The Founding Framers of 1787. with James Madison's List of Books for Congress

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AUTHOR Rutland, Robert A. TITLE "Well Acquainted with Books." The Founding Framers of 1787. With James Madison's List of Books for Congress. INSTITUTION Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Center for the Book. SPONS AGENCY Department of Education, Washington, DC. REPORT NO ISBN-0-8444-0561-2 PUB DATE 87 NOTE 95p. PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) -- Reference Materials - Bibliographies (131)

EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Ancient History; *Constitutional History; Democracy; Literature; Primary Sources; *Resource Materials; *United States History IDENTIFIERS *Founding Fathers of the United States; Madison (James); Philosophers; *Philosophical Influences

ABSTRACT Published to commemorate the Constitution's bicentennial year and remind Americans that books and the life of the mind are vital national traditions, this volume contains both an essay, "Well Acquainted with Books: The Founding Framers of 1787," by Robert A. Rutland, and James Madison's List of Books for Congress, 1783. The essay recounts how books and the ideas conveyed by books were crucial to the founding fathers of this nation. It also identifies those writers, ranging from the ancient Greek and Roman writers on history to contemporary British and French writers, whose influences on the variotis delegates to the Constitutional Convention were evidenced. Congressman James Madison's list of 307 books that he thought were needed by the first national legislature is then presented. An introduction to this list describes the occasion of its creation ana a few of the sources Madison drew upon in preparing it. A list of abbreviations and short titles used by the editors of the Madison papers in the bibliographical notes follows. Included in the entries are the date of original publication and the date of the latest edition or, in certain cases, of an earlier, superior, edition. It is noted that references to the many editions that are incomplete or inferior have been omitted. Abbreviated titles are used and the names of translators, unless specified by James Madison or known to have importantly enhanced the value of a work by their editing or augmentation of it, are not mentioned. The entries are numbered sequentially and footnotes are placed immediately after the volumes to which they refer rather than grouping all of the annotations at the close of the list. Additional readings suggested by Robert Rutland conclude the volume. (MAB)

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The Founding Framers qf 1787

By Robert A. Rutland

I I 7th fames Madison's List qf Books lOr Congress

Library of Congrrss 'Washington 1987 A publication of the Center fur the Book in the Library of Congress, sponsored Ipsthe Center for the Bisik and the U.S. Departmetit of Education.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rutland, Robert Allen. 1922- "Well acquainted »kb books". "A Publication of the Center for the Book T.p. s I. LegislatorsUnited States-84o4iks and reading History-18th century.2. United States--Constitution SignersBooks and reading.3. Aladisonjanws. I751-183ti--Books and reading.1. Books and reading United StatesHistory-18th Century.5. Libraries. Governmental, administrative, rtc.Rook lists. 6. BibliographsEark printed books-18t1, minus. 7. BibliographyBest books.It Librars olCougress--- History.I. Center for the Book.II. Title. Z1039111487 1987 028.7'02-1328 87-21105 ISBN 0-1011-0561-2

Frtint endimper Detail from ames Nlatlison-s I7W1 list of books for Congress. Nlanuscript Libra% Ccmgress.

0 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements for permanence established by the American National Standard for Wei tite.tion Sciences"Per- manence of Paper for Printed Litman.Materials" (ANSI 1,3%48-198-1). Contents

Foreword ohn V. Co 1r

"Weil ActihaintiA with 13 o4iks.: The Fouhding Framers of 1787 Robert A. Rutland 9

Jam s Nlattism*,, Lkt Id" Books, I 7

Fcir Further Reading Rfthrrt A. Rutland 93 Foreword

healer or tun we are a nation of readers is a topic of conwmporary concern and debate. Surrounded as we are by electronicmedia and an endless variety of leisure-time possibilities.itisdifficultfin-us to fathom how important the printed word was to earlier generations.But in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, books and reading were essential characteristics of American life. As historianRobert A. Rutland, editor of The Papers oljames Madison. explains in his essay, books and the ideas conveyed by books were crucial tothe founding of our nation, This volume, which also includes asurprisingly comprehensive list of books that Ctmgressman James Madison thought were needed by the first national legislature, ispublished by the Center fbr the 111)ok in the Library ofCongress in our Constitution's bicentennial year to remind us that books andthe life of the mind are vital American traditions. The Center for the Book in the Library of Congress was established by law in 1977 if) stimulate public interest inbooks and reading and to encourage the study of howbooks and the printed word have shaped society. Its symposia. kctures.projects, and publications are supported primarily by privatecontributions from individuals, corporations, and fbundations. Projects arealso cosptmsored with U.S. government agencies. and inthis instance the center gratefully acknowledges support fromthe U.S. Depart- ment of Education. Forfurther infbrmation about the center and its activities, write the Center for the Book,Library of Congress. Washington, D.C. 20540. .john V. Cole The Center for the Book

7 "Well Acquainted with Books" The Founding Framers of 1787

enjamin Franklin's once-fitmous account of how, as a bewildered young man in 1723. he wandered through the 73streets of Philadelphia where he had neither friend. foe. nor job might aptly describe James Madison if he returned in 1987 to the site of the Federal Convemion. Madison's confusion probably would stem not so much from differences of dress or speech, or even the overhead swish of a jetliner. but from Philadelphia's skyscrapers. One suspects these tall buildings would amaze Mad- ison because tlwy are perhaps the most visible symbols today of the overwhelming Anwrican commitment to technology as a creator of comlbrts, a maker of money, and a solver of most human problems. The comfbrts and prosperity of twentieth-century Anwr- lea Madison could not deny. But he would be distressed by the few newspapers, the absence of booksellers, and above all the tendency to regard electronic storehouses as oracles of a new civilization. These developments could only bring dismay to a man who distrusted even Jefferson's mechanical copying device. The trillions of words sent through computers in Washington each day would only confound the man who ran the State Department in .1803 with four clerks, and who helped draft a constitutiona handwritten constitutionthat could say all that needed to be said about running a republic, and do it in fewer than seven thousand words.

9 While the succinctness of the Constitution is perhaps theeighth wonder of the world, this quality is not what America prepares to celebrate during the 1987 bicentenary of the remarkabledocument. What differentiates the Constitution of1787 from much inAmerican life today is that it seems to have a soul of its own. TheConstitution signed by the persistent thirty-nine delegates still onhand on September 17, 1787, owed nothMg whatever tomachines or mechanical apparatuses. The Constitution of 1787 wasthe end product of human thought and debate, often at a fairlyabstract level. The delegates persisted lin- more than eighty daysof debate because of a common concern that the life of the Republic wasin danger. Something had gone wrong. In 1783 Washingtonwarned the new nation, "It is yet to be decided, whether theRevolution must ultimatdv be considered as ablessing or a curse: a blessing or a curse, not to the present agealone, fin with our fate will the destinies of unborn Millions be involved." Independence, peace, and plenty were goals sought by Americans after1775. Had that great effort to confer on Americansthe blessings of life. liberty. and the pursuit of happiness already spun outof control? After the euphoria following the great victory atYorktown, the American people expected a shower of blessings.But this young nation of farmers soon lbund commodity priceslow, the cost of foreign goods high, and taxes of any kind distressful. Alow-wawr mark wits reached in the winter of 1786--87,when embattled farmers stood not by the bridges near Concord but onthe roads outside of Springfield. A makeshift national governmentopening under the Articles or Confederation kept up appearancesduring the war but fell into dispute in the peace that followed.The Union was in jeopardy within a matteror months. Soon alarmed public men took to the highwaysheaded for an emrgency meeting in Philadelphia.Their specific mission was "to render the Federal Constitution adequate to theexigencies or the Union."2 1Vhat with spring floods, indifferent stage-drivers,and axle-deep mudholes, the fifty-five designated delegatesdrifted into the environs of the State House slowly. None atall came from Rhode Island, a fact deplored by Providencemerchants who believed themselves "deeply alketed with the evils ofthe present unhappy times."3 The appointed day arrivedMay14, 1787but only Virginia and Pennsylvania responded to the first convention roll call. Eleven days later, a patient Washington noted in his diary: "Made a quorum. And seven states being now represented the body was organized andI was called to the Chair by a unanimous vote.'" While the delegates straggled into America's largest city (population about forty thousand), the early arrivals had time to contemplate their mission. The Virginia delegation met nearly every day preparing an overall plan to offer the assembly. but George Mason admitted he had "a very imperfect and indecisive"' view "up(m the great subject of our mission." Even so, he was convinced that "the expectations and hopes of all the Union centre in this Convention. God grant that we may be able to concert effectual means of preserving our country from the evils which threat us."' Mason. who would be a leading speaker during the next three months, came to Philadelphia with impeccable creden- tials. He was Vashington's neighbor. a wealthy planter who had almost single-handedly written the Virginia Declaration of Rights and Constitution during the spring of 1776. Bookisl and often ill. Mason delCrred to his junior. James Madison. when it canw to preparations for the Virginia delegation's daily caucuses. Madison. like the youngest delegate at the Convention, Charles Pinckney. was a planter's son. And ahlunigh he was probably the best-read delegate in the hall. Madison was not trained tin- any profrssion. Three lawyers served on the seven-man Virginia delegation and the youngest, Gov. Edmund Randolph, became the most involved of the bewigged trio when it came to dotting i's or crossing t's. In all. thirty-fimr of the delegates filially seated at the Federal Convention were lawyers. More lawyers would have been present but for peculiar circumstances. Lawyer Patrick Henry declined to serve and later claimed he "smelt a rat," while attorney Richard Henry Lee also refused a place on the Virginia delegation in deference to his duties at the Continental Congress (meeting in New York). Thus almost two-thirds of the delegates bad cut their eyeteeth on Blaekstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, John Taylor's Elements of tlit' Civil Law, and Sir Edward Coke's celebrated Institutes of the Lawes of England: or. A Commentary upon Littleton. Perhaps

I I

1 0 lawyer Abraham Baldwin was the typicaI delegate in more ways than one. He came to Philadelphia late, but stayed until the last rap of Washington's gavel.Harvard-trained with "a cotnpkat classical education," this Georgia attorney pursued "every other study with ease." Another member of tlw Georgia delegation said Baldwin was of "an accomodating turn of mind," and "well acquainted with Books and Characters''' Every lawyer on the Convention floor knew William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England as well as his own handwriting. This familiarity caused Hamilton to allude to "the celebrated judge Blackstone" when the debate cenwerned the liwus of national power. Hamilton paraphrasedBlackstone's remark "that the power of Parliament is absolute and without control" when lw arguedfor a similar sanction in theConstitution. Eventually, the small-state rielegates retreated and agreed that the Constitution, with its legislative branch as the working agent, "shall lw the supreme' Law or the Land." Blacksttme's influence from the Commentariesis also evident in Article HI, where treason is defined as"levying war against" the United States . or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort," The words are straight out of Blacksume's chapter on treason,which he adjudged to be the most Iwinous of all crimes.' Books and a knowledge of historical characters were tlwmain- stays of the Anwrican public manin 1787, Although delegate- lawyer John Dickinson said during the August 13 debates,"Ex- perietwe must be our only guide," what he Want was not personal knowledge hut the valuable precepts of history that every man present had gained through reading!'As bookbinders from Boston to Williamsburg learned, their customersfor standard legal works were often gentlemen who were notinterested in Iwing admitted to the bar. For lawyers as well aslaymen, books served as practical tools 1br that generation nurtured to manhood during the cohmial crisis from 1765 onward. Nearly all of them knew theancient writers on history, particularly nueydides, Tacitus, andI.ivy. Probably half the delegates were able to read Cicero, Demosthenes. Aristotle, and Polybius in their ancient ibrms. In alllikelihood, they had some acquaintance with Grotius's Law (11 Natureand Nations, as well as the volumes by Vane! and Pufendorfbearing

12 the same title. Many delegates were familiar with works on moral philosophy (an adjunct to legal study) by the Scotsmen Francis Hutcheson and Adam Ferguson. Every educated American had read Adam Smith's If 'ealth of Nations by 1787. Less popular but revered by lawyers and laymen alike was Jean Jacques Burlamaqui's Principles of Natural Law in lihich the True System of Morality and Civil Government are Established, a standard work in American iaw offices that spread natural-law doctrines well into the nineteenth cvnturv." As Isaac Kramnick has noted, the Americans interested in im- proving mankind law in the eighteenth century "were much more likely to base their arguments on natural rights than historkal rights."U i'lie fifty-five men at the Federal Convention actually preferred to involve both. Clearly, most of the delegates gathered in Philadelphia were scholars of one sort or another. .james Wilson. who spoke more than any other man during the proceedings. was a learned Scot trained at St. Andrews hut Americanized in short order. and perhaps as well-read as any man at the Federal Convention. As a country filled with immigrants or the offspring of European immigrants, what was already unusual about America was that so many people read books. A contemporaryEnglishman who visited the new nation reported: "Whatever is uselnl. sells: but publications on subjects nwrely speculative, or rather curious than important. lie upon the bookseller's hands. They have no ready money to spare for anything but what they want; and in liwrary purchaws. look I'm- the present. or future use." Indeed one reastm Philade!phia was an attraction to the delegates was its libraries. The first Continental Congress met "inthe Carpenter's Hall in one room of which the City library is kept & of which the Librarian tells me the Gentlemen make great & constant use," Madison was told in I774.'' "Vaud, Burlamaqui, Locke & Montesquietui seem to be the standards to which they refer." By 1 787 the situation had changed but little. The Free Library Company and American Philosophical Society collections were a stone's throw kom the delegatesdesks, so that nowhere else in America was there such easy access to the collected knowledge of western civilization. Moreover, the convention delegates were far ahead of most of

12 their fellow men in terms of education, bothformai and informal. A great deal of their leisure time was spent reading,and they read with much discernment. Two of the best-read delegates,Madison and Mason, were not lawyers and Mason's formaleducation was sketchy. Not all of the lawyers had attended thecolleges at Cambridge, New Haven, Philadelphia, New York,Princeton, or Williamsburg, but most of them had a diploma from theseinsti- tutionsHarvard, Yak, King's College (renamed Columbia in 1784), the College of New Jersey, or William andMary. A few attended the Inns of Court or Inner Temple in London.These Nets alone sct them apart, for kwer than 2 percentof all Americans in the thirteen states had any iiirmal education atall. Even so, Americans early on had stressed literary in theirdaily, Bible- reading lives, and nearly every visitor from Europe was soonstruck by the fact that even chambermaids andhusbandrymen owned copies of Pilgrim's Progress or often read newspapersbetween their chores. The revolution itself had been a great learningexperience. By the time thirteen states had set up their own governments, lasted through eight years of war, and stumbkd into athreadbare peacetime economy, the men chosen to be statelegislators, coun- cilors, congressmen, commissioners. justices of the peace.and other public functionaries had picked up a good dealof on-the-job training that required more than practical knowledgeof the world. As the English bookseller noted, Americanskeenly sought inlbr- mation "lbr the present, or future use." There was a camaraderie present in Philadelphiathat spring. too. Simply knowing that Washingtonwould attend had been a magnet for the other delegates,since being in the great man's presence was both a social assetand once-in-a-lifetime experience. Taking their meals at boardinghouses or commodioushostelries such as the Indian Queen tavern also gave thedelegates an extra social bond. Many a late evening was spent atthe Indian Queen with pipes in hand, the Madeira glassesclinking as delegates discussed in hushed tones their after-hoursbusiness (their proceedings being secret by an early established rule).Man for man, the assemblage was unique. Some came out ofcutiosity, but most came to serve and :;.tvethe Republic. There wem exceptions. of course. UnlikePatrick Henry, who

13 once boasted that he "read men, not books," AttorneyWilliam Houston of Georgia decided to attend the convention, but like Henry, after finishing legal training, he eschewed good reading. Houston's fellow Georgian, William Pierce. wondered if his col- league had ever cracked a book. "As to his legal or political knowledge he has very little to boast of....His Person is striking, hut his mind very little improved with useful or elegant knowledge."' Poor Houston had little to recommend him, Pierce thought, beyond "an amiable and sweet temper." Non-attender Henry and present-hut-not-clever Houston represented something unusual in the vital stream of American political life in 1787. One was the oustanding public figure in Virginia and supremely confident despite his anti-intellectualism, while the other served at Philadelphia where he was beyond his intellectual depth. Not only did they share a disdain fin- thc printed word but neither Houston nor Henry feh a sense of urgency in 1787, and thus they represented a sharp variation from the men we have come to think of as the Founding Fathers. The whole life-style of most Atnericans in eighteenth-century public life was to some extent affmted by their reading habits. It was a time when social conversation was one of the main vehicles of communication,and a person who was not well-read might be lost in the thicket of historical andliterar allusions that was a vital part of the mental landscape of lawyers, doctors, planters, bankers, well-to-do merchants, and the most perceptive printers. In short, the men whose opinions counted came from a familiar reading background that was basically classical, and much of their reading ran in familiar ancient grooves. From the writings of Greece and Rome, read either in the original text or in recent translations. they learned "of Ciceronian virtue, Plutarchian heroism, the simple virtues extolled by Tacitus, [and] political balance taught by Aristotle and Polyhius."" Almost every man present at the Federal Convention wculd have been on familiar terms with Milton, Shakespeare, Sterne, Fielding, and Pope. If asked how many were admirers of the works of Joseph Addison. all the delegates would have nodded unashamedly. To some, Addison was their direct pipeline to the Roman past. Addison, sometimes in company with Richard Steele, was an

15 1 4 American celebrity on two counts. Addison's play, Cato Uticensis, was popular in Ameri...1 after the StampAct Crisis as a historical drama suited to the public's appetite for an honest hero. Derived mainly from Plutarch's depiction of the ancient Roman's life, Addison's Cato provided a patriotic model of the virtuous citizen noted for "unrelenting opposition to tyranny, incorruptibility, and dedication to public service."'" Washington thought so highly of Cato he ordered a performance to edify his troops during the war. The book every cultivated Englishman ownedPlutarch"s Lives of Mr Noble Greeks and Romansfurnished the materials for Addison's tour dr force that enthralled men eager to bdievethat moral instruction and political progress were historically compatible. Apart from his borrowed venture in classical drama, Addison was an influeiwe on the Founding Framers as acollaborator on tlw influential Spectator. Generations of Americans grew up reading and admiring the popular essays written by Addison and Steele between 1711 and 1714. Liberally sprinkled with criticism of French manners and fashion, the Spectator taughtmorality by example, so that Americans were reminded that virtue was never found in gambling halls. brotlwls. or the lip-filled salons of the idle rich, Decades after he first discovered tlw Spectator. Franklin recalled his delight in using the essays as models fi,r his writing exercises as he strove **to be a tolerable English Writer."'" Not far behind Franklin in his admiration of the Addiso-Steele combination was Madison, who first encountered the Spectator while a teenager and found it "peculiarly adapted to inculcate in youthful minds, just sentiments, an appetite lbr knowledge, and a taste for the improve- ment of the mind and manners.'''' Addison's American audience may have been more appreciative because the Englishman was a devoted follower of John Locke, whose Two Treatises on Government and Essays Concerning the Human Understanding vaulted him into prominence in America when im- perial relations first became strained. Locke's Second Treatise gave colonists a philosophical handle for an onslaught aimed at English targets, ranging from Parliament to George III.His idea that men entered into a social compact to ensure the enjoyment and safety of their lives, liberty, and property echoed through American pamphlets after 1765. Locke's suggestion that a monarch could

Iti

1._ misuse his power until all trust between king and subject vanished, which led to the people's right to rebel, was the heady nectar imbibed in 1776. Although much of Locke's empirical approach to life and politics was taken for granted by 1787, his disciples at the Federal Convention were looking for the uhimate answer in his logic: how would life, liberty, and property be protected in a government based on consent of the governed? The daily chronicle of debates kept by Madison takes some of the guesswork out of what the delegates read, Ibr Madison's notes show speaker after speaker alluding to Blackstone, Hume, Locke, or Montesquieu when they sought to underscore a point. Other now-keepers lacked Madison's persistence, but taken as a whole, the several recorders (particularly Robert Yates) found fellow delegates eager to reach back in history for support. Both Richard Price and Joseph Priestley were their contemporaries, so Price's Observations on the Nature qf Civil Liberty (1776) and Priestley's treatise On the First Principles qf Government (1768) provided ready ammu- nition for speakers as far apart in their views as Luther Martin and Benjamin Franklin. But writers from the England that finally settled on William and Mary were also respected, and Aristotle's and Cicero's nanws were mentioned on the convention flour as casually as if they were still alive. With their broad tastes and linguistic skills, the niost concerned delegates constantly looked far afieldfin- aid in their verbal skirmishes. Well-schooled in the writings or the classical republiciai James Harrington and his Italian precursor Nicrolo Machiavelli. the delegates accepted certain basic historical premises. Machiavelli attributed the downfall of Florentine liberty to corruption flowing from moral laxity, a decline in public spirit, and the citizenry's "dependence on mercenaries to fight their battles.'48 Harrington's Commonwealth qf Oceana picked up this idea, imposed it on English history, "as part of the rise, fall, and rebirth of republican virtue . in such a form as had not existed since the days of Livian Rome." As they groped for a solution to their own problems, the delegates were conscious of the earlier lawmakers' struggle for simplicity and stability. In that context, Machiavelli's Discourses were instructive, for the Florentine doted on Lycurgus, who gave Sparta "by a single act, all the laws they needed" by providing

16 government "which maintaineditself for more than eight hundred years."'q Historical examples from the classical era,particularly Polybius's stress on salutary reversalsin fortune owing to "good senseand good planning," were consideredbeneficial. Harrington and Al- gernon Sydney'swritings spoke to their times, much asthere were more recent worksthat had strong utilitarian overtonesfor the delegates. Two eighteenth-century writers, nearcontemporaries, stood out. David Hume, the author of an essayOn the independeng of Parliament and a best-sellingHistory ti England, was almost as popular in American political circles as inLondon's gatherings of literati. Historian Forrest McDonald claimsthat some delegates in Philadelphia knew Hume so wellthey spoke "as if they had committed Hume's essay to memory."'Certainly Madison and Hamilton had studied Hume's worksin search of solutions for current crises, and theyshared his belief that historical knowledge had universal application. "The samemotives always produce the same actions,"Hume wrote, "the same eventsfollow from the same causes."Ambition and avarice as well asgenerosity and public spirit "have ever been observed amongmankind. Would you know thesentiments, inclinations, and courseof life of the Greeks and Romans?" Hume asked inhis Essay Concerning Human Understanding (I 748).21 "Study well the tempc.and actions of the French and English." Thus by researchinto the past one could "discover the constant and universalprinciples of human nature" and act accordingly. No doubt delegates paid attentionwhen Hume was cited as the authority, as when Hamilton usedHume's name when arguing against a proposal to forbid congressmenfrom holding another federal office "for one year aftertheir tenure." Whether such a reform could have preventedcorruption in England Hamilton would not say, but he knew "that one ofthe ablest politicians (Mr. Hume)" had said the king's ability tosprinkle offices on members of Parliament had helped "maintainthe equilibrium of the British Constitution."?2 Hume's calling a spade a spadeand his inclination to look dispassionately at the greedy side ofhuman nature ("every man ought to be supposed a knave") were notappreciated by all the

18 17 delegates. Jefferson recoiled from Hume and saw his History as a corrunting influence, but Jefferson was in Paris. The hard-headed ddeg, ies present in Philadelphia were more charitable. In fact, Madison developed Hume's essay on "the idea of a Perfect Commonwealth" into a crushing argument aimed at those Amer- icans who insisted that the United States was simply too huge to become powerful or prosperous under one flag. With the concept ofunion as the polestar of his conduct, Madison found reinforcement from Hume in shaping a contrary opinion. "Though it is more difficult to form a republican government in an extensive country than in a city," Hume wrote, "there is more Facility, when once it is formed, of preserving it steady and uniform, without tumult and faction."23 Madison seized on this thought and both in convention debates and in his Federalist no. 10 refined Hume's idea into what would become the classic statement on American pluralism as a virtue, not a vice. Another favorite writer of the delegates, judging from the numerous allusions in debates and writingsduring the ratification struggle, was Charles Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, whose The Spirit of the Lazes first appeared in 1748. Montesquieu distilled his ideas on government from ancient times down to Bolingbroke's day (around 1715) to conclude that the British Constitution was tolerably close to perfection. Alexandei Hamilton, who felt the same way, was bold enough to confesshis admiration in his long harangue on June IR. "I believe the British government forms the best model the world ever produced," Hamilton admitted, citing Montesquieu in his notes and alluding to the Frenchman in his Federalist no. 9. Montesquieu's admiration for the Lycian confederation drew the delegates' attention, since The Spirit of the Laws endorsed that ancient league as "the model of an excellent confed- erate republic" based on the idea of proportionalrepresentation.?' Long discussions of ways to imbed the separation-of-powers prin- ciple in the Constitution revolved around that concept as extolled by Montesquieu. James Wilson, Pierce Butler, and Edmund Randolph joined Madison and Hamilton in their explicit deference to "the great Montesquieu" or "the celebratedMontesquieu": and it is beyond doubt that his writings were accepted as the authoritative word on the structure of good government?'

18 The delegates' almost blind faith in Montesquieu forcedMadison to make his thrust in Federalist no.10 a rebuttal to the assertion that republican government could succeed_only in a limited geographical area. Implying that even Montesquieucould on occasion be wrong, Madison insisted that in a sizablerepublic factions would be more readilycontrolledsince it would be more difficult in a large country for them "to discover their ownstrength and to act in unisonwith each other." JohnDickinson, writing a "Letter of Fabius" to gain votes for ratification,similarly cited Montesquieu to prove that the equality of states in theSenate was required, otherwise "a territory of such extent as that ofthe United America, could not be safelyand advantageously governed."" If Montesquieu somehow was all things to all men inPhiladelphia that fateful summer, so was that ancientbiographer, Plutarch. Writtenin thefirstcenturyAm., Plutarch's Lives of the NobleGreeks and Romans profoundly influenced Amerkanreaders who sought reinforcement for their ideas on venality, corruption,and avarice as vices as ruinous tonations as to men. To some readers Plutarch's book was one grand moral essay pointing to thevaliant citizen who changed history by striking down a tyrant,while to others (such as Madison, when he mentioned the life ofThemistocles at the convention) the lesson was one of oppressionpracticed by the majority:27 George Bernard Shaw jested thatPlutarch's Lives became "a revolutionists* handbook," but thetruth is that his great work was used onboth sides of many an argument in eighteenth-century America.13 Undoubtedly Hamiltonand Madi- son kept a copy of Plutarch'sLives close to their writing desks. (During the Revolution Hamilton copied passagesfrom Dryden's translation on his captain's pay book. "The excerptsreveal two major interests of Hamilton at the time: politicalinstitutions and sex."29) Hamilton's pseudonym of "Publius" for hisFederalist essays was taken from Plutarch'slift- of Publius Vakrius, who consolidated the Roman republic after the overthrowof a tyrant. Earlier. Hamilton had signed his "Phocian" essays,which pleaded for justice for Tories, as a reminder of Plutarch's accountof an ancient Athenian hero noted for his leniency to the enemy.And in his Federalist no. 38 Madison alluded to Plutarch'sreferences to the great lawgivers in history:Solon, Lycurgus, Romulus. and Numa.

19, Clearly the two collaborators used Plutarch in convention debates and in the Federalist, where he is cited in essays 6, 9, 18, 38, 63, and 70, to such a degree because the first-century biographer ranked with Montesquieu as an accepted authorityalmost a living presencein Philadelphia and New York during 1787-88.4" Any accounting of the literary influences at work in the Federal Convention written before World War II coulo have closed at this point. But scholarsperhaps motivated by the appalling rise of fascism in the 1930shave since prohed deeply in search of America's republican origins, and their quest has added extensively to the Founding Framers' reading list. Ahmg with a renewal of interest in classical republicanism, we have learned a great deal more about the influence of Algernon Sydney's DiscoursesContenting Gotrrnment, Charles Rollins's Ancient History, James Burgh's Politiral Disquisitions, Bolinghroke's Dissertation upon Parties and his Crajisman Essays, and Cato's Letters, written by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon. These writings, along with the works of Beccaria, Delolme, the abbes Mably and Millot, Edward Montagu, Walter Moyle, John Holroyd, James Steuart, .John Somers. Charles D'Avenant, Bernard Mandeville. and Thomas Rutherforth belong in any catalog of intellectual precursors for the Constitution. Few of the Founding Fathers have leftas complete a list of their hook preferences as Madison, who prepared for the Continental Congress in 1783 "a list of books proper for the use of Congress," which gives considerable insight to the range of their catholic interests." Another and even more notable exception is Jefferson. whose library was cataloged by Millicent Sowerby for the Library of Congress, her five volumes appearing between 1952 and 1959. Most of the books mentioned above are part of the basic collections of both Madison's list and Sowerby's catalog. As Madison wrote in his boyhood Commonplace Book, "There is a wonderful Sym- pathy between some minds. Like Unisones, they moved alike, and moved one another:8'2 So it seemed in Philadelphia during that last month of the Federal Convention. With their common background of knowledge and experience, their shattered dreams, and their shared hopes, the delegates sublimated personal interests for the common good. Drawing upon all history, their efforts to create a self-governing

20 nation mixed compromise and expediency. But the thirty-nine signers believed they now had an answer to Washington's rhetorical question: if the people ratified this Constitution, the American Revolution would be remembered as a blessing for all mankind. Surveying the scene during the ratification struggle, optimistic Gouverneur Morris said what was on all their minds. "MyReligion steps in where my Understanding falters,"he vowed, "and I fed faith as I lose Confidence." Two days after the delegates signed the Constitution, aBoston newspaper comment wasboth a kind of prayer fir the delegates' handiwork and an assessment of it: Ye political architects! Exert all your skill. consult the plans of Montesquieu, Harrington, Stuart, Hume, Smith, and others. ,Then shall your masterly hands reara grand temple diet/era/liberty." Robert A. Rutland

21 Notes 1. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of GeorgeWashington, 39 vols. (Washington: U.S. Govprnment PrintingOffice, 1931- 44), 26:486. 2. Max Farrand, ed., The Records of theFederal Convention, 4 vols. (1911-37; reprint, New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 1966), 3:560. 3. Farrand, Records, 3:19. 4, Farrand, Records, 3:27. 5. Farrand, Records, 3:23. 6. Farrand, Rerords, 3:97. 7. Farrand, Records, 1:472; WilliamBlackstone, Commentaries on the Lairs of England, compiled by J. I..Wendell, 4 vols. (New York: Harper & Brothers. 1852), 4:81-82. 8. Douglass Adair, Fame and the FoundingFathers, edited by Trevor Colbourn (New York: Published 1br theInstitute of Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg.Va., by Norton, 1974), 109. 9. See Ray F. Harvey, Jean JacquesBurlamaqui: A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism (ChapelHill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1937). 10. Isaac Kramnick, "RepublicanRevisionism Revisited." Ameri- can Historical Review81, no, 3 (1982), 639. 11. Quoted in Meyer Reinhold, (JlassicoAmericana (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1984), 34. 12. William T. Hutchinson et al., eds.,The Papers qljames Madison, 16 vols. to date (Chicago andCharlottesville, Va.: 1962-), 1:126. 13. Farrand, Records, 3:97. 14. Henry F. May, The Enlightenment inAmerica (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 36. 15. Reinhold, Classica Amerkana, 254. 16. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography.edited by Leo LeMay and P. M. Zall (New York: Norton, 1986), 12. 17. Madison's "Autobiography,"William C. Rives Collection, Madison Papers, Manuscript Division, Libraryof Congress. 18. J. G. A. Pocock, The MachiavellianMoment (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975), 209-10.

23 22 19. PocockVachiavellian Moment, 188-89. 20. Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Sir lorum (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1985), 188. 21. Quoted in Mail., Fame and the Founding Fathers, 111. 22. Farrand, Records, 1:376. 23. Quoted in Adair, Fame and the Founding Fathers. 98. 24. Reinhold, Classica Americana, 103-4. 25. McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum, 233. 26. Farrand, Records, 3:394. 27. Farrand, Records, 1:449. 28. Howard Mumford Jones. Revolution & Romanticism ((.ambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1974). 136. 29. Harold C. Syrett and Jacob E. Cooke. eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 26 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961-79), 1:39. 30. Reinhold, Classic(' Americana, 102. 31. Hutchinson, ed., Papers of James Madison. 6:62-115. Madison's hook list is reprinted here on the following pages. 32. Huwhinson et al., eds., Papers ty -James Madison, 1:9. 33. Quoted in Robert A. Rutland, The Ordeal of the Constitution (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966). 231. 34. Massachusetts Gentinel. 19 Sept. 1789. Quoted in Paul M. Spurlin, Montesquieu in .4merka. 17604801 (University, 1.a.: Louisiana State University Press, 1940), 181.

2.4

23 James Madison's List of Books 1783

n January 24,1783, over seventeen yearsbelbre the Library of Congress was established, Congressman James Madison presented to the Continental Congress "a list of books 0 The hooks were never purchased. proper for the use of Congress." But Madison's comprehensive list of books for the intelkctual nucleus of a legislative library is an outstanding example of his belief, shared by Jefferson and other founders of our nation, that if men possessed enough knowledge they would he able to solve the problems faced by the new nation. In his essay "Nladison's Bookish Habits" in the Spring 1980 issue of the Quarterlr journal qf the Library of Congress, Robert A. Rutland emphasizes the purpose- fulness of Madison's reading. He was a man "who wanted hooks for the knowledge they could furnish him," and for whom books were the key to learning. His listfor Congress, consisting of nine undated pages, is in the Continental Congress Miscellany collection in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress. An introductim to the list describes the occasion of its creation and a few of the sources Madison drew upon in preparing it.With the list itself, additional bibliographic and historical information is provided for each title, as the introduction explains. Both this introduction and Madison's list are reprinted with permission of the publisher, the University of Chicago Press, from The Papersrg. James Madison, volume 6 (1969), edited hy William T. Hutchinson and William M. E. Rachal, pages 62-115. A list of abbreviations and short titles used by the editors of the Madison Papers in the bibliographical notes follows. .John V. Cole

24 Abbreviations and Short Titles

Boyd, Papers of Jefferson Boyd, Julian P., et aL, eds. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. 20 vols. to date. Princeton: Princeton Uni- versity Press, 1950. Burnett, Letters Burnett, Edmund C., ed. litters of Members of the Continental Congress. 8 vols. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1921 36. /CC Ford, Worthington Chauncey, et al., cds. Journals of the Continental Congress. 17744789. 34 vols. Washing- ton: U.S. Government PrintingMier, 1904-37. M Janws Madison LC Library of Congress MS Manuscript NA National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. Papers of Madison Hutchinson, William T., et al., eds. The Papers of James Madison. 15 vols, to date. Vols. 1-10, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962-77. Vols. I I, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1977. PCC Papers of the Continental Congress, National Ar- chives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

25 Introduction

On 1 July 1782 Theodorick Bland proposedthat there he compiled "a list of books to be imported forthe use or the United States in Congress Assembled." Followingadoptim of the motion. Bland, contrary to established usage but probablyin accord with his own wish, was not named chairman or even amember of the committee designated to prepare the list. Inhis stead JM was appointed chairman, with his old mentorJohn Witherspom (NJ.) and John Lowell (Mass.) as his colleagues(NA: PCC, No. 186, fol. 39). On 21 November the motion wasrenewed, presumably by JM, because Witherspoon and Lowellhad left Philadelphia earlier that month (Burnett, Letters. VI, xlvi.xlviii). This second -motion. is not recorded in thejournal, but Congress on that day reconstituted the committee by replacing these two menwith Hugh Williamson (N.C.) and Thomas Mifflin (Del.)(NA: PM, No. 186, fol. 69). JM alone seems to have preparedthe report, although he may have consulted Witherspoon before thelearned clergyman returned to his home in Princeton. SeeWilliam W. 1Voodward. ed., The Works of the Rev. John Witherspoon. D.D.,LLD.... vols.: Philadelphia, 1802), III, 232-574, passim. During the latter half of 1782 the primaryissues before Congress concerned finance, commerce, prisoners of war, westernlands, and international affairs, including the alliance withFrance, the hoped- for terms of peace, the unsatisfactoryrelations with Spain, and the treaties with the Netherlands and Sweden.Most of the subject classifications in JM's report reflect the needs ofCongress 1i,r the guidance of authoritative works on these topics. Under many of his subheadings and in severalof his references to individual authorsJM neglected to specify what pailicular volumes he had in mind. See, for example, theentries numbered 24, 34, 36, 37, 55, 71. 169, 172, 175, 200.202, 204, 250. 277, 279,

1969 by The University of Chicago. Allrights reserved.

26 280. For this reason, neither he nor any other delegate in Congress could have known the exact number of titles and volumes in print by 1783 which were included in his list. Those cited below total approximately 550 titles in about 1,300 volumes. In making this estimate, the present editors have excluded from their count the volumes of an individual author's work or in a continuing series which would not be published by the close of 1783; works listed by JM that, although separately available in print, were included in a collection also recommended by him; and whatever number of volumes he may have envisaged under his rubric "All political tracts" (No. 280). Whenever a work on his list had appeared simulataneously in two printings, the editors have selected for tallying the set which comprised the fewer volumes. JM certainly did not derive the names of authors and the titles of their books from a single source. Besides the modest libraryof James Madison, Sr., and JM's own growing collection of works, the private libraries of Donald Robertson, the ReverendJohn Witherspoon. and the Reverend James Madison suggest themselves, as do the institutional librariesof the College of New Jersey, the College of William and Mary, and the Library Company or Philadelphia. For the last of these, see .4 Catalogue of the Books Belonging to Me Library Compatty of Philadelphia . (Philadelphia, 1789). Again JM may have acquired much information by browsing in Philadelphia bookstores and scanning advertisements in the gazi ttes of that city. Among the volumes that attracted JM's at temion were the "near 4000" that Colonel Isaac Zane, Jr.. Lad purchased fromMary Willing Byrd, the widow ofColonel W;Iliam Byrd III, and brought in October 1781 to Philadelphia for sale at Robert Bell'sbookstore near St. Paul's Church onThird Street (Edwin Wolf, 2nd, "The Dispersal of the Library of William Byrd of Westover," Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, LXVIII [1957-58J, 19-106,and esp. 23-25; Papers of Madison,I, 133, n. 1; 185, n. 1; V, 404, n. 18). At least at one of Bell's many auctions during the yearbeginning on 23 October 1781, JM bought a"few scarce books" from the Byrd collection (ibid. IV, 126-27, nn. 4-5; Edwin Wolf, oft. cit., pp. 25-27). William Pritchard, proprietor of another bookstore,who succeeded Bell in October 1782 as Zane's agent, was stillselling

2 7 books from the collection at the time ofJM's report to Congress and for several years thereafter (Papers ofMadison, IV, 126; 127, n. 4; Edwin Wolf, op. cit., pp. 28-29, 31).Although eighty-two of the titles in the Byrd collection were also amongthose recommended by JM in his report to Congress, at least fiftyof the eighty-two were so familiar and soobviously appropriate for inclusion in his list that he most probably jotted thcm downfrom memory (John Spencer Bassett, ed., The Writings of -Colandnilliam Byrd, of Westover in Virginia, Esqr," INew York, 19011, pp.413-43). During January 1783, when Thomas Jefft rson wasrooming at JM's boarding house in Philadelphia, the two mensurely conversed on the subject of areference library for Congress. By comparing entries in Jefferson's so-called "1783 catalogue"(microfilm of MS in Mass, Historical Society), especiallywith JM's report under the caption "America," a kinship between the twolists is made evident. Most striking are the eleven entries between"Wafer's Voyage:4- (Np. 215) and "Ellis's voyage to Hudson'sBay" (No. 225). Except for variations in spelling and capitalization.these entries in the "catalogue" and the report are identical. Theyembrace a total of thirty-tme explorers' accounts, but twenty-fimrof them were to be found only in printed collections. Of the twenty-four, twenty-one were printed only inSamuel Purchas (No. 239) or RichardHakluyt (No. 240). Jefferson's "catalogue," which was arecord of works he already possessed and of others hedesired to acquire. contains on a preliminary pagethe date "1783, Mar. 6"; but it was an expanding record, and its contents at any givendate cannot be known (Boyd. Papers of Jefferson. VI. 216).For this reason, it is at least possible that JM derived the sequenceof eleven entries from the holdings of the Library Companyof Philadelphia or other sources, and that Jeffersonthereupon used JM's list to add to his Own, rather than vice versa. In this connection, it probably isrelevant to note that the two men were togetherduring only the last four weeks precedingthe submission of the report by JM, that duringthis period JM was much occupied with important financialand other issues before Congress, that the closest parallel betweenthe entries in his book list and those in Jefferson's -1783 catalogue"is under the caption "America," the final section of the list, andthat JM, having been

28t.1 a member of thecommittee since 1 July, and its chairman since 21 November 1782, was not customarilylaggard in fulfilling an assignment. About 35 of his definiterecommendations were of titles apparently owned by the LibraryCompany of Philadelphia in 1782 but not entered in Jefferson's"catalogue," while about 140 others could have been derivedfrom the holdings of that company as well asfrom that "catalogue." See also F[nlay] Millicent Sowerby, comp., catalogue of the Libraryof Thomas jeffirson (5 vols.; Washington, 1952-59). Imperfections undoubtediy remain in the titlescited. The growing number of bibliographical aids preparedby authorities of presumably equal expertness, or at least of highreputation, often disagree concerning the punctuation, capitalization,and occasionally evvn the spelling or wording of the same editionof a work. To reconcile these differences by scanning the title pages wasin numerous instances a manifest impossthility. The editors areconfident only that where JM specified a work by namingthe author, suggesting the title, or both, they have correctlyidentified his entry. In general the format adoptedfor presentation of the list represents an attempt to establishthe "ideal" purchase fin all JM's entries, except No. 280. Included art- thedate oforiginal publication and the date of the latest, or in certain casesof an earlier, superior, edition as of 1783. Omitted, on theother hand, are references to the many editions which, though dated evenlater than those selected, are incomplete or obviouslyinferior. Abbreviated titles are used; otherwisethe present footnotes would be at leastfour times longer than they now are. The namesof translators, unless specified by JM or known to have importantlyenhanced the value of a work by their editing or augmentationof it, are not mentioned. Finally, the nature and length of this report arebelieved to warrant numbering JM's entries sequentially andplacing each footnote immediately after the volume to which it refersrather than grouping all the annotatkms at the close ofthe list. Robert L. Scribner Editorial Staff Papers of Madison

2 9 Report on Books forCongress

123 January 17831 The Committee instructed onthe niotion of Col. Bland to report a list ofbooks proper for the useof Congress, recommendthat SuFeritendt. of Finance & theSecy. of Congress beempowered to take order for procuringthe books enumeratedbelow: the same when procured to be underthe care of the said Secy.

111 Encyclopedic. Methodique mithodique. 4nr par Charks Joseph Pant-km.1w (1736-17%)et al_ eds.. Enodopédir 1782-1832). For 'Moms Jrnersim's ordre de maitéres .. (192 vols.. Paris and Lii.ge, and JM's interest in this work. seeSidney L. Jackson. -TheEnorlopidie Mit/Wipe. A Jefferson Addendum,-Virginia Magazine of Histor) andBiagrapht. (1965), :n:s-ii.

121 Dictionaire de l'homme unitersel 4es srews jt-an Baptiste Rene Robinet(1735-18V) et al., eds.. Oktionnaite ...C50 vols., London fix., morale. efronomique. etc., ou hibliothique Vhomme d'utat Neuehilte11.1777-1783).

Law of Nature and Nations General captions, as above, werewritten by JM in the left margin of his manuscript andhave been italicized by the present editors.

131 Cudworth's Intellectual System Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688).The Trur Intellectual .:r.sternal the Universe ( imxf(,n, 1678: 2d ed.. 2vols.. London, 1743).

141 Cumberland's Law of Nature ..(London. Richard Cumberland (1632-1718)..1 Treatise al the Laws alNature 1672: 2d rd., London, 1727).

31 151 Wolfius's Law of Nature Christian (I679-1754), Freiherr von Wolff, Institutions du unlit dr la nature et drs geru (Two separate Latin original works: (1) 8 parts. Frankfort, Leipzig, and Magdeburg, 1740-1748, and (2) Magdeburg. 1749; Elk Luzac (1723-17961, tr. and ed., 6 vols.; 2 vols., Leyden, 1772).

16]Hutchinsom's Moral Philosophy Francis Hutcherenr. (1694-1747), A ..S:rstem if Moral Philosophy... (Latin original MS; "Francis 'Hutcheson. Jr. Ira.1722-ra. 17731, tr. and ed., 2 vols., lamdon and Glasgow, 1755).

17) Beller's delineation of universal Law Fettiplare Sellers (1687-1732)4 Delineation qt I 'niter-sal Law .. (Posthumous. London, 1740; 34 ed., London, 1754).

181 Ferguson's analysis of Mor: Philosophy

Adam Ferguson (1723-1816). Institutes of Moral Philosophy ,..(Original work, title according with JM's entry, Edinburgh, 1761; rev, and superseded by above title% Edinburgh. 1769; 34 ed Edinburgh, 1773). Ferguson had served as secretary to the Carlisle peace commission in 1778 (Patten of Madison. III. 272. n. 2). SeeNo. 156 for one of Ferguson's works owned by JM.

191 Rutherforth's institutes of Natural Law

Thomas kutherforth (1712-1771), Institutes of Nahiral Law .. (2 vols.. Cambridge, 1754-1756). This is a commentary on thr work next listed.

1101 Grotius's Law of Nature and Nations Hugo Grotius (Huig van Groot) (1583-1645), The R:gh:. of War and Peace: Wherein

Are Explained the Law of Nature and Nations... (Latin original ed.. Paris, 1625; English ed.. 3 vols., London. 1738). For previous refereiwes to Grotius, see Papers qf Madison. IV, Hi. n. 23; V. 92; 93, n. 7: 437, n. 2; for other works by the same author in the book list, sty Nos. 16 and 94.

111) PulTendorfs Law of Nature and Nations with notes by Barbeyrac Samuel (1632-1694). Freiherr von Pufendorf, Thr Law of Nature and Nations (Latin original ed.. Lund, 1672; Jean Barbeyrac 11674-17291, tr. and ed.,French ed., .4rer des notes. Amsterdam. 1706; English ed.. variant title, London, 1710;4th ed., above title. London. 1749). For a previous reference to this work, see Papers ef Madison, V. 437, n. 2. For other works by Pufendorl, see Nos. 12and 89; fbr others involving Earbeyrac. Nos. 30 and 34e.

3 1 [121Puliendorf de officio hominis et civis Samuel. Freiherr von Pufendorf (see No.I), The Whole Daly Man. according to the Law cif Nature ..(Latin original ed.. a resume of No. 11. Lund. 1673; English ed., London. 1691; 4th ed., London, 1716).

[131Vattell's Law of Nature and Nations Enteric+ de Vattel (1714-1767). The Law Nations; or. Principles qf Me Law nj ed., 2 vok. Nature . .(French original ed.. Neuchatel and Leyden. 1758; English London, 1759-1760: 2d ed.. 2 vok in I. London, 17601.For Vattel, see Papers fir Madison. II, 132-33: 135. n. 12; IV. lb. ii. 23; V. 137, n. 2.

1141 Vattell's Questions in Natural Law Emerieh de Vattel (see No. 13), QlleitionA dr droit nature! . .(Brow. 1762).

1151 Burlamaqui's Law of Nature & Nations .jean Jacques Burlamaqui (169,1-1748), ThePrinciples of Natural Law, In Which the Tnie ,,4rstem of Morality and Citif Goreroment AreEstablished ...(Frruch original ed. 2 vols.. Geneva. 1717; English ed 2 vols..London. 17.18; 2d ed.. 2 vols.. London. 1763).

1161 Grotius's Niarc librrum Hugo (irotiu.s (see No. 10). Mare liberurn. Ike, de juregum! lialaris romplit ad indiction commercia diiortatio . .(Leyden, 1609; 2d ed.. Leyden, 1663).

1171 Selden's Mare dausum John Selden (1 584-165.1). Mare dausum;The Right and Ikminion of the Sea . (Latin original ed.. London. 1635; English ed..London, 1663).

1181 Molloy de jure maritimo Charles NIolloy (1646-16%)). De jure maritimo etntwati; or. .1 Treatise .111oirs

Maritime and of Commerce ...(London. 1676; 111th ed.. 2 vols.. I A PntiOn. 1778).

(191Beaux lex mercatoria Wyndham Brawes (d. co. 1777), Lex mercatoriaWhim: or. Me Merchant't Directory continuator.1th ed., London. . (London. 1750: Thomas Mortimer J1730-1810). 1783).

1201Jacob's lex mercatoria Giles Jacob (1(186-1744). Lex mercatoria: or, TheMerchant's Cianpanion . . London. 1718; 2d ed.. London. 1729).

:13 32 1211 Lee on captures Rkhard Lee, A Treatise ef Captures in War. . (London, 1759). The treatise, which deals exclusively with captures at sea, is chiefly atranslation of part of a work by Bynkershoek, for whom see No. 30a.

1221 Ordinances of Marine of France Ordonnam, de la marine, du mois d'ainit 1681. Commentie& onferee Jur ks anciennts onlonnances, Kr dmit remain Of les nouveau% regimens ..(2c1 ed., Paris. 1747).

1231 Admiralty Laws of G. Britain taivs, Ordinances. and Institutions of the Admiralty afGreatBritain ..(London, 1746; 4th ed. M. 2 vols., London, 1776).

124]do. of the several others of Europe Unless this sweeping entry signifies uncertainty, itbetrays twercmifidence. Innumerable copies of maritime ordinances. ordersin council, edicts, regulations. averaging between limir and twelve pages. wereconstantly being printed, and the flow was accelerated by the fact of war: but the daywhen each maritime pitwer of Europe would publish these promulgations as acodified whole was still largely in the future. llijM meant to indicate the collectingirfadmiralty laws as separately published, spatial considerations prohibit makingthe attempt in the present volume. If he meant that onb those laws alreadycodified shoukf be purchased, he can be easily accommodated. There appear tohave been available within this meaning in 1783 one useful general work in French;the Dutch rude, years in the building; and the Russian code, published. 2volumes in I. St. Petersburg, in 1781. This last-named work, however, is notcited below, for it would scarcely have been included in a library of Congress in 1783. 24a. Rem'. josu6 'alin (1695-1765). Nouveau commerztaire curl'ondormance dr lo marive & Coon mfl diimois clam& Oi ii trout" kr conference des mimes ordonnances des us dr la mei, lant dii royainne que des pays itrangm,ee nouveaux regimens conrernansIn navigation eg le commerce maritime ...C2 vols.. La Rochelle, 1760; 3d ed.. 2 vols., La Rochelle, 1776). 24b. Recuril van alle de Plaraten. Ordonnatien. Resolutien,Instructien, lysten en lEaarchou- winger, betrejfende dr Admiraliterten, Comoyen, Lirenten. enverdere Zee-saarken ..(11 vols.. The Hague, 1701-1773; Generale Index ...2 vols.. The Hague, 1773-1775).

1251 Wiquefort's Ambassador Abraham van Wicquefort (1598-1682). The Ambassadorand Ills Functions. to Which Is Added, an Historical Discourse concerning theElection of the Emperor .. ,(French original ed. of L'ambamadeur. 2 vols.. TheHague, 1680-1681; of Disrours historique. Paris, 1658; works combined, 2 vols.. Cologne.1689-1690; English ed., variant title, 2 mls. in 1, London. 1716; 3d ed.. abovetitle, 2 vo1s London, 1740).

33 1261 El Embaxador, par Antoine de Vera Juan Antonio Vera Figueroa y Ztãiga (1588-1658).Conde de la Roca. /..eparhit French ed., 2 ambassadeur ,..(Spanish original ed., 2 vols. in I, Seville. 1620; vols., Leyden, 1709).

(27]L'Ambaseiatore Politicc Christiano, par leprince Charles Marie Carafe Carlo Maria Caratfa (1646-1695). Prince de laRoyer Ila r di Buteria, L'ambascialori (:arafla's Opere 13 Politkhe-chthliant .This title comprises the second part of parts in one vol.. Mazzarino,1692). When L'ambasciatori was first publishedhas not been ascertained, hut in allprobability it was after 1684. when the author was Spanish ambassador toRome, and it was certainly betiore the date in1688 when, translated into Spanish. it was published atPalermo.

[28]De la charge et dignite del'ambassadeur, par Jean Hotman Jean Hotman ( 1552-1636). Sieur de VilliersSaint-Paul, The Ambatiador ...(Sieur de %Aires," only attribution, French original ed.,title according withJM's entry, Paris. 1602; J.S, 1probably James Shaw], tr. anded.. English ed.. 1.ondon, 16(3). For a charge against this work. sec No. :32.

129jlie Ministre public dans les cours etrangerestkc, par j. de la Sarraz du Franquesnay Jean. Siete,. de La Sarraz du Franquesnay. Le mini.itrepublic dans lei 1-ouri iiranxerei

.. (Paris and Amsterdam. 1731).

[301De fbro legatorum par Bynkershocktraduit en Francois par Barbeyrac, sousle titre de traite du Juge competent des Ambassadeurs &c. with allhis other works. 30a. Cornelis van Bynkershoek (1673-1743).Trade" du filo compilent dei ambanadeun, tant pour lr gut pour le (rimintl ... (Latin original rd.. Leyden. 1702; ean Barbeyrae Iser No. I I). tr.. French ed., TheHague. 1723; 3d ed., 2 vols., The Hague, 1746).

..Wat Philippe 30b. van 8ynicer3boek.juriseoaudii .. opera mania , Meat (1715-17771. comp. and ed.. 2 vols.in I. Leyden. 1767). JM and his nonsuhants may not have known of the Vicatedition, which included the original Latin verskm of 30a.

[311De legationibus par AlberieGentilis Alberien Gentili (1522-1608), De legationibullibri trei .(London, 1585: 2d ed.. Hanau. 1607).

35 34 [32]Legatus par Charles Paschal Carlo Pasquak (1547-1625), Visctmte di Quente, kgatto ...disthutum h capita sepirm el septuaginfa . . (Rouen, 1598; 3d rd., Amsterdam and Leyden, 1645). Pasquak charged that the work of Hotman (No. 28) was no morethan extracts from the above.

133JLegatus par Frederick Marsalaer Fredrik van Marselaer (1584-1670).Legatus hbri dim (Variant title. Antwerp. 1618; 2d ed.. above title, Antwerp. 1626; 4th rd.11. Antwerp,1663).

. Treaties and Negaciations

1341 Corps diplomatique 34a, .fran1A OM 0657-173(3), Sigociation3 3erridet turn-ham la paisde Mun3ter et dThnaburg ...(Variantsubtitle. I vols.. The Hague. 1724-1726; 2d ed.. 4 vols.. The Hague. 1725-172(3). ficatt Vvres Saini-Prest 1720)1, Ihttoire det Iraitil de paii. el aultet writ d'introduition au imp.; négotiations du dix-Arptirme +aide. . Outrage ... qui peat diplomatique .. Postbununts.2vols.. Amsterdam. 1725). 34tr.,Jran Donlon! 17261. Baron dr Carlscroon, comp. and rd..corp, unirertel diplumatique du droll de3p.113; rontenant ...de3trailez jait3 en Europe depuit vols.in 16. de remparur Charlemagnejutquet h preterit . The Hague; 8 Amsterdam. 1726-17311. Ski. Jean Rousset de Missy (1686-1762). comp. anti ed..Supplimmt urnturps diplomatique . CA vols.. Amsterdam. 1726-1731; 2d ed., 3 vols..Amsterdam. 1739). 34e..fran Harbevrar isee No. 11).I. Inquire de+ amino (mite; . de rantiquiti depuit Iftem3 Itt plat mark,: juquf ñ l'empire de(.'harlemagne. . (2vots., msterdaro. 1726-1731; 2d rd.. 2vols., Amsterdam. 1739).

135)Rymer's foedera Thomas Rymer (1641-1713) and Robert Sanderson(1660-1741). comps. and eds..Fnedera, contentione3. literae, et rujuscuryw generi3 aaa publka. inter rege3Angliar rt atlas quonis imperatares. regr5, pm:Ores. prinripel. communitates ...ah ma 1101, ad mint u3qur tempura habib end tradata ...(20 vols.,London, 1704-1732; George Holmes 11662-17491, romp. and ed..2ded.. 20 vols.. London. 1727-1735; 3d 10 vols., 'Ile Hague. 1739-1745).

136) A complete collection of Treaties As in theeaseof admiralty codes (No. 24), even a partial fulfillmentof this recommendation would fill scores of pages with the titks of internathmaltreaties as separately published. Thefollowing six collections, in addition to the work

35, listed next above. appear to have been thebest and nukst nearly complete of those available in 1783. 36a. Jean Rousso dr Missy (seeN. 34d), comp. and rd.. Reeueil hisioriqued'artes. negotiations, mimoim et traitez. &pith la mixdi'treeht . .celle dAix-la-(:hapdle and The Hague. 1728-175.1; 2t1 ed..2) vols.. .(21 vols., Amsterdam. Leipzig. The Hague. 1728-1755). 3tib. John Almon (1737-1805). comp.and ed., .1 Cu/tertian ol AB MrTreaties. . Time between Great Britain and Other Power-A..1.mmthe Revolution in 16(18. to the Present other compilations with whichAlmon was .. (2 vols.. London, 1772). For involved, see Nos. 36e, 120. and 247a. and eds....1 36e. John Mmon (see No 3lib) and.John Debrett (d. 1822). elmws, Collation q. Tmatiee . .fiorn the Collation of Treaties. Being a Supplement to partly edited by Deheen, Revolution in MM. .(London. 17811. For another work see No. 120. 3tid. William Harris (d. 1770), comp.and ed.. A Complete Collation of . inthe Marine Treaties Subsisting between Great Britainand PhInti. in . .Tunis. sc. Commenting (1.inutsm. 1763: 2c1 in tlw Year 1546, and Includingthe Definitive Treaty of 1763 ... London, 1779). 3t3e. Jose ntonio de Ahern yfiertndann (1717-1775), comp and ed.. (,ole«iOn desde antes del estaldecimiento de lamonarthio pithier: /toga de los tratados...bechos feliz, reynado de( rev Aluevoul. fihfranol. Mon) Fernando If .. (12 vols.. Madrid. 1740-1752), 36t: NIH (Matthias)Dogiel (17)5-1760), comp. and cd,.Code% diplornaticui num prOnlim Monate et magni dmalus Lithuaniae in quopatta.,lOedera. Irmlahis pani ex archivis publids (rata acin &rem protratta evhibentur . (Vols.1. 1V-V. Vilna, 1758-176t Vols. 11 and 111 neverpublished).

1371 Abbe Niably's public. lawof Europe-principles of Negociation-ot her political works. 37a. Gabriel Bonnot de Maid,.(1709-1785). Ix droit public de /*Europe:pude sur les 3 vols.. Geneva. 1771i). AhhoughJl train .. (2 veils.. Geneva, 1746: 5th ed.. implied that Dee principes firs negotiations was aseparate work, the phrase elitistnoted the beginning words of the maintitle in earlier versions of the above. 37b, -, Concerning Legislation: orthe Priltfildts of Laws ...(French otiginal ed.. 2 vols.. Amsterdam. 1776;English ed.. 2 %As., Amsterdam, 1777). 1778). 37c. -. De (*etude de l'histoire . .(Paris. 1778; 2d ed.. Maestricht, 37d. -, Doran proposes QUApbilosophes itanomisk. stir l'ordre naiad etessentiel des sociites politiques .. (The Hague. 1768),

.(lamdon. 1781). Thomas 37e. -, Du gouvernamt et desbrit de la Pologne .. Jefferson. who while in Europe assistedJM in adding to his personal library. complete except that on wrote on 2 August 1787.-You have now Mahly's works XI. 666. Polnel** (Boyd, Paperc of Jefferson.X1.662). See also ibid.. VIII. .163:

36 :371. ,Observations on the Hhtory of Greece .. (French original ed.. Geneva, 1749; English rd., (eneva, 1766).

37g. -, Observations on the Romans ...(French original ed.. (;eneva. 1751; English ed., London. 1751). 37h. ,Obsemations Apr l'hisloire de France .. (2 vols., Geneva. 1765).

37i. .Parade des romains et des.trançais par rapport an gowernment . 12vols.. Paris, 1740).

371. ,Phocion's Conversions: or. (he Relation between Morality and Politics. (Anon.. French original ed.. Amsterdam, 1763; William Machean, tr. and rd.. English ed.. London. 1769; 2d ed., lamdon, 1770). 37k. ,Tuvr Dialogues. concerning the Manner of Writing History .. French original ed.. Paris. 1783; English rd.. London, 1783).

1381 De la maniere de negocier avec les souverains &c. par Collier. Francois de Callikes (1645-1717). The .4ri ol Negociating with Sovereign Princes (French original ed.. Paris. 1716; English rd.. London. 1716; 3d ed.. London, 1738).

(39]Discours sur Fart de negocier par Pequet

Antoine Pecquet (1704-) 7(i2), De Part de !tipsier avec les souverains .. (Variant title, according with JM's entry. Paris. 1737; 3d ed.. above title. Frankfitrtand Leipzig, 1764).

Histoire du traite de Westphalie par le P. Bmgeant (Le Pere) Guillaume Hyacinthe Bougeant (1ti90-1743), 044). Ilistoire du traile d,

Westphalie. .(2 %As.. Paris. 1744: 3d ed.. 3 vols.. Paris, 1767).

1411 Burche's view of negociations between F. & Engid. 'Thomas Bireh (1705-1;uti). An Historical Fiew sit the Negotiations Mum the Courts of England. France. and Brussds. fiom the Fear 1592 to Th17. (London, 1749). For other works involving Birch, see Nos. 57. 119. and 148; for a work that mayhave been from his pen, 107.

[42]Negociations du P. jeannin Pierre Jeannin (1540-1622), bs negotiations de Monsieur le President frannin ... (Nkolas Castille, comp. and ed.. 4 vok. Paris, 1656; 3d ed.. 4 vols. in 2. Amsterdam. 1695).

37 1431 du Cardinal D'ossat Arnaud (1536-1604) Cardinal dThsat,Let/Ores du Cardinal d'Ossat ...(Abraham Nicolas Amelot de La Houssaye11634-17061. comp, and ed., 2 vols.,Paris. 1697: 9th ed.in, 5 vols.. Amsterdam, 1732).

[441 du Maral. d'Estrades Godefroi Louis (1607-1686), Comwd'Estrades et marechal de France.Lehre4, .. (Prospwr Marehami mimoirrsi nigociathau de Monsieurle Comte d'Estradei 1754 comp. and ed.. 9Nols., London [ix_ The Hague!, 1743;2d ed., 9 vols.. The Hague, 1763).

1451 de la paix de Westphalie Adam Adami (1610-166'3), Mafiahistorka de pacification('Otnabergo-Monaiteriemi et aelographo arctoth restitata raw wormpans restphalirae...(Anon., variant title. 2d Frankfort on the Main. 1696; johamiGottfried von Mciern 11692-1745). ed., ed., above title, Leipzig, 1737; 3ded.. Ratishon. 1739).

[46i du Maral. de Noailles Adrien Maurice 0678-1766). Duede NoailJes et tuarkhal dr France, comp., Mimaires politiques et militaires. parr serrir6 l'histaire de Louis X11. 4e' drLouis X1* ,.. ed.. 6 (Claude Francois Xavier Millot1726-1785). ed.. 6 vols., Paris. 1766; 2d rots.. Paris. 1777). For a workwholly h Millot, see No. 56,

1471 de la paix d'Utrecht Casimir Freschot (1640-1720). TbrCompteat History thr Treaty oreiht (French original ed.. 6 vols. in 12.Ufrecbi, 1714-1715: English ed.. 2vols., 1amdon, 1715.

[481des autres paix de ce sleek Friedrich August Wilhelm Wenck(1741-1810), Cadet irriA ontium rerentisumi. e tabrlarorium exemplanmque fide dignmummunementis rompatitys .,.amtinens diplanzata inde ab A. MDCCXX.X1' risque ad .4.MUCCIAXII . (3 vols., Leipzig. 1781- 1795).

149) Lamborty's Memoirs &negociations Guillaume de Lamberty (1660-1742). comp.and ed., Me:moires poor sernr ô l'bistaire Hague. du XVII, contenant Its 'Wyndham ..(14 vok. Amsterdam and The 1734-1740).

1501 Cardl, Mazarine's letters I'm' twit le secret Jules (1602-1661) CardinalMazarin, Lettres du Cardinal Ma.:arin a4

39 de la nigociation de la paix dry Pirinies ... original rd.. Amsterdam. 1690; Leonor Jean Christine Soulas d'Allainval t 1700-17531. comp. and ed.. 2 vols.. Amsterdam, 1745).

1511 De Witt's letters. Johande Win (1625-1672) et al.. Lewes rt nigefiations . drpuis Panne', 1652, jusqu'à Pan lli69. inelus ..(Two separate Dutch original swrks: (1) 3 vols.. Amsterdam. 1719, and (2) 6 vols.. The Hague. 1723-1725; French ed.. 5 vols.. Amsterdam. 1725), For another work partially bv de Win. see Nos. 95 and 163.

General History 152]Universal History George Sale (ca. 1697-1736)and continuators.An 1"nicersal 111i1orr. from the Earliest

Arrount of Time.,. 4 lantdon.1736-1765;3d ed.. 60 vols.. l.ondim.1779- 1784 ).

ISMModern History Thomas Salmon I1679-1767) mid continuators.Modern hhov:fa. The !Wield

State qf .111 Nations .. . (32 small vols.. London. 1725; 3d ed.. 3 vols.. London. 1741-174(i).For another work by Salmon, see No. 67

13-11 Raleigh's History of the World

Sir Walter Raleigh (ea,1552-1618). The Bigot). the World... (Anon.. London. 1614; lith ed., 2 vols.,London. 1736).

155.1 Vohaire's Historical works For two of Voltaire's "Historical worksthat ,IM listed separately. seeNOS. 103 and 128. 55a. Francois Marie Anmrtde Voltaire t1694-1778)The AO 01 lisum (French original rd.. 2 vols.. Berlin. 1751; English rd.. 2 vols.. London. 1771).

556. ,Annals of the Empire; from the Reign of Charlemagne .,.(French original ed.. 2 vols., Berlin and The Hague, 1754; English ed,. London. 1781). 55c. -, An Essay on Innersal History. the Manntri and Vint of Nations from the

Reign of Charkmaign to the Age qlLewis XII' ... (Frenchoriginal ed., 7 vols., Geneva. 1754: English rd..3 vds.. London. 1754-1757; French2d ed. augmented, 8 vols., (ieneva. 1761-1761: English 5th ed.. augmented. 4 vols.. London, 1782).

55d. .4n Knave/pan (he CivilWanof France ...(French origMal rd.. London. 1727;English rd., London, 1727; 5th ed.. Dublin. 1760).

llistoire du parte-merit de Paris .("ANN; Big." pseud., 2 vols.. Amsterdam.1769; 6th ed.. 2 vols., n,p.Parisi. 1771).

3 11 55E ,History ed. Charles XII. king of Sweden ...(French original ed.. Rouen. 1731; English ed.. London, 1734; 4th ed.11. London, 1760).

55g. .The Wary of the War of Setenteen Hundredand Forty On, . s Anon.. French original ed., London, 1756: English ed.,Londtm and Dublin. 1756; 3d ed., London, 1756).

55h. .The Philasupkv of Ilbrory .("lefeurabbi Bazin.- pseud.. French original ed., Geneva. 1765; English ed.. London.1766).

1561 Abbe Millot Histoire generale Claude Francois XavierMillm(see No. 46), EIrments 01 GeneralIIItion French original ed., 9 vols.. Paris. 1772-1773; English rd.,5 vols.. London. 1778-1779).

[571Dictionaire of Bayle Pierrr Bayle (1647-1706). .1 General Dktionary,Ilistorhal and Critical .. French original ed.. 2 vols., kotterdam, 16%; ThomasBirch fsee No. 11 I -and Other Hands.- trs. and eds.. English ed., 10 vols.. lamdon.173 1-1741).

1581 Burnett's History of his own times

. (Sir Gilbert Burtwt(1613-1715).Bishop Burnet's llishits, Own Dom Thomas Burnet f 1694-1753f, ed.. 2 %-ols.. 1.ondon.1721-173 1: Roger Flesto.m 11708-17951. ed.. 2d ed.. 4 vols., London. 1753-1731;3d rd..1 vols., London. 1 766).

159J Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History Johann Loren/. von Mosheim (1694-1755). An1...olethotiott Iliston. Inherit and Modern, from Mr BirthofChrist. to the Beginning of the hong Onturs .. (Latin original ed., FrankfOrt. 1726; .Archibald MaeLainej1722-1805). tr. and ed.. English ed.. 3 vols.. lamdim, 1765-1768; 6th ed.,6 vols.. 1-ondon. 1782).

1601 %Varner's Eccles: History of England Ferdinand° %Varner (1703-1768). History of England asRelates to Religion and the lanickin. 1756-1757: Church.. (Variant title. according with JM's entry. 2 rids.. 2d ed., above tide. 2 vols., London. 1759).

Chronology

[61)lienglet du frenoy tablettes chronologiquesde l'Histoire miverselle Nicolas Lenglet du Frestioy (1674-1755). ChronologicalTables of l'inverial 110tor) ..from the Creation of the it,rld ...to the Death of Aing Georo 11 ... (Freneh original ed.. 2 vols., Paris, 1729; Thomas Floyd fFiloydf fd. la. I763f, tr. and

11 4 continuator, English ed., 2 vols., Lonchm, 1762; continued to 1775 in French ed., 2 vols., Paris. 1778).

[621Blair's chronological tables John Blair (d. 1782), The Chronology tutd History qf Mr World .. tothe Fear of Christ.

1779; Illustrated in 1.1' 1. Tables ...(Variant subtitle, London, 1754; 4th ed, London, 1779).

Geograpby

1631 Bushing's Universal Geography

Anton Friedrich Bfisching (1724-1793), A New System of Geography . .(German original ed., 6 vols.. Hamburg, 1754-1761; English ed.. (3 vols., London. 1762).

[641Smith's System of Geography Alla, gttigraphus. or A Crimple System of Geography. ..( Issued serially by the month, London, 1709-1712. by Ralph Smith Id. ca. 1713j. bookseller; 2d ed.. 5vols., London, 1711-1717).

1651 Guthrie's Geographical Grammer William Guthrie (1708-1770). A New Geographkal.llistorical, and Commercial Grammar . .(Variant title. London. 1770; tuth ed., above title, London, 1779). The work was suspected of bring that of Guthrie's fellow Scot JohnKnox (1720- 179)). printer. bookseller. and philanthropist.

[661La Martinier, Dictionaire Geographique Antoine Augustin Bruzen de la Martinii-re (16(32-1746), Le granddictwrinaue

giographique. historian,. et critique., (9 vols. in 10, The Hague. 1726-17:39; 4th ed.. 6 vols.. Paris and Venice. 1768).

[67ISalmon's Gazetteer Thomas Salmon (see No. 53), The Modem (iazetteer; or, A ShortFlew of the Several Nations of the World . .(London. 1746; Bth ed., London. 1769). See also Papers of Madison, 1. 37 n.

1681 Priestly's Historical Chart Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), A Description of a New Chart of HistoryContaining a View of Me Principal Revolutions of Empire That Harr TakenPlace in the Mold .. (London, 1760; 5th ed., London. 1781). For another work by Priestley. seeNo. 69; for a previous reference to him. in his role 43 a political sdentist,Papers of Madison. 1. 145. and n. 8.

41 [691 Biographical Chart Joseph Priestley (see No. 68)..4Description of a Chart et Biography; wiM aCatalogue ..(Warrington. Eng., of All the Names kserted in It,and the Dates tinnered to Them 1765; 7th ed.. London, 1778).

1701Jeffery's Historical &Chronological Chart Thomas Jefferys (d. 1771), The Study0-Geograp4y Imputed .. Being a ilore Certain Fixing It in Me and Expeditious Method of Ornery*Mt knowledge of That Science. and allusion to ellerys, see Papert of Memory ... (London, 1767). For a previous Madison, IV, 9; 15. n. 14; for otherworks by him, Nos. 71f and 7th.

[711Collection of hest maps. ancienne ahrigie 71a.Jean Baptiste Blairguigntd'Anneville (1697-1782). Giographie vols., Nuremberg, 1781-1786). ...(3 vols., Paris, 1768; 2d ed., 2 loam 71b, Rigobert Winne ( I727-1791) etal., Atlas modem; uu fellation de cartes Aur

les parties du globe teffeAl . . vds., Paris. 1762-1771), 71c. Thomas Kitchin (d. 1784),Generd Atlas, Describing the MoleUniverse . (London, 1773), For another work,partially that of Kitchin, see 71e. 71d. Cesar Francois Cassini de Thury(171,1-1784), Carte dr la Frame. publiti wus la direction dr l'Aradimie des &lawn . (180 sheets, 2 tables of directions, Cassini's chart of triangles. Paris, 1744-1787).For Jefferson's attempt to employ of Virginia method of astronomical triangulationfor the determination of the size in square miles. see Papers ofMadison. V. 10; U. n, 30. lie. Thomas Kitchin (see No.710 et al., The Large EnglishAdm.. or. .4 New Set at With Three General Mot of England. Maps af .411 the Counties of Englandand Wales ... d. (1777!1). &Wand. and Ireland .., (London. 1747; 6th ed., London. n. 711'. Thomas Jeflerys (see No. 70).The American Atlas; or, AGeographical Description 1778). of the Whole Continent of America ...(London, 1775; 3d rd., London, Virginia. Penn- 71g. Thomas Hutchins (1730-1789).A Topographical Description at sylvania, Maryland and North Carolina.Comprehending the Ricers Ohio. Kenhawa. (London, 1778). For other allusions Cherokee, Wabash. Illinois. & c. . . Delegates, 20 Mar. to this work. see Papersof Madison. 111. 98. n. 1; Harrison to 1783. and n. 4. 71h. Thomas Jelferys (see No.70)..4 Description of the SpanishIslands and Settlements 1774). on the coasts of theWest Indies ..(London. 1762: 2d ed., London, The Mogul's 711. James Rennet (1742-1830),Memoir of a Map of Mndmroon; or

Empire...(London.1783).

Particular History JM wrote each of theeighteen subheadings in theleft margin.

43 42 Greacian

1721Goldsmith's History of Greece Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774). The Graecian Iiistar.t. from the Earlied State to du

Death of .4/extnukr the Great ... (2 vols., London. 1774). For another work by Goldsmith. see No. 77,

1731 Stanyan's History of Greece Temple Stanyan 1677-1752). The Graffian History. From the Ori,ginal of Greece. to the Death qf Philip of Macedon .. (2 vols., London, 1707: 6th rd.M. 2 vols., 1.ondon, 1781).

1741 Potter's Grecian Antiquities John Potter (ra. 1674-1747), Jrchaeologia grarca: or. The Arniquitiel of Grrece ...(2 vols., London. 1697-1698: 9th ed.. 2 vols London. 1775).

Roman [75]CoussM Histoire Romaine

Louis Cimsin (1627-1707). comp. an(1 tr., Ilittoire romarne .. . Daunt, nu- les originauv grect 2 vols.. Paris. 1678: 2d ed.. 2 vols., p I.mstrrdaml. 1686).

1761 Histoire de Cmstantinople

Look Cousin. comp. and tr.. lliitoire dr Comtantinople . .Traduite Aar let originaut (8 vok. Paris. 1672-1674: 2d ed.. H rids., n. p. 1.1msterdaml. 1685).

1771 Goldsmith's Roman History Olivrr (;oldsmith Ism No. 72, The Roman /boort'. from the Foundation of the City q. Rome, to Me Deltruction of the Woiern Empire ...(2 vols.. London. 1769: 4th rd.. 2 vols.. London. 1781).

1781 Hooke's Roman History Nathaniel (Nathanarl) Hooke Id. 1763), The Roman ilittory;irom the Building of Rome to the Ruin of the Commonwealth ...(Vols. tin of .1.vols.. London, 1738- 1764; !Gilbert Stuart (1742-1786). wntinuator!, Vol. IV, London. 1771: 5thrd.. 4 vols., London. 1770-1771).

1791 Vertot's Revolutions of Rome Rent' Aubrrt de Vertot D'Aubrof 11655-1735), The lintorr 4 the Revolution.'That

Happfned in thr Grwernment of Me Roman Rephlie ... (French original ed-. 3 vols., Paris. 1719: English ed.. 3oIs.. London. 1720; 6th ed.. 2 vok., London, 1770).

4 3 For other works by Vertot. sre Nix'. 126 and133; for one questionably attributed to him, No. 125b.

[801Gibb4m's on the decline of the Rom:Empire FAward Gibbon (1737-1794). The Iiiitory of Me &dineand Fall of the Roman Empire volumes had been published by 1783. ...(6 vols., London, 1776-1788). Three

1811 Kennet's Roman Antiquities Basil Komett (1674-1715). Rome antiquae notilia. or.The An11qui11e4 ry. Rome (London, 1696; 15th ed., London. 1773; reprint.Londtm, 1776).

1821 Plutarch's Lives Plutarrh (ea. 46-120), P1utarch'3 Tramdated porn the Original Gree4 with Notes Langhorne Critkal and Historkal .,.(John Langhorne 11735-17791 and William 11721-17721, trs. and eds.. ti London. 1770: 3d ed.. 6 vok, London.1778). For previous references to Plutarch. see Paperof Maditon, I. 5: 27. n.17; 42, n. 14; 91; !B. n. .1. Italian

183]Guieciardini's History Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1544n. TheIliitorral haIr, from the rear 1490, to .1532 Florence, 1561-1564; English ed.. ,..(Posthumous Italian original ed., 20 books, 10 vols.. London. 1753-1756: 3d ed.. 1))vols.. London, 1763).

1841 Giannini History of Naples Pietro Giannone (167(-17.111). The Civil Historyof the Kingdom of Naple, .( Italian original ed., 4 vols.. Naples. 1723; Englished.. 2 yois., London. 1729-17311.

185]Nani History of Venice Giovanni Battista Felice Gasparo Nani(1616-1678). Histoire de la republique de 1662. mut (2) postIonmms. ...(Italian original ed., 2 parts: (1) Venice. Venice, 1679; English ed., London. 1673;Frowh rd.. 6 vols.. (ologiw and Amsterdam. 1682-1702). There was also anItalian edition (2 vols. in I, Venice) as late as 1720.

[86]Padre Paolo on the VenetianRepublic Pietro Sarpi (1552-1623) (known to hiscontemporaries by his assumed religious name. Semite Paolo), ThrHistory of Ihr Qum& cf Pope Part. r withMI Rate of ed.. London. 1626). There replier..(Italian original ed.. Venice. 1606; English was a French edition(Paris) as late as 175.9. For another worktiv Sarpi. we No. 152.

45 4.4 Grrman and Hallo ld [87]Histoire d'Allemagne par Bane Joseph Barre (1692-1764), Histoire generale de l'Allemagne depuis Van dr Rome 648, jusqu'd l'an 1740 de films Christ ...(Variant title. 10 vols.. Paris. 1748; above title, 10 vols. in II, Paris, 1748).

[88]Pfeffel Abrege chronolo: de l'hist: d'Allema: (:hristian Friedrich Preffel von kriegdstein (1726-1807), Nomd abrigé ehronologique del'histoire it du drvil d'Allemagne .. (Variant title. Paris. 1754; 2d ed., augmented, 2 vols., Mannheim, 1758; 6th ed.. 2 vols.. Paris, 1777).

189.1 Puffendorf de origine imperii german: notis Titii Samuel. Freiherr von Purendorf (see No.II ), De Akita imperii Germanki ... (-Severini de Monzambano,- pseud., Geneva. 1667; Gottlieb Gerhard Titius 11661-17141. ed.. 211 ed., Leipzig, 1708; Christian Thomasins (1655-17281, 3d ed., Magdehurg. 1714).

[90]Robinson's History of Charles V William Robertson (1721-1793), The History of the Reign tyf the Emperor Charles I.

...(3 vols.. London. 1769; American ed., variant title. 3 vols.. by subscription. Philadelphia: Robert Bd1(1732-17841,1770: 3d London ed., 4 vols.. 1777). For other works by Robertson. see Nos. 12) and 242.

[91]Bentivoglio History of war in Flanders Guido (1579-1644) Cardinal Bentivoglio. The History of the Wall qf Pander% ., (Italian original ed.. 3 tots,. Cologne [Leyden:1. 1632-1639; English ed.. so- caned 'third" but the only one complete. 2 parts. London. 1678).

[921Le Clerk's History of the United Provinces Jean Le (:h.rt (see No, 34a). Ilistoire des Pratinres-rnies des Pays Bas .(3 vols Amsterdam, 1723-1728; 2d ed.. 4 rids_ Amsterdam. 1728-1737).

[93)Strada

Famiano Strada (1572-1649). Histoire de la perm dr Flandre ...(Latin original ed., 2 vols.. Rome. 1632; French ed., 2 vols.. Paris. 1644-1649; 6th ed., 4 vok Brussels, 1739).

[941Grotius de rebus Belgicis Hugo Grotius (ser No. 10). De rebus Belgicis; or The Annals and History of theLou,

4 English Costntrey Warn ... (Posthumous Latin original ed., Amsterdam, 1657; ed., London. 1665).

195jDe Wittis State of Holland [Pieter de la Court (1618-1685)1 and Johan de Witt (seeNo. 51), Mimoires di jean de Intl. grand pensionnaire de Holland, ...(Dutch original ed,, The Hague, 1662; 2d ed., revised and augmented, variant title. TheHague. 1667; French rd., The Hague, 1667; 3d ed., Ratisbon, 1709). For .111rs entryof the same work in English translation adhering closely to the Dutch originaltitle, see No, 163.

1961 Watson's History of Philip II Robert Watson (ra. 1730-1781). The History of the Reigny Philipthe Seomd. King of 1779), Spain...(2 vok, London. 1777; 3d ed., 3 vols., London.

French

1971 Histoire de France tie rabbi Veil Viliaret,Gamier et continuateurs Paul Franvois Velly ( 1709-1759), Claude Villaret (1715-1766 ), and Jean Jacques Garnkr (1729-1805). Histoire de France tiepins l'itablissementde la monarchir jusqu'au -onitinuateurs- ripe de Loins XIV ..(48 vols.. Paris, 1760-1786). There were no beyond Gamier, who ceased publication after recording eventsof the year 1564.

1913) D'avila History of Civil Wars of France Enrico Caterino Davila (1576-1631), The History ofthe Ciril WarA of France... (Italian original ed., 15 vols., Venice, 1630; English ed.,2 vols., London, 1758).

1991 Philip de Comines Philippe de Comines (1445-1511). Sirur d'Argemon.Mernvin cit Philip dr amines ed., 3 vok. Paris, 1649; ...(Denis Godefory 11615-16811. ed.. French original successively augmented; 4th ed., 3 vols., Brussels.1706; Thomas Uvedale 1641-17321, tr. and ed.. English ed., from 4th Frenched., 2 vols., London. 1712; 4th ed.M, 2 vols., London, 1782).

[100]Sully's memoirs Maximilien de Bethune (1559-)641), Due de Sully,Memoirs of Maximilkn de Bethune, Duke of Sully ., (French original ed.. 2 vols., Amsterdam Chateau de Sully1, n. d. 116381; English ed., 3 vols., London.1756: 6th ed., 3 vols., Dublin, 1781).

47 46 11011 Prefixe Henry IV Hardouin de Beaumont de Pirt'fote (1605-1(370), The History al lienry IF.. King qf

France and Narrow. .(French original ed.. Amsterdam, 1661; English rd., London, 1663; 2d ed., London, 1672). A French edition, which was at least the tenth, was published (Paris) in 1776.

11021Cardinal de Retz Memoirs Jean Francois Paul de Gondi (1614-1679). Cardinal de Betz, Memoirs ofthe Cardinal de Raz. Containing the Particulars qf His own Lye . .(French original mi., 3 vols., Nanq, 1717; 2d ed,, augmented. 4 vols.. Amsterdam. 1719:Peter naval! fd. 1763]. tr. and ed.. English ed., 4 vok. London. 1723; 4th ed., 4 vols., London, 1777). For pl's knowledge of this work, see Papal of Madison, I. 7-16; 24-V, nn. 1-47; 107. n. 4; IlL 225. n. 5.

11031Voltaire's Louis XIV Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire (see No, 55). The Age of Louli XIV ... (Frcneh original ed., 2 vok. Amsterdam, 1739; English ed.. 3 vols.,London, 1779-1781),

Briti.sh

1104)Matthew Paris by Watts

Matthew Paris (d. 1259) et at. Mawr& atban,ni. anIi. trritoria major ,.. (Latin original MSS; WI illiam J Waf tits Ira, 1590-16191 comp. and ed., 2 parts, London. 16:39-1640: 4th ed., London. 1684).

[1051William of Malmbury 105a. William of Malme.sbury (ra. 1093-m. 1143). De ge$ti, regum anglomm ...in Sir Henry Savile (1549-1622). comp. and ed., Rerum angliranim Irrimores post &dam prareipui .. (London. 1596; 2d ed., Frankfort. 1601).

105k Lila Sancti :Whelan .. in Vol. 111 of {William Fullman (1632- 1688)1, and Thomas Gale fra. 1635-1702). comps. and eds.. MAW& angliranae scriptorn (3 h., Oxtbrd. 1681-1691); for Vol. II of Henry Wharton (1664-1695), comp, and ed.. Anglia ram. ate eolleetio historthrum12 vols., London. 1691).

11061 Polydore Virgil Polydorus Virgilius (Polidoro Vergilio) (ra. 1470-ca. 1555). Arrglkae historiae tibri

rieithieptem ... (26 books. Basel. 1534; 27 books. 6th ed., Basel, 1555; 14th ed.11, Leyden. 1651).

11071Rappin's History of England Paul de Rapin 11661-1725), Sieur de Thoyras, The History of Eulandfrom the

4 7 Earliest Period to the Revolution in l&48 . .(French original rd., 13 cols., The Hague, 1723-1735; Nicholas Tindal 11687-17741, tr., rd., andcontinuator. English ed., 15 vols., London, 1725-1731; continued to the Aeresuonof King George II, 2 vols., 4 vols London, 1732-1751: 6th ed. of entire work, 21vols., London, 1757-1763). It was charged that these volumes were really written byThomas Birch (see No. 41), with the assistance of -persons apolitical eminence."

11081 Hume's History of England David Hume (1711-.1776), The History of England,.from the Invalion of juloo Caesar to the Revolution in lti88 ...(6 vols.. London and Edinburgh, 1754-1762;lth ed., 8 vols., London, 1778). See Papers qf Madison,1,103; 104, n. 5, For Hume as a political essayist, see No. 168.

[1091 Kennett's English History White Kennels (1660-1728), Vol, M id' A Complete!hinny trf England . to the Death of His Late Majesty King William Ill . .(IJohn Hughes (1677-1720), ed.], 3 vols., London, 1706; J.S. fprobably ohn Strype(1653-1737), ed.1,2d ed.. 3 vtris., London, 1719).

11101Clarendon's History 110a. Edward Hyde (1609-1674), Earl of Clarenthin,The llitort ol the Rebellion and COI Wari in England .. (Laurence Hyde 11641-17111, Earl of Rochester. ed., 3 vols., Oxibrd, 1702-1701; 13th ed.fl, 3cols., Oxford. 1732). A Continuation of Ms History 110b, ,The Life y- Edward Earl ql Clarendon .. (Original MS: posthumous, 3 vols., Oxford. 1759;.1th of the Grand Rebellion .. . rd.. 3 vols. Oxford, 1761).

[1111 Ludlow's Memoirs Edmund Ludlow (ca. 1617-1692), Mernoin ol EdmundLudlow. Ely. ..I Isaac Littlehury (d. 171(1), ed (1 I, 3 vols Vevey, 1698-109;1th ed., London, 1771).

[112]Littleton's History of Henry 11 George Lyttleton (1709-1773). Baron I.,,ttleton.The History of the Lite ol Henry the Loodoo. 1777-1787). Second. .(4 vols., London, 1767-1771: 4th rtl., 6 vols..

[113]Parliamentary History Thomas Osborne (d. 1767) and William Sandby (tu.1717-1799), comps. and eds.. The Parliamentary or Constitutional of England ...(It vols.. London, 1751-1761: Andrew Millar id. 17681, comp.. ed..and continuator, 2d ed.. 24 vols., London, 1761-1762).

49 48 1114] Parliamentary debates 1J44n Torhuek (d. ca. 1755), comp. and ed.1..4 Calkaion ifthe Parliamentary Debates in Englandfiom 1668 to the Prevent Time .. (Slightly vatiant title, 21 vols., Dublin, 1739-1742; reprint, 21 vols., London, 1741-1742; 2d rd., 21vols.. London, 1749).

1115)Annual Register !Edmund Burke (1729-1797)) et al.. rds., The AnnualRegister: or. .4 Dew ol the History. Politicais and Literature of the Tear 11758 toMO).. (102 vols., London. 1759-1861). General index, 1758-1780, inclusive(lamdon, 1783).

1116)History of the Reign of Geo: It 1 (Robert Macfarlatw (1734-1804) et all, TheMstory of the First Ten lean al the

Reign of George the Third ...(Variant title according with JATm entry. Vol. 1 of 4 vols.. London. 1770-1796; 4th ed., above tide. 4vols., lamdon, 1783-179(i).

11 1 71 Cabala !Hercules Langrish(c) ( -A Noble Hand." atumyto, comp.. ThePrime% Cahala; or. Mysterin of sloe . inthe Reigns of King Henry the Eighth. QueenElizabeth .. title. and King Charles .. (Variant 2 parts, London. 165.1; 4th rd., above laind(m. 1715).

11181Rushworth's Collection John Rushworth (ra. ltil2-I690). comp. and ed..Ilittorical (.'ollettion.t (!1. Private First 1648 ..(8 Passages of State ... arm1618. .to the Death of King (.'harles the vols.. part posthumous. Loudon. 1659-1701).

11191Thurloe's State papers John Thurioe (1616-1668), comp,. and ThomasBirch (see No. 41), comp. and Collection ql the State Pafren of fihn Murk, Eiqr.from the Year 108 to the Reitoration al King Charlet 11. .(7 vols.. London. 17.12).

[120]Parliamentary Register John Alnum (see No. 36b). John pebrett (seeNo. 36c), and John Stockdale (ca. 1749-1814), eds. The Parliamentary Register: orHistory pf the Proceedings mid Debates of the House of Commons (and How of Lords ); Containing an.lccount i?1 (he Most Interesting ..(112 vols.. London 1775- Speeches and Motions ...Norember. 17741- jnly 18E11 . 1813). For JM's references in Congress to anissue of this periodkal see Papers of Madison. V. 14(); 143, ii. 8; 144; 146. n. 5.

4 I) Scotch

11211 Robinson's History of Scotland William Robertson (see No. 90), Thr "hairy ofScotland duringthe Rekgru i?f* Queen Mary and ofKingJames 11. MI Ills Arression to the Crown ofEngland . .(2vols., London. 1759; 7th ed.1?1.2 vok. London, 1776).

Irish

[1221Leland's History of Ireland Thomas Leland (1722-1785),The History of Ireland fr-inn the InrasUni 4 littirY11 (3 vols., Louden), 1773; .1-th ed.. 3 vols..Cork, 1775).

Spanish & Portuguese

11231Mariana's History of Spain. Juan de Mariana (1536-1624), Fenian&Carmago y Salerdo (1572-4)52). and Basalt) Varen tie SOU) (d. 167.The General Ilishlrynt.Spain. From thrFirst Peopling To ithith Are Added. Tiro Supplements . of It ... tothe Death of" King .. (Litinoriginal ed.. 2 1.1)1s., Toledo. 1592-16011Spanished., 2 sots_ Toledo, 1601; (:armago's "Supplement,- Madrid. 1650:Varen.s. Madrid. 1678: English ed.. London. 1699).

[1241Miniana Ilistoria de Esparia, 0 corainuaciOn . .(Post- .juan Manuel tie Miliana (1671-1 730), humous Latin original ed.. 4 vols. in 2.The Hague. 1733: Spanish rd.. Vok. XI and XII of Mariana's llistoria generalj No. 1231,16 vols. in 12. Lyons. 1737-1739: 2d rd.. 16 vols. in 12. Lyons. 1751-1756).

[1251Revolutions d'Espagne du P. ll'Orleans[et! du Vertot 125a. PierreJoseph ITOrMans (1641-1698)and continuateirs. Ilittoirr, des rirolutions

. ... en unr d'Espagne: depuis de Ia destruction de rempiredes goths. jusqu'a . . riunion 3 vols.. Paris, 1734. sale monarchic ... (Pierre Julien Rouille' 0681-1744 ed., reprint, 12 vols., Pads, 1737). 125b. Rem' Aubert de Vertot D'Aubeuf (seeNo. 79) (author?). The History of the Revolutions in Spain,flora the Decadence of the RomanEmpire ... to .. , the Accession of 1724). No edition of this Lewis I. to the Crown .. (5 vols., London: J. Morgan. work in Fretwh has been found. It may bethat J. Morgan, who flourished in London between 1724 and 1761, was morethan printer and bookseller.

1126) Revolutions of Portugal by Venot. ReneAubert Vertot D'Aubeuf (sk. No. 79). TheRezolution.s of Portugal . ..

51 1-0 I Revised and Considerably Enlarged .. (French original ed., Paris. 1689; 4th ed.. augmented, The Hague, 1734; English ed., London, 1721; 6th English ed., augmented, Glasgow, 1758). Prussian

11271 Memoirs of the House of Bradenburg 1Frederkk (1712-1786) 11, the Great, King of Prussia], "the Hand of a Master," anonym, Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg, inim the Earliest .4cm/tits (tothe Death cal Frederkk William, the Present King's Father) . .(French original rd., Berlin, 1748; English ed., London. 1748). For a legal code inspired by Frederick 11. see No. 194.

Russian

11281 History of Peter the Great by Voltaire Francois Marie Armlet de "ohaire (see No. 55), The nista!). of the Russian Empire

under Peter the Great ..(Frruch original ed., 2 vols., Geneva. 1759-1763: English ed.. 2 vols., London, 1763; 3d ed., 2 vols., lAindon, 1780).

Danith

11291 Molesworth's account of Denmark Robert Molesworth (1656-1725). Viscount Molesworth. .in Account (.1. Denmark

At Ii Was in the Year /(92 . , .(London, 1694: 4th MI ?1. haulm. 1738. long held to be the most "elegant"; 5th ed.1?), Wasgow. 1752).

11301History of Denmark by Mallet

Paul Henri Mallet (1730-1807). Ilistoire de Dannemarr ... depuh l'etablistement de la monarellie jai:jun a l'atintment de la maiont d'Oldenhourg au throne...(3 vols. in 4. :openhagen. 1758-1777; '2d ed., 6 vols.. Geneva. 1763-1 777).

Sweedish

11311Dallin's History of Sweeden

Olof von Dalin (1708-1763), Gesthichte de &idles Srhweden . . . (Swedish original ed., 4 vols., Stockholm. 1747-1762; German ed., 3 parts in 2 vols., Greifswald and Rostock. 1756-1763).

11321Mallet's form of govt. in Sweeden Paul Henri Mallet (see No. 130). F"orme du gouternement de Suede . let loif .fandamentalei rile drait public de re myaume ...(Danish original ed- (:openhagen, 1756; French ed.. Copenhagen and Geneva. 1756).

51 11331 Vertot's Revolutions of Sweeden Rent2 .Aubrrt dr Vertot D'Aubruf (see No.79), The Hilton' of Me Revolutions in Sweden; Occasioned by the change of Religion, andAlteration ty" the Government (French original ed.. Paris, 1695; Englished., London. 1696; 7th ed.. London. 17,1.2).

11341Sheridan's do. of do. Sweden Charks Francis Sheridan (1750-1806), AHistory if the Late Retoltaion fit

, . (London. 1778; 2d ed., London, 17831,

Polish

11351Abbe Coyer's History ofj. Sobiesky. Gabriel Francois Coyer (1707-1782). TheMitoty of John SobietAi. King 4 Mond Paris. I 7til; English rd., JA »idf n), ...(French original ed.. 3 vols., Amsterdam and 1 762).

11361 William's History of the Nortn. Govts. John Williams (d, 1809?), The Rise. Progress,and Present Statetel Me Northern Comments; viz.. The United Provinces. Denmark.Sweden. Russia, and Poland ... vols., London, 1777).

Swiss

11371Stanyan's History of Switzerland (Abraham Stanyan (ca. 1669-1732)1: Temple Stanyan(see No. 731. by errtmeous attribution. An Account of Swit;erland, Mitten inthe Fear 1711 ...(Anon.. variant this work tide. London. 1714:2d ed.. Edinburgh. 1756). LongAtli:Ws lifetime was stillattributed erroneously to Abrak i.Stanyan's \lainger brother.

Genevan

11381 Keate's History of Geneva GeorgeKeate (1729-1797). .4 Shortimnint of the Ancient Ilium:v. Present Government, and Laws of the Republic qfGeneva . . . (London.1761).

Turkes

[139]Mignot's History of the OttomanEmpire nriginejn4qu'd Vincent Mignot (ca. 1730-1791).Ilittoire dr l'empire ottoman, depuis son pais deReIgrade en 170 ...(i vols., Paris. 1771).

5 2 11401 P. Recaut's do. Richard knolles (ra. 1550-1610), Thomas Nabbes (d. ca. 1645), andSir Paul Rycaut (Ricaut) (1628-170(1), The Turkish History, from the Original ofThat Nation to the (rowth of At Ottoman Empire . ..With a Continuation to the Year MDCLNIX171

..(knolles, variant title. London, 1603; continued by Nabbes,London, 1638; continued by Rycaut. 6th rd., above title. 3 vols., London, 1687-1700).

Chinese

[1411Duhaldes History of China jean Baptiste Du Halde 11674-1743), The General 116torv 0. (.'hina . . (French origMal ed., 4 vols., Paris. 1735; English ed.. 1 vols.. Lonchm, 1736;3d cd.. 4 ds.. London, 1741).

Politics

[1421 Plato's Republic by Spend Plato (ua.128-ca. 318 8.c.). The Repuhlk of Plato. . (Harry Spens Ito. 1713- 1787j. tr. and rd.. Glasgeiw. 1763). See Papers or Madiwn. 15: 17:28. n. 61: 35; 42; n. 10.

(1431Arist)tle's do. Aristotle (381-322 te.c.), Treati.se on Gmernment... (London. 1776; reprint. London, 1778). Srr Papeet of Madbon. 1, 17.11. 37. 11. ii. 2.

[ I 441 More's U topia Sir Thomas More (1478-1535). I *topia: Containing an ImpartialIlistorj.. That WM: dth Island... (Latin original rd.. London. Eild: English rd.. London. ed.I). Glasgow. 1762),

(1451Filmer on Government 145a. Sir Robert Filmer (d. 1653), barmwt. Ob.serratirm.4 roneerningthe Original and Various Form of Government ...(Original separate works, London. 1617-1652; collected under above tide, London, 16%). 145b. Sir Robert Filmer. Patriartha; or the Natural Power of KingsAsserted... (Posthumous. London, 168); 2d ed., London. 1685).

[1461Hooker's Ecclesiastical polity Richard Hooker (ra. 1551-16(0), Qf the Ecrleciastiral Polity ...(L)ndon. n.d. 11592]; 2d ed., augmented. London. 1597; John Gauden f1605-1662]. comp. and ed., kith ed.. further augmented, Imndon, 1662; 19th ed.. London,1739).

5 3 11471 Hobbes Works As a youthJM became acquainted with at least one of Hobbes's works.Probably in 1782 he purchased the copy of Leviathan originally owned by WilliamByrd II of Westover (Papers of Madison. I, 16; 27, n. 47; 35; IV, 126; 127, n.4). 147a. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), lb Moral and Political Works of Thomas Hobbes. of Makesbury ...(Separate Latin original publications, some posthumous. London and various continental cities, 1629-1688; Sir Francis Thomlpison, comp., tr.. and ed., above title. London, 1750; 2d ed.. London, 1759). The collection did not include 147b.

147b. ,Elementa phitaiophka de rive ..(Paris, 1642; 4th ed Amsterdam, 1669).

[148]Harrington's works James Harrington (1611-1677), lb (Warta of James Barrington Esq. andIb. Other

Works...(Separate original works. London, 1655-1660; ohn Toland 11670- 7221, comp. and ed.. above title. I onion. I'M): Thomas Birch JsevNo. .11I. comp. and ed.. 2d ed., augmented. London,1737; 4th ed., London. 1771).

11491Sidney on Government

Algernon Sidney (Sydney) (1622-1683). The H 'orb ol .11genwn Sidney . (Separate posthumous works. London. 1696-- I 763: .1oseph Robertson11736-18201. comp. and ed., above title. lAmdon. 1772).

11501 Locke on Government .john Locke (1632-1704). Two Treatilet on Government . (London. 1690; ThOMils Hollis 11720-17741. ed., 6th ed.. superior. London. 1764; 7th ed., Londmi.1769: American reprint, Boston: Peter fides 11732-18111 and .1ohn Gill11732-1785h 1773). For "Locke on money." see No. 178. For other works bylAwke, see Papert of Madison. 1. 5: 21; 30. n. 115; 33: 41, n. : 42. n. 13: 212. on. 5,7: V. 81, n. 3.

11511Macchiavelli's works

Nieolii Machiavelli (1469-1527). The ll'ordi qf Sicholo Machiavel ... (Original Italian works. most posthunums, Venice. Florence, and Rome,1524-1546; Ellis Farneworth (d. 17631, comp., tr, and ed., above title, 2 vols.. London. 1762: 2c-1 ed., 4 vols., London, 1775).

11521Father Paul on the Venetian Republic Paoli Sarpi (see No. 86). The Marirto of the Go:eminent of Jinn?. In anAdvice to the

Republic; lbw It Ought To Govern Itself ... (Italian original ed. Venice, 1606; English ed.. London, 1707; 2d ed., London. 1738).

55 54 [153]Montagu's rise & fall of antient n-publies Edward Wonky Montagu (1713) 776), Reffertiom on the Rise and Fall qf the Antient

Repriblkks .. (London, 1759; 4th ed., London, 1778).

11541Montesquieu's works Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1735), Baron de la Bri-de et de Montesquieu,

The Complete Works ofMonsieur de Montesquieu . . . (Separate French original works, Amsterdam, Geneva, and London, 1721-1748; Francois Richer 11718-17901, comp. and ed.. 3 vols., Amsterdam andLeipzig, 1758; rev. ed., augmented, 6 vols,, Amsterdam and Leipzig, 1764; English ed., 3 vols.. London, 1767; 4 vols., London, I 777)J M regarded Montesquieu highly as apolitical philosopher (Papers of Madison. I, 5; 6; 307n; 310, o. ; II, 225: 226, and n. 7).

11551 Becearia's works Cesare Bonesana (1738-1794). Marchese di &Traria, Optrediverse di Cesare Beccaria .(Separate Italian original works, Lucca, Brescia. and Milan,1762-1771; compiled. :3 parts. Naples, 1770-1771).

[1561Ferguson's History of Civil Society

Adam Ferguson (see No. 8)4n Essay on the History qf ,Vociety ...(Edinburgh, 1767; 5th ed., London, 1782). JM owned a copy of this work (Papers of Madison. I, 13); 133, n. 1: 143; 148-149).

f1571Miller on distinction of Ranks in Society John Millar (1735-1801), The Origin ofine Distinctions ()planks in &tidy (Variant title. London and Dublin, 1771; 3d ed., above title, London. 1779).

11581Steuart's principles of Political economy %irJam's Steuart (after 1773, Steuan-Denham) (1712-1780), banmet. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy . .(2 vols.. London. 1767; 2d ed., 3 vols., Dublin, 1770). For a previous reference to this work, see Papers qf Madison. V. 308; 310, n. 9.

11591Smith on the wealth of Nations Mam Smith (1723-1790). An Inquiry into Me Nature and Carats of the Wealth of

Nations.,. (2vols., London, 1776; 2d ed., 2 %.ols.. London, 1778).

11601Baron Biefield's Political Institutions. Jacob Friedrich (1717-1770), Freiherr von Bielfeld, Institutions politiques... (5 vols., Leyden. 1759-1762; augmented, 3 vols., Leyden, 1767-1772; 5th ed., Leyden. 1774).

56 55. (161)Histoire politique du siecle par Mauberti

Jean Henri Maubert De Gouvest (1721-1767). Histoin. politique dutale . . depuis paix de Westphalle.jtuqu'a laderniire paix d'Aix la Chapelle inclusivement .. (2vols., London ti.e. Lausanne], 1754-1755).

11621 Rich lieu's Political Testament Armand Jean Du Plessis (1585-1652), Cardinal et Dtw de Richelieu, Maxims ou. testament politico .(Paul Hay 11620-fa. 16%)1. Marquis du Chiiteletel at.comps. and eds., variant title, 2 parts. Amsterdam,1688; augmemed in successive editions; above title. loth ed.1?1,2 vols.. Paris,1764; Ilthet1.11. 2 vols., London and The Hague. 1770). See Papers of Madison.1,7; 21. rt. 3.

[1631de Witt's Maxims 1Pkter de la Court1 and Johan de Witt(seeNo. 51), The Thu, Interest and Political Maxims of the Republic al Holland .. Uohn Campbell(1708-1775)1.cr and ed.. variant title, London, 1743; Campbell's name ontitlepage. 2d ed.. above title. London, 174(i). The title adheres closely to that of the Duwh original edition of 1662, hut the work is the same as JM entered under No. 95. For anotherwork, partially by Campbell. and successive mferences thereto. see Nos. 223 and T24a-h.

11641 Petty's political Arithmetic Sir William Petty (1623-1687). Essays inPolitical Arithrnetw. . (Varianttitle. London. 1687; 4thed above title, contents corrected and augmented. London: Daniel BrowneId.1762], 1755).

[165)Wallace' on the numbers of mankind Ritherti WIallarr1(1697-1771). ADissertatum on the Numbers oiManhind ... (Edinburgh, 1753).

[166)Davenam's Works Charles Davenant (1656-1714),The Political and Commerdal 'finks of . .(:harki D'Avenent...(Separate original works, London. 1695-1712; Sir Charks Whitworth (ea.1714-17781, comp. and ed.. above title, 5 vols., London. 1771).

1167)Temple's works Sir William Temple (1628-1699), baronet, The Works al Sir WilliamTM,*... (Separate original works, London, 1676-1(195. and unpublished MSS;Jonathan Swift 11667-1745], comp. and ed., above tide,7vols., London, 17(K)-1709; 9th ed., 4 vols., London, 1770). See Papersof Madison. VI, 382-86: 386. n.17.

57 56 116131 Hume's political essays David Hume (see No. 1(8),Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects... (2 vols., Londtm, 1741-1742; 10th ed 2 vols., Dublin, 1779). SeePapers of Madison,1, 303; 306-7 n.: 310, n. 2. For Hume as a philosopher,ibid.,1, 73: 74, it. 7; 195- 96: 212. n. 5.

11691Postlethwayt's works Iti9a. 1Malachy Postlethwayt(ca.1707-1767)1, "A British Merchant,"anonym. The African Trade. the Great Pillar and Support of the BritishPlantation TradeinAmerka

. , (London. 1745). 169b. Malachy Postlethwayt.Considerations on the Mating ofBar Ironwith Pitt or

Sea Coal Fire .., (London. 1747),

169r. ,Cimsidemtions on the Revival of the Roml-British-Assiento; betweenHis Catholick Majesty. and the Horwurable the Smith Sra Company ..(London, 1749). I69d. Great Britain's Commercial Interest Explained and Improved .. .(Variant title, 2 vols., London, 1757: 2d ed.. above title, 2 vols., London,1759).

169r. ,Great-Britain's True System . .To Which Is Prefixed ... aNew Plan of British Politicks. with Respect to Our Foreign Aflairs ...(London, 1757). Expedition 1691 .In Honour qf the Administration. The importance of the African

... al all Britith Alikan and llest-India Merchants . . . for the peculiar Benefit (1.ondon,1758).

169g. ,The Merchant's Public Counting House ...Wherein Is Shewn thr Necessity nf Young Merchants Being Bred to Trade with Greater Advantages ...(London, 1750).

169h, ,The National and Private Advantages of the AfrkanTrade Considered ... (Anon.. London, 1746: 2ded., London. 1772).

1691. A Short Stateof the Progress of the French Trade .md Navigation., (London, 175ti). 169j. -.The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Umrnerce ...(Variant title. 2 v(,ls., London. 1751; 4thed., above title, 2 vols., London. 1774).

[1701Anderson's Dictionary of Commerce Adam Anderson (ca. 1692-1765), AnHistorical and Chronological Deduetion of the Origin of Commerce, from the Earliest &minis to the Present Time ...(2vols., London. 1762; 2d ed., 2vols., London. 1764).

11711 Burgh's political disquisitions James Burgh (1714-1775),Politkal Disquisitions; or, An Enquiry into Publk Errors, .in ed., 3 vols., Drfects. and Abuses . (3vols., London,1774-1775: Amry Philadelphia: Robert Bell 1see No. 901 and William Wooclht'u jd ,17931. 1775).

58 [172]Price's Political works I72a. Richard Price (1723-1791), Additional Observations onthe Nature and Value of Civil Liberty, and tht War with America ..,(London, 1777; American ed., Philadelphia.. William Hall [1752-1834] and William Sellers (ra.1725-18041.1778). For tlw "Mserrations" to which the present work is "Additional." weNo. 172e. For a reference to Price in his role as a student on human-life expectancy, seePapers el Madison, VI, 129-32; 131. n. 9. 72b. , An Appal/ to the Public on the Subject of Me NationalDebt...( London. 1771; 4th ed.. 2 vols., London, 1783).

..February 21. 172c. ,A Discourse Addresod to a Congregation at Hackney . 1781, Being the Day Appointed for a Publa Fast . .(London, 1781).

172d. .An Essay on the Population of England .. (imndon. 1780; 2d rd., London. 1780). For another "essay," tn which the presentwork is the sequd. see No. I72j. 172e. The General Introduction and Supplement to the Tao Tracts on OrilLiberty

- (London, 1778: 2d ed.. London. 1778).For the "Two Tracts"that Observations and Additional Observationssee Nos. 172f and172a, respectivdy.

172f. ,Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty. Me Principks of Government, and the Justice and Polity of the War with America...(London. 1776; AmerWan reprints, Bo.ston, New York, Philadelphia, andCharleston. 1776: 15th ed.11. 2 vols., London, 1783). For the General Introduction to this work, lireNo. 172e: for the sequel. No. 172a. I 72g. .Observations on Public LOari.$ . (London, 1777). I 72h. Observations on Reversionary Parnents: on Schemes fOr ProvidingAnnuities fin. Widows. and for Persons in Old Age . and on the National Debt ...(London, 1771; 4th ed.. 2 vols., London, 1783), I72i. The State of Me Public Debts and Finances at Signing MePreliminary .4rtkles of Peace in January, /787 . (2d ed.. London, )783). I 72j. Richard Price and William Morgan (1750-1833),An Essay Containing an Account of the Progress firm the Revolution and thePresent State of Population in England 172d. and Wales .. (London. 1779). For the sequel to this work, see No. 172k. Richard Price and Mohr)) Horne Tooke (1736-1812),Facts Addressed to Ireland...(London, Landholders ..and Generally to All the Subjects of-Great Britain and 1780). 1721, Richard Price et al.. .4 Collection of Letters. .Addressed to the Volunteers of Ireland, on the Subject of Parliamentary Rehm; ...(London, 1783).

[1731Gee on trade Joshua Gee, The Trade and Navigation n1Great-BritainConsiderd...(London, 1729; 7th ed., Glasgow, 1767),

58 [1741Child on trade Sir Josiah Child (1630-1699). in 1678 created baronet. 4 NewDiscourse ofTrade: IllitreinAre Recommended Several Weights Points ... (From an expanded essay, variant title. London, 1668; 2d rd., above title. London. 1694; 7th ed.. London. 1775).

[1751Tucker on trade 175a. Josiah Tucker (1712-1799),Cui Bono? Or1n Inquiry What Benefits Can Arise to the English or the Americans. Me &nick Spaniards, flrDukh.from the Greatest Victories

.. in the PresentWar. .(Gloucester, 1781; 3d ed.. London, 1782).

175b. Dispai.sionak Thoughts on the AmerianWar. ( lAmdon, 1780). 175c. -,The Elements of Commerce. and Theory of Taws ..(Privately printed. Bristol. 1753). 175d. -.An Elsa). on the Advantages and Dismfrantages Which RespectivelyAttend France and Great Britain. with Regard to Trade .. (Glasgow and London, 17.19; 4th ed., (;lasgow, 1756). 175e. -,Four Troth. together with Two SPIMOAA on Political and Commercial Subjeth.. (2 parts. Gloucester, 1774, including one "tract" previouslypublished (London f in 1763; 3d ed., title unchanged but a fifth "tract" added.London, 1775; so-called "third" ed.. title unchanged but a sixth "tract" add% d. Ghmcester and London, 1776).

I 751: , Humble Address and Earnest Appeal to Those ..Ablest To fridge . . Whether a Connection with. or a Separation from the Continental Colonies of Amerka, Most for the National Advantage ... (Gloucester, 1775:3d ed.. Gloucester and Londtm. 1776),

175g, .Reflections on the Expedienry of Opening thr Trade to Turkry . .("A Sincere Well-wisher to the Trade and Prosperity of Great-Britain," anonym, London, 1753: 2d ed., London. 1755).

[1761Law on money & trade ,john Law (1671-1729). ofLauristm. Money and Trade Comidered . . (Anon,. Edinburgh. 1705; 5th ed., Glasgow. 1760; also reprinted in Vol. IV of :1Fourth Collection of &awe and Valuable Trews. 4vols., London: Francis Cogan (d.ca.1760f. 1751-1752).

11771Arbuthnot on weights and measures John Arbuthnot (1677-1735),Tables of.4ntient Coins. Weights, and Measures. Explained

and Exemplified ..(Variant title, London, 1705: 2d ed., above title, London. 1727; so-called "second" 5thil ed.. 2 parts. London. 1754).

60 59 [1781 Locke on money John Locke (see No. 150), Several paper, Relating to Money. Interest and Trade (Three separate tracts, London, 1692-1695; above title comprises reprints or 2d eds 3 parts, London, 1695-1696).

11791Lowndes on do. I79a. L[owndes1 (1652-1724). .4 Further Essay for the Amendment of Gold

and Silver Coins ... (London, 1695), 179h. William Lowndes, A Report Containing an Essavjior the Amendment of the Silver Coins. Made to Mt Right Honourable tlu, Lords Commissioners of Ms Majesties Treasure

...(London, 1695).

11801Neckar on Finance Jacques Necker (1732-1804), State of the Finances of France. Laid belarr thr King Printed by Order of His Most Christian Majesty ...(French original ed., Paris, 1781; English ed., London, 1781). For comments about "Neckar on Finance," see Papers of Madison. 11. '223; 225, n. 2; III. 234; JM Notes. 29 Jan. 1783, n. 17. Law

11811Justinian's Institutes by Harris Justinian (Flavius Anicius lustinianus) 1 (183-565). Emperor of theEast. Martini justiniani institution= libri quatuor. The Four Rooks of Justinian . (Tribonian Id. ca. 545j dd.. comps. and eds., promulgations in original Greek andLatin. Byzantium, 528-534; George Harris 11722-17961, tr. and ed.. English ed.. 4 parts.London, 1756: 2d ed., London 1761).

11821Codex juris Civilis Justinian I. Emperor of the East. Corpus juris chili riconcianntum. in fres parks

distributum.. (Tribonian !see No. 1811 et al.. comps. and eds., promulgations in original Greek and Latin, Byzantium, 523-565; Eusebius Beger11721-17881. ed.. Latin ed., 3 vols. in 2, Frankfort and Leipzig. 1767-1768). JM's entryis at fault. If he meant to indicate only the "Codex" for separate purchase.by 1783 it had not been republished for nearly 250 years. The"Corpus," on the other hand, included both the "Codex" and the "Institutes." See No. 181.

11831Taylor's elements of Civil Law

John Taylor (1704-1766), Elements of thr Civil Law .. ,(Cambridge. Eng.. 1755; 3d ed.. London, 1769).

[184]Domaes Civil Law Jean Dinnai (Daunian (1625-1696). The Civil Law in ItsNatural Order. ...(Anon..

C Fretwh original ed., 5 vols. in 4. Paris, 1689;William Strahan Id. 17481, tr. and ed., English ed., 2 vok, London, 1722; 2ded., 2 %.ols., London. 1737).

11851Coke's Institutes 185a. Sir Edward Coke (1552-1634). The FirstPart of the &Winks of the Lawn of England; or. A Commentary upon Littleton. . (London. 1628; 12th ed., London, 1738). For a previous reference to this work, seePapers of Madison. 1, 108; 110, n. 4. 185h. The Second Part of the Institutes of the Lawn ofEngland. Containing the &position of Marq Am-kW and Other Statutes . .(London, 1642: 6t6 ed.. London. 1681). 185c .The Third Part of the Institutes of are Lawes ofEnghmd: concerning Treason, and Other Pleas of the OMIT and Criminall Causes . .(London, 1644; tith ed., London, 1680). 185d , The Fourth Part of thr Institutes of theLawes of England: concerning the jurisdiction of Courts .,(London. 1644: 6th ed., lanidon, 1681).

1186jBlackstone's Commentaries Sir William Blackstone (172:3-1780), Commentaries onthe Laws of England . Continu.d to the Present Time ...(4 vt)ls Oxford, 1765-1769; Richard Burn11709 1785). continuator, 9th ed.. 1 vols,. lamdtm.1783). See Papers ol Madison. 1, 98: 102-3; 103. n. 3: ly, 307, n. 5,

[ 187 1 Cunningham's Law Dictionary Timothy Cunningham (d. 1789), .4 New and CompleteLaw-Dictionary. or General Abridgment of the Law ,..(2 vols. London. 1761-1765: 3d ed.. 2vols.. London. 1782-1783). For another work by Cunningham. seeNo. 190.

11881 Statutes at large by Ruliwad Owen Bullhead (1723-1769), comp. and ed.,The Statutes at Large, from Magna Charta. to the End of the Last Parliament ..(Partly posthumous. 18 vols., London. 1769-1W)).

[1891Lex Parliamentaria George Petyt (Pettyt), La parliamentaria; or. ATreatise uf the Law and Custom of the Parliaments of Ertgland ...("G. P.," London, 1690; 3d ed., London. 1748).

[1901Cunningham's law of Exchange Timothy Cunningham (see No. 187), The Lau. ofBills of &change. Promissory Notes, Hank-Notes. and Insurarwes ...(London, 1760: 6th ed.. London, 1778).

62 11911Collection of Laws to prevent frauds in the Customs

191a. Samuel Baldwin. comp. and ed., .4 Surrey of British Customs ... asEstablhhed by 12 Car. IL. rap. 4 ...to 14 Geo. 111... (Variant title, London. 1770: 2d ed., above title. London, 1774). 191b. Henry Mackay (d. 1783), comp. and ed.. ,4Complete and .Alphabetical Abrid.qement of All the Excise-Laws or Carlow-Laws Therewith Conneeted. in Fore? in England and Wales . .(Edinburgh. 1779).

191c, 20 Geo. 111.. rap. 9. An Art ,for Allowing Ireland To Trade with Foreign Parts .., (London, 1780).

11921 131)0k of rates William Sims and Richard Frewin. comps., The Rates of Merchandise ...Compiled, by Order of the COmmissioners of Majesty's Customs ...(London. 1782).

11931Clarke's practice of Courts of Admiralty Francis Cierke (Clarke) (d. ea. MVO. The Praaire of the Court ot Admiralty of England

...(Posthumous 1.atin original ed.. Dublin. 1666: 3d ed.. above tide. Latin and English texts on facing pages. London. 1722; 4th ed.11, augnwnted, London. / 743 ).

[1941 Fredencian Code Frederick IL King of Prussia (see No. 127). The Fredencian Code; or...1 Body ol Law .fia the &minions of the King of Prussia . .(Sanmel vOn Coceiji 11679-17551. comp. and ed,. Latin original ed.. 2 vols.. Berlin. 1747: French rd., 2 vols.. Paris, 1751- 1753; English ed., from the French. 2 vols.. Edinburgh. 1761; 2d ed.. 2 vols., London, 17(36). War

11951 Vauban's Works Sibastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707). marechal dr France. (kuvres de 3/. tie Vauban. (Separate original works, Paris and The Hague, 1685-1707; above title. 2 vols.. The Hague, 1737; 2d ed.. 2 vols.. Amsterdam and Leipzig. 1771).

[1961Bellidore's Works 196a. Bernard Forest de Btlidor (ca. 1697-1761), Oeurres direrse eorwernant Partillerie et le gink ...(Separate original works. Paris. 1720-1757; above title, Amsterdam, Leipzig, and Paris, 1764). 196b. Dirtiormaire portant dr l'Inginieur ...(Paris, 1755; (:harles Antoine jombert [17)2-17841. augmenter, 2d ed.. Paris. 1768).

62 [197]Fouquier's Memoirs Antoine Manassi's de Pas (1648-1711),Marquis de Feuquie'res. Memoirs of the Late Monsieur di Fewpaires. Lieutenant Generalof the French Army ...(French original ed., Paris. 1711; English ed., 2 vols., London,1735-1736; 2d ed., 2 vols., London, 1737; also 4 vols., Londcm, 1740).

Marine

1198]Falconer's Universal Dictionary of Marine William Falconer (1732-1769)4n Universal Dktionaryof the Marine: or, .4 Copious Explanation of the Technical Terms ...of a Ship ...(London, 1769: 3d ed., London, 1780).

1199]Burchett's Naval History Josiah Burchett (ca. 1666-1746), .4 (:ompleteHistory of the Most Remarkable Transactions at Sea ...(London, 1720).

12001 History of the several Voyages aroundthe Globe 200a. John Hamilton Moore (d. 1807), comp.and ed...4 New and Complete Collection partially of lOwsges and Thruels...(2 vols., London, 1778). For another work, mntaincd in Moore. ser No. 234. 200b. David Henry (1710-1792). cornp.and rd., An Iliitariral Account 4.11/ the Vowel round the World, Per:pined by h..nglishNavigators . London. 1773- 1774). For another work, partiallycontained in Henr). see No. 216. 200e. Johann Georg Adam Former(1754-1794). more commonly known as George Forster, Forage round thr World, in Britannic Mafrsty's sloop Resolution. Commanded by Captain James Cook, during the Years 1772,3, 4, and 5 .. .(2 vols., London, 1777). 200d. Pierre Francois Marie (1748-A793),Vicomte de Pagi.s. Voyages autorr du monde. et errs les deux pcile. par terre ci par mfr,pendant les annies 1767. 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773. 1771 & 1776 ...(2 vols.. Paris. 1782). 200e. William Ellis4n Authentic NarrativeOa royage Ped-ormed by Captain Cook and Captain Clerke, in ills Majesty's Ships. Resolutionand Discovery, during the Years 1776-

/780 ...(2 vols.. London. 1782).

12011Murray's Ship Building and navagation Mungo Murray (d. 1770). A Treatise onShip-building and Navigation ...(London, 1754: 2d ed., London, 1765).

[202]Collection of hest Charts 202a. Jacques Nicolas Bellin (1703-1772),Le petit atlas maritime. remit des rarief et

C3 plans des quire parties du monde ...(5 vols.. Paris. 1764). For other works by Bd lin, see Nos. 202g and 2021.

202b. John Sdkr (d. cu. 1700)et al.,comps. and eds.,The English Pilot ... Describing Me Southern Navigation upon the Coasts of England. Scotland, Ireland . to

the Glitary ..and ifisteni Islands ..Me Whde Mediterranean Sea .. the Mole

Northern Navigation ...Me West-India Navigation, ,fiom Hudson's Bay to the River

Amazones ...(4 vols., London. 1671-1675; 16th rc1.1?1,4 vols.. London. 1773). 202c. Joseph Frederick Walsh (Wallet) Des Barres (Dvsbarres) (1722-1821). The Atlantic Neptune. Published for Me 17se of the /fowl Nary of Great Britain ...(2 vols., London, 1777; 3d ed., augmented. 4 vols.. London. 1781).

2012d.Cyprian Southark (1662-1745),The New England Coasting Pilot from Sandy Paint of New Fork unto Cape Canso in Nova Scotia, and Part of Island Breton.. (Ltmdon, ii. ci. Ica. 17201; 4th ed., London, 1775).

202e. .4New and Accurate Chart of the BarfyChesapeake... Drawn from the Several Draughts Made by the Most Experienced Navigators.. (London: Robert SayerIca. 1724-1741 and James Bennet fd.az.1830),1776). For another work published by Sayer and Bemiet, see No. 2021, 202f. A .itapof East and Hest Florida, Georgia. and Louisitma. with the IslandseiCuba. Bahama, and the Countries Surrounding Gulf of Mexico. with the Tract of the Spanish Galleons,andof Our Fleets thro' the Straits of Florida . . (London: John Hew 1d. 17931,1781). 202g. Jacques Nicolas Benin (see No. 202a),&marques sue la carte réduite dr l'sicean septentrionale compris entre l'Asie et l'Amirique suivant Its dicouvertes qui ant ité putts pat IfsBusses . (Paris. 1766). 202h. Alexander Dalrymple (1737-1808).Merngiri of the Chart of Part of the Coast

of China...(London, 1771). For other charts by Dalrymple. see Nos. 2021.202k, and 202m.

202i. Alexander Dalrymple,Memoir of a Chart of the Southern Orean .. . (1 ,ondon. n. d. fra. 17691). 202j. Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis d'Apre dc Mannevillette (1707-1780),The East- India Pilot. or Oriental Navigator: Containing a Complete Colleaion of Charts, Maps,

.. Plans, ...Chiefly Composed,from Mt Last Edition of the Neptune Oriental . (French original ed. ofNeptune oriental,Paris, 1745; "Last Edition," Paris and Brest, 1775; with sup/dement, Paris and Brest, 1781; English ed., London: "R. Sayer and J. Bennet" 1for whom see no. 202e1, n. d. Ira. 1782j). 202k. Alexander Dalrymple (see No. 20Th). .4Collection of Views of Lands in Me

Indian Navigation .. (149plates, London, 1771-1796). 20'21. Jacques Nicolas Benin (see No.202a). Remarques sue la carte dr la presqu'lle dr contenant les atm de Malabar, Coromandel, etc.. depuis le golphe de Cambay(

jusqu'aux bouches du Gorge . .(Paris. 1766). 202m. Alexander Dalrymple (see No. ,202h),Memoir of a Chart of the East Coast of Arabia, fimn Dolor to the Island of Maziera ., (London. 1783).

65 64 1203]Fol. £6.6 Naval architecture. ByMarmaduke Stalkartt. This entry is not in JM's hand. Marmaduke Stalkartt (d. 1782), Naval Architecture; or.The Rudimtnts and Rules al skip Building Exemplified in a Series of Draughts andPlans.. . (231 pp. -Folf ill" of text and 14 folding plates.London, 1781. wk., marketed for £6.6.s. sterling.)

Languages

1204)Best Latin Dictionary with best grammar& dictionary of each of the modern languages The present editors have limited their choices toworks suitable use by persons whose native tongue wasEnglish. Dictionaries or grammars of American Indian languages are also omitted. 204a. Robert Ainsworth (1669-1743).Thesaurus linguae latinae compfndarius, or A Compendious. Didionary of the Latin Tongue. . parts. London, 1736; Thomas Morel! f 1708-17841, reviser and augmenter, 5thed., 3 vois., London, 1773; 7th ed., 3 vols., London, 1783). 204b. John Richardson (1741-ra 1811), .4Grammar of the Arabic Language .. (London. 1776). 20%. John Richardson. .4 Dictionary ofPersian. Arabic, and English... (2 vols., (hford, 1777). 204d. Nathaniel Brassy Halhed (1751-1830),.4 Grammar t4 the Bengal Language

. (HugH, Bengal, 1778). 204e. .4 Short Introduction to the DanishLanguage jOr the li, of Those If ho Choose To Learn It in a Methodical 110 . .(London: R. Hilton, 1774). 204f. Andreas Berthrlson, An English andDanish Dktionary. Containing the Words of

Both Languages ..(London. 1754). 204g. Willem Sewd (1654-1720), .4 CompleteDktionary, Englith and Dutch, to Which Is Added a Grammar Jiir Both Languages . .(Variant title, 2 vok, Amsterdam, 1691; Egbery Buys fd. 1769f, reviser and augmenter.6th ed. above title, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1766). 204h. James Wtxxl (ea. 1751-1815),Grammatkal Institutes; or .4 Practical English Grammar on a Nen, Plan ...(London, 1778). 204i. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), .4Dktionary of the English Language ... (2 vols., London, 1755; 4th ed., 2 vols., London,1775). For a reference to this work, Sr(' No. 2040. 204j. Abel Boyer (1667-1729), Thr CompleteFrench Master. ..(London, 1694; 18th ed. London, 1756). 204k. Louis Chambaud (d. 1776). Nouveaudktionnaire ...(.4 New Dictionary. English and Fmuh. and French and English) ..(London. 1761:Jean Perrin Id. post-18(X)i,

66 reviser and augmenter, 2d ed.. 2 vols.. London,1778). For another dictionary, partly French, see No. 204o. 2041. William Shaw (1749-1831), An Analysisqf the Go& Language . .(London, 1778; 2d ed.. Edinburgh, 1778). 204m. William Shaw, .4 Galic and EnglishDictionary....(2 vols., London, 1780). 204n. Gebhard Friedrich August Wendeborn(1742-1811), Ekments of German Grammar ..(London, 1774; 2d ed., London, 1775). 204o. Christian Ludwig (1660-1728), ADictionary, English, German and French Augmented with More Than I2.000 Hinds Tarn outnfSamuel johnsm's English Lhaiomiry, John Bartholomew and Other's ...(Variant subtitle, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1706-1716; Rugler 11728-17911, augmenter, 3d ed., abovesubtitle. Leipzig, 1763). For Samuel Johnson's dictimary. see No. 204i. 204p. John Fergusson (d. 1791), .1 Maionaryof Ilindostan ..,(London, 1773), The work was rare by 1783 because of loss at seaof the greater part of the stock. 204q. David Francesco Lates (d. 1777). A NewMethod of Easily Attaining the Italian

Tongue...(London. 1762; 2d ed.. London. 1766), 204r. Giuseppe Marc' Antonio Bareni(1719-1789), .1 Maionary of the English and London. 1771). For Italian Languages ..(2 vols., London, 1760; 2d ed., 2 vols., another dictionary by Baretti. see No. 204x. 204s. Thomas Bowrey (ca. 1630-1713). ADktionary, English and Malay° ..To Mirk 13 Added Some Short Grammar Rules .(London. 1701). 2041. Sir William Jones (1746-1794), AGrammar of the Persian Laaguage ... (London, 1771). For a Persian dictionary. seeNo. 204c. 204u, Anumio Vieyra 1712-1797). A NewPortuguese Grammar .. (V ariant London, 1768; 2d ed., above title. Londtm, 1778). 204v. Antonio Vieyra. Dictionary qf the Portuguese and EnglishLanguage.. .(2 vols London. 1773). 204w. Hippolyto San José Giral del Pino. New Spanish Grammar. or Thr Elenwnts of the Spanish 14nguage ...(London, 1767; 2d ed., London. 1777). 204x. Giuseppe Marc Antonio Baretti (seeNo. 204r)4 Diaionary. Spanish and London. 1778). English...(2 parts, London. 1778; 2d ed.. 2 vols.. 204y. Jacob Serenius (17(*-1776). Englishand Sudish Dktionary . .(Hamburg. 1734; 2d ed., Harg and Stenbro, 1757). 201z. John Philip Fabricius and JohnChristian Breihaupt, Dictionary Malabar and English nada the Words and Phrases of theTamidian Language ...Are Elplained . . (2 vols., Wepery. India, 1779-1786).

America,

[2051Les nouvelles descouverts dansl'Amerique Septen- trionale. Paris 1697

66 Louis Hennepin (1640-ca. 1710), A DiSarasy of a Large. Rkh, and Plentifid Country in North America; Extending above 4000 Leagues . .(French miginal ed.. Paris. 1697; English ed., London. 1720). For the sequel to this work, see No. 229: for a third work by Hennepin, No. 287.

12061Tonti's account of la Sale's voiage to N. America Henri, Chevalier de Tonti (ca. 1650-17(4) (author by attribution). .4n Accorit of .11. de La Salle's Last Expedition and Discoirries in North America ...(French original rd., Paris, 1697; English ed.. Londmi. 1698). Tonti denied having anyhand in this work and described the real author as being -on Acenturier Parisien.-

12071 Histoire de l'Amerique Septcntrionale par Baquiville de la Poterie. Rouen 1722 Claude Charles I.Roy (ca. 1668-1738), Sieur or Bacqueville de la Potherie, Historic de l'Amirique Septentrionale ...(4 vols., Paris, 1721-1722; 2d ed., .1 vols., Amsterdam. 1723; alleged -new" ed., 4 vols.. Paris, 1753. being the ha ed.with onlyitnew title page). No evidence has beenfound of an edition published at Rouen.

12081Discription geographique ct historiquc des cotes de l'Amerique Septenle. par lc Sicur Denys Nicolas l)enys (1598-1688). Description gingraphique et historique des coil( l'.1merique Septentrionale ...(2 vols., Paris, 1672; 2d ed.. 2 vols.. Paris. 1688),

12091Oldmixon's Brit: Empire in America, John Oldmixon (1673-1742). The British Empire in America. Confining theIlAtory of the Discovery. Settkment, Progre.o and Present Mate of the ftritith Coloniet...(2 London. 1708; 2d ed.. 2 sots.. London. 1741).

12101 Kalm's travels through N. America Fehr Kahn (1715-1779). Travels into North America: Containing Its NaturalIlistorv

. .(Swedish original ed., 3 veils.. Stockholm, 1753-1761; English ed.. 3 vols., Warrington, Eng.. 1770-1771; 2d ed., 2 vols..London. 1772),

12111 Carver's travels through N. America Jonathan Carver (1732-1780). Trarels through the Interior Parts of North America, in

the Tears 176ti. 1767. and 1768 ..(London, 1778: 3d ed.. London, 1781).

1212)Ogilvie's America John Ogilby (1(i00-1676). comp.. tr,, and ed.. America: Being tke Latest,and Most

67 Accurate Descripthm of the NM World 01 laird from the Mott Authentk Author% . (London, 1671; 2d ed., London, 1673).

1.2131 Novus orbis, autore Joanne de Lam fol: Basiliac 1555 Johannes de Laet (1593-1649), L'histoire du nouveau monde au desaiption des 1ndes

Ocridentales. .(Dutch original ed.. Leyden. 1625; Latin ed.. Leyden, 1633: French ed., containing new materials, Leyden. 1640)..JM's note hillowing the author's name is erroneous.

12141Novae novi orhis historiae, i.e. rerum ab Hispanis in India oceidentali gestarum Calveumis Geneva 1578 Girolanto Benzoni (1519-ra. 1570), Novae nazi orbis histuriae, id est. rerum ab

in India Occidentali hactenus geslartun ...(Italian original ed., Venice, 1565; Urbain Chauveton, tr., Latin ed.. Geneva. 1578; 5th rd.11, Cologne, 1612).

12151Wafer's Voyages Lionel Wafer (ca.1660-rn. 1705). .1 .Vric Voyageand Demliption f# the lithmus frf Amnia. Giving an Arrount of the Author% .Thinfe There ...(Iamdon. 1699: 2d ed.. I A anion, 1703).

12161Dampier's Voyages William Dampier11652-1715), The royages and.1duenturei of William Dampier (Separate original works. London. 1697-1709: ahoy( title. 2 vols.. London.1776: 2d rd., 2 vols,, London. 1777).Dampier's "Voyages.- although combined with much questionable material, could also be fiiund in Vols. I-111 of the limanions (No. 2240. and in part they were reprinted in Vol. I of Moore (No.200a) and Vol. 1 of Henry(No. 200b).

12171Chancellor's

217a.Clement Adams (ca. 1519-1387). The Sewe Nauigation and Ditrouerie ofthe KingdomofMoscouia.0 the Northeast. in the rem 1553 ... PerfOrmed 0Richard

Chancelor...Malinoriginal ed.. no copy of which is known to be extant. London, 1554: reprinted, with accompanying English text, in Vol. I of Hakluyt I No. 240I).

217b. Richard Chancellor (d. 1556), .1Letter of Richard Chancellor ...Touching lit

Discoutrie of Mosairia ...in Vol. III of Purchas (No.239). 217c. Clement "%dams,Some Additions for the Better Knowledge of This lOyage .. ..from the Mouth of Captaine Chanalor. ...in Vol. III of Purchas (No. 239).

12181Borough's 218a. Stephen Burrough (1525-1584). The Nanigation and Dim-outfit toward the Rimer of Ob ...I'assed in the Terre. 1556 ..in N'ol. I of Haltluyt (No. 240).

69 68 ,",s4ase

218b, -, The Voiage ... an.1557. from Colmogro to Wardhouse .in Vol. I of Hakluyt (No. 240).

12191 Forbishers 219a. Christopher Hall, The First Voyage of MasterMartin Frobisher, to tht Northwest. fir the Search of the Straight or Passage to China ., in the Yerre ...1576 ...in Vol. III of Hakluyt (No. 240). 219b. Dionyse Settk, A True Report, of Mt Lask Voyage intothe West and North-west Regions, sc., 1577, Worthily Atchisved by Captain, Frobisher ...(Two separate eds., one incomplete. London, 1577;complete version reprinted in Vol. III oflialduyt (No. 240). 219c, Thomas Ellis, The Mrd and Last rovage unto ShiaIncognita. Made by Master Marlin Frobisher, in Me Yeere 1378 ...in Vol. III of Hakluyt (No. 240).

219d.George Best (d. ca. 1584), A True Discorrse of the LateVoyages of Discouerie. Jur the Findingof a Passage to Lathe:Jo by the Northurast. under the Conductof Martin (No. Frobisher .. (London, 1578, very rare; also reprinted in Vol. III of Hakluyt 240). NM] Hudson's 220a. Henry Hudson (d. 1611) and John Playse,Dirers rorages and Northam

Dummies...in Vol. Ili of Purchas (No. 239).

220b. , Second Voyage .fir Finding a Passage to the East Indies by the North- east...(Hesse! (;erritsz fra.1581-1632),ed., srparate Latin and Dutch eds., Amsterdam, 1612; English version in VoL 111 of Purehas[No. 239f). 22(k. Robert Juet (d. 161)), The Third Vow:Re..toward Nora Zembla .. in Vol. III of Purchas (No. 239), 220d.Henry Hudson, An Abstrad of a Journal! ..JOr the Discoperie of Me North-west Passage. Begunne the 17th of Apra 1610 ... in VoL 111 ofPurchas (No. 239). 220r. Abacuk Prickett, A Larger Discourse of the SamelOsoge. and the Success, Thereqf

...in Vol. III of Purchas (No. 239). 2201. Thomas Woodhouse (d. 1611), A Note Found in IkeDesk,' of Thomas 11)dowse, Student of Mathematints. Het Being One of Them Who Ilas Put intothr Shallop .. in V.I. III of Purchas (No. 2'39).

12211Davis's 221a. John Janws, The First Voyage of Master 1ohn Daub.Undertaken in lune 1585. for

the Discouerie of the New Passage ...in Vol. III of Hakluyt (No. 244)) and Vol. I of Purchas (No. 239). 221h. John Davys (ca. 1550-1605) of Sandriclge, TheSecond Votoge Attempted ... _Pr the Disrouerie of tke New Passage, in anna 1586 ...in Vol. III of Hakluyt (No. 240) and Vol I of Purchas (No. 239).

f; 22k. John James, The Third Voyage Northward. Made by John DanisGentleman . is the Fent, J.87. in Vol. 111 of Hakluyt (No. 240). 221d. John Davys of Sandridge, Traverse-Roar ..for the Discauerie of the North- west Passage, anno 587 .in Vol. III of Hakluyt (No. 240). 221e. Henry Morgan. The Relation of the Course Which ...Two Vessels of the Peet of Master). John Dauis field After lie ikd Sent Them from Him To Dimmerthe Passage between Gmenland and Island ...in Vol. III of Hakluyt (No. 240).

[2221Baffin's 222a. William Baffin 1.d. 1622), The Fourth l'ojngs qtjamesMil to Groeneland ... anna 1612. .MS; partly printed in Vol. III of Purchas (No. 239). The manuscript was not published in full duringJM's lifetime. 22211 A Journal of the Voyage Made to Greenland ... inthe Yiere 1613,,. in Vol. III of Purchas (No. 239).

222c. John Gatonby..4 Iiiyage into the Nartk-west Passage . .in Vol. V of Awnsham Churchill (d. 1728) and John Churchill (d. ca. 1714). comps. andeds .4 Collection of ling es and Travels (6 vols., London. 1704-1732; 3d ed., 6vols., London. 1752). 222d. Robert Fotherby, A l'ojage of Dhcoverit to GreenlandCfc. anna 1614 ...in Vol. III of Purchas (No. 239), 222e. William Batfin..4 True Relation of Such Things as Happened inthe Fourth l'orage fir the Discomfit of the North-west Passage . .in the Veer, 1615 . , .in Vol. 111 of Purrhas (No, 239). Reprinting of the original manuscriptafter JM's lifetime rrvealed the gross-defects of Purchas' editing. 222f. ..4 Brief and True Relation or Jourriall, Contayning Slid;Accidents as Happened in the Fillfhl Vanoge. fir the Dimwit of a Passage to theNorth-west ... in the line of our Lord 1616 .in Vol. 111 of Purrhas (No. 239). Baffin gave to Purchas a manuscript narrative. jimrnal. and map. none ofwhkh has subsequently been found. Purehas printed only the narrative, not the lournall.-

(2231 James's Thomas James (ea. 1593ca, 16'331. Thr Strange and Dangerousl'o.yage of Captain Thomas James in His Intended Discovery of the North-west Passage intothe South Sta ... (Title archaically spelled, London, 1633; 2d ed., title as above,London, 1740: also printed in Vol. Il of the Churchills (No. 2220 and inVol. 11 of John Harris 11667-17181, comp. and ed., Navigantient algae itinerantium bibliotera; ar,A Complete Collection of r0. sago and Travels. 2 vols., London, 1705;John Campbell (see No. 1631, reviser and augmenter, 2d ed.. 2 vols., London.1744-1748; 3d ed., 2 vols., London, 1764).

12241Wood's 224a. John Wood, An Account of a Voyage ,Pr theDi.woverie of llie North-East Passage

71 7o . .1676. .in Vol. II of An Account of Several Late Vamges and Discoveries, 2 vols., London: Samuel Smith (d. ca. 1703) and Benjamin Walford (d, ca. 1710),1694; also in Vol. 1 of Harris and of Harris and Campbell (No. 223). 2246. ,Supplement to His North-east Yaw; Navigation (rad Observations North- west of Greenland ...in Vol. 1 of Harris and of Harris and Campbell (No. 223). 224c. -4 l'angge through the Strtights af Magellan .. in A Collection ef Originol

VoyfIgn.London; W. Hacke, 1699; also in Vol. IV t)f. A Collection of Es_mges, 4 vols., London: James Knapton (1687-1736) and John Knapton (d. 1770), 1729.

1225]Ellis's voyage to Hudson's Bay 225a. Hemy Ellis (1721-1806), .4 Voyage to Hudson's Bar. by theDobbs Galley and (:alifernia. in the Years 1746 and 1747.for Discoming a North-west Passage ...(London. 1748). 225h. lTheodore Swaine Drage, supposed author). "the Clerk of tlwCalifornia." anonym, Account Oa ravage.* thr Discovery of aNorth-west Passage by Hudsons Streights

...in the rear 1746 and 1747 ...(2 vols., London, 1748-1749).

[226]Voyage au-pays des Hurons par Gall. Sabard Theodat Paris 1632 Gabriel Sagard-Theodat, I.e grand loyage dr pays des lIvrons, situi enl'Amirique :Len /a frier doure, ic dernirrs confins de norruelle France. dite Canad:: .. (Paris. 1632).

12271 Mocurs des Sauvages de l'Amerique par Lalitau Joseph Francois Lafitau (1681-1746). Moeurs des sourages amiriquains.comparies aux mesas des premiers temps.. (Two separate eds., variant texts. 2 vols., 4 vols., Paris, 1724: 3d ed., 2 vols., 4 vols., Paris, 1734).

[2281Adair's History of the American Savages James Malt (ca.17(19--ca. 1783), The History of thr American Indians; Particularly Those Nations Adjoining to the Mississippi. East and West Florida,Geor,gia. South and North Carolina. and Virginia ...(London, 1775).

[229]Hennepin's Voyages Louis Hennepin (see No. 205), Vayage ou nouvelle dicouverte d'untris-grand prim dans entre le Nouveau Afexique & la .41rr Glaciak ...(Variant title, Utrecht, 1698: above title, Amsterdam. 1711, bound together with awork relating to Caribbean explorations).

[230]La Hontan's do. Louis Armand de Lom d'Arce (1666--ra. 1715), Baron deLa Homan, New

72 7 roma to North-Amerka. Containing an Aa-ount of the Several Natim of That Fast

Continent...(French original ed., 3 vols., The Hague, 1703; English ed.. 2 vols.. London, 1703; 2d ed., 2 vols., London, 1735). Portions of the work allegedly were by Nkulas Gueudeville (ca. 1654-ca. 1721).

12311Jone's Journal to the Indian nations David Jones (1736-1820)4 journal of Two Visits Made to Sorne Nations of Indians on the West Side of the River Ohio. in the Years 1772 aid 1773 ...(Burlington. NJ.. 1774).

[2321Voyage de la nouvelle France par le Sicur Champlain Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), Les voyages de la novelle France occidentale, dicte

Canada, faits ...depuis ran 1693. jusques en ran 1629 ...(Paris, 1632. withdrawn; reissue, with four revised pages. Paris. 1632; reissue, with only new title page. Paris. 1640).

12331 Histoire de la Nouvelle France par l'Escarbot Paris Marc Lesearbot (ca. 1590-ca. 1630), Ilistoire de la Nouvelle-France ...depuis cent am jusques a hal... (2 parts, Paris, 1609 3d ed.. revised and augmented.Paris, 1618; abridged English version in Vol. IV of Purehas [No. 239)).

12341 Histoire de la Nle. France avec les castes chronologiques du nouveau monde par le perc Charlevoix Pierre Francois de Charlevoix (1582-1761 ),Ilistoir, et description gin/rale dr la Nouvelle Frame, avec II journal historique dim voyage ...(3 vols.; 6 vols., Paris, 1744; a portion available in English, in Vol.Il of Moore (No. 2(X)al). The -tastes chronologiques- were a portion of the contents of Vols. III and V of the Paris printings as respectively listed.

[235]Memoirs des rois de France & de l'Angleterre sur les possessions &c. en Amerique 1755. 4 Vol: 49 Etienne de Silhouette (1709-1765) et al., comps. and eds., Mémoirrs des cornrnissaires du roi et de mix dr Sa Majesti Britannique, sue les possessions & les droits respettflides deux Taumants en Amirique . (4 vols., quarto, Paris, 1755-1757). For a previous reference to this work. see Papers of Madison. V , 10; 13, n. 28.

[2361Relation d'un voyage en Acadie par Dierville. Rouen 1708 f?) Die'reville, Relation du VO.yagr du Port-Royal dr l'Acadie, on dr la Nouvelle-France ... (Rouen. 1708; 2c1 ed., Amsterdam, 1710).

73 72 12371Josselyn's account of New England John jossdyn, An Account of Two Vows to New-England ...(London, 1674; 2d ed., London, 1675).

12381Thomas's account of Pennsylva. & N. Jersey Gabriel Thomas, An Ilistorkal and Geographkal Amnint of the Provinceand Country of Peusilvania; and of West-New-Jersey in Arnerka .. (London, 1698).

12391Purchases Pilgrimage. 5 Vol: fol: Samuel Purchas (ca. 1575-1626), comp. and ed., Ilaklytus posthumus orPurchas His Pilgrimes. Contayning a History of the World, in Sea l'Omps, andLande-Travells. by Englishmen and Wen ... (4vols., London, 1625). jM's erroneous entry is explicable. He employed a short title for Purchas His Pilgrimage. Or Relations ofthe World and tht Religions Observed in 411 Ages and Plates ... first published (London) in 1613. This work is unrelated to the Pilgrims; but because ofthe similarity in titles, and because both works were published in folio and in volumesof the same size, cataloguers for many years listed the augmented fourth edition ofthe Pilgrimage (London, 1626) as being Volume V of the Pilgrimes. Forother works contained in the Pilgrimes in whole or in part, see Nos. 217b-c. 220a-f,222a-b, 222d-f, 233. and 265. See also Papers of Madison, IV , 101; 102, n. 4.

12401 Hackluyt's Voyages Richard Hakluyt (ea. 1552-1616), comp. and ed., The PrincipalNacigations, Foiages. Trajfiques and Discoceries of the English Nation, Made by Sea or Ouerland ...within the Compasse of These 1500 Freres . (Variant title, London, 1589; 2d ed., augmented, above title, 3 vols., London, 1598-1600). For other workscontained in this collection in whole or in part, see Nos. 217a, 218a-b, 219a-d, 221a-e,264. For a previous reference to Hakluyt, see Papers of Madison. V. 9: 11. rm.3, 5, 7.

12411Abbe Reynal's Hist: Pol: & Philos: of East & W. Indies Guillaume Thomas François Raynal (1713-1796) landallegedly Denis Diderot (1713-1784) et al.bA Philosophkal andPolitical History of the &laments and Trade of

the Europeans in Me East and West Indies . . . (Anon., French original ed., 6 vols., Amsterdam, 1770; j[ohnj Of badiah] justamond Id.1786], tr. and ed., English ed., 6 vols., Edinburgh. 1782: 2d ed., 8 vols. London; 6vols., Dublin, 1783).

12421 Robinson's Histo: y of America William Robertson (see No. 90),The Historyof America . .(Partly posthumous, 3 vols., London and Dublin, 1777-1796; 2d ed.. 3vok, London,1778-1796).

74 73

.. 12431Russell's Hist: of do. William Russell (1741-1793), The History of Americafrom lts Discovery .. (2 vols., London, 17M).

[2441Colden's History of the 5 Nations (:adwallader Colden (1688-1776), The History of the Fire Indian A'ations ..Depending

on the Province of New-York . (variam title, New York, 1727, best ed.; 3d ed., 2 vols., London, 1755).

12451 Burke's account of the Lump: Settlemts. in America [William Burke (ea. 1723-1798)1, An Acernint of the European Settkments in Arnerks

.(2 vols., London, 1757; Edmund Burke [see No, 115), reviser, Stb ed., 2vols., 1766; 6th ed 2 voh., London and Dublin, 1777).

[246]Douglas's Summary William Douglass (ca. 1691-1752), A Summary. Historkal and Political af (he British Settlements in North-America ..("W. D., NI. D." continuing "numbers," Boston, 1747-1751, left uncompleted by death of author; 3d ed., 2 vols.,London, 1760). See Papers of Madison, 1, 184, and ii. 1.

[2471Collection of Charters 247a. John Almon (see No. 36b), comp, and ed., The (harters of theBritish Colonies in America . .(London, 1774; 2d rd., Dublin, 1776). Although not included in this work. "The Grants, Concessions, and Original Constitutkm" of NewJersey were a portion of the contents of No. 278z. 247b. Rkhard Parker (d. ca. 1725), comp, and ed., The TwoCharters Granted by King Charles Ltd, to the Proprietors of Carolina. . (London, 1705). Sec Papers 1# Madison, V. 10; 13, n. 27.

12481 Neal's History of New England Danid Neal1678-1743), The History of New-England ...to the Year If Our Lord.

1700 ...('i!vols., London, 1720; 2d ed., 2 vols., London. 1747).

[2491 Prince's Chronological History of N. England Thomas Prince (1687-1758), A Chronological History of New-England ...In the Form of Annals...(2 vols., Vol, 11 with variant main title4nnals ofNew-England, Boston, 1736-1755).

[250]Tracts relating to N. England by Cotton Mather 250a. Cotton Mather (1663-1728). 77ie Bostonian Ebenezer. SomeHistorkal Remarks,

on the State of Boston ...(Boston, 1698).

74 2506. [Cotton Mather], The Declaration of the Gentlonen,Merchants, and Inhabitants of Boston, and the Country Adjaant . .(Boston and London. 11689). 250c. Cotton Mather, Late Memorabk Providencesrelating iv Witchcraft and Possessions 1697). ...(Boston. 1689; 3d ed., Boston and Edinburgh, 250d. , A Letter on the Character of theInhabitants of New England . (Boston, 1718). 250e. III, The Present State of New-England .. uponthe News of an Invasion by Bloody Indim and French-men . .(Boston, 1690). 250E, The Short Bistog O'Neil, England. ARecapitulation of Wonderfidl Passages Which Have Occured ...(Bo.ston, 1694). 250g. , Some Few Remarks, upon aScandalous Book, against the Governments and Ministry of New-England . &won, 1701),

250h. ,&Wires Counselled and Comforted ... inthe Just War of New-England against the Northern & Eastern Indians ,..(Boston, 1689). 250i. , A Tnre Account of the Thais.Eraminations. Confessions, Condemnations, and Exeartions of Divers Witches, at Salem, inNew-England...(London. 1693).

iof' the Tryibco/Several 250j. ,The Wonders of the Invisible World: Being an Account Wikhes. Lately Exklcuted in New England .. (Boston and London, 1693),

[2511Mather's ecclesiastical History of N.England Cotton Mather (see No.250). Magnalia Chthti amerkana; or.The Ecrlesiastkal History of New England .. untothe Year of Our Lord. 16198. .(London, 1702).

[2521Hubbards History of N. England WiHisrn Hubbard (ra. 1621-1704), A Narrative ofthe Indian Wars in New-England. .(Boston, 1677; imperfect ed.. London, 1677; 3d from ... 1607, to the Year 1677 ed.11, Boston. 1775).

12531Morton's New England's Memorial Nathaniel Morton (1613-1685), New-England'sMemorial: or. A Brief Relation of the Most Memorable and Remarkable Passages of theProvidenceI God,Manilisted to the

Planters...(Boston, 1669; 3d ed.. Newport, R. 1.. 1772).

[2541Hutchinson's History of Massachusettsbay Thomas Hutchinson ( 1711-1780).The Mstory of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay . (3 vols., Vols. I-II, Boston. 1764-1767;JohnHutchinson f1793-1865j. ed.. Vol. 111, London, 1828; 2d ed., London.1760 [for 1765J-1828).

76 75 [255]Collection of papers relating to the History of do. Thomas Hutchinson, A Collection of Original Papers relativetothe History of the Colony of Massachusetes-Bay . (Boston, 1769).

[256]Smiths History of N. York. William Smith (1728-1793), The History qt. the Province of New-York. .from the First Disoovery . (London, 1757; 2d ed.. London, 1776).

[257]Smith's History of N. Jersey Samuel Smith(1720-1776).The History of the Colony of Nova-Caesaria. or New-ltrirr

.. to the Year 1721, With Same Particulars Since . (Burlington. N.J.. 1765).

[258]Historical review of Peimsa. !Richard Jackson (d. 1787). Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790). et al.!. Historieal Review of the Constitution and Government of Pennsylvania ...(London. 1759). After "Pennsa." JM wrote and cancekd "lw Franklyn." possibly becauseofuncertainty of attribufion.

[259]Franklin's other works Benjamin Franklin, Political. Miscellaneous, andPhilosophkalPieces ..(Benjamin Vaughan [1751-18351, comp. and ed.. London, 1779). For Vaughan, we Comment by Jefferson. 25 Jan. and n.1; JM Notes. 19 Mar. 1783. n. 9. The "Vaughan" was fiie only authorized compilation of Franklin's works available in1783.Even Franklin himself probably could not have assembled all his "other works." including many of concealed authorship, occasional pamphlets. and newspaper ephemerae. That assembling would await twentieth-century scholarship.

[2601Smith's History of Virga. 260a. John Smith (1580-1631). TheGeneral!ilistorie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isks .., ano.1,584toThis Present 1626 ..(Variant sulnitle. London. 1621; so-called "second" rd., London, 1626. and six sutereding so-called rds,, pages of all printed in 1624 and subtitle updated. as above;so-ralled "eighth" ed., London, 1632). rot other works by Smith. see Nos. 260b and 280a. 260b, John Smith, The True Travels. Adventures and Observations of Captaine John Smith

. .Together with a Ontinuation ofHis Generatt flistarie . since MN.toThis Prevnt (London. 1630, 3d ed., London. 1744; also in 'ol. II of the Churchill% [No. 222c1).

77 76 [2611Beverley's do. of do. [Robert Beverley (fa. 1673-1722)J. "a Native andInhabitant of the Place," anonym, The History and Present Stateof Virginia .. ("R: B: gent," London, 1705; 2d ed., revised and augmented. London,1722).

[2621Keith's do. of do. Sir William Keith (1680-1749), baronet, TheHistory of the British Plantations in America ..Part I. Containing the History of Virginia .(London. 1738; no other "Part" was ever published).

[263]Stith's do. of do. William Stith (1707-1755), The History of the First Discoveryand Settlement of Virginia readjusted and on poor ...(1'wo separate eds., one superior, the other with type paper. Williamsburg, 1747: reissueof each ed. with new title page, London, 1753). For previous references to Stith, ser Papenof Madison, V. 9; 11, n. 7; 12, nn. 8-9.

12641 De incolis Virginiae ab Anglico Thoma.Heriot Thomas Harriot (1560-1621)4dmiranda narratio lida tarnen,de commodis et incolaron New Found ritibus Virginiar ...(Original English ed., .4 Bridi and True Report of the Theodor de Land of . .London. 1588, very rare; Latin ed. in Part I of Bry [1528-15981 et al., romps., trs., and eds.,Collectiones peregrinationum in Indiam Orientalem ci Indiam aridentalem (25 parts, Frankfort.1590-1634D. JNI and his consultants either did not know or had forgotten thatthe English version was reprinted in Vol. III of Halduyt (No. 240).

12651 Discourse's of Virginia Ralph Hamor, A Tne Discourse 4. the Present State ofVirginia. and the Surresse of the Affaires There till the 18 of June. 1614 ...(London. 1615: also partly reprinted in Purchas [No. 2391).

12661 Virginia by E. W. Edward Williams. Virginia in Amerka: More EspeciallyMe South Part Thereof . .the Fertile Camlana, and No Lose Excellent Isle ofRoanoak...(Variant title, London, 1650; 2d ed., containing an additional chapter.London. 1650; 3d ed.. above title, London, 1651).

[2671Jones's present State of Virginia Hugh Jones (ca. 1670-1760), The Present State ofVirginia. (firing a Particular and Short Account of the Indian. English. and Negroe Inhabitants ..(London, 1724).

77 N.:ilk. 'ir

[2613) A discourse & view of Virga. by Sir Wm.Berkeley Govr. 1663 Sir William Berkeley (ca. 1608-1677), A Discourse and View of Virginia ...(London, 1662; 2d ed., London, 1663).

12691 An account of the life & death of Nat: Bacon.1677. Strange News from Virginia: Being a Full and True Account of 1hr Life andDeath of Nathanid Bacon .(London: William Harris, 1677).

1270)History of the present State of Virginia James Blair (1656-1743), FAiward Chilton, and Henry Hartwell. ThePresent State of Virginia, and the College .. (London, 1727).

12711A short collection of the most remarkable passages from the original to the dissolution of the Virga. Company. 1651. Arthur Wodenoth (Wontinoth) (ca. 1590-m. 1(50), :1Short 011ection of the Most Remarkable Passages from the Original! to the Disgilution af theIirginia Company .. (London. 1651).

12721Lederer's discoveries in Virginia and Carolina in1669. & 1670. by Sr. Wm. Talbot 1672. John Lederer (b. ca. 1644), 77re Discoveries ofjohn Lederer. in Three Setmil Marche, from Virginia. to the West of Carolina, and Other ParA of. the Continent:Begun in March 1669, and Ended in September 1670 . (Latin original MSS; Sir William Talbot, baronet, tr. and ed.. London, 1672).

[2731Brickell's History of North Camlina John Brickell (i-a. 1710-1745). The Natural History of North-Carolina.With an Account of the Trade, Manners and Customs of the Chrictian and IndianInhabitants.. (Dublin, 1737, an almost verbatim plagiarism nf Lawson 1Nn. 2741: 2d ed,,Dublin, 1743).

[2741Lawson's do. of do. John Lawson (d. 1712). The History of Carolina; Containing theEwa Description and Natztral History of That Country. ..and a Journal of a Thousand Mites. Tramf'd thro' Several Nations of Indians...(Variant title, London, 1709; 3d ed.. above title, London, 1718). On IS July 1831 the aged Madison. having observed"in a Newspaper paragraph- referring to a fire in Raleigh that "nothing wassaved from the Library of the State, particularly 'Lawson's History of it,'autographed and

79 78 forwarded a personal copy of the work to Governor Montfort Stokesof North Carolina (LC: Madison Papers). For a plagiarism of Ote work, seeNo. 273.

12751 Description of South Carolina with its civil Natural and commercial History 1762. Uames Glen), A Description of South Carolina; Containing Many Curiousand Interesting Particulars relating to the Civil, Natural and Commercial History ofThat Colony . . (London, 1761). If JM's pen did not slip, he was misinformed;there was no edititm of 1762.

[2761Huet's History of S. Carolina Alexander Hewat (ca. 1745-1829). An Historkal Account of theRise and Progress of the Cohmies ry. South Carolina and Georgia ..(2 vols.. 1Anidon. 1779).

12771Collection of papers relative to Georgia In attempting to cover the deficiencies in the published historyof Georgia, M woukl have found a "Collection of papers" to contain a surprisinglylarge number .of printed itcms--that number not sufficing, however, to coverserious gaps in the historical record, A limited but typkal selection fromthe De Renne collection (d Geoegiana is here presented (Azalea Clizbee, comp.,Catalogue if the 11:yriberkr Jones De Renne Georgia Library at Wormsloe. Isle of Hope nearSavannah. Georgia 13 vols., Wormslor, 19311, 1, 1.226 passim). 277a. George Cadogan, The Spanish Hireling Ikteded: Being aRe/illation of the Several Calumnies and Falshoods in a Late Pamphlet. Entiturd -AnImpartial Account" (London, 1743). For "An Impartial Account.- see No. 277f;for a rejoinder to this "Refutation.- No. 277e. 277b. James Johnston. comp. and ed., Account fYr the Siege atSmannah. by the French and Rebels. Commanded by Count d'Estaing and GeneralLincoln ..(Savannah, 1780). 277c. 1Benjamin Martyn (1699-1763)1. An AccountSkewing the Progress of the Colony of Georgia, from Its First Establishment ...(London, 1741; reprint, Annapolis. 1742). This work also has been attributed to Lord ,john Perceval,for whom see No, 277g. 277d. Benjamin Martyn. Reasons jar Establishing the colony Georgia . .With Some Account of the Country and the Design of the Trustees ..,(Anon, London. 1733; 2d ed., London. 1733), 277e, Uames Edward Oglethorpe (1696-178.5)1, .4Full Reply to Lieut. Cadogan's Full Spanish Hireling, COe. ...(London. 1743). For the work to which this was "A Reply," see No. 277a. 277f, Uames Edward Oglethorpe], An Impartial Account ofthe Late Expedition against St. Augustine under General Oglethorpe. (London, 1742). For an attack on this work, see No. 277a.

84)

7 277g. [Lord John Perceval (1711-1770). later Earl of Egmont, supposed author], Faction Detected byUM Evidence of Faris. Containing an Impartial new of Parties at Home, and4(filirs Abroad. (London, 1742: 5th rd., London, 1743). The work has also been attributed to William Pulteney(1684-1764),laterEarl ofBath. 277h.!Lord JohnPercevalb&mart; upon a Scandalous Piece, Entitled a Brief Account 11 the Caton That HamRetarded the Progress of Mr Colony of Georgia ...(London, 1743). For the "Scandalous Piece." see No. 277k. 277i. Georg Philipp Friedrkh von Reck (1710-1798) and Johann Martin Bolzius (1703-1765). An Extractof the Journals of Mr. Commissary vonRed, IlhoConducted the First Transport of the Saltzburgrrs to Georgia: and ofthe Reverend Mr. Bolzius (London,1734). 277j. South Carolina (Colony), Report qf the Committee Appointed To Examine into the Proceedings oft* People of Georgia...and the DisputeSubsisting between the TwoColonies ...(Charleston, 1737). 277k. Thomas Stephens, A Brief-Account ofMt Causes That Ikve Retardedthe Progress of the Colony of Georgia... Proper Contrast to .4 State of Me Province of Georgia ... (London, 1743). For the "State" to which this work was alkgedly a "Proper Contrast," see No. 2771 and for A counterblast to the above assertedly "Scandalous Piece," No. 277h. 2771. William Stephens(1671-1753), .1journal of the Proceedings in Georgia. Beginning

October 20, 1737,..(3 vok, London. 1742). The appendix of Vol. 11is the author's A State ofthe ProvinceofGeorgia. Attestedupon Oath inthe CourtofSavannah. November 10, 1740, also separately published (London) in 1742. Against this "State" was directed the "Brief Account" which purported to be a "Proper Contrast" (No. 277k).

277m.Patrick Sutherland. An Account of thi Late Invasion of Georgia ...(London. 1743).

277n. Patrick Tallieret al.. ATrueandHistorical Narrative of the Colon alGeorgia, in.4merica..frum the First Settlement Thereof'., .(Charleston, 1741). 277o.Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America. An Account Strewing the Progress oft/it Colony of Georgia in Amerka,from ItsFirstEstablishment. (London, 1741). 277p. John Wesley (1703-1791), .4n Extract ofMe Rev. Mr. JohnWesky's Journal. from His Embarking fir Georgiato His Return to London .. .(Bristol. n.d. 11739?]). 277q. George Whitelield ( 1714-1770). AContinuational Me Reverend Mr. Whitefieles Journal. Alter His Arrival in Georgia ...(London, 1741).

[278]Laws of each of the United States Scores of single arts or ordinances were published separately. For this reason, the citations below are confined to volumes rontaining the statutes enacted during an entire legislative session or during more than one session. 278a. Acts and Laws. Passed by the General Court or Assembly of His Merl Majesties

81 80 Province of New-Hampshire in New England ...(Boston, 1669, 1706, 1716, 1718- 1719, 1721-1722, 1726-1728). 278b. Ads and Laws ft(' His Majesty's Province ofNew-Hampshire. in New England ... (Portsmouth, 1761-1766). 278c, Ads and Laws of the Colony of New-Hampshire . (Exeter, 1776). 278d. Ads and Laws of the State of New-Hampshire .. (Exeter, 171W). The text comprises laws enacted fmm 1776 thmugh 1780, 278e. The General Laws and Liberties of the MassachusettsColony in New England. Raised and Reprinted .(Cambridge, Mass., 1672; reprint, London, 1675). 2781, Several Laws and Orders Made at theGeneral Court Holden Weldat Boston . . (Cambridge, 1672-1684). 278g. At thr Convention of the Governour and Council andRepresentatives nfthe Massachusetts

Colony...(Cambridge, 1689). 278h. Aas and Laws Passed kr the Great andGeneral Court or Assembly of the Province of Massachuldts-Bay in New England, from 1(192 to1719. . (Londtm, 1724). 278i. Acts and Laws, Passed by the Great and GeneralCourt or Assembly of Their fills. Her) Majesties I Mniestr'si Province 1.,!1 the Massachusetts-Bay,in New-England. Begun and Held at Boston (Cambridge, Concord, Roxbury. Salem] .. (Boswn. 1719-1774). 278j. In thr Fifteenth Year of the Reign of George theThird. Kind &c. Ads and Laws, Passed by the Great and General Court or Assembly ofthe Colony of Massachusetts-Bay in

New-England...(Watertown, 1775). 278k. In Me rear of Our Lord, 1776 11777). .4ets andLaws, Pasted kr the Great and General Court or Assembly of the Colony ofMassachusetts-Bay in New-England ... (Watertown and Boston, 1776-1777), 2781. Ads and Laws. Pasted kr the Great and General Court orAssembly of tbe State of Massachusetts Bay, in New England . .(Poston. 1778-1780). 278m. Ath and Laws. Passed by the Greatand General Court or Assembly of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ...(Boston. 1781-1783). '278n. Atli and Laws cif the English Colony ofRhode-Idand and Providence-Plantations, in New-England . (Boston, 1719; 4th revision, Newport, 1767). 278n. Arty and Laws of the English Colony ofRhodt-Island and Providence Plantations, in New-England, in America. Made and Passed Lime the RevisionMime. 1767..(Newport, 1772). 278p. r..t a General Assembly of the Governorand Company a f the English Colony qf Rhode- /stand. and Providence Plantations, in New-England ...(Newport and Providence, 1773-1776). 2789. At a Gemini Assembly of the Governorand Company of the State of Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations ...(Providence and Attleborough, 1777-1783). 278r. Arts and Laws of His Milestirs Colony ofConnecticut in New-England .. (New London and Hanford. 1715-1727).

61 2785. Arts and Laws Passd by Mt General Court or Assembly of His Majesty's Colony of Conneetkut in New-England .. (New London, 1728-1748). 278t. Acts and Laws Passed kr the General Court or Assembly of His Majesty's (Eighth] Colony of Connectiait in New-England ...(New London, 1750-1776). 278u. Acts and Laws, Made and Passed by the General Court or Assembly of Me State of Connecticut. in New-England ...(New London, 1777-1783). 278v. Peter Van Sdiaack (1747-1832), ed., Laws of New-lOrk from the rear M91 to

1773 Inclusive...(2 vols., New York. 1774).

278w. Acts of the General Assembly of the Cohmr of New-lurk. February-March. 1774 . .. (New York, 1774). 278x. Laws of the Stale of New-York. Commenting with the hrst Session of the Senate and Assembly, After Ike Declaration of Independence . (Poughkeepsie, 1782 ).

278y. Laws of the State of New-York. Passed at Kingston . .(Poughkeepsie, 1783). 278z. -Some Gentlemen Employed by the General Assembly," anonym, eds.. The Grants, Concessions. and Original Constitution of the Province of Nervjersey, the Acts Passed During Me Proprietary Goternments. and Other Material Transadions Rejore the Surrender

Thereof to Quern Anne ...(Philadelphia, 1757). 278aa. Samuel Allinson, ed., .4t1s of Me General Assembly of Mt Pnwinte of Newjersty. .from tkt Sarrender, of the Government to Queen Amw. in the rear ol Our Lord 17(12. to the 14th Day of January 1776 . (2d ed.. Burlington. 1776).

278ah. Arts of thr General Assembly of the State of Newjersev . . (Burlington and Tremtm. i 777-1780). Mac. Arts aj the Filth f-Seventki General .4ssemb1v of the State of New-.1erley (Trenton, 1781-1783). 278ad. Uoseph Galloway (ca. 1731-18(E3). ed.77w.IiIc of the Assembly ol Pennsylvania

..And an Appendix. Containing Stich .4th and Parts of Ath, relating to the Proprietary.

as Art Expired, Altered or Repealed ,..(Philadelphia, 1775). 278ae. IThomas McKean (1734-1817). ed.). The Acts of the General Assembly of

Pennsylvania...And an Appendix. Containing Laws Now in Force. Passed between the Thirtieth Day of September 1775, and the Revolution . (2 vols., Philadelphia. 1782- 1786). Vol. II contains laws passed through the year 1786. 278af. [Caesar Rodney (1728-1784) and Thomas McKean (see No. 278ae),eds.), Laws of the Government of Newcastle, Kent. and StUits, upon Delaware ...(2 vols.. Philadelphia and Wilmington, 1752-1763). 278ag. Arum rrgni sato 1-quinto der-into! Geargii Ill wit'. At a General Assembly Begun at New-Castle ...the Following .4th 11'etr Pa.ord lr tke Honourable John Penn IRWhard

Penn), Esquire; Governor... (Wilmington. 1766-1767, 1769-1770, 1772-1773, 1775).

278ah. .4th of the General Assembly of the Delaware State ...(Wilmington. 1779). 278ai. Anno milksmo septingentesimo ortuagesimo 1-primol.A1 a General Assembly Regain

83 82 ai Duni is the Delaware State . .the Following Acts Were Passed .(Wilmington, 1780-1781), 2784.4th of the General Assembly of the Delaware State. at a Session Begun at Dom .. .(Wilmington, 1782-1783).

278ak. Thomas Bacon (Ira. 1700-1768), ed., Laws of Maryland at Luge .Now First Collected into Ont Compleat Body, and Published from thr Original Arts and Records

..(Annapolis, 1765).

278a1. Laws . ..of the Dominion of the Right Honourable Frederick (limy Ilarfordj, Absolute Lord and Pmprirtary of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon, Lord Baron of

Baltimore. Ofr .. (Annapolis, 1768.1770-1774). 278am. Leto of Maryland. Made and Passed at a Session of Assembly, Begun andHeld at the City of :tamps& ...(Annapolis, 1777-1783). 278an. The Acts of Awmbly, Now in Force. in the Colony of Firia. With an Exact Table to Mt nhole...(Williamsburg, 1769).

278ao. Ads of Me General Assembly. 101-121 Geo. M. With an Wes ...(Williamsburg, 1770-1772). 278ap..4t a Graral Assembly. Begun and Ileld at Mr Capitol. in the (.'ity olItilliarniburg

.(Williamsburg. 1773). 278aq Ordinances Passed at a Contention Held at the Town ol Richmond. inthe Colony of l'irginia. on Monday the 17th of July. 1775 ..(Williamsburg, n.d. 117751). 278ar. Ordinarnet Paned at a Convention ileld in the City of Williamsburg, inthe Goiony

of lirginia. on 1idav Me lit qt. December. 1775 ...(Williamsburg, n.d. 11775j ).

278ar.. Ordinance% Passed at a General Convention . Held at the Capital. in the City of Williamsburg, on Monday the OM of Mry, arm Dom: 1776 .. (Williamsburg. n.d. 117761). 276at..1t a General Attmhly. Begun and Ileld at the Capitol. in the City. ofWilliamsburg

. .(Williamsburg 1777-1779). 27841u. Ath Pat.ted at a General Assembly, Begun and Held in the Thum ofRichmond... (Bichm rid. n d. 11780-17811)- 278av. ..1-t% Pasted at a Central Assembly ol the Commonwealth ot l'irginia.Begun and Field atth, Pub& Puiladigs init Town or Rithmond ... (Charlottemille and Richirumd. n.d. 11781-17(ti ). 278aw..4 Comp1,te &vital thr Ads ql".4swmbly. of the Province of A'arth-Carolina. Now in Pow and .(New &Tn. 1773;. 278ax. .1th Proie,t hi. the Assembly. oft/it Prot ince ofNorth-Carolina. .(New Bern, 1774).

278a,. The .4th of lotrthi.; qt the State qt North-Carolina ... (wp.,New Bern, and 17;7-1783). 278ae. Nkbolas Trott (1662-1740). ed., The Laws ql the Provinceof South-Carolina

...((:harleston, 1736).

63 278ba.Arts Passed by the General Assembly of Smith-Carolina at [a] Sessionisj Begun and Midas at Charles-Town ...(Charleston. 1736-1737. 1760). 278bb.Anna regni Georgii III. regis Magnat Britanniae, Franciar & Hibernia quinto [sexto], At a General Assembly Begun and Holden at Charles-Town ...(Charleston, 1765-1766).

2781x. Acts and Ordinances of the General .4ssembly of the State of South-Carolina ...

(Charleston, 1776-1778). 278bd. .4rtsPassed at a General .issembly Begun and Holden at facksonburg, in the State of South-Carolina...(Philadelphia.1782). 278be.Arts and Ordinances Passed at a General Assembly of the State of South-Carolina

..(Charleston. 1783). 278b1. .4ctsPassed by the General .1ssembly of Georgia from February /7. /7.55 to May 10, 1770. .(Savannah,176:3-1770). 278bg. AdsPassed by the General Assembly of Georgia at a Snsion Begun the flth Day of

December, 1772...(Savannah,1773).

[279jAll Treaties entered into with the natives of N. America. This portion of the order could be filled, at least to the point of supplying copies of all treaties known to be in print; of these a limited number are presented below. An indeterminable multiplkity of written agreements "entered into" with carious Indian tribes existed only in manuscript form,for examplesof whichse Papers of Madison, 111. 249: 250, n. 7:IV,125-26: 156. n. 9:V.62. n. 18: 14)5. n.

279a. Articles of Peace between the Most Serene and Mighty Prince Charles 11.... and

Several Indian Kings and Queens. &c. Concluded Me 29th Dar of May. 1,577 ... (London. 1677). 279b.An Account of the Treaty between His Excellency BenjamM Fletcher, Captain-General and Governour in Chief of the Province of New-Fork, &I. and thr Indians of the Fire Nations

...(NewYork, 1694). 279e. The Particulars of an Indian Treaty at Conestoga. between His Excellency Sir William Keith. Bart. Governor of Pennsylvania, and the Deputies of the Five Nations in June. 1722

...(Philadelphia. 1722: reprint, London and Dublin. 1723).

279d. .4Treaty of Prate and Friendship Made and Oncluded between His 1.:xcel1eruy Sir

William Keith...and the Chiefs of the Indians of the Five Nations, at Albany, in the

Month of September 1722 .. (Philadelphia,1722). 279e,Two Indian Treotks the One Held at Conestoga in May 1728. :Ind the Other at Philadelphia in June Following. &gum the Honourable Pairkk Gordon Esq. Lieut. Govenwur of the Province of Pennsylvania. and Countks . .. uponDelaware. and the Chiefs of the Conestogot. Delaware. Shawanese and Canauese Indians ...(Philadelphia,1728).

2791:A Treaty of Frimdship Held with ...the Six Nations. Philadelphia. September. and

October, 1736. . (Philadelphia.1737).

85 84 279g. The Treaty Held with the Indians of the Six Nations at Philaddphia.in July, 1742

...(Philadelphia. 1743), the Honourable the 279h. A Treaty ...at thr Town of Lamaster. in Pennsylvania. by Lieutenant-Governor of the Province. and . .the Commissioners for the Provinces of Virginia and Maryland. win the Indians of the Six Natimu, in June. 1744 ..,(Philadelphia, 1744). 279i. An Account of the Treaty Held at the City of Albany, in theProvince al New-iont. by His Excellency Me Governor...and . . iii, Commissioners .for the Provinces of Massachusetts. Conneakut. and Pennsylvania, with the Indians at Mt Six Nations. inOctober,

1745 .(Philadelphia, 1746). 279j. .4 Treaty, betwein Ms Excellency the Honourable George Clinton,Captain General and Goiernor in Chief of the Province of New-York ...and Me Six United Indian Nations. and Other Indian Nations ..Held at Albany in the Months of August and September. /746

.(New York, 174(i). 279k. A Treats, between the President and Council of the Province ofPennsylvania, and the Indians of Ohio. held at Philadelphia. Nov. 13. 1747 . .(Philadelphia. 1748).

2791. A Treaty Held by ..Members of Me Conned of the Province of Pennsykania. at the Town of Lancaster, with Some Chief, of the Sit Nations atOhio. and Others . in the

Month of July 1748...(Philadelphia. 1748). 279m, A Treaty Held with the Ohio Indians. at Carlisle. in October, 1753 ...(Philadelphia. 1753). 279n. Treaty. or. Artides of Peace and Friendship Renewed betweenHis Exrdlency Peregrine Thomas liopon, Esq.: Captain General and Gomm,* in Chief, in and overMs Majesty's

Province of Nova-Scotia or .4ccadie ...and Major Jear.. Baptivie Cope, Chief Sachem of Me Chiben Areadie Tribe of Mkkmacht Indians .(Halifax, 175:3). 279o, .4n al Conferences Held, and Treaties Made. betweenMufti. r-General Sir William Johnson. Bad, and the Chief Sachems and ll'arriours of the ...Indian Nations in North Amerka. at Their Meeting on IVIerent Occasions at FortJohaton. in the County of Albany. in the Colony of New-York, hi the Fears 1755 and 1756 ..(London. 1756). 279p. A Treaty between the Gmernment of New-lent:v. andthe Indians. Inhabiting thr

Several Parts of Said Province. Held at Croswicks ...the Eighth and Ninth Day al january.

1756 ...(Philadelphia. 1756). 279q. A 7'rentr Held with Mt Catawba and Cherokee Indians, atCatawba-Town and Broad River, in the Months of February and March. 1756. By Virtueof a Commission Granted by the Honorable Robert Dinwiddie, Esquire. His Majesty's Lieutenant-Governor.and Com- mander in Chief of the 0:stony and Dominion of' Virginia. to theHonorable Peter Randolph and iflIliam Byrd. Esquires ...(Williamsburg. 1756).

279r, Proceedings and Treaty with the ...Indians. Living at Otsiningo, on One of the Wist Bram-hes of the Susquehanna River. Negotiated at Forqohnson . . Ntw-York: by the Honourable Sir William Johnson. Bart, Csfr.. ..(New York and Boston, 1757), 279s. The Minutes of a Treaty Held at Easton, in Pninsthyznia, inOctober. 1758. By the Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania, and/be Governor of New-Jersey; with .. Me Mohawks.

86 Nantirok,es435' Con9,s, Ow:Rios, Chugnuts. Onondagas, Odawam. Cayugas,Utranties. Senecas, Mohkkons. Tuscaroras. MinisinAs. Tate toes. and Ilkpings ...(Woodbridge, NJ., 1758).

279t. Samuel Wharton (1732-1800), Dew of. the Title to Indiana ... Containing ... the Deed of the Six Nations to the Proprietors of Indiana-- the Minute% of the Congress at Fort Stanzeix. in October and November, 1768 the Deed ofthe Indians. Settling the Boundary Line betuyen the English and Indian Lands ..(Philadelphia, 1776).

1280)All the political tracts which have been or may be published & may be judged of sufficient importance For "tracts" which had drawn or would draw 311,1s attention prior to the close to 1783.see Papers al. Madison.1. 43; 44. n. 4; 115; 117. ii. 7; 133, n. 5; II. 79; 80, nu. 1, 2: 347: 148, n. II; III, II; 1.1. ii. 17;IV, 143; 144. n. 2: 155: 157, n. 13: 196; 198, n. 12; 228. ii. 7; V. :319; 321, n. 13; Address tothr States, 25Apr. 1783. 38. Even if the phrase "of sufficient importance" is narrowly interpreted, a list of "All the political tracts" published during a time-span of 175 years%mild till a large volume. A list, satisfactorytojM. might begin and end respectively. with the folkwing entries. 280a. [John Smith (see No. NW!. "Th. Watson Gent..- /wend.. TrueRelation of .Voch Ocairreniet and Accident% of Noate at Rath Ilaptted in l'ircinia sincethe Firti

Planting of" That Cottony .. . London. 1608)_ 2801,. Ethan Allen (1738-1789). The Present State of the('n!nsi'eri between the Statet New-lark and Sew llaraphire. on the (mne Prat and the State ofl'errnont on the Other

..(Hartford,1782).

[2811 Brown's History of Jamaica Patrkk Browne (co.1720--179(t). The Citil and NaturalHilton. flJamaica . . (London. 1756; 2d ed.. lacking the valuable illustrations of the Ist.London. 1769).

12821 History of Barbadoes

Richard Hall (d. 1786). The History ofBarhadws. from M3 (o1762... London. 1765).

[283,1 Garcilesso de la Vega's History of Florida Gareilaso de la Vega Era. 1540-16161, called el inra. Ilistorie de la ronquete dela ou relation de re qui l'est passé dansdirourerte de re pais par Ferdinand dr Soto 1670: ...(Spanish original ed.. 2 vols.. Lisbon. 1605; French ed.. 2 vols.. Paris, 5th ed., 2 vols.. Leyden. 1735). For other works by Vega, see Nos. 297and 298.

87 86 12841 Cox's Account of Florida Daniel Coxe (1673-1739), .4 Description of the EnglishProvince of Carolana. B the Sparnanis Call'd Florida, and by the French, Ia Louisiane ...(Variant title, London, 1722; 2d ed., above titk, London, 1741; 2d reprint,London. 1741).

[2851Romans's History of Florida Bernard Romans (ra. 1720ra. 1784), A Concise NaturalHistory of East and West-

Florida ...(New York, 1775; 2d ed., New York, 1776).

[286]Memoirs sur la Louisiane par du Pratz LePage du Pratz (d. 1775), The History of Louisiana, or ofThr Western Parts of rirginia and Carolina; Containing a Description f the CountriesThat Lie on Both Sides of thf River

Missisistippi...(French original ed., 3 vols., Paris, 1758; English ed..variant title, 2 vols., London, 1763; 2d ed.. above title, London,1774).

12871 Description de la Louisiane par Hennepin Louis Hennepin (see No. 205), Description de la Lorrisiant,nourellement &corneae 4U serd'oirest de la Nouvelle France ...(Paris, 1683; reprint, Paris, 1688).

1288) Bossu's travels through Louisianr Jean Bernard Bossu (1720-1792), Travels through That Partof North-Amerka Formerly called Louiqana .. (French original ed., 2 vols., Paris, 1768; Johann Reinhold Forster 11729-17981, tr. and augmenter, 2 vols., London, 1771).

12891 Venegan History of California Miguel Venegas (1680-ra. 1764). A Natural and CivilHistory 0- Calitinnia .. (Spanish original rd.. 3 vols.. Madrid, 1757; English ed., 2vols.. London. I75t).

12901 Muratori il christianissimo felice Lodoviw Antonio Muratori (1672-1750), 11 cristianisimo fellanelle missioni &pada della compagnia di Geni nel Paraguai ...(2 vols.. Venice, 1743-1749). An English edition tpf 1759 was ordy of the first volume.

12911Voyages et descouverts des Espagnols dansles Indes occidentales par Don Bernardo de las casas Bartolome de las Casas (1474-1566), La dicourerkdrs lndes Occidentales. par les espangnols et les mowns dant ils se servis pour fen rendre maitres ...(Spanish original ed., 9 tracts, Seville, 1552-1353; French ed., Paris,1697; reprint. Paris. 1701; one tract in English. in Vol. IV of Purehas[No. 2391).

88 [292]Herrera's History of the Spanish Colonies in America Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas (1549-1625), The General History ty- thtVast Continent and Islands of Amerka. Commonty Call'd the West-Indies ..(Spanish original ed., 4 vols., Madrid, 1601-1615; English ed., somewhat abridged, 6vols., London, 1725-1726).

12931de Solis's History of the Conquest of Mexico by F. Cortez AntonioCieSolis y Ribadeneyra (1610-1686), The History of the Conquest of Mexko by Me Spaniards . .(Spanish original ed., Madrid, 1684; English ed., 3 parts London, 1724; Nathaniel Hooke (see No. 78], ed.. 2d, corrected, ed., 2 vols., London, 1738; 3c1 ed., 2 vols., London, 1753).

[294]Voyages de Gage Thomas Gage (d. 1656), A New Surrey of Me West-Indies. Being a .lournalof Three Thousand and Three Hundred Miles within Mr Main Land of America ..(Variant tide, London, 1648; 2d ed., augmented, main title as above. London. 1655; 4thed., main and subtitle as above, London, 1699; reprint, London, 171)). A newFrench translation of the work (2 vols.. Paris) was published in 1776.

[295]Houston's Memoirs James Houstoun (ca. 1690-post-1753), Thr Weprots eflames Houshmn,M.D., Containing Memoirs al His Life and Trarels in Asia. Africa. America, and Most Partsof Europe ... (2 separate printings, titles varying from above and from eachother, London. 1747; 2d ed., above title, London, 1753).

[296]Bouguer voyage au Peron. Pierre Bougner (1698-1758), 14 .figure de la term. ditenniale parlei observations de MM. Bouguer, & de hi Condamine ...enroy's por ordre du roy au Pima ... ara une relation abregie de cc voyage (Paris, 1749).

[297]Garcilasso de la Vega's History of the Incas of Peron Garcilaso de la Vega el inca (see No. 283), Hinoire de incas. misdu Pirou ...(Part 1, Spanish original ed. of Commentarios reales, 2 parts. Lisbon andCordova, 1609- 1617; Thomas Francois Dalibard 11703-1799j, tr. and rd.,French ecl., '2 %Ills.. Paris, 1744).

12981 Histoires des Guerres civiles des Espagnols dans les Indes, de Gareilasso de la Vega Garcilaso de la Vega el Inca (see No. 283), Ilistoire des geniesdella des espagnols

89 88 dans In lades...(Part II, Spanish original ed. of Commentarios reales, 2 parts, Lisbon and Cordova, 1609-1617; French ed., 2 vols., Paris,1658; 3d ed., 2 vols., Amsterdam, 17(16).

12991Histoire de l'Orenoque par Gumilla Jost' Gumilla (1690-1758), litstoire naturelle, civile a giographiqur IVrinoque: et des principles riviirn qui s' y jettent ...(Spanish original ed.. Madrid. 1741; 2d rd., 2 vols., Madrid, 1743; French ed., from Spanish 2d ed., 3 vols.. Avignon.1758).

13001 Bancroft's Natural History of Guiana Edward Bancroft (1744-1821), An Essoi on the Natural Historyql Guiana, in South

Amerka ...(London, 1769).

1301)Les voyages de Coreal. 1722. Francesco Corral (ca. 1648-1708), Recant dr comes dans l'Amirique.Wridionale ... touchant I, Pima, la Guiane, &c.. .(Variant title, according closely with JM's entry, 2 vols., Paris; 3 %As.. Amsterdam, 1722; 4th ed.,above title, 3 vols., Amsterdam, 1738). Although the French version was allegedly atranslation dr respagnol, no Spanish original edition is known to exist.

13021Falkner's description of Patagonia Thomas Falkner (1707-1784), A Description of Patagonia, and the AdjoiningParts of Smith America .[William Combr (1741-18'23), comp. and ed.I. (Hereford, Eng., 1774).

13031 Nouveau voyage aux iles de l'Amerique Jean Baptiste Lahat(1663-1738).Nouveau voyage aux isles de l'Amirique, comma& rhistoire naturelle de cr pars ...(Author's namc only at end of dedication, 2 separate printings. 6 each. Paris, 1722; 2d ed., augmented, 6 vols., TheHague. 1724; 30 rd., 8 vols., Paris, 1742).

[304]Histoire de St. Domingue par Charkvoix Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix (see No, 234),Histoire dr risle espagnole nu 1733). dr a. Domingue ...(2 vols., Paris, 1730-1731; 2d ed., 4 vols., Amsterdam,

13051Chanvalon's Voyage a la Martinique Jean LiaptiswThibault de Chanvalon, l'atage a la Martinique, contenantdiverces 1763). observiations ..Janes en 1751 & dans In min suivantrs ,..(Paris.

E 13061 Acuogna's relation of the river of Amazons Crish5bal de Arnim (1597-1680). Voyagrs and Disezazries in South-Ameria. The First up thr Rirrr of Amazoiu to Quito. in Peru, and Bark Again toBrazil .. . (Spanish original ed., Madrid, 1641; English ed., hound with the accounts of twoothrr travelers, London, 1698).

[307]"'echo's History of Paraguay. Nkolis del Milo (earlier Du Toict) (1611-1685), &melts rirorumittuLtrium Paraguariar Sorietatis jesu rx historia ejusdem prorindar...Cum smopii thronologka historiar Paraguariat .. !ANL.. 1673; 3 vols. in 2, Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1767 1768; much abridged English version in Vol. IV of the Chnrchills INn.2220).

91 90 For Further Reading

Starting with truant delegate William Pierce, who noted that fellow delegate Roger Sherman began his working days as a cobbler ("but despising the lowness of his condition, he turned Almanack maker"), Americans have been interested in the literary tastes of the Founding Framers. Not all of the delegates matched Alexander Hamilton's reputation as "a finished Scholar," but most of the delegates had pretensions to a classical education. When American historians finally stopped searching for economic motives at the Federal Convention they began paying more attention to the intellectual forces at work in 1787. Following the pioneer study of Zera S.Fink, The Classical Republicans (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University, 1945), there came Richard Gummere, The American Colonial Mind and the Classical Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963) and Meyer Reinhold, Classica Americana: The Greek and Roman Heritage in the United Slates (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1984). These books fostered a new approach to the intellectual resources that created both the American Revolution and the Federal Constitution. Caroline Rr,bbins's provocative book The Eighteenth- Centug Commonwealtlzmai (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959) opened a vcond door through which Bernard Bailyn walked with the introductory essay to his Pamphlets on the American

91 Revolution, 1750-1776, vol.1 (Cambridge, Mass.:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1965).Soon Bailyn's brilliant analysis was reissued as afull book, The IdeologicalOrigins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967). Not far behind inthe range of ideas was GordonS. Wood, The Creation of the AmericanRepublic, 1776-1787 (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Published for theInstitute of Early American Historyand Culture at Williamsburg, Va., bythe University of North Carolina Press, 1969). Interest in the Federal Convention as asingular event has also stimulated an outpouring ofreadable scholarly books.Probably the best one-volume work isClinton Rossiter's 1787: The Grand Convention (New York: Macmillan,1966), and the most recent historical excursion into the menand their production is Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum:The Intellectual Origins oft/it Consti- tution (Lawrence, Kans.:University Press of Kansas, 1985).Garry Wills's Explaining America:The Federalist (Garden City,N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981) attracted widereadership. The lay reader will share the scholar's enthusiasmfor Catherine DrinkerBowen's labor-of-love, Miracle at Philadelphia:The Story of the Constitutional Convention, May to September.1787 (Boston: Little, Brown,1966), which tells the story of theFederal Convention with verveand suspense. Each generation seems toproduce able scholars who want to know how the Founding Fathers wentabout the business of building a republican structure,brick by brick. DouglassAdair's contri- butions to this process ofre-examination stand out for hisincisive probing of the thoughts and deedsof James Madison and Alexander Hamilton in Philadelphia andtheir later collaboration onThe Federalist. Noteworthy are hiscollected essays Fame and theFounding Fathers, edited by TrevorColbourn (New York: Publishedfor the Institute of Early AmericanHistory and Culture at Williamsburg, Va., by Norton, 1974), andThe Spur of Fame: Dialogues ofJohn Adams and Benjamin Rush,1805-1813, edited by Adairand John A. Schutz (San Marino, Calif.:Huntington Library, 1966). In the same tradition isTrevor Colbourn, The Lampof Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Originsof the American Revolution(Chapel Hill, N.C.: Published forthe Institute of Early Amer:-anHistory

94 and Cuhure at Williamsburg, Va., by the University of North Carolina Press, 1965), and Henry F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976). Specialized studies have vastly broadened our understanding or the European background to American constitutionalism. Perhaps foremost among these works are J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 1975), Pocock's collected articles, Prime, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Centuv, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), and Pncock's edited Political Works offames Harrington (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). Also notable are Ray F. Harvey, Jean Jacques Burlamaqui: A Liberal Tradition in American Constituiionalism (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1937); Isaac Kramnick, Bol- ingbroke and His Circle: 77re Politics of Nostalgia in the Age of Watpok (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968), and Paul M. Spur- lin, Montesquieu in America. 1760-1801 (University, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 1940). No doubt the bicentenary of the Constitution will bring forth a number of new studies dealing with the dominating intellectual forces at the Federal Convention. Available collections include those edited by Marvin Meyers, The Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison (Hanover, N.H.: Published for Brandeis University Press by University Press of New England, 1981); Robert G. McCloskey, The Works of James Wilson, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1967); and Morton J. Frisch, The Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton (Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1985). Work now in progress by such promising scholars as Lance Banning and Jack Rakove will bring more insights as the search for abetter understanding of the constitution-making process continues. Robert A. Rutland

95 "Wen Acquainted with Books" hat been trnset in Mergenthaler's Linotron Ratite:7We No. 2.0 Alonotype Composition Company. Baltimore. Maryland, with corer and opening chapter initials in te Grille. set by Phil Photo. It'ashington. D.C. The text itork i.c Hit:Try Old Style, an arid:tiff paper. and the row is Hopper Skylone in brown. The front endpapers are Gilclear and ltasiam Exact Bond in goldenrod. "Well Acquainted with Books" um printed at Garamond1Pridemark Prat, Inc.. Baltimore, Maryland. by dliet (ithograph), and assembled in Colombia, Ilan/and. at ,bnerican Trade BinderY. Designed kr .james E. Conner and Brenda Stant-Pr.

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