn.) Corr. dysentery. Also given in gastric troubles. 8 Andographis Acanthaceae Kalmegh/ Decoction of whole plant is given in any paniculata Bhuineem kind of fever. Also used as a potent drug Nees. for the liver diseases. 9 Annona Annonaceae Sharifa Leaf paste is applied externally in skin squamosa Linn. affections. Also applied externally for wound healing. 10 Argemone Papaveraceae Bhatkataia/ Plant latex is applied externally in skin mexicana Linn. Satyanashi diseases.

11 Argyreia Convolvulaceae Bidhara/Sa Leaf with its dorsal face is applied to treat speciosa mudrasokh abscess. (Sweet.) Syn. A. nervosa (Burm. f.) Boj. 12 Asparagus Liliaceae Satawar/ *Root paste of Asparagus racemosus racemosus Mahadev jat along with MISHRI is given twice a day Willd. to treat burning sensation during urination. **Also given to increase lactation in females after child birth. 13 Bambusa Poaceae Bans Leaves are given to the cattles resolve the arundinacea post parturition problems. (Retz.) Willd. 14 Barleria Acanthaceae Kansaraiya About 10 ml of leaf juice is given prionitis Linn. /Pili twice a day to treat fever. Leaf paste vajradanti is applied externally for wound healing. 15 Bauhinia Fabaceae Kachnar Paste of stem bark is applied externally in variegata Linn. skin diseases. 16 Boerhaavia Nyctaginaceae Punarnaw/ Tuberous roots are crushed and juice is diffusa Linn. Gadahpunna given in jaundice. syn. B. repens Linn. 17 Boswellia Burseraceae Salhya Bark powder mixed with sugar is given in serrata Roxb. the morning to cure ex Colebr. bleeding in females. 18 Buchanania Anacardiaceae Chironji Paste of bark is applied externally in skin lanzan Spr. diseases. syn. B. latifolia Roxb. 19 Caesalpinia Fabaceae Karanj Seed oil is used in any kind of skin bonduc (Linn.) problems. Roxb. 20 Calotropis Asclepiadaceae AAk/Akwan *Milky latex from the leaf and stem is procera (Ait.) applied externally in skin diseases. R.Br. **Flower along with jaggery is given for three consecutive days in dog bite. 21 Carissa Apocynaceae Karonda Root paste is applied externally for carandas Linn. wound healing. 22 Cassia fistula Fabaceae Amaltas Leaf juice is antifungal and antiseptic, Linn. used in the treatment of ringworm and for clearing cuts and wounds. 9

23 Cassia tora Fabaceae Chakwar/ Paste of seeds is applied externally in Linn. Chakora skin diseases. 24 Catharanthus Apocynaceae Sadabahar 2-3 fresh leaves are given early in the roseus (Linn.) morning to reduce blood sugar. G. Don. syn. Vinca rosea Linn. 25 Chlorophytum Liliaceae Safed Musli Tuberous roots are used as tuberosum aphrodisiac. Also used as tonic. Baker. 26 Clitoria Fabaceae Aparajita Root paste is given as an antidote to ternatea Linn. snake bite. 27 Curculigo Hypoxidaceae Kali musli Tuberous roots are used as orchioides aphrodisiac. Root paste is applied Gaertn. externally as well as given orally as an antidote to snake bite. 28 Curcuma Zingiberaceae Aama haldi Corm paste along with sarson oil is amada Roxb. applied externally in sprain. 29 Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae Amarbel Paste of plant is applied externally in Roxb. headache. 30 Dioscorea Dioscoreaceae Ratalu/ Aerial tubers are given in worm bulbifera Linn. Aakash aalu affections. 31 Diospyros Ebenaceae Tendu Fruit pulp is given in dysentery. Root melanoxylon paste is applied externally in scorpion Roxb. sting. 32 Eclipta Asteraceae Bhringraj/ Decoction of whole plant is given to prostrata Bhangraiya treat spleen enlargement. (Linn.) syn. E. alba (Linn.) Hassk. 33 Ficus Moraceae Bargad Decoction of 10g of prop root is given benghalensis in painful menstruation and bleeding. Linn. Decoction of bark is given in diabetes to reduce blood sugar. 34 Ficus racemosa Moraceae Gular Fruits are nutritionally very rich and Linn. Syn. F. given to treat the problem of glomerata prostratitis. Roxb. 35 Gaurga pinnata Burseraceae Kekat *Bark powder is applied externally in cut Roxb. and wounds. **Bark of kekat (Gaurga pinnata), prop root of Bargad (Ficus benghalensis), bark of Pakar (Ficus virens) and bark of 10

Kujari (Celastrus paniculatus) are crushed in equal amount and tied over the fractured bone. 36 Gloriosa Liliaceae Kariyari Rhizome is given in snake bite. superba Linn. 37 Gymnema Asclepiadaceae Gudmar 2 to 3 leaves are taken every morning sylvestre to reduce blood sugar in diabetes. (Retz.) R.Br. 38 Hemidesmus Periplocaceae Anantmul Root paste is applied externally as indicus (Linn.) well as taken orally as an antidote to R.Br. snakebite. 39 Justicia Acanthaceae Adusa Decoction of leaves and flowers is adhatoda Linn. taken twice a day in cough cold and syn. Adhatoda fever. vesica Nees., Adhatoda zeylanica Medic. 40 Lawsonia Lythraceae Mehandi Leaf paste is applied externally in skin inermis Linn. diseases. syn. L. alba Lamk. 41 Lygodium Lygodiaceae Mahakali Root juice of Mahakali (Lygodium flexuosum flexuosum) and Birni (Desmostachya (Linn.) Sw. bipinnata) along with few drops of Mahua (Madhuca indica) alcohol is given for about 15 days to treat bone deformation in children. 42 Macrotyloma Fabaceae Kulthi Root of Mahadev jat (Asparagus uniflorum racemosus), seeds of Kulthi (Willd.) Verdc. (Macrotyloma uniflorum), root of Chhota khajur (Phoenix acaulis), bark of Sal (Shorea robusta) and bark of Mahua (Madhuca indica) are mixed in equal amounts and given to females after childbirth. 43 Madhuca Sapotaceae Mahua *Juice from the saplings roots of longifolia Madhuca longifolia and Danpari are (Koen.) Mac given to treat kidney stone. This juice is Br. Syn. M. also given in gastric trouble. latifolia **Alcohol from the flowers is applied (Roxb.) Mac externally in body pain. Br., M. indica Gmel. 44 Moringa Moringaceae Sahijan Boiled fruits are taken in constipation. 11

oleifera Lamk. Leaf decoction is taken in high blood Syn. M. pressure. Pterygosperma Gaertn., Guilandina moringa Linn. 45 Nyctanthes Oleaceae Harsingar/P Leaf decoction is given in sciatica, arbor – tristis arijat rheumatic pain and fever. Linn. 46 Phoenix acaulis Arecaceae Chhota Root of Mahadev jat (Asparagus Roxb. khajur racemosus), seeds of Kulthi (Macrotyloma uniflorum), root of Chhota khajur (Phoenix acaulis), bark of Sal (Shorea robusta) and bark of Mahua (Madhuca indica) are mixed in equal amount and given to females after childbirth in problem of lactation. 47 Phyllanthus Euphorbiaceae Awla Leaf juice is given in diarrhoea and emblica Linn. dysentery. Fruits are given in any kind syn. Emblica of stomach problem. officinalis Gaertn. 48 Phyllanthus Euphorbiaceae Bhui Awla Fresh juice from the plant is given in fraternus jaundice. Webst. syn. P. niruri auct. non Linn. 49 Physalis Solanaceae Rasbhari Fresh plant juice is given as liver minima Linn. tonic. 50 Pterocarpus Fabaceae Beeja *Stem bark or root decoction is given marsupium thrice a day to treat dysentery. Roxb. **Heart wood is dipped into water for the night and this water is given in diabetes to reduce blood sugar. 51 Rouwolfia Apocynaceae Sarpgandha Decoction of root bark is given in high serpentina blood pressure. Also given as an (Linn.) Benth. ex antidote in snakebite. Kurz. 52 Sida cordata Malvaceae Baryari Leaf paste is applied externally to (Burm.f.) suppress gilti (tumour). Bross.(Bariyara) 53 Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Sal/ Sarai Seed oil is used in skin disease. Gaertn. f.

54 Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Makoy Paste of leaves is applied in skin diseases. Linn. Extract of whole plant is applied externally in inflammation and leprosy. Plant extract is taken in liver diseases.

55 Smilax zeylenica Smilacaceae Ranpawan Root paste is mixed with jaggery and is Linn. given for 15 days to treat sexual weakness. 56 Sphaeranthus Asteraceae Mundi Inflorescence is chewed in toothache. indicus Linn. Floral head is taken orally in eye infections. 57 Syzygium Myrtaceae Jamun Decoction of bark is taken for goggling in cuminii (Linn.) dental problems. Seed powder is used in Skeels syn. S. diabetes. jambolana Lamk. Eugenia jambolana Lamk. 58 Tagetes erecta Asteraceae Genda Leaf juice is poured in earache. Paste of Linn. leaves is applied externally in skin diseases and for wound healing. 59 Tephrosia Fabaceae Jangali kurthi *Roots of Jangali kurthi (Tephrosia purpurea purpurea), Rexa kohra (Benincasa (Linn.) Pers. hispida ) and carbon black are crushed together, dissolved in Mahua (Madhuca indica) alcohol and given thrice a day to treat fever and gastric trouble in cattle. **Seed oil is applied externally in skin diseases. 60 Terminalia Combretaceae Aasan Paste of bark is applied externally in skin alata Heyne ex diseases. Roth. 61 Terminalia Combretaceae Arjun Decoction of bark is given in heart arjuna (Roxb. diseases. Leaf paste is applied ex DC.) Wt. externally for wound healing. and Arn. syn. Pentaptera arjuna Roxb. 62 Terminalia Combretaceae Bahera Fruit powder is used in gastric troubles. bellirica (Gaertn.) Fruit decoction is used for washing of Roxb. syn. eyes. Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn. 63 Terminalia Combretaceae Harra Paste of bark and fruits is applied chebula Retz. externally for healing of wound. Fruit 13

powder is given to treat digestive problems. 64 Tinospora Menispermaceae Gurich/ Decoction of stem is given in fever and cordifolia Giloy urinary problems. (Linn.) Merr. 65 Vitex leucoxylon Verbenaceae Charaigodwa *Bark decoction of Charaigodwa (Vitex Linn. leucoxylon) is given twice a day in blood deficiency. **Bark of Charaigodwa (Vitex leucoxylon) are crushed with water and applied externally in snake bite. The juice obtained from the same paste is given orally. 66 Woodfordia Lythraceae Phool Dried flowers of Woodfordia fruiticosa fruiticosa Kurz. Dhawai and stem bark of Vitex leucoxylon are powered and 2-3 gram of powder is given once a day to treat ascariasis. 67 Ziziphus Rhamnaceae Kali ber Root paste is given in diarrhoea oenoplia (L.) /dysentery. Mill.