CENSUS OF INDIA,· 1961
VOLUME XI
MYSORE
PART VI
VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS
No.23, UM.ARANI VILLAGE Ch ikod i Talu~,. ij,~Jgauni District
Editor
K. BALASUBRAMANYAM. Of the Indian Administrative Service. Superintendent oj Census Operations in Mysor8
1976 Printed in India at Government Central Press. Bangalore and published by the Controller of Publications, Civil Lines, Delhi-6 Price: Inland Rs. 2-75p or Foreign £ 0.32 or • 0.99 7 • 7 •
MAP OF • 18 MYSORE
'7' 17·
16'
IS·
\4'
ARABIAN SEA
FOREWORD
Apart from laying the foundations of demogtaphY geographical, occupational and even ethnic diversity, in this suh-continent, a hundred years of the Indian Of this minimu m of thirty-five, the distribution Was to CenslJs has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly be as follows: accounts of the variegated phenomena of Indian life a. At least eight villages were to be so selected sometimes with no statistcs attached, hut usually with that each of them would contain one dominant just enough statistics to give empirical underpinning community with one predominating occupation, to their conclusions '. In a country, largely illiterate, e.g. fishermen, forest workers, jham cultivators, Where statistical Or ntl merical comprehension of even potters, weaVers, salt-makers, quarry workers, such a simple thing as age WllS liable to be inaccurate, etc. A village should have a minimu m popula and understanding of the social striJ cture WaS essential. tion of 400, the optimu m being between 500 It Was more necessary to attain a broad l'nderstanding and 700. of what Was happening around onesplf than to wrap h. At least seven villages Were to be of nu meri oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or 'mathpmatical cally prominent Scheduled Tribes of the State. ma,gipulation '. This ex:plains why the Indian C"nslls Each village cou ld represent a partieu lar tribe. came to he interested in 'many by-pnths' and 'neady The minimum population should be 400, the every branch of scholarship from anthropology and optimum bE'ing between 500 and 700. sociology to geography and religion '. c. The third group of villages should each be of fair size, of an old and settled character and In ~he last few decades the Census has increasingly contain variegatecl occu pations and be, if turned its efforts to the presentation of village statis,ics. possiblE', multi-ethnic in composition. By fair This suits the temper of the times as Well as our political size WaS meant a popu lation of 500-700 persons and economic structure. For even as We have a great or mOre. The village shou ld mainly depend on deal of oentralisation on the one hand and decentralis agriculture and be sufficient,ly away from the ation on the other, my colleagues thought it Would major sourceS of modern communication such be a welcome continuation of the Census tradition to as the district administrative headquarters and try to invest the dry bones of village statistics with business centres. It should be roughly a day's flesh-and-blood account of social structure and social jOllrney from the above places. The villages change. It was accordingly decided to select a few Were to be selected with an eye to variation in villages in eVery State for special study, Where personal terms of size, prox:imIty to CIty and other meanS observations would be brought to bear on the interpre of modern communIcation, nearness to hills, tation of statistics to find ou t hoW mu ch of a Village Was jungles ana major rivers. Thus there wasta be static and yet changing and how fast the winds of a regional distribution t,hrou ghout the State change Were blowing and from where. of this category of villages. If, however, a particu lar district contained significant ecologi Randomness of selection was, therefore, escheWed. cal variations within its area, more than ore There Was no intention to build up a picture for the village in the district might be selected to stu d y Whole State in quantitatiVe terms on the basis of villages the special adjustments to them. selected statistically at random. The selection Was avowedly purposive: the object being as much to find It is a 11 niqu e featu re of these village su rveys that out what was happening and how fas~ to those villages· they rapidly outgrew their original termS of references, which had feWer reasons to choose change and more as my colleagues warmed up to their work. This proved to remain lodged in the past as to discover how the more for them an absorbing voyage of diseovery and their , normal' types of villages were changing. They Were infectious enthusiasm compelled me to enlarge the to be primarily type studies which, by virtue to their inquiry's scope again unCI again. It Was just as well nu mber and distribution, Wou ld also give the reader a cautiously to filel one's way aboy t at first and then , feel' of what Was going on and some kind of a map of venture further afield, and although it accol'nts to some the country. ex:tent for a certail) unevenness in the qu ality and cOVer age of the monographs, it serve(l to compevsate the A brief accou nt of the tests of selection will help purely honorary ana extra-moral rigours of the task. to explain. A minimum of thirty-five villages Was to For the Survey, along with its many ancillaries like the be ch.osen with great care to represent adequately survey of fairs and festivals, of small and rural industry iV and others, was an 'extra' OVer and above the crushing it was worth the trouble in view of the possibilities load of the 1961 CenSus. that close analysis of statistics offered, and also because
the' consanguinity t schedule remained to be canvassed. It might be of interest to recount briefly the stage By November 1961, however, more Was expected of by which the survey enlarged its ScOpe. At the first tbese surveys than ever before. There was dissatisfaction CensuS Conference in September 1959 the Survey set on the one hand with too many geneta,l statements and a. itself the task of what might be called a record in situ growing desire On the other to draw conclt'sions from of material traits, like settlement patternS of the village; statistics, to regard social and economic data as inter housetypes; diet; dress; ornaments and footwear; furni related proceSSes, and finally to e:x;amine the social and ture and storing vessels; common meanS of transport economic processes set in motion through land reforms of goods and passengers; domestication of animals and other laws, legislative and a.dministrative measures and birds; markets attended; worship of deities, festi technological and cultural change. Finally, a study vals and fairs. There were to be recordings, of cou rSe of camp was organised in the last week of December 1961 cultural and social traits and occupational mobility. when the whole field was carefplly gone through OVer This Was followed l' p in MH.rch 1960 by two specimen again and a programme worked out closely knitting the schedu les, one for each household, the other for the variolJS aims of the Survey together. The Social Studies village as a whole, which apart from spelling out the Section of the Census Commission rendered assistance mode of inquiry suggested in the September 1959 to State Superintendents by way of scrutiny and tech Conference, introduced groups of questions aimed at nical comment on frame of Su rvey and presentation of sensing changes in attitude and behaviour in such fields results. as marriage, inheritance, moveable and immovable property, industry, indebtedness, education, community This gr~dual unfolding of the aims of the survey life and collective activity, social disabilities forums of prevented my colleagues from adopting as many villages appeal OVer disputes, villagc leadership, and organisation as they had originally intended to. Bllt I believe that of eu ltural life. It Was noW plainly the intention to What may have been lost in quantity has been more provide adequate statistical su pport to empirical 'feel' than made up for in equality. This is, perhaps, for the to approach qualitative changes through statistical first time that Such a Survey has been conducteo quantities. It had been difficult to give thou ght to the in any cOllntry, and that purely as a labour of love. importance of 'just enough statistics to give empirical It has succeeded in attaining what it set out achieve under pinningto conclusion' at a timewhen my colleagues to construct a map of Village India's socialst structure. Were straining themeselves to the utmost for the Su ccess One hopes that the volumes of this tlurvey will help to of the main Census operations, but once the cenSUS retain for the Indian Oensus its ~itle to' the most fruitful count itself was left behind in March, 1961 a series of single Source of information abollt the country'. Apart three regional seminars in Trivandrum (May 1961), from other features, it will perhaps be conceded that Darjelling and Srinagar (June 1961) rcstored their the Survey has set up a new Cens s standArd in pictorial attention to this field and the importance of tracing and graphic :locumentation. The Schedules finally social change thou gh a IlU mber of well-devised statisti adopted for this monograph have been printed in cal tables waS once again recognised. This itself pre apper>dices I and II to the monograph on village Iggalur, Supposed a fresh survey of villages already done; but Bangalore District.
NEW DELHI ASHOK MITRA Julv 30, 1964 REGISTRA.R GEb.ERAL, Il'IDIA PREFACE
This report on Umarani is one among the seriesof Village Survey Monographs that are being brought out as part of the 1961 Census programme. The aims and objectives, as also the scope of such village studies have been outlined by the Registrar General, India in his foreword. Prefaces totheearliervolumesgivestothe reader a general idea of the manner of implementation of the scheme in this State.
Umarani is a small, road-side village chosen to represent the Chikodi-Hukkeri Sub-region in the vast, Northern maidan, region of the State. Being situated in the border taluk of Chi)wdi it is close to Kolhapur district of Maharastra. Subsistence economy dominates the rural scene. Cultivation is dry except for a few well irrigated patches. Neither household industry nor trade can be reckoned as significant means of supporting the economy of the village. The dominance of land as the major source of avocation has come to be generally accepted in the village, and the villagers llfo'H' I€adily taken to improved methods of cultivation. The area under wen-irrigation is fast expalJding ard the use of pesticides, and fertilizers have become popular. This study provides the reader are insjgllt into the life of a small rural community which is slowly changing by the currents of modern influences.
The field work was done with zeal and sincerity by Sri M. S. Ramachandra, Investigator during the period July-November 1965. He has also prepared the first draft. While touring Belgaum district in 1966, I also visited the village. The photographs included in the monograph were taken by Sri S. Ramachandran, Senior Technical Assistant (Handicrafts Survey). The final report is the outcome of the sincere and pa.instaking efforts of Sri C. M. Chandawarkar, Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations. K.BALASUBRAMANYAM, Superintendent of Census Operations, in Mysore
CONTENTS
Pages CHAPTER I-THE VILLAGE Introduction-Physical aspects-Flora and Fauna-Size, Number of households and residential pattern-Transport and Communication-Importa,nt pUblic places-Cremation and burial ground-Sources of water-Welfare and adminis~ trative institutions-Market--History of the village 1-8
CHAPTER II-THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS Ethnic Composition and brief notes on important Communities-Houses and House types-Dress and ornaments-Food and Drinks-Beliefs and practices connected with birth-Beliefs and practices connected with marriage-Beliefs and practices connected with death 9-27
CHAPTER III-ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE Economio Resouroes-Faotors influenoing the economic life in the village: (A) Land Tenures and Land Reforms (B) Land Improvement (C) Industria lisation (D) Expansion of the Sources of Finance (E) Expansion of Marketing and Transport Facilities (F) Infiltration of Urban influences; Economic Acti vities and Nature of changes; (i) Livelihood Classes (ii) Workers and Non Workers (iii) Ownership of Economic Resources, (iv) Primary and Secondary Occupations-Changes from traditional occupations-Description of different occupations: CA) Practices connected with Agriculture (i) Cultivation of Jowar (ii) CultivatIon of Sugarcane (B) Practices connected with Animal Husbandry Indebtedness-Co-operative Movement-Income and Expenditure 28-49
CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE Population trends-Age-distribution and Sex Ratio-Vital Statistics-Martial Status-Facility for Medical treatment-Education and Literacy--Types of families-Size and composition of households-Intra family relatioDshir- Inheritance of property-Leisure, Recreation, Fairs and Festivals-Religious Institutions-Statutory Panchayat-Voluntary organisations-FamilyPlaDniIl 6':_ Removal of untouchability-Other Reform Measures 51-60
CHAPTER V -CONCLUSION Conclusion 61 LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Description Pages
I Area, Houses and Population 65 II Population by Age-groups 65 III Size and Composition of Hosueholds 65 IV Households Classified by Religions, Castes and Sub-Castes 66 V Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 67 VI Age and Marital Status 67 VII Education 68 VIII Workers and Non-Workers by Sex and Broad Age-groups 69 IX Workers classified by Sex and Broad Age-groups and Occupations 70 X Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups, Cultivation, Industry 71 and Business belonging to the Household. XI Non-workers by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Nature of Activity 71 XII Househplds by number of rooms and number of persons occupying 71 XIII Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry, Business and Others 72 belonging to the HOllseholds. XIV Types 9f Industry run by the Households 73 XV Types of Business run by the Households 74 XVI Traditional Industry run by the Households 74 XVII Diet 75 XVIII Staple Diet and food Habits of Communities. , 76 XIX Distribution of Households by Occupations, Income and Number of 77 persons. XX Average Annual Income per Household by Occupation 78 XXI A verage Monthly Expenditure per household by Income groups and ·79-84 Occupations. XXII Households and Development Activities 85 85 XXIII~A Indebtedness XXIII-B Indebtedness by Oauses 86 XXIII-C Sources of Credit 86 XXIV Agricultural produce of Cultivation run by th_e Households and their 87 disposal. . XXV Households owning or possessing land or have given out land to others 88-89 for cultivation. 90 XXV-A Ownership of Land by the Residents of Umarani Village 91 XXV-B Ownership of land inside the village by Residents of Umarani 92 XXV-C Table showing the land owned outside the village 92 XXVI General
II Set Tables
92 1 Caste/Tribe or Community and Nature d Family '2 Association of Deity and Object of worship 93-94 3 Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act 96 4 Contravention of Marriage Rules 96 4-A Permissibility of Intercaste Marriage .. 97 5 Awareness of changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption ix
Table No. Description
5-A Share of property for different categories of relatives-Sons 89 5-B Inheritance of property as in practice 99 6 Reciprocal Aid in Agricultural practices 100 7 Livestock statistics including Fishery 101-103 8 Village Industry-Products 104 9 Land Reclamation and Development - 105 10 Co-operative Societies 105 11 Habit of taking su,gar as correlated to Income 106 11-A Habit of taking tea as correlated to Income .. 101 12 Material Culture-Possession of furniture 108 12-A Material Culture-Prossession of consumer goods 109 12 B Material Culture-Habits 110-111 13 Housetype-Roof 112 13-A Housetype-Wall 113
LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS Facing Page 1. State Map of Mysore showing the villages selected for Socio-economic Survey Title Page 2. District Map of Belgaum showing the location of Umarani 1 3. Physical features around Village Umarani 3 4. Village Map of Umarani 28 5. Chart showing workers and non-workers by sex and broad age-groups 36 6. Chart showing population and literacy by sex and age-groups 51 7. Chart showing population by sex, age-groups and marital status 52 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
1. A view of the main street and stone houses xi 2. The Bhakavva Shrine xi 3. The newly built Yellamma temple which is situated enroute to Itnal xi 4. Different types of oil lamps in use in the village. . xi 5. Village Carpenter at work-Fixing a harrow xii 6. Close up of a sheep's ear. The slit in its ear (called Nishani lak ) is a mark of identification. xii 7. Members belonging to the household of a Mahar (Scheduled Caste) xii 8. Maytikallu (Sati stone) found implanted by the side of Bhakavva Shrine xiii 9. A view of Beerappa temple. The mound noticeable at the centre of this roofless shrine represents Beerappa the tutelary deity of Kurubas. xiii 10. Family of a leading Lingayat of the village xiii 11. Young cowhards . xiv 12. Itinerant milkmaid collecting milk by visiting local households for being taken to the town for sale. xh 13. Cyclist milk-vendors on way to Chikodi xiv A view of the main street and stone houses The Bhakavva snrl Qe
The newly built Yellamma temple which is Different types of oil lamps in use in the village situated enroute to Itnal Village carpenter at work- fjxing a harrow Close up of a sheep's ear. The sl it in its ear (called Nishani lak) is a mark of identification
Members belonging to the household of a Mahar (Scheduled Caste) A view of Beerappa temple. The mound noticeable at the centre of this roofless shrine represents Beerappa the tutelary deity of Kurubas. Jlasti Kallu (Sati stone) found implanted by the side of Bhaka vva shri ne
Family of a leading LingC'lyat of the village Young cowheards Itinerant Milkmaid collecting milk by visiting loed households for being taken to the town for sale
Cyclist milk-vendors on way to Chikodi REFERENCE DIS,RICT MAP OF p/st,.'ct Boundary BELGAUM Ta/uk ,~ Nationa.l Hith-way SHOWING THE LOCATION OF" ,State ~-' UMARANI IDIstl'ict I'.oads . Rai/way CHIKOOI TALUK Ta/uk Heaol-quartet's Scale: 16 Miles to an Inch ViI/dIre Selected R/ver$ o· T E - "- To 8ijaptJf' » Fro"., Mira)
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K.V.S. CHAPTER I THE VILLAGE
Introdll,ction in Chikodi. The civil and criminal courts :Ire also "ituated in the tov.-o. A dispensary run by the Umarani represents the Chikodi-Hukkel'i sub Taluk Development Board provides medical facili region of the Northern J\faidan region, l\1ysorf:: State. ties to the public and in addition, there are a number The entire sub-region is mainly agricultural. At of registered medical practitioners. Two higher secon first it was proposed to conduct the survey in dary schools, z;iz., Ramachandra Dhomlo High Karoshi-a large sized village which is adjacent to School and The Chikodi Liberal Education ::;oeiety Umarani. Subsequently in view of the time fnctm' High School, provide facilities for education up to involved in covering a large village it was substituted S.S.C. During 19fi5 tht> H.D. High Schoo! hy a smaller village. Umarani is predominantl~' intr<.,;duccd l.hl P.D.C. also. The shandy or weekly agricultural, having only a few individuals who are market, which gathers on every Thursday at Chikodi cngaged in trade, service or industry. The villa~c ;;erve~ a number of villages in the neighbourhood. extends over 9.3 square miles and about 90 per cent =" 11 Tllcrous retail and a few wholesale dealers transa<-t of the land is arable. The entire tract is raillfecl and business 011 all days of thc week ill their permanent the cultivation is mainly dry. Howevcl', in Umarani shops. The exports from ihi,.; market ate as also numerous other villages in the neighbourhood unimpressive. N ev('rtheless the Ch.ikodi sub well-irrigation is quite popular. Thus there arc division is famoHs for sugarcane and fruit and several patches of lirrigated land. Kapile the tradi "egdable gr[tdens since sevt'ral decades. Betnl tional system of lifting water with bullock power i~ kavcs produced in and around Chikodi have .~arnetl being continued and of late pump-sets operated on wide fame and are therefore exported to several oil engines arc being installed by many. The need distant town~. Except for an oil mill, the town is and importance of irrigation is keenly felt by the nevoid of any large sized industrial establbhments. ryots and they are eagerly utilising the benefit,.; In the town, there are llumcrou's leather workers provided by the Government and other agencie.". who manufacture ehappnls and also equipments slIch The village has been covered by the National as m,otte (leather bag) mini, etc., required by the Extension Service Block Chikodi from ] 91)0. The agriculturists. There are two cinema theatres which agricultural produ~e of Umal'ani and its neighbour provide ample facilities for recreation. In ntldition hood consists of jowar, bajra, maize, wheat, nnvane. to an Inspection BU'nga 1o\,.. there are n few lo.Jging groundnut and sugarcane. Until reeentl:;T Umarani houses. There art' a number of hotels and t.ea shops remained an inam village. which cater to the lwcds of the townfolk 'as well a:< the floating population. The town is provided \v1th Location with reference to impm-tant centres of electricity. A rivulet passes through the town and administration, ~ommerce. industry and culture ;- it has been bridged at two phlC(,S.
Chikodi the Taluk headquarters is at a distance Belgaum City with a population or 1,46,790 of only 6 kilometres from Umarani. It is t.h(, (1961 census) is the district and divisional head nearest and important centre of administrat.ion, trade quarters. The distance hetwppn BeIgaum and and commerce. It is a small town situated amidst Umamni is roughly 8.7 kilometers and, on this road. a group of hills and its population, according to the State Buses ply at regular intervals. Belgaum 1961 Census, is 15,745'. Its civic administration is happens to be the chief centre of administration as carried on by a town panchayat. The offices of the it is the headquarter of Belgaum division. It is it Tahsildar, Revenue Sub-Divisional Officer. Taluk centre for higher education besides being a place of Development Board, Circle Inspector of Police, commercial and industrial importance. Having been Excise Inspector, Executive Engineer, Public Works known as ven·ugrama rin the days of yore Belgaum is Department, Agricultural Demonstrators fol' soil a place of great antiquity. In the recent history Conservatio'n and Sugarcane Development, Life also it played a prominent role and durin~ the early Insurance Corporation of India, etc., are all loeated ~'('ars of British regime it WitS the- chit"£ militAry " U:.u.A.RA.Nl station in Karnataka. The country around Delgaum normally higher than those prevailing lit Gokak, is hilly and the terrain is rugged. It has a fort which ~ipl'o.nj :md otber places. Thus in' spite of the is about 1,000 yards long and 800 Yl'.rd~ broad distance many cultivators and also procuring agents occupying an area of about 100 acres. The earliest, ill rural parts frequent this market. Athuui, situated known mention of BelgaulTl is said t.o JC as al a Ji.~Lance of' about 70 kilometres, is klhHvn for its Venugram in a Kadamba inscript.ion found neal' tl'uue ill jagl4eQ', Sallkeshvur which is at a distance Bidi. La ter it came under the rule of H~lt.j 8<; n nd ,n' about 2'2 kilometres from Chikodi has a sugar then conquercd by the Deygil'i Y;,daY:ls. It C~lme factory. This industrial establishment has been of to be included nnder the Vi.ia~·'Ul<1 gar territory ill immense help to the cultivators. There i:l a sll'gar about 1375 A.D. The Rahmani" took oyel' Belgt,ull1 factory at Ugar \('11:ch is at a distance of about. 3·.1. and the regime under the influence of Islamic rulers kilvmctres from the vmage. These two factories continued with a few interruptions. It \vas morc particularly the latter, 'tUract a large number conquered by the Bri Lic,h' from the fold of ~ ra ra tha~ of labourers from the vicinity of Chikodi during the during the III l\Iaratha war in 180"l. sugarcane harvest season. Some of the }\lahars of {'warani abo go out to Ugar seasonally in search of ~ippani, (;nkak, Sa nidi. "\.tlWlJ i, Sanke"hval'. work. The temple of Shankarling at Sallkeshvar is Xidusosi, Dl!ggcyadi. Y('dur, Chil1('hli, de .. arc a said to ha \'(' been bU'ilt by JakanaeharY
Umarani are Babana kodi, N arikodi, Siddarayana on his conquest of Karnatak stationed his officers at kodi, Ramalinganakodi and Navi!gerakodi. There are Hukkeri. In Hukkeri besides several tombs and no tanks in the village but there are numerous irri ruined water channels, two mosques called the Chini ghummat and Gajbara Saheb's mosque are the other gation wells at several places. objects of interest. The fort, aqueducts and cistel'lls The villagers reckon three seasons viz., summer,' are said to have been built by Ein-ul-Mulk Gilani rainy season and the winter. The Hindu months of (1503-1546 A. D.). Rustam Zaman son of Handul M agha, Phalguna, Chaitra and' Vaishaka (Mld lakhan built the chini-ghummat. Later it was ruled February to mid-June) constitute the summer. The over bv Marathas under the Peshwa rule. day time, particularly in May and June, would be very hot but the cold westerly br.eeze render" the /:'n'!Js~cl11 aspects: n:ght somewhat pleasant. During summer there would be sporadic rains accompanied by thunder Umarani is located at 16° ~O' North latitutie and storms. These occasional rains are called addtw
RaJnfall partioulal'S-Clhlkod1 station
Year
1960 19t1l 19611 196a 1964
R.D. • Qty. R.D. Qty. R.D. Qty. R.D. Qty. R.D. Qty. (mm.) (mm.) (mm.) (mm.) (mm.)
January Nil x Nil x Nil x Nil x Nil x February Nil x Nil x Nil x 1 15 Nil x Mroroh Nil x Nil x 1 & ". all 4, 12 April 1 6 1 S 3 31 i 1i2 1 13 May IQ llQ 10 174 " ii7 Ii 19 2 Si .Tune 4, ilG 4 lill 1 12 1 11 I) :u July 20 132 2a 261 1& ISS 12 Sa 11 121 AugUMt 17 ~ 10 41 12 75 21 168 20 ISS Septem.ber l4. 29t • 12 7 at 4 1Q HI 109 Ootober 6 117 04- 61 7 100 l' 141 12 229 November • \ 00 1 11 1 4S 1 • Nil X Deoember Nil X Nil X 4 7' Nil X 2
Tota.l 87 7S7 50 !illS 58 Gfl9 M aSI 74 762
,,".D.-Rain,. daya. Qty.-Quantit,. in _DU.
The villagers have several local names for the indicates the impending failure of crops. On the winds which prevail during different periods in a year. other hand if this breeze is fine the yield is believed Broadly speaking, during the months of March to to be above normal. These breezes which are h~ghly September the; wind blows from the west and the moisture laden are experienced usually during the south while during the period October to February early hours of the mornings during November and easterly and northern winds prevail. The westerly also December. element, however, prevails all through the year. During the months of January-February and FIoTa and Faun.a March, the villagers say, the wind changes its direc tion very frequently. Such breezes from !!everal Tree growth is rather sparse in and around Chi directions are termed 8untaragali. From April upto kodi. The hills in Chikodi Taluk are mainly dry and the end of June, there would be North-eastern winds are devoid of dense tree growth. The natural vege which are locally called Bharadagali and also KoLka tation consists chiefly of neem and babhul trees in purmuli gali. If these winds are cyclonic even the addition to a few varieties of mango, tamarind, bilvlJ well-formed clouds are blown off and the expected (Aegle Marmelos), banni, (Prosopis spidgera) rainfall is averted. The western wind called Meltina and the atti (Ficus religiosa) or the Indian fig. On [jltil commences in the middle of June and lasts for either side of the black topped road which passes about 2 months. This change of direetion or the through Umarani, connecting Chikodi town and the "lind is termed as Miraga. 1'kirugitu. and this brings Railway station, thel'e Ill'e avenue trees. Ala (Ban down generally medium showers. Towards the end yan), Basari (Ficus infectoria) and Nerale (Engria of August or in September, Eshanyamooli gali that Jambolana) arc the common species to be seen on is north-eastern winds slowly set in and continue for the road sides. Within !!he village site there are a about four fortnights. This wind is also called Ham few shade bearing trees. The Gul mohar (poincia.na shchandra gali and is believed to precede rains. The regia) locally known as Sanke3hvari gida and Nand. month of November registers the eastern wind called arike gida (or Nand'l"Uk, Vrostigma retusum or Ficus Mudan dikkina gali and this change over is termed by Benjamina) are the chief varieties of the shad~ bear the people as DOWia bidit'U. Absence of this wind in/: trees. In t\ few irrigated plots a few arecanut and rUE VILLAGE cocoanut plants may be seen. Bamboo thickets found November-February, kabbakid birds inlfnigrate in Umarani are very few in number. Tikkangida seasonally and damage the jowar crop. Korra koncki (the wood of whkh is us~d as fuel), Moringa tree birds visit this area during February-March and. eat (Horse radish), Pappaya, Gugava fruit trees, lemon away safflower. DuTing other seasons Kabbakki and plants etc., may be found here and there in the Korrakonchi are seldom seen. village. The other shrubs and plants are useful to the villagers as fuel, when dry. The local name.;; of Size, Number of hoWJehold8 and re8idential pattern some of the common plants and shrubs are Kadava rigida (cassia auriculata), Chogache, Harivana, cactus of four varieties, (viz., Javari kalli, Vilayathi kaUi, The village is cadastrally surveyed and its geo Beli kalli and Padagalli). Kare, BanaduTigi, Kavali, graphical area is 9.3 square miles. About 90 per cent Chadurangi, Il1dli etc. There are a few types of cre of the area is assessed and this yields a revenue of pers such as Ammta balli, Sonamukhi balli, Huliballi, Rs. 3,446 per annum to the Government. According to the survey, there arc 31~ households in the village. Thondeballi. Tottilu balli etc. The leaves of some of tnese plants have medicinal value. Leaves of In 1951 there were only fl38 households and in 1961 the number increased to 288. The intercensal period Banadurigi plant cause much heat when consumed has thus witnessed a rise by 21 .per cent. The popula and they believe if any pregnant goat were to con sume a few leaves it would result in the death of the tion which stood at 1,534 in 1951 increased to 1,801 in 1961 and to 1,873 in 1965. In terms of hOUSll foetus. These leaves are used for treating patients holds and population, Umarani ranks among with swollen limbs. Byalada gida is another variety the of plant found in large number. A solution prepared medium sized villages in the Taluk. The density of from the bark of this plant when' distilled yield, an population, according to the survey is 200 per square mile. intoxicating drink. Kansgale, Gulabi, Chand'1lhoova, Dashala, M allige, Sampige, Kamalada hoova, Thumbe hoova are plants the flowers of which are used in The houses in the village are located both within worship. The cultivated crops consist of jowar, the gaonth;;'na or village-site and also in the fields. wheat, maize, navane, (Itallian' millet), rice, a,l'har, The village site extends over an area of eleven acres beans, groundnut, sugarcane, castor, chillies, muon and 3 guntas. Here the houses are in an !l~gl\)mel' and other vegetables, tobacco and plantains. ated cluster but a few lanes and bye lanes of all irregu lar shape and size may be discerned. Generally the The hillocks such as Honnagudda etc., and ex houses adjoin each other and are aligned in ;l row. tensive uncultivated fields aroU'nd the village are in The residential pattern is generally castewise. The hahited by a few species of wild animals. The animals Holers or Mahars ~jve exclusively in a portion of the seen ,occasionally are the wolf, jackal, hyena, deer, village. Close to their quarter. live the Mang:;;. hare, porcupine, black-faced monkey, mUllgoose, 'Iid-a These two communities are notified as schedUled etc. The jackals are fond of groundnuts and stalks castes. The two households of Bhajantri or Koravas of sugarcane. Similarly porcupines are said h' be ha ve their houses behind that of a Mamtha. In the fond of maize, pumpkin and sugarcane. The villagers other lanes live the Lingayats and Kuruba as also a wiII, therefore, be vigilant to protect theil' crop" iroJll few Brahmins. The main road from Chikodi to these pestering animals. Snakes, such as kyare havu, Chi~odi Road Railway-st~tion soon after negotiating ajagara, hasiruhavu, balagadaka, and m.annum1Lkka, an uphill path enters the village from the western side are fonnd in the vicinity of Umarani. Cows, hullocks. and runs in a straight line towards the south-east buffaloes, sheep, goats and horses are the domestlcated corner. enrouie passing very close to the uortherIl animals reared by the villagers. ftinge of the village-site. Near the bus stop towards the north-east is located the house of a Maratha In this region a large variety of birds may be behind' w4ich. are the Bhajantris. Opposite to the seen all through the year.. The common birds are a house of" the Bhajantri and on the other side or the variety of sparrows called urugubbi, karigubbi, hasiru road is the Sthaladappa temple which belongs to the gubbi, 8anna gubbi etc,. which damage the jowar l\lahars~ The major portion of the village-site Ijes to crops; crows, channakki, belava, sambar kaye or the the south-west of the malin road. The approach from erow pheasant, parivala; gidaga or mala]1ath, cowjuga, the bus stop to the village, proper i.!l quite wide and burli, tavmakki, thogO;la, bavali, hadyala, parrots, a large extent on either side is an open field. The cuckoo, folws peafowls. During the months of public well reserved 'for Mahars as also the other 6 well used by th~ caste Hindus are visible from this holds. None in the villa,e buys nowspapera regul road. The approach road leads to the village chavadi arly. The Kannada daily "Samyukta Karnatakv" :~ and then proceeds to the eastern end of the village the most popular newspaper in the region. site in a rugged and uneven manner. This is the main street of the village. Though the houses appear Important public places to be in a regular row there are a number of naTrow cross byelanes at right angles to it. Towards the In Umarani there are seven temples viz. Bhave north of this street are located the temples of )Iamthi shvari also called Bhakavva, Maruthi, Beerappa, and Bhaveswari. A lane deviates from this 3treet Prasada linga, Ramalinga, Sthaladappa and Yellavva. and runs by the side of Bhaveswari temple :lud sub The influence of these shrines is felt only within the sequently takes a turn to the west. The other lanes village but the recently established temple of Ydl are very irregular in shape. In main street the avva hlls cast its influence over a few other vilIagelc' in Kurubas and Lingayats are housed while in the the neighbourhood. The devotee of Yellavva who is other, there are a few Brahmin heuses also. The responsible for the establishment of the temple, is houses in the fields arc isolated homesteach, the pos;,;essed by the Goddess during the puja hours. number of houses in each ranging between one and Several people from far off places visit her to consult ten. These are usually located close to irrigation about their afflictions. All the temples of the village wells. 'Ire ordinary structures. Close to Bhavesvari temple there is a sati stone. It bears no inscription whatso Transport and Communicatwn ever and the villagers too have no legends associa~ed with it. On the outer compound wall of the Rama Being situated roughly 6 kilometres from Chi lings. temple there is a stoneslab bearing an inscription kod; where roads from different centres con \'crge, in old Kannada script. This ooes not appear to have Umarani enjoys good transport facilities. One rOLte! been deciphered so far and the contents are therefore from Chikodi leads to Nippani and fUTther to Kolha oLscurc. pur while another leads to Hukkeri and Belgaum. Athani, Raibag, Kagavad, Sankeshvar etc., arc all Cremation and burial grounds connected to Chikodi by good roads and buses ply regularly between these places. Another road, which In the village no patch of land is exclusively set connects Chikodi to Chikodi Road Railway station and t1pUl't eith"r as a cl'emato-riuui or a graveyard. ~t is frem thereon, runs right upto Jamkhandi in Bijapur only the Brahmins and the l\laratha (who arc in District runs across the village Umarani. Several insignificant numbers ,in the village) that dispose of buses ply on this route from morning till late in the their dead by cremation. For this purpose they evening. From Umarani there are several cart tracks utilise a pOl'lion of the land, (owned by a private which lead to adjacent villages such as Karoshi, Bel individual) which is adjacent to the Karoshi !Lalla kod, JodkUl!:1I'i, KeMlT and Yadagood. Between and situated very close to the village. The Lingayats Umarani and ltnal, there is an unmetalled road. generally bury their dead. The households helong Besides passenger buses, bullock carts are also used ing to the patil family use the lands they own while for transport. Bicycles are also 'popular. For ll'uns the others use the str:p of land close to Karoshi halla pQrting agricultural products to market place:; the very near the village-site. Though the land i~ pri villagers generally employ lorries or sometimes use ,-ately owned, the owner cannot prevent its public bullock carts. During marriage seasons, fairs and use as it has becoIIle a customary right since several such other festive occasions bullock carts carrying generations. Among the Kurubas those belonging to jovial groups of ru'Stic men and women may be seen the Pujari family, use a str~p of land close 10 the on the road. Beerappa temple. The 1\Iahars have a :wparatc patch of land exclusively for their use as a graveyard. From H)62, the village is served by an. Extra Here, there are haH a dozen stone tombs 'tnd a few Departmental Post Office, which offers facilities of altar type tombs also. This patch of land is a daily clearance, money orders and. registration. The Government waste but it has _not been expressly nearest telegraph office is at Chikodi. The Village reserved as a graveyard. The l\fuslims also have an Panchayat possesses a community radio receiver set exclusive graveyard which extends over nearly 13 operated on dry battery cells. Besides this, there cents and belongs to the patil. are three radio sets owned by 3 Lingayats house- , ~." VI. L.L A Gil 7 " , ,~. .
::SOU'1'peB of watef' traders staying elsewhere. Some of the Kurubas of the villarte are milk vendors. They collect milk from Umarani has two public wells of which one has house to"'house in the ~il1age as also in the neighbour been exclusively set apart for the, use of ::'.Iahars. ing yillag;:s 'i.neI supply it to Chikodi. The veg(' The other well is used by nil caste-Hindus and the tal;lcs l)l:ud~!cl' I in the village are also taken to ::Uuslims. Besides these two, there are three mo1'(' Chikodi' -for (]:sposal. The Thursday ;;;handy at wells within the village-site. The wells have masonry Chikodi cr: te"s to the n('('ds of the people of lhnarnni wall all round lllld llre equipped with pulleys fo1' drawing water. Several irrigation wells, Jispd'sed There are two tea shops in the village. all over the yillage, provide, water for irrigation a~ also for ot})('r purposes to the inhabitants of nearby Hi,~t01'Y of the village rlwellings. The water available in Umarani is swcL't and hralthy. Therc arc no tanks or pel'(,l1l1i;d Till 1951, Umarani rc'mained an Inam, village. strrllms in the village. During the rainy Sf':lson the It was granted as a sanad to Sri Narayana J:{ao Rava~ hallas, which are dry in sU'mmer, overflow. Til(' loji Desai Nanadiknr with the hereditary rights re \Tang community which is a scl:eduled caste j,.: dcp hoanliJlff b the en;ovment.J t, of the ,_grant, by A. Clarke riwd of the lIse of the public wells. Even th(' ,krvoics Esq. CDllcctor of Belgaum, in the year 188;~. :\rahnr~, who arc themselves a scheduled caste. do lleferences to Umarani dating to any earlier period" not allow the 'M angs to use their well. Therelol'c. arc llnt to he found. The stone inscription rleal' when others arc drawing water the l\1angs wait upon Ramalinga tempIr: or the sat£ stone which are the only them and get their pitchers filled with their assi:- relics of the mst do Hot throw any light on lhe histo tance. rical past' of ' the village. Even Chikodi which is the nearest tOWIl has very little historical background. Wl'lfare and administrative in8titution.~ The Bombay Cazet~e~r while dealirg ab(,~t Chikodi ~tatcs (P. 55,1" Yol. XXI, Bdgaum), "About 1680 The village has It c]zavadi (a public building), A.D. the English gc;,graphcr Ogilhy noticu> Secory as which serves as the nffice of the Talail: and PatiI. A a village of some note on the read from Goa to Bija portion of this huildiug is let out to the village pur, seven lens J'rcID ',t wa~ Rayhpg Rnd fiY~ kos di~tallt panchayat and also to the Co··operative Soc:iety. The was Pagod from which the city of Mirsie (-:\firaj) Umarani village panchayat and tht, Co-opera tive with its l'a~tle nl1(l towel' cOllld he plainly sren ". In Society ('over the village Itnal also. Th,_. Ch:.irm[tn 17'?O captain ~foor ckseribcd Chikodi as a larg~ and of the yiJlage panchayat as also the Chairman or thp respectahle lnWll with all extf'nsive ntarket plefl~illgl:v Co-operative Society and the two village officinls :nc situated Oll a ri\"crl::t. The tmyn had a good maIlU residing in Umarani itself. TJmarani is the circle facture of elo~ It chiefly for the Jl'ess and convenience hpadquarters of the National Exten"ioll S{'rvice, bllt of the cOl1nLr'y pc·ople and a good Thursday market. for sometime past there is no Gramasl.'vak here. The neighbourhood of the town ,,,as famous for grapes During the period of survey, it was noticed that th~ of extraordin:ll'Y size and flavour. In 1827 .~a?tain village level worker, Karoshi was pJaced in addi Clunes llOticcs Cherkoric as "a town belonging to tional charge of TJmarani also. There is a primal'.v Kolhapur ",'Ih 600 hOllSf'S, seven shops and \vells." ~chool in which the students are taught upto the V When Ch~kodi itsrlf ,vas ,in sllch a state in the past, standard. As it has no building of its own th(~ it is easy to imagine the position enjoyed by Umnrani. classes are conducted partly in a rented house and In all proba1JiI'ty it remained an unnoticed, small partly in the Maruthi temple. As no medical assis village nceomllochting a few cultivators. The tam'e is available in the village, the people haw' to yillaf.Fc]'s have no k~('nds or historical facts associated rcrwh Chikodi for ohtaining nwdieal help. with" the origin or' growth of their village. III an attempt to expla=n intelligently the derivation of its Jfarlcct name, they say, that in the pa$t it was adminlstere(l There are only three retail trading est:l.hlishmenls hy a rani «~u('en) named Uma. in the village. The shops keep open on all days of the week but the transactions take place on ~t small JIistory of the settlement of various commu~~itie$ in scale. A few men take to wholesale trade during the village the harvest season. They buy the agricultura,! produce and export it to outside marketing centre~. The Lingayats, Kurubas and the Mahars are the A few of them work only as ageI)ts to ,,,,hole!'! It" three ntlllleri('all~' important communities of tbe 8 yillage. These three are ,~uppoieJ to be the Ol'iglllul with some viliage or town other than Umarani in the settlers of the village. Nevertheless a few families past. 'l\10st of these people are unable to state when among them are immigrants from other village:; ill and for what reasons their fore-fathers immigrated the past 2 or j genel'atiolls. The majority OI th0 into Umarani. The Koravas are from Chikodi and :\[ahar5 haYc a feeling that they are the agnah''3 of so also arc the Buruds. Chatrer, Sakr, Hanabar and the ::\Iahars of Xalladi yiUnge where the famil.\' of tlw a few Lingayats. Of the seven families of Brahmins lnamdar of rmarani i~ rcsicling. }'rom this :L i~ one hails from Belkod and another is from Nalladi. implied that the inamuar shifted some :Mahal'~ to Four families profess to be the descendants of the l!marani SOOI! after the grant \yas made to him. c\ original settlers while the other single member house few are recent immigrants from some neighhouring hold is that of the Secretary of the Yillage pallchayat villages. TIlt' surnames of many Lingayats as also whose dept'ndallts are living in Bage\'lllli. those of Kurubas point ont their probable connection CHAPTER II THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS
Ethnic composition and brief notes on importani In th~ paragraphs to follow it is propo~ed to Communities. present brief notes on Lingayats, Kurubas,- 1\{ahars, Brahmins and ::\Iuslims. It is needless to say ~hat The village population is composed of Hiwlus these communities have been met with in several and .Muslims. The Hindus constitute 07.2 per cent other villages selected for socio-econemic survey in of the total population and render the Muslim com· this region and brief notes on these castes appea.r in ponent of 'l.S per cent almost insignificant. The :Mus the releyant monographs. lims of Umarani resemble the local Hindus in all res pects and in economic and social life, tend to identify 1,ING.\YAl'S themselves with the majority comJ1lunit~-. 'Ihe~ only differ in their religious beliefs and observance of The Linga;vats are among the 1110st numerous fasts and feasts. Hindus are subdivided iuto several people in the St.ate and they are found in both the castes and subcastes each in its turn constituting an rural and the urban sectors. Lingavant, Veerashaiva, independent endogamous unit. The social and eco Shiva Bhaktaru arc a few synonyms popular in this nomic as well as kinship eOlltacts of these uuits ll·gion. The Lerm Lillgayat is derived fom linga extend oyer Heveral villages in the neighbourhood. In the emblem of Lord Shiva and ayta meaning 'wearer.' the village, the Lingayats, the Kuruba ~nd the ::\Jen, women and children professing this faith con l\{ahars are the numerically inlJportant castes and stantly wear a stone linga, kept in a silver casket, put together they constitute 85 per cent of the total on their persons. In fact soon after birth, the infant population. The caste composition of the village is is invested with the linga and it is removed only at reflected in the subjoined statement. The particulars the gra.\'e. If anyone loses the linga during h~::; life of households classified by Religious, Castes Ilnd 5[11> time it tantamounts to one's spiritual death and such castes are presented in Table IV- (appendix) . a persoll should undergo a purificatory ceremony when, once again, he is given a new linga by his pre ceptor. Though the Lingayats are subdivided into PClpulation Household~ numerous subcastei each maintaining its own connu ~L Xanw ofth,' ------)\u. Cct~tc XumllCl' Percentngp Xumher Perc<'ntag('. hilt! regulations they are all bound together uy Ii common tradition and a common faith. For them there
1. LingH.\ at I:!s -H .O:l s:lS H.i~ is no god other than I,ord Shiva and His llumerous 2. Kuru}} .. 7!t 2;").;3:! ·Hi.,) :!4.:!!1 manifestations through age,;. The Shiva Sharanas and the Jangamas art' veritable Go(ls to whom utmOi;t 3. JIa Iw I' ~)."- ) Ii .0:; ;JtlO 1(j.(I;) 4. Pallchala s :?;57 -!'"i 2.40 reverence is imperativ~. Basa vanna, Anama Prabhu, 5. lIang 7 :!.24 :ls :l.Il:l Challnabasava, AkkamILhadevi etc., are the famous 6. Brahmin i :!.24 ;w l.til) Lingayat saints of the past and they are held in high esteem. The vachanas or verse~ composed lind pro .. Kabbaljga .j 1.GO :!ti I. +!. pagated by the saints to preach the Veerashaiva tenet3 s. Maratha -~ 1.2" ;!:! 1.1i to the ordinary people, are widely popular eyen to H4 Korava ., (Ui! I:! tJ.(i.j. this d:leY. Parlodaka, the water obtained by wash~ng lU. Hallaha]" ., 0.1)4 Ii O.~IO the feet of the Jangam is the holiest of the holy while 11. L'hamagar :.! O.H.J. 1•• O.tW the mere touch of his sacred feet is enough to sanctiiy J" Kumbara (I. a:! ,j n.:.!7 the most sinful of the laymen. In theory, the Ja. BlIl'lld o.:t? -1 0.2;; Lingayuts hold that all those who wear the Linga 14. I::blcr o.a:! Ii (I. a:.! and folIo\'; the precepts of the faith are equal in all 15. Chatl d' II.:!:! ., 0.17 respects. They accord equal sta.tus to women and IH. :'I[usl iUl· !I 2.N!' ...-., t •.., 2, ~:l ---.------uphold independence for the women folk. Nothing can TOT.\). al:2 lOO.()H '_:-.i7:! I{lO.OII pollute the ,vearer d a linga tllld so also no ~'vil spirit (}l' ghost can dare approach him. They do not, (iu ]0
theory atlealSt though not in common practice) sub are economienl1y better placed than the other ~~tions scribe to the concepts of rebirth and transmi~l'ati(}n of the village community, The pati/" together hold of soul which are fundamental to the Hindu thought. over an extent of about 780 acres or service inu'ln For them death is but a change when a person ex lands and :n additiOll many households have land~ changes the cares of the mundane world for the jo:.-.., acquired by' purchase. In the social and cultural of ko,;lasa the abode of Shi .... a. Uastinted devotion sphere: t!le.y hoLl :m influential position by virtue of and constant prayers to Lord Shh·u are the meallS their numerical prepollderance, economic soundness for deliverance. :1 ud the chim to the office of the village headman. The family
family line of .patil the Yillage headman. The mal~ There arc :; hou~eholds of .Jangams consisting of members 0; this fnmily use patil as their surname. 4 males and 4 females in all. T,\'o of these households and Gon'da (also spoken as Gonda colloquially) 1l~ an bear the surn:lme .1'1aiapathi that is beadle and botll apf'llation to th(·ir names. Their name's wonld };(' 111<';';(' ar.: Sill~k lll"ml)('r households having one female like. Baht Gowda Bhimuna. Gowda Patil, Rasa Gowda member in caeh. The other family hears the sur ,Jyoti Gowda Patil and Ningana GO':l"Cla Appaiah name' llircmutl and it. belongs to the true priestly Gowna Patil etc. There are a few other families ()l'(h'l'. This IW1L,dlOld at Umarani is a splinter of which bear the surnames of cdravi, SamlJaji, Y :1 joint falnily which sta;-.·s at Chikodi. As they OW11 Adiseeri, Ninganoor, etc. :\faJe memher:;: of these Iwn l'l,v GO aeres of In nd in the village personal :rartj appa. f:lIn:lics use the suffix Their common namE" ('ipal inn in agrieul Lure has heen felt necessary aDf{ appear as follmvs : so one person is sl:1ying r('rm~nentl'y in Umamni. NagaPlla Shivappa Samhaji, Bhl'enlal~~a N8- Th" l\\'o hOl!"dlOH" (1f Banajigas also have their g:lJ)pa Ye<1r:,,·i. Kallnppa Appiah Adiseeri etc. All clost" l'(')ations at Chikodi, who, all put together, con the ""0111(>11 folk among Lill~ayats use the suffix aV!;(l stitllte a joint family. They are staying here in Grdcr . and, a few, due to the preyalence of a slight 'M'trathi to exercise personal supervision on the lands jointly influence, occnsionally use bai. The Ad'banaiigas held. Their brothers at Chikodi are traders. Thota are subdiv'ded into several bedagu or clans such gars or l\Ialagars are gardeners while the Nhavis are as H onnajajannavar (the bedagu of patil's family J_Jingayat barbers. The four households of Thota f1ine), llonnamuthinavarn etc. Endo-clan marriages gars and l'.:Ialagars own lands and they Ilre in add~- are taboo. As a group, the Adibllnajigas of UmoJ'lmi 1ion cultivating lands taken 011 lea.:!Ie. 11
Among Lingl1yatll except lome ~nen households can be .et uP. hut these the leldom wed. Tho the rest own lands. They live in tiled houses with Kurubas are showing keener interest in cultivation mud and stone walls. Of the 1£8 households, only and such other occupations and are slowly severing 5 are livin~ in thatched huts. By occupation, they their association with their traditional vocation of are mostly cult;vators and a few individuals are sheep tending. traders. Some of the petty landowners and the land less work as agricultural labourers. One individual Kurubas are also known as Dhangars. They are has recently taken u? tai1(\ring while a ]w ndfu} l)f divided into several subcastes such as the Hatthi their men have entered service. Theil' mother-tongue kankana, Unui-kankanu, .laude kurubar, Hunde is Kannada. l\Iany men are COil Vl'l'Sil.Tit with ;\Ial'athi Kurubar, Vader, ete., who may illtcrdine but not also. As a class they arc ye;_;d:nians and tCl'Lotaiien. intermarry. The Yaclers arc of the highest status They are progressive in Gutlook and have snmvn and they may marry girls of the lower order after definite improvement in their educational stand,u·us. due purification ceremonies.. Th'e Vader girls cannot They are god-fearillg [IntI rC';ig:ol1s. pespite their marry outside their own subcuste. The Kurubas theoretical denid, they do bc!iC',-e in the e~istencc 'Jf SPeak Kannada at hume as well as with the other~. ghosts and spirits. They re\'('re the head of t11e All the Kurubas of Umarani are Hatthi-kankanas, Durdundeswlira ::\futt of ;';j,ltLlbi. III ~he v]lage that is, cottun wristlet wearers. They are sub-divi the Linga;v:lts fUl'ill a dom:mwt g~'f'Uj} both in econo ded into several bedagu or dans such as Honna mic matters anti in the sphere of social und cultural ldwiranavar, Gowdanavar, U ddinaval' etc. They use life. the suffix appa to their names and the diffel.'~'nt family lines have different surnames. The common
KURlffiA surnames found at Umarani are Pujari (pI1iest,) Jiddi mani, },layaclurnma, Itnali, Gavnali, ChinnallaVaT, The Kurubas constitute!:H . '29 per cent of the etc. They reckon descent in tIle male line for both village population. They are fGllnd ill consid"ra bIe male and fellWIc children. Endoclan marriages are numbers in this north and the north-eastern i'eglons taboo. They allow widow remarriages and also of the State and rEO in the other rPgions except the uivorces. As a class the Kurubas are non·vegr~ coastal plains. The term 'kuruba' means a 'shepherd' tarians and have no restrictions regarding the con and it is derived frum l,'uri, that is, sheep. Tending sumption of liquor. Gcneraally they are not clean sheep has been their tradit ional occupa tion. In tIle ill their appearance and habits. Educat'onally th',~y past as a class of pa~t()r~d jwople thc~; ap1'C':l1' to have 1;re vcr,\' brrck\\'i1l'd. The,,\' are hard workers and nrc been mostly nom~dic or semi-nomadic. Trnces c;f lmOWll f()r their honesty. They worship Beerappa of tlieir affinity to ~eminomadie life may be seen in T:marani. Siddaraya of NagarmunoIli, Bhakavva, ~everal parts even to this day. Jodkur:lli the village Y ella vva and l\faya vva. Thcy are religious and god adjacent to Umarani conta.ins Kurllbas who ch:efty fearing. They believc in ghosts and sp'rits and have tend sheep. These shepherds remain in their homes faith in sorcery and sooth saying. They ,~onsult only for about a month or so and the,v spend the Brahmin purohits or else the Lingayat Jangams. remaining part of the year moving from pbce to place Some of them are llowadays evincing interest in in 'search of fodder and suitable climate for tHeir c(lueating their children. animals. Of the 79 families of Kurubas in Umarani, 21 possess in all 526 sheep. A fe,,, of them ue shU ~lAHARS leading a seminomadic life in which they remain at, Umarani only for about three months in a ,\'ru1'. In this region, -;\f ahars are also called Holen or These persons also mvn bnlls but they lcasc out Holias. Some people also call tlIemsdv('s Cha11i1- their land annually to othcrs for culth-at:oll. Except G7J?las. They 11re fOLlnd in varying numbers all over eleven households the rest own bnds and haye cuHi the district and have their counterpart.s popularly "ation as a means of liveliJ100:J. A few pel'SOI:s are called Holeyas or Adikarnatakas all over the State. agricultural labourers ,vhile a few others are milk . They hold a low position in the social h'erarchy and vendors. Thongh weTying of Wf"OIl"1l bbnkets :lTId the castc-Hindus consider their touch as defiling. By spinning of wool are not aliPll to the community none tracliLioIl, thpv are village servants. landless labourers, in Umarani is now engaged in these activities. Occa village watchmen, boundary markers, removers of sionally a Kuruba spinnjng wool with a spindle may dead animals, drummers and bugle and horn lJlowers. be seen. There are one or t "TO pits where the looms In many villages they have been enjoying servic~ inam i2
. lands but due to succession and consequent frag they could allow their girls to remain unmarried and mentation the lands held by individual households lead a life of prostitution was widespread among them. have now become very small. In Umarani also they In recent years however, there has been a steady have Maharki inam lands but the extent held by decline and now marria,ges are almost universal. each is only some 20 to 50 cents. The Mahars of Divorce is allowed by custom. Widows and divorces Umarani speak Kannada both at home and outside. can remarry without incurring any loss of face. In the villages north of Chikodi and also elsewhere They believe in ghosts and evil spirits and have faith there are l\lahars who speak l\larathi. This is only in soothsaying and sorcery. At times of necessity a regional variation and it is said that interdining they consult either Brahmin purohits or Lingayat and inter marriage are allowed and practised. priests but they are served by neither of the two priestly classes during their life cycle or other cere monies. They worship Sthaladappa, Bhakavva, The l\Iahars of Un~arani belong to two ma~')r Santhubai and Yellavva. In the past they used lineages called baddegalu, who interdine but do not Mahar or Roh:r as their common surname but for intermarry. They are agnatic kinsmen and believe the past two decades or so they have bcgun to use that they are likewise related to the Mahars living at different names such as Kamble, Kalasingi, Bheem.a Nanadi and a few other villages which were granted nayak, Ram.anayak etc., as their surnames. as Inam to the Inamdar of Umarani. It is not known when the founders of these lineages came over BRAHMINS to Umarani. Each lineage has a Mestri or headm~m who Acts as their common leader. During the PfOst There are only seven Brahmin households ~Il the two or three decades a few other families hailing village. Three of them have Naik as their surnames from different lineages have immigrated for more or while the other four have Peshve, Bhat, Deshpande less' permanent settlement. These families inter and Kulkarni respectivply. All of them are smartha marry with the two original family lines of Mahar.:; by sect and owe allegiance to the Sankeshvar branch in the village. Thus, though in the past village of the Sringeri monastery. Their family deities are exogamy appears to have been prevalent nowadays Malliah of Jejuri, Bhavani of Tulzapur, Virupaksha marriages within the village are possible. of Yedur etc. They make pilgrimages to Ganagapur, Gokarna, Narasimhavadi, etc. All of them (except They are a class of poor people who work that of the Village PanchaYftt Secretary) own lands as labourers either in the fields or elsewhere. They and are owner-cultivators. The educated individuals go to Chikodi seeking non-agricultural work and at usually prosecute their studies outside and seek tImes they move on to even farther places. Of the 55 employment. Their mother-tongue is Kannada but Mahar households in this village 14 are landless while many are fluent with Marati. another 2] own Jess than an acre each. Thus most of them are lIlEre labourers and are striving to earn a l\IusLlMs raesonahle living. Their houses arc i~kept, congested The :Muslims are immigrants to Umarani. One and iIlventilated. Many of them are living in houses of the household is that of a tailor who came over to with tiled roof and stone walls but these are very the village from Siddapurvadi in about 1956. The small in size. Few houses of theirs have regular other families are the progeny of a common ancestor rooms; and privacy is altogether lacking. They are who came over to Umarani four or five generations backward in all respects. They have been subjecteu back. He was a ?nulla and is salid to have been to many social handicaps but of late there seems to granted 22 acres of inam land which is now shared have been some slight relaxation of the one time rigid by his descendants. Their land is now under dispute. rules. A few among them have studaed upto matricu The :\Iuslims are cultivators and they also earn by lation and are now in employment at different places. working as labourers. As they have no mosque in Two are graduates but they are staying at Belgaum the village they visit Chikodi and call on the services Two men of Umarani are employed in Army while 3- of a Mulla at Chikodi. They revere Dastageer Peer few others though illiterate have emigrated to Icnal and Masapti and attend uras fairs held at Chikodi. karanji where they are employed in cloth mills. Of Nippani and Jugol. They celebrate Moharram as a late they have been sending their children to schools community festival and even the Hindus participate but their real bane appears to be the ever lurking with them. Similarly the Muslims offer obeisance poverty. In the past the ba.sn'L~ system by which and \yorship to Bhakavva. the village deity. Like 13
Hindus they also worship agricultuTal implements very common to seek privacy in houses by con~t,ruct during the Dasara festivaL Their practices and ing rooms in their houses. Large sized halls, veranda'! beliefs differ little from the other Muslims in the or even rooms are quite common. Whenever neces region. They belong to the Sheikh sect. Their sity arises cloth screens are placed in these large mother-tongue is Urdu but all speak Kannada apartments to have temporary rooms. The kitchens flu'ently. They are non-vegetarians but do not eat are also larger in size and can be very well used as either pork or beef. dining rooms.
OrHER CASTES All the houses in Umarani and its neighbour hood have rectangular ground plan and inclined The Mangs are also included in the list of roofs. There is, however, a sprinkling of houses with Scheduled Castes. They suffer social disabilities flat mud terraces. From table 18 it may be observed even to this day. Even Mahars who are also among that ~34 households or 75 per cent of the total number the Scheduled Castes do not allow the Mangs to of households in the 'village live in houses with tiled draw water from the public wells. They are IentileI' roofs: 63 households (20.~ per cent) live in thatched workers Rnd some of them make ropes and broom huts; 10 households (3.2 per cent) have houses sticks. They are generally labourers and are very roofed with zinc sheets and the remaining 5' house poor. The Koravas are the basket makers. Kabba holds (1.6 per cent) live in houses with mud roofs. ligas are also called Koli and Sunnagars. By tradi- The houses with thatched roof are generally occu tion they are manufacturers of lime by burnin~ of pied by poor irrespective of their caste. Of the 55 limestone. In Umarani many of them are engaged l\Iahar households 18 are found residing in l·ouscs in llime manufacture. The Chamalrars are leather wor with thatched roof. Even among Lingayats who are kers while the Buruds or Medars are basket makers. relatively better placed 20 households (15.6 per c('nt) The 1\Iarathas are land owners and one of the house occupy such houses. Data regard:ng house type,; by holds may be classed as rich. Their mother-tongue wall are presented in Table 13 A. Stone and mud is Marathi and all of them are familiar with Kannada. walls are the most common type of wall while houses with only stone walls are also to be found in conSider
HOUSES AND HOUSE TYPES able number. It is common for the rural folk to prepare earthen lumps of rectangular shape (large In the village .there are both residential 'l.nd non sized bricks) and after drying them up use them for residential structures. To the laUer category belong construction of walls. Houses with mud walls or t.he few exclusive cattle sheds, temples and the those with straw or grass walls are few in this region. chavadi. Though it is normal for a household to Stones are locally available in plenty and so is mud. occupy one full house there are several instances The winds are generally heavy and thatched huts where two or more households are seen sharing a cannot withstand this force all through the year. common house. On the contrary there are a few Thus even the poor try to construct stronger houses. households, especially those situated far away from Among Mahars 26 out of the 55 live in hous'!s with the village-site, occupying two structures. If one of stone walls. Here it may be added that these stOl1es the houses is situated in the village-site the other is are not properly cemented but are merely pil~Q up more or less a farm hopse used for dwelling purposes to form walls. Similarly 53 out of the 79 housel-oMs seasonally. According to Table XII it is evident' of Kurubas live in houses with stone walls. The houses occupied by Lingayats and Brahmius are that 75 households are living in houses without any generally better than the rest. Ten householfls, of regular rooms. The total number of persons in these whom 5 are of Lingayats and the others, arc of households being 387 they constitute !!(). 6 per cent Mahars, are living in thatched huts. These belong of the total population. 18~ hquseholds out of the to recent immigrants t.o the village and in due course :n~, are living in houses which have one regular room they too would put up walls of stone:> or mud. and a kitchen. There being 1,093 inhabitants in these they form 58.3 per cent 0 fthe total. Households with one room thus appear to he the IlDrm. 'rhel'e The houses wlith inclined roof are of two types, are only 44 households consisting 287 memhers, In one of the types there would be a single inclined (15. S per cent) whlich live in houses with ~ rooms. roof while in the other, two slopes diverge from a The remaining eleven households have houses having central ridge. If country tiles are used, in either more than two rooms. In the rural areas it is not case it is common to set the tiles on bamboo frame 'vork. The houses with Mallgalore tiles generally season. Bamboos' a.re brought from Nippani, have l'eepelS of wood. If the houses with a single Sanht'hvar or Raibag. ' Skilled masons are available :,)opiug roof have a padasali (closed veranda), at Hdkod, Bombalvad and Chikodi at a wage rate nadu1rwme (hall) and a kitchen those with two of Rs. 5 per day. Assist'ing labourers are paid at slopes generally have a padaBali and a kitchen. Us. 2 per day. The local carpenters can attend to Separate bath rooms are found only in a few the jo_nery and fixture work. They too demand Lingayat and' almost all thc Brahmin househQld~. Us. 5 per dar. It is not custom:ny for these skilled Among the other cOIlllllunities bath rooms are seldQm WOl'kC1S 1.0 work on' contracts. The poor mostly found. A corner of the kitchen itself is used for huild their houses indenting upon the s.killeci'workers bathing purposes. As the villagers utilise open field-; only when it is very essential. for answering the calls of nature built in latrines arc altogether absent. Twcnty nine out of the :H5? The houses adjoin each other in the village-site. households reported to have sheds used exclusin~lv These houses as aho the falm houses do not have for housing their linstock. compounds. The hOUSe'S ill the viilage-site do not have courtyards eilhcr in the front or at. thc back. The material!' for construction of houses are locally :'\. few leaxc narrow pial.\' that cail. he used for squat ~ivailable. Voddars of Chikodi do the qtlarrying ting purposes. The plidh of the house is generally ,work in the nearby granite quarries mYried by the of gr:neHy mud and tIe floor space is frequently lnamdar of Umarani. These quarries are well smearrd w:th cow dung wash. The houses have within a couple of llliles from the village site of arrangl'Inen Ls io drl;n out the ,"rater which is allowed Umarani. The cost for 100 eoarsc stones of ",Hying to soak into the Inc ()t' diY('l'tert into the street sizes is generally Rs. 5 while the cost of dressed guttrrs .. The waJls of the how.. c <11"e smeared wi.th' stones of size 15?"X8"X6" range between Rs. 20 and :t W:1"h (,f lIil!amanllU. 'Vall decorations and Rs. 22. The stone slabs (2,,I."X8"X6") used at ('lTlbclishl1lCllL, ;,l'(~ sr!tlomo to be seen. Crude the corners arc sold by numbers each priced at .50 designs repl'PSentlng' SUll, l\Joon, ears of wheat, etc.,' to 75 paise: lIorasalakallu or the stone slabs used at may however be seen on the walls of a fcw houses. the threshold, cost Us. 10 per pair. The stones quarried out while digging a well are given gratis to The villagers perform several ceremonies while the needy by the owners as it is customary not to constructing a house hut not a hut or a temporary charge any price for such stones. :For cementing shed. The house site is selected carefully and for these stones, llalarnann1l, which is locally available this some CQnsult the s1.carni of a mnti;, or smue fr!"e of cost, is used. Bricks can be made out of reputed astrologer. They have their own devices this Halarnannu and then the charge per 100 bricks also. Aftel' brOil dly Ioca tin g a s'ite, a pit is aug at or ittangi of size 4"X12"X15" would be Rs. 18 to 20 central place and it is filled with water. Puja is Il'~ the past thE walls used to be nearly 3 cubits or 4'6" perfon'nccl and the pit is covered with a large plank. thic,k but nowadays the thickness of the wall On 'the following mornillg the spot is verified for a ranges between 12 inches to 2,1, inches. I"indows muddy soil and haces of water the absence of which' arc found only 'in a few house;; that too, leads ! 0 the rejection of the site. In ailOther in those which have come up recently. The method, they bill'.)' an' earthen pot full water and' wooden doors are of two types locally known when examined on the following morning if some akhanda hagila (singJe plank door) and padakina w'ater" has spilt on the ground it is a good omen. bagila (doors with 2 planks) . Beams and pillars Otherwise the site is rejeded. When a site is are 01' either neem or babul trees which are locally located the nc-xt thing ,vould be to' determine the available. Country tiles made on the potter's length and breadth of the proposed strudti,re and' wheel are in popular usc since about the past 2 in this, the help Of an astrologer is' considered very decades. The cost pel' 1,000 pairs ranges between essential. Actual work is commenced wh, ~1 Rajayoga Rs. 80 and Rs. 100 and these are available at prevails and the houses are usually built during Kothli, Savadathi and Nasalapura villages. In the Kcirthika, l.fargashira, Phalguna and Chaitra months' past, ,hand made tiles made at Kerur an adjacent Soon' after the trenches 1"Qr foundation ·are dug on village are said to have been popular at Umllrani. an' auspicious day puja is perfonhed to' the' paya; Thc<;e, are. of course cheap cos,ting about: Rs, 20 per On this occasion an earthen' pot full of gruel and 1,000 number but as these are not properly burnt, some coins ar~ buried underheath the" "surface.~ watet percolates' through them during the rainy After filling in the fotmdation trenches the top sur,fa~ is measured with a rope to check :up whether: lnen have of late taken to. the use- o[ :klllckers:: as it is un a, per:iect rectangular shape•. If there be some undergarments. So also pyjamas are gall~mg in ~rregular ; shape it is. set right and eimooi'i (or~ popularity among the adolescents: and the younger: rive corners) is thus avoided. They believe that men. Underwear banians made of coar~e cloth ai·c eimoQ[i causes trouble through evil spirits, to the called munda. An ordinary field \Yorke'r requires occupants. Again, when the door frante-'is placed a pair of bariiatls per annum and the total cost in position the carpenters perform puja and the top would be about ,Rs. ·5. Hoisery banians are slowly beam is girdled with a piece of cloth rendered yellow replacing the. 1nunda. Shirts and jub lJ as. gencrallJ' by dippipg in turmeric paste. In it arc tied a t ur of white long cloth which cost between Rs. 5 and meric n}ot and ker beeja (markillg nut). The Rs. 8 each are commonly used b~' aU sections of the Ipain door geperally.· faces the North or the East and village community. Normally an adult requires 8' the villagers consider it very inauspicious to do any ~hirts rer annum, The clothes' required by men, work whatsoever facing the South, \VhCll the women ann children of the village are stitched by the lidge pole is mounted therc would be some puja8. two local tailors. A few Lillgayats, Brahmins and \"hen the house is l'(~ady for oc(mpation the house also others have cotton coats for occasional use. A warming c~r2mony which is locally ealJed U dapani frw young men haye trousers and bush-shirts which ()r Vastu shanti is performed. The rich invite are worn only when they go to tOW11S and other their religious preceptor to obtain their blessings on places. Tu.rLan called putaga is the m8st common the occasion. The hearth usuall~' faces either the type of headgear found in and arolllJd the vitlage. ""Yest or the j\;ol'th. On thc house-warming day It is generally 86 inches broad and 8 yards in length and lllay be either of cotton or silk. The colour of milk is heated in a small container so that it, 0'.'("[' flows on the hearth. Five nlaJ'l'iccl women engirdlc tIle turban is either white. ;vellow, pink or red. The the house with cotton yarn after which they arc silk turbans arc yery co!>tly and as such only a few given some presents. Two small round stones individuals own thcm. The cotton turbans of placed on the threshold of thc hou~c \v11ic11 repre, coarser variety which cost between Rs. 12 and 2,1, sent Bharamappa are duly v,or~hippcd. The car are the most common. A pataga ordinarily lasts Ilud pOOl' pentcr and thc ma,son receive hi-rbans or S(lIlI(~ for ~ yenrs the use it still lo-nger even after it is partly worn out. Since the past,IO-I5 years clothes llS presc1lts for their work. Relatives and friends join the fcast got up for the oeca"ion and iL white caps arc gaining wide popularity. These are is customary for them to give some J)J'c,;cnt (enllrd much cheaper and less cumbersome. But the tlll'Oan has its advantages also and cannot be tt.IJam 2\1 adm;lld it) to the host. di"pJaced so easily ..Among the adolescents and school-going children pyj amas. shirts and caps are Dres.'J and Ornaments popular. The rustic children weal' knickers and The type of dress popular in the nOl'thl'll di~tl'ictf "hirts while the adolescents ,,'car dholis and 'flwnda of the State is common for all the castes and occu, and occasionally shirts and turban or caps. pational gl'()lIps. The poor awl tlJi' lowly arc Chappals nrc the common foot weal' in U~e aUlong generally ilIclad while the richer sections arc dl'cbsed all Eections of the yillage population. in finer dothf:'~. The men are generally seen in a dhoti worn with a kachche, banian, shirt, and a The usual dreSS of the womCll folk in this region consists of a >-aree and a blouse. Handloom sarees 1Jataga that is, turban or a cap. Dhotra 01' coars.~ dhotis are generally of hand1oom. The price per of darker shades and coarse to medium variety which pair ranging between Rs. 12 and 15, the size is cost about Rs. 13 to 25 each are the most popular. 48" x 4 yards. These a"e popular among all \york ~lin-made cotton sarees and voiles arc also used by a few women. The dimensions of the handloam ing clas~es. Those in affluent cil'cumstancps nse sarees are generally 48 inches by 8 yards while those finer varieties of dhotis the price of wh jch HHy hetween Rs. 20 and Rs. SO pel' pair. ,\[ill·made l'f the mill-madc sarees are 45 to 48 inchesX6 yards dhotis arc aha equally pOlJUlar and it is more so The general Battern among women is to wear the S3ree without a kachche. Occasionally while among the rich. When properly 'YOI'D, the dhoti with the l-wchche cover.s the body froUl the waist working in the fields they do tuck the saree in the down to the ankles. While working. the lower por kachche fashion but this is only II teml)Orary arrang tion is gathered and tucked- at the waist in order to ment for convenience. Among the Brahmins and secure easy movement of the limbs. A few young Marathas the norm for the married women ,is to 16 U'MAftANI wear the saree with a kachche. But nowadays due images of favourite deities. Small circula.r patches to the popular use of petticoats by younger women adorn the cheeks and the chin while crescents are among these communities, the habit of wearing tattooed on either side of the eyes. On the forehead saree with a kachche is slowly dying out. They a circlar patch represents the kumkum the auspi have begun to use sarees of lesser dimensions which cious vel'llliUon .mark-that adorns only the defact• ., are only 6 yards in length.. Generally the ~omen married women and the never 'married. The other among the cultivators and other working classes buy design is to have three parallel stripes, across the two or four sarees a year while the poorer sections fort' head to represent the vibhooti marks. buy only one or two. Blouse called kupsa which costs about Rs. 4 each is the popular urper garment Men wear fewer ornaments than women whose which covers the body and the arms. But the ble.lIse love for ornaments is proverbial. H the rich and is concealed under the upper end of the saree which the affiuent buy costly ornaments made of gold and is passed over the left shoulder, the head and the silver, the poor and the lowly satisfy their urge by back. Girls wear frocks and blouses or skirts while going in for cheap and tawdry ornaments. l\1en the teenagers dress themselves in sarees of smaller wear kudiki the ornament for the ear and finger dimensions and blouses. Chappals are popularly rings. A few among them especially the old and the used by women of the Lingayat, Kuruba and other respectable :rp.embers among Kurubas, aI1d Linga land-owing sections. .rats wear bavali a crescent shaped gold ornament fer the upper rim of th~ right ear. The Lingayats Tattooing as a form of body \decoration is preva have Gundugadagi the silver casket for accommoda lent among the rural womenfolk of this region also. ting the stone linga which they have to wear cons It is done by the women belonging to Killekyata tantly. Among Kurubas some men put on silver community who move froID. place to place during or copper rings called H onnungara for their thumbs. the harvest season. They are paid mostly in grains. Some young men belonging to the richer sections of The forearm, the forehead, temples, cheeks and the the village community have gold chains for wrist chin are the favourite parts of the body wh~ch are watches. tattooed. The designs are always simple except those on the forearm which clepict at times sume The following is the list of orn3ments m com men complicated geometrical or floral designs or the use among the women of the village : 'fBI PBOPLE AND THEm MA~AJ.. EQUIPMENT!' 17
I'l. Parts of the bod: Local name of th.. Approximate cost "n. where the orna~ orna.ment" "nd Remark@ ments are worn
--- .- .~------.------~. - _. ------~~~~-~------~.-----~ -~,-- ---~-----.----
I. Eat la) Mulhin.:r, Hoova Peal"lli ~tI~ded in gold l~s. 20 to Rs. 50 per pair (h) Ujart (for the upper rim of pearl@ and a. I!;old tub. Rs. ] 0 01' more P"l' pail' the ear),
~old and cr,..tIloll' lis. 20 llO\. populal~ smOOt l5 Yf'ars. (h) Moogabauv Rs. 6 to Re. 15 eacb
I a) G'llladali \eck18cl) of bla.ck heads ~tw" ns. 5 to Rs. 20 ~trings) with t,hree gold pie,'e" ,called G'J,no.a and I/1£#a on dther side or th~ (}UlI0Q.
~ecld8ce of ~olrl ha.ll", fill!'.! wit.\' R •. 1() to R~. WII 1I'll,X.
(c) BOl'iit.'IJl.. nold Ks. 200 t., R~. aoo
\d) Tc.. J,"; "ecklal'e of gold bRII~ ..ligll'·,I.2011 rows of throo.
Ie) Pmhah ~ecldace of p;old di~c. btlsring t,he imprint, of It horse,' (f) Palag; II. 2" inches wide lltrip of gold tB' be worn around the lU'ck.
i [;I) Sarapal; Silver "haih K~, 20 ; popular "UlUll:': Maha,l'!1 only.
~. Wai., Popular among women in the 1Ii-30 age-group Rs. 20 to Rs. 40. ih) Gtjje patti H@. 40 to p. ... 6u
. ,~ Writt (s) glass ban~le• (bl Patl'i l';ach patH weighs n .. l\rly :t tolo.s of gold. its. 250 or more pCl' Ila'l' "geh weighs abliUt a· tola of llold,
Fiuaer ring. ,old or .il-nr
119. 100 to Rs. 20u pel' • pair; each Thode.weighe. ( 20 to 30 tollls.. of silvI'r.
(,,,) J{o_f,(!igam {OJ ! he :! t,,~ r!~. i pel' pair ,b) Vrl'l'amct'li't for th.. !'lIDallelit h •• H •. :} 10 r. lwr:l'ilil
--~-~ -'~------~----
Some or the ornaments mentioned ill the list such as patti the women possess other ornaments. Tht· as guladali, toe-rings, nose-screw, glass bangles and lJoorer classes have earstuds, glass bangles, nOSl' ! hf' ('HI' orllament s are tahoo fo), widows. In rectnt screws, waist belt, gldadali and if lJossible the Eksan years Hli~ rule is not being strictly obs-erved amon~ and t.he toe rings. The po;;scs~joll of large numb'? the Kurubas, ~faha.rs and even tllE' Lingaya.t1!, '01 ornaments Itddl'l prf''1tigt' to the ~tatlll'1 of t.h(· Among th~ middle cla~s families except the costly hou!lehold in th~ village. li('cklaces such as t~ki, pu,thali and wri!!tlets such I .,(> UMA,RANI
II ousehold GOOd3 Irlilli or gi:rvdi, kagi (or Gomukha), rsattal (or k.ola,gu), battala or vataka, spoons, ladles, and lamps called Household utensils, -implements required for the sameygolu. A. rati, kalasagindi, kunkama karadige, economic pursuits followed by the households and a are a few other items of brass which are used whill' few other sundry items constitute the material offering worship or on other social occasions. Thus possessions of the village folk. Their living is simple the number of yessels in a household yary with and their needs m'e few being limited mostly to the <,conomic conditions. The Brahmins and Lingayats bare necessities. Furniture and other consumer possess larger number of bfllss vessels. The copper goods which nre not very essential in their dlty-to "essels in common use are hande, leoda. t.appeli, day life are luxuries which only n few with the tambige, thubana, for keeping puja article". /-drilwutt! modern outlook go in fol'. They are accustomed to :ll' Ilddaj'(I1lP. et(·. These are popular only among the rongh side of life and do not long for comforts t he affluent. Gangala or bell-metal din ing plates which are hf'YOlld theil' reach. This outlook is how :U'(' in common USf' among the Kurubas and Mahars. rver slowly undergoing a change especially :>.mong tIlt' 'fangs, etc. Among I.ingayats thabana or bras" young men of the socially and economicall~T adv:tnc(:'d dining plales are more popular, Of late a few have communities. hought stainle"s steel vessels and plates also but their numhers arc small. Ironware such as kadatara The household uten"ils are Ill!Oslly (·arthcllWart's. (spatula), hwe (pan), chamache (SPOD}). enlige, vessels of copper, aluminium, brass or bellmetal. hr'lunig8, J,;adovige and iari :ll'e commonly fouull in The number or each type of vessels possessed Yary BIO,;! of the households. Of the wooden articles from househeld to hOlisphold depending upon the melltion ma~' Iw mack of kodambige. (disc), economic condition of the household, and also ib beUunige (rolling pin), holigi man.e, shavige mane size. If nmeng the very poor only a few e~sentilil a Illi -kutiu. In most of the households cups and purtheI1wl1res are to he seen, among the relatively ~:LUcers mllY be seen in daily IISI'. Grain" in :,mall hetter placed households larger nnmber nf earth('n quantities and also other food articles are stored in and metallic vessels may he found. The (>arthen tins and cans or in \'('~scIs. Almost all the house war(' in common day-to~da.v lise Hrc haru1;i (for holds POSSt'ss knives. sickles. wicker-baskets, felling ~toring wat('l·. cnst Hs. ~.50 lo R'l. :LOO each), ko~l(l axe, crowbar, iron pans, ctc. Those haying cultiva (for fetching water from the wells cost Re. 1.00 to tion as al least one of their oc('upations have ';ariow; Rs. 1. '25), mandalla (wide mouthed cylindrical lools and implements such as the plough, rake, vessel for eollectiug the refuse wllter, ete .. co!'l harrow, pte., while tilt" arti~ans 'have tools required 0.7:3). bindige (smaller than koda). Gadi!l~ (for for their daily 1I;;;e. heating milk), SOT/! (for cooking vegetahles :m(l food) i cha.tgi (for storing butt<>r milk), magi (for Table ]~ pl'o\'ides information about the po~<;es heping ('dible oih). tatranigi (water hot tie) • sion of furniture b:v households classified by castc~. 1ii.1tchchana (lids). and panatha or lamps. Thp .\l the outset it may 1)(' observed that the items of lower classes use earthen vessels for storing the chilli furniture are found only among the Lingayals, powder, pickles and jaggery also. The number of Brahmins, ~Iarathas and an insignificant number earthenware in a household varies betwf'en a dozen of KUI'uba and Panchala households. Mahars and two. The earthenwares are available at Chikodi (except one householrl the hpurl of which is a tailor 011 all day" of the wpek, Aluminium vessels are and consequently posse~"es a stool), :\fangs, TIIiauly u-:"d for making t('n. Thus keUles, tumhler~, Kabbaligas, ::\Ju.slims and the other castes practi Inerdl.\' enlkc[ j(('mlJ'll, ~p()ons, and hu!'\in,; ~l"(' mlly ha ve no item", of furn i t urI.' at a II . Even a,mong ('ommonl~' founrl among the uppl'r and th(' middle Ungayats, only 16 houscholds out of the 128 (12.5 (·lasses. Even among the poor some ~J or 4 alll per cent) possess eith<'r wooden or rope cots. The luinimllm wares may be sel'n. Plates and tambigc of proportion of the households posscssing cots to the .ilnwiniltnl, n f{,\\' milk cans may also he seen in thf' total is relatjvel~r high in the ca!:'e of l\{arathas, ~'illage, From about 1960 or so, pitchers of tin Cnamagars and Brahmins, This is partly because (Thagadina koda) 'which cost about Rs. 6 each are of the small number of households of th('se commu- slowly gaining in popularity, Brassware found in 11ities in the village and partly because of modern Umarani are generally korla (pitcher) , lambige, outlook prevailing among the individuals. Though jambu (tumbkr), bogani, param, thatu (dining there are 79 households of Kurubas in the village plate), thabana (basin), thaH (similar to tumbler), only one household possesses a cot. Chairs art' THE I'J.o:OI'Lb· AND THEDt :.vIATEIUAJ... EQtJIPMENT!5 19
found 111 the hou.!ehold. of Lincaya.ts, Kuruba~, liv~ &t ~a •• dj aboll1t nine mile:- awa~. He yisit!" Brahmins, )'Iarath. 8nd PADchal. to the exclu&ion t:marani once a week to colkd the soiled clothes and of others, The villag~ paDchayat OWll1i a dozen delivers tIl{' washed OIles, At tilllt's the ,,{,ITic"-; of folding ehairs which arf' requisitioned b~' the viIlagcJ'f< (lrrf' washennen ai Chikodi are Cd~(, !~ti!i~(·:!. whenever required, The household, haTing table, almirah, etc" arc very insignificant, :0 number, Th(' Fuod and Drinks local carpenter is capable of preparin, of woodeL (;ltairs, tables, .~tools and almirah amon, other . Castewi"e particulars regarding the dietary hahits thinis. II( the \ ;llagcr" arc ("ontaillf'tl in TII1Jlcs XVII, . XVIII, 11 and 11 A. It IS evi!lPnt fwm Tabl• Ct~;,;tewise p.rticull\r~ of huusehold" jJo!<'I~S~illg XVIII I hat nil Ille hOl!,.;eholib helollging Lo Lingayat. consumer goods are contained in Table l~A, EWTI Brahmin and Panehala ('oI11l1lul!iti('~ are Ycgetari.u!". in this regard the I_ingaYllb are ,;('pn to figure ill ,\mong the othl'r C'otllllluniti('" of tIl(' ,"illage th., \ cry frequt'lltl,r ;,,, tJu' crmil'iblltif») from thi· ,.·on.:mmp! ion of IJon-vcgdm';illl .Ji~hc ... i-; "llnwe,] by community to the total number of household., custom. But due to ('('olwmit: stringency mill,' possessing thc itcmi' eonsidpred i~ relatively high. l"IlDnot afford to buy lllutton or D)I('at frequently. Battery torch lights are possessed hy a large l1umlwr Foy..!:,> and ehickeu are mort' frt'querttly con,.;umcd. tOr households. ~ early two-thirds of the hou"ehold ... 'iutton, meat etc. al"t' llyuilabk at Chikodi Oil all ha yin, torch light are tho"p of l.ingayats. \mou!,; lla~'E (If the week. The 'ranf(~, :\rahaJ" and \rahar~ only ~1 out of Ille 55 hOllseholds (5,5 pc r ('hamagars who are said to ha n~ hel'"l1 habituated to <'t'11t) h~\'I" torch lights while among Kuruha,. who consume carrion proft',s to 11;, \"(~ ViYt·n up this habit ;lJ'C a little hel tel' placed both t'{'onomj('l'IJI~ ;t lid tlm'jug' I he las! 1.j 10 20 ~'(,Hr;;, A few [Iolls(·hold,' <)ci:1J1y as eompared 10 the -;\lahars lhcre' afC 1'2 heloll"iul to Kllruba \Jaratha IIntl 'luslilllS haY," household" (1.5, ~~%) possessin~ torchf". BiC'~'dt:~ \ oluntarily givt'n lip lloIl-yegetarian food. This j .. are quite populaf in the rural parts lIS well 1'1" tOWIl! mainly beclluse of lilt' fact that their house;; lift' of this rt:>gion. In th" village the llumlwr 0, "lll'l'OllJllied b~c Lingayab who are "lrid ypget.al'ilL!l~ llOust:>hold,.. OWl1illl! or possessing> a bicyclf' iogethf'l" ;md :rartly heeanse it adds to their re~pectabilit,"\' i. conltitute roughly one-sixth of the total. Thcr(O the vill..,e. :tl'C 5 ... hiC'."C']c;< in the village for :1 population of 1,87~~ I,ersow", The Liugayats and t ill' KUl'uba~ pm;"cs" .JnWlll', \\'JI(,:lt, maize nnd otliPI" 1l1illcb "I)Il~titllf<' t:oi! out. of the 54 bicyeles while thp ~\lahars hllYe l the staple food in thi" region. Hiee j" lhPd reglllnrlv and the Brahmin ·and Panch.1a have three (·tld,. though sparingl)', hy a few Lillga~'11t and Brahmin It is noticed trom the Table thftt of the S!i h(;n~e· household". in mllny hou,.,ehold" ual"{lllt! (I]" italiall Iwlds hayin~ wrist-watcllPs a;;; man,\.' as ~l nrf' of Illil!et i~ lht"d a'" ;t sul:)"titul!' for rief' on festivl' Lin gll.yat eOl1lmuI1it~, . By and large it ma~> Ji(' flCctl.'!Jon!"l. TabJp \.vln indi("alp, Jlwi lHfhl of iIlt" ('onclud!:'d that Hit' Liugltyats, Brahmill'; :..nd household" depel!(J 011 11101'(' thHIl Olle 1'('I'I':l} flJr \l.rflthas by yjrtll~ of lheir beUpr eeonomie "labi· their '-\taple food. Tllf' poor Jlr·op1,· :dI\iI~·' gil ;n £or lity Ilnd also urba.n eontllct~ possess a Iltl'gPl' number l'creaI,; whidl 'U'e "dutin'l,\" dlla II and t 1H'r't,f(.[".· ,nd varit·t,\.· of consumer good~ than thp I'est. (':oII1I10t slick (,11 to olll~' Ollt' tYI>". Rhal.. -ri (1l1l1.';l "Plwd cake) ana amht: (gru('l) ;m' the dishes mad,. Lt is eyidenl fwm Tnble ]~-B tlwt olll~' !~ oul 01 of .iowar flour whilp from whp:t I flour dwpati.'1 int' I he :H~ hOll,,;eholdi> in the villag!· IFf' IllO"fJlliiO Illatir-. VVheal preparations nl'(, li;-unll;.c holitlny di"JIt",. ,·nrt.ains. If I wo of them b('lon~ 10 LingllYill COlil· much as /'oligf .~([J.i(lk((l1(/ /lOligf, 1'-lIl"ji/.-ai. s/1(ll"ige dt·.
llmnit,\., thp other ilOu<;('hold is that of [! \1::tJ·ttt.h~·. ThoM' ",110 pl'O(llleC wheal, ill Ult'il' fie!d~ fJ'eqllt'lJll~ \11 tlw three are ('timing morf' than R,.;. 1,200 JIf"l" pn'pal'P .~ajjah'(I ont of hrokell w}wat. ('spej'iall~" during' :tnnum. Toilet i'>Oaips are llsf'd in onJ~' ~() bOll,.;e~ :lml inHllediatl'l.'· aftn th(' haJ'\·~';;;t ,,('lISOll. Fl'om Hwiz\' hould~ I R of which are those of LingHyab. ;) a t't' of 110111' :ll't' mrllif. rolfi (nnlc:lY('Jwd lllTad) and (llli1Ja.?; Hrllhlllill~, q are of Kuruba~ :tll!l one of :\1:11't!th.~. while from hroken maiz,> liuh;lIl1rhf'hll if.; prepared, The hl'lbit of :,endin« e10thes to washermal1 h8~ been \YhelPI"'!' 'Md i,.. :Iyailahk it is eomnwn to mix th, noticed only amon~ 38 households in the villag~ . 1Ii11 flom \vi!h ~hat of jOWlll' and prepare l"oHi from This numbf'}' is eompo!!ed of 28 Lingayat, .5 Brabrnill the mixturc, FI'om thc flour of hllndijola (Codde,' ~ Ruruba and one Mll.l'alha household, The wa,.,her· .iowar). baragu, .mnre and ragi, To[tis arc prepared. nan who is tl'adltionnHy bouna to serv!" Umar.ll.P.Ii The viJJaif']'5 use pulse,5 suc)l as arhar, gramdal and
2* TIMARANI the vegetables locally available. They use corian Tea is the mOftl popular beverage in thiil region. der, chillies, pepper, cmnmin, mustard, ginier, garlic In Umarani, as iii seen from Table nA, ~n house onion, tamarind or amasol.a Belief6 and practwclJ connected with birth. ornaments are removed from her body and she is Inid on a country rope-cot called horasu. Soon after the The practices connected with birth arc almosl birth the umbilical cord is severed with a sharp sickle ldentical among all communities. Invariably the or knife and the placenta is gathered in an earthen parents of a girl fetch her to th{ ir hOllses for her pot. A few coins are placed in this pot and later it first child delivery and the subsequent confincment is buried in a convenient spot such as a ,"atcr drain. which lasts for about 3 to 5 months. It is an The mother and the baby, as also those who attended obligation which even the' very pON endeavour to the delivery, bathe in warm water. fulfil. Pregnancy is recognised during the third After the bir';h of child the Linga~'ats imite their month. Even ill the second month as bOOll as the priest on the third or the fifth day to, perrorm C{'ltuill symptoms are noticed a message is sent to het' purificatory rites tlnd also to present a li>1ga to the parents. The iOJ'mal recognition of pregnanc.': is new born. Till this ceremony is gone through the marked b.y a fcast and presentation of a saree, blouse inmates of the ItOH:;C wherl' the birth 08cured i!:cIu and bangles to th-~ pregnant ''''OHLIn in eitr.u tht' ding the baby olnd the muthe1' are considercd to lw fifth or more commonly the seventh month. The in ritual pollution. The Kurubas, Mahars and others ceremon:v is locally known as ' bale kllpsa madw;udu', (excluding the Hrahn'lll and the 1\Iaralha:-:) ob"cl'w (i.e.,. presenting bangles u:d hlouse) and the expendi pollution for 5 days, Brahmins and 1\laratha:; tUre is borne by t)~e p:uents of tIle pregnant woman. observe pollutbil fa'.' I'l <1a.",; and perform the }JUrifi Her parents-in-I:1\\' lllay also celehmte the eeJernonr catory ceremony of punyaha, etc., on the eleventh on a different day and give her presents. Among day. ,For the IJingayats padodaka is the main purifi Lingayats when the foetus is eight months old, the cant. Kuruhas, }\1ahars and others consider them family priest is invited to perform puja at hOUle and selves devoid of pollution automatically after a bath tie a linga to the right upper ann of the expectant at the end of the stipulated period and smearing of mother. This rite is known as Lingmlhamna but the floor with a cowdung wash. The dothe;.: arc only a few celebrate it. The pregnant woman cleaned to get rid of the impurit~·. moves on to he!' p.nental home in the se\'l'llth Ill' th!, ninth month a,; it is considered inauspiciolls to do Among aU cOlillll.unities sew.gavva is pfopitmtcd ";0 in an rven month. She ob"el'Yl's vl'l'~' f('\·; on the fifth day. On this occ~L3ion 5 sm:lll pebble:> restrictions regar(]\11!:\ her work and fnoo e\'( n during of stone placed 0'1 (lIe thrc"sh(lld arc worshipped in tpp advanced "tate of prpgnanQ'. the fOl'ellOOll by the dai. I,atcr these stOl1<:'S are im mel'sed in waler, A fe"i children arc feasted with The child-birth occurs in a room of the living ~ome sweet dishes. The dai also visits the spot at house itself. If no such room is available the whieh the placenta lies buried for performing -;om(' villagers put lUI SITt-PII'i of Gllulim (carpL!) ill the lJuja. The mother wears grCl'll bangles awl from main hall itself and t 1111:; urra1}~e to provide thp I h('11 on she may put on her ornaments. In I he eYell requisite privaq', The pal'turiu:l wonwn is assisted ing 5 ,vick Imnps made of ",ell kneaded wheat hour hy a local dai Qt. an experil'llc(~c1 d.lcrly ,Y()ma'1 (If 111·, are lighted in the confinement room. Pu"ja i~ perfor Kuruba or for tl1at ll1aLter, of allY C'(llllll1l1l1il:-'. In med by the uai and after some sweet dishes are offercd cases of complicated child-births the caste Hindus as neivedyam the lights and the dishes are c:U'l'ietl requisition the serVlees of the nOTe {,xperienccd :\lahar away in concealment by the dai. The villagers belieYo' women. Ordinarily the touch of a Mahar defiles that Brabmn.. the CreatOT, charts out the (:estiny of the caste Hindus an'} no )fahar can f'ntcr t he house the laaby qn' this fifth night. In Umarani, about 2 of Lingayats, KuruklS and others. Th~ villagetT furlongifrcsin the village-site the villagers have a stone are now aware ,Jf th.~ medical assistancp provided hy slab ,: by the si,1e of an UI rl1'elwnf:i (a hush of ca:;sia the lHispital~ and the qualified midwives. Thu,; auriculata) which rcprcsclJi;; Ml~t/tlbai, 1h(·y ha"f~ occasionally. Ih(:, miowin's (localI,v te.rmed N arsuu(}) no legncd in this connection hut all the same are called upon to nUena a few deliyery Cl1ses. Since propitiate the 3pil·jt within abl)lIl a month after a ahout 1960 the t('rJ(lellcy to lake the '\'oma)] 101' deli delivery in the family. Females dread to go nea r very to a ll1atpl'!1;l~' 110"pitaJ, is Illanliest ('~p('cially the stOlle after du!"k alld the l)uja is pcrformed only among the BnlllaJl1~ and I-ingayats who are both hv thc malefolk of ~lahar community. Rice, curd". economically and e.l_ICf' :;ionally more advanr'l'd than pi:mtnions, eocal1ut arE' offered as ;wivedyam and the rest. . When the womau is in tray ail all the the plant is adorned with 5 pairs of green ban~les, 22 v~rlnilion powder and turmeric dUlL All the Com IiIr IO.etita~,. enlil on the day of birth. 5t'aled on lliunitics are pr.:>mpt in appeasing th!" Ml1Ii.1I1;ui )(l),.1 ... bJaek coarse .voo!1u blanket called Gadd/ye, the their children be tormented by her. priest conllie~raie.s tlli:~ iingll b~' propel' Imjn and abhi:?eh}w. He sanctifies the baby by touching it~ SOOII dte)' birth, the baby i:s washed III warlJl head with his k~':, and hless(!'i by pla('ing th. wl-ller. Small qua;ttil;(',.; of honey or (~astol' 1);1 otre conseerated lilli]'j on its ehest. The 111t!)a is later Iltiministl'reti to tlL· haby. On the fo]lowi!.g day the I'Ollcd in a piece of cloth and fastened to the cradle. baby is giyen brcalSt milk not by dif(~£ct suckling bul The priest partakea of a feast and receives some callh by sucking a piel;~ of lir,t dipped in milk. ::3u('kling offering known :lS dakihi-nl:. starts from the third ciM,Y and the baby is bUstained by the breast milk .for about IS to 24 months. The During the third month the baby is taken out for l~hjl. is weaned ai, ay from the habit or suckling b~ ib loIdministering ',01111' natiH~ medicines ur dse by first outing. The .~()thel' takes the baloy to Ollt~ smearing the teats with some bitter pa~te. Solid food 1)1' her d(J:'e rda tive ',,; house where her lap is filled and is given in little quantities from the ninth month some cocoanut oil i;; rubbed on the scalp of the ba.by. and, omnH'ds. 011 lhe da~: of the child-birth. the The earlobes or the chihl are pierced during either the fifth or any other odd month. \mollg 2'.laha1's il ill mother is not gi ·itJ) an;y food what,oeY(~r. Subse quently she is served with fiee. ghce. gur"gingI:J', etc., not compulsory for the boys to have th~il' tl\rlohes for about 10 day~ Later "he cats jowal' in tlH' pierced while amo1.~ otljcrll it is strictly atlhu'ed to. In the fifth month itself th~~ motl:er o:fr€'r~ wOI'~hip at 101'm of IOU; (I)' Nllchclw bull abstains from whal preIJal'ations for about tJO to 90 days. For the fir,;t }'eckoned inauspi(:;~IU" and a few are in the habit of and (iii) one!s own elder sister's daughter.' When warding off its evil effect by performing shallti. the alliance is bemg eontract(:d with a family ol:tside ,Many do not pa• .r much, heed to these beliefs the orbit of one's relations the antecedents of the itssociated with th{~ lunar asterisms. would-be-couple are traced for atleast three genera tions to ensure tha:: the union would not fall under Children arc cOllsidercd as the blessings of God. the prohihited degree, ?lfarriages are always Sterility is a curse and it is ascribed to papasesha, i.e. arranged by Olle s parents 01' other elders by llegoti· the effect of the si:, ... committed durillg the pl'E'ViOllS ations, Oth~r tOl'lm of marriage such as by life. The only WHy to absolve lIlH "elf DI' fhe Rim; i~ dopelnent, servv: ~ or intrusion hiT lI11kIlO\v 11. to offer worship to deities and observe vows. Still ~Iarriages by exchange locally known as 'sata looti births are viewed with oef'p concern but thc villagers and edara-ba.dam' arc allowed and among Lingayal do not use any pI C /elltiv,~ mellicines or methods, If Kuruba and Mahar custom permits full brothers to a woman is as unlueky as to loose all her chilcJrch marry full sisters of a suitable famil,'" Except the eluring their infancy she may observe vows as a Brahmins, all ,)thc' r:ommuniti( -; :l!'l' aecustomed to preventive method and as soon as the Hext child is pay' thera > or hride.price the amount of" hiI'll i!> born it is treated n,;; an unwanted ballY, The nn~tri{;': s1lbject to wide variation eV(,l1 within a caste. The or the lobe of the ear of t.he newl~' horn is elll in onlel' Brahmins b('ing the exception, all other communities to deform the baby. The helief is thn! the T,urd 01 in the "illage permit divorces as also remarriage of Death would nol like to take away the Ii.fe of :,;uch a widows and divor,:c('.,; ~\Jch rcmiU'liagcs ate quite deformed baby. Again, th(-! naming cerelllollY is frequent in this region and the Wllmen involved do either totally omitted or else performed in a belatcd not incur any I03S of face. ~ everthd<-·ss ] emarried manner. The names l'onferred to such babies are women and also th~[~' husnands are (:omiderf'd usually Kallappa, Kllllav"a, Dundappa. Dundavva. inauspicious ani an· therefore s('l'upulomly avoidec Gunda, etc., all of which signify stones, on certain occasi0m, e,g., (~:w ~))£ :<:3:-) Bt!cja l\.fuhurta or ceremonj,11 COlnme:ueement or sowing They do not practise all:-" birth l.:ontro! measures operations, to inv;~':' or tu a('ClJst the hride'" party on and also do ]Jot make list' of any cVlItraceptiv('s. the occasions' ;)f marnage.' amOllg th(:'ir kinfoll;, etc, Though a fe,v have IW:lI".t about family planning VU~ Remaj:riages are known as l.'dikl. The marriageable little is known to th '~!U regarrling the melhods to 1.)(' nge for girls and boys amollg all the communities, are adopted, So far, onc person is said to have under ] 2 to 18 and 18 to 25 respectively. None in tlie gon'c vasectory op~ratio'l ana fI, '-'ioman h:1~ nndel' village is aw,l1'c oj' the k,:;idntioll regarding the gone sterilizatiun on healt.h groullds, The villagers marriageable age for boy::> nlld girls hut mall,\' arc do not favour :b)Ort ',01. ;'Iis(·<1rriagl"s al'C said to aware of the legal imposition of Monogamy. Now be rare in the "j!lagC? a!> also in the region. a-days, late marnages are fa "oured by Brahmins and also a few other families of other castes, with a pro Beliefs and practices connected with 'm.arriagt! gressive outlook, I:: is sai,l t.hat in the p:{, i. ({.r'" earlier to HMO) child malTirtgcs Wf'l'e I'I;).'Y ('ommon Despite a few differences ill detail-; nIl the caste~ in this village as also in the regiO-ll, But HOW t,hes l;' in the village h~.v ~ sel'eral common beliefs, ('usi:om", are exceptions aud post-puhNLy maniages :;1'e alJllos~ and practices as;or:lLtted with mal'l'iagef, [11 this the l'lllc. Generally the bride-groom will be older respect however the,::\Iuslims follow the customs pr~s than the bride by about 5 to 10 year;.:. The cu~iom;; cribed by their r,~~i~i0n, Among all the Hindu easLLS of Linga;yat, Kllrnb t ~md ~rahars permit ~ person eudo-clan marrta,~cs are tahoo, So also, polyandry having several HHlS to ccJei;H'ate the marriage of 1m is unknown, , Though it person may marry his o,Yn youngest son cithcl' earlier than or with t1.. __ 3 i he wife's sister even during the lifetime of the former .. older ones. Th;s is in accordance ",'it}l the 10c01: none of the communities in the'villilge alJo-'.';; a person saying . KadegtL.~a lca(liga hakabaradu ' (-e;::j:I:e;!:J ~ ~~1i to marrv his elder brotht'f's widow, PQlygyn~' is ~r5~~d:). permitt~'d by all t.he Hindu caste grOllps but it is resorted to for sp<'(,lnc rca SOliS such ns I'tclility of thl' forme,' ",if(,.· etc, Consanguineous marriages art' Among the :Ua~lal'" and '\lallg'~ maniagc Wi;" not favoured by all tIl'.' COInlll11nities and th<> ('oml~10n universal in the p,Bst, The,,· permit their womell to types are (i) mar .:,v' .jg one'.;' '1not}lel":'i oJ'other's l'cnwm unmarried and lead a life of near prostitu daughter, (ii) m'tll'yill~ one's father's sisto"s daughter tion. Such Wf)men :11': c:1llrd JI)fJii OJ' b(l~(wi alii: 24 they arc suppusedly dediclited· to the service of a The marriat;~ tllket place in th·~ marriage hooth Goddess. Thp", carry the idoI~ of lhe Goddef's and raised in front of thl~ bridegroom's hOUi;C. On the day ;.;eek alms from the "magers on Tuesdays and vreceding the day of marriage, /tandam ('r a pend:ti Fridays. . .\ccording b custom they may cohabit I\·ith 6, 10 or H pillars is put up. To one of the main with a pcr:son of (h('lr own cash~ llut belongila~ to a poles a branch of ,; iti trC'f: (Iud i;II' fig) is ccn::lllollrall.\ different family line. This rule, it is said, is not brought and rasteueJ. This pole Iii then called observed hy mally. Of late, this age-old custom is halugarnba or 'llilk post. On tl,,,-, t-.amc n"clling: the being viewed witl) much disfRYOur hy the lmljority hride arrives W!ith her relatives a.nd frjends. This of their CI\1ltt'men nn<.1 it is on H st('ady deelint'. .\ ~roup is aecost.:>J at the village entranCe with JU( few women how~vt':- db~crye vows in CllS~ of ~terilit~ honours and laler taken to the ;\laruthi temple ill to the effect that if they were to be ble:-sed with I he village. Here the parent» of the would be eouple i;;sues at least one girl "'ould be dedicated to th(, meet and exchallg~ cocoanuts after rep('a1mg the (~oddess. Among Kuru baas also this custOll1 Is names of their bedc.,gu or clan and declaring the prt'Yl:liling though to a negligible extent onl~-. 1nal"ital alliance proposed to t,C con tl act cd . T~atcl' the visitors are ;,;uitabl:; fed lmd lodgell for th(' nigh l. II is now proposed to de"eribe the mafl'iagl' Their lodging hous<; i:o. locally kllOWJI a5 J an 1)G~(! maTl~. eeremony ill bri.~f. After' kntat ively hciedil:g ,j girl The ]\iahars and :.\11Wg; have Ill) ac{'L'SS to Mllruthi with due eal'C' ,~nd (' The next inlpurtlln} eercmOllY IS known a~ to the bride and tlU' fII i/f}; (Iide~ n wlint t hI' ('ollp1!' lJha.~tagi halwdtt.' It is' performed on the day pre with turmeric {)l\~t"'. ceding the day of marri·,~~ or a couple of dR,\'S e:Hlier. On this oecasion, the hride in the presenc(' of thf' Gugg·ula !s of Fpeci:ll ~i;~nijic~ncc for I,ing::tyats local leaders, \·iIll'!!I~ headman and the :\lagadIHn. Hnd Kurubas who worshitl eitlwr Veerahhadra or I'cceiYes a, new ;;rCt',l snl'(-"e and a few ornaments ("l'l'l" Kedar linga. tt is usually held in the early hour;.; llloniall~~ from tiL' representatives 0; the bJ idegroom . of the morning. Embers are placed in earthen lid~ The :\1agadum later distributes betalleaves and areca_ to represent GU!J~/I!l(t. Two or fOllr gll[Jg1~la arc got. Huts to ! he invitees. The block of gur beUada, pente up, placed in thl' marriag<' pandal· and worshipped offered hy, the yisiting party ,is shared by Hakdarrc: by the five m'Ut':'/li·i~, by offering f( gre!'u sa1-er, blome, in the village /'j::: .. village headmau, )fagadum, Tala~ and a dothi. The laps of the muthaides are then filled wa.r, Matapathy etc. with lluspiciol:ls artic1e~ and they are fed in front of the IlUIJllvla fire. The 1 the qUf/Uul(u are ('arried in a aud by chanling of m«nth,ram sanctifies the guladal;, procession lead by musicians and lJa1'vcda heloiAI'Il It is then tied by th·~ blidegrol~m around the lWl'k of (i.e., those who would be constantly shouting' kbade the bride and the gathering then sprinkles grains khade veerabharl.ra) and the bridegroom aceoIDpanied of rice on the coupl~. Amol1g KurulJas the IJujari by his mother. Ou reaching a well or a t a],k, the and the fh'e mu~ :!,/.:de3 bless the [luladali and it j,; muthaides once again worship the guggulas and offer tied by the pujan around the neck of t.he bride. cooked food ana extingui:,h the embers by pouring Mahars allow any elderly relative of the bridegroom milk and curds The briuegroorn's mothc'r as also V, tie the fluladali. Dlwre is the next iportant fum: her son receive p.fl~;ents from her pal·ental family. tion in which the father's brother of the bride assis, The dhoti alld saree offereu to guggula are also taken ted by his wife washes the feet of the briucgroom and a way by the briciegro ..)m and his mother. wave arathi befor~ t 1'e coul,le. Thcu the pall'llls of the bridegroom recompense them b,Y giving SOl1l(' Unlike Lingayats and Kurubus, the .:\lahul':l have vresents. The bride receives a few presents and 11 ceremony ca!k·~ 'Earamna.duvuu1.l ' instead of sweet dishes from her parents. La tc in the cyeninli Guggula. In this, th,~ bridegroom and audhel mall the couple visits till' local temples. The procci;sion are dressed .··s (-5",0) tJ,···1' a warrior; a Lalill. or taken out for this purpose i' known as 'l'((,',dlw'. haton brought frnm a J\I edar is :lclorneo wit h n turban, \Yhile returning, at the threshold of the house one worshipped and ;](l.i;clkar. holige (,;W{'ct pan eakcs) oj' the sisters of the bridegroom obstructs Lhe vmple are offered. Th~ bridegroom cO',-ers five paces withill and demands th2 hn11(1 ,of their daughter for he)' son. the marriage pandal Whl:l1 he is in the harb of 11 .\ s{:'E'J-drill tulle is then placed on the shoulders of ',vanior while the other man accompanied by five the hridegroom and then he may enter the house. persons visits the!r teniple. The5e five persons will Thi" cOllcludes t.he marriage ceremonies and (m i he have abstained from food on the previous night and folluwing da,\' aite,' mamannigi /;arya or It'uve taking now they COnS'l'.1:e the paneakes oif'>red to the: [athio Cl l'l'UlOne,'" .the bride and her kin get back to their Bringing five pots known as a;irani from the rl',;pedi\,c plac(,~. Till the ne\vly weds have .five temple by 5 mU,;!J[[iJc:, is followtd by wragi ill the ('eremonial baths on Saturdays and Wednesdays altel.· marriage booth. In lIuragi the hriuegroom is senter! ·lwtin>ly they do nu: attend to "heir llormal duties. un a woollen Lhnket and a,l'ound him arc piaecrl tht' The,\' are said to j,1 a stale or ltasillwt (U;~J:j.fj: or wet Ii ve pots in the four corners of an imaginery squar;>. IJollied, N ow·a-d·'.y, m: tb<::' first Ol~ca sion ilself they Eaeh pot holds a holige (swe~t pan cake) and cotton bathe 5 times wlthi 1 an interval of a few moments ,\ arn is passed rOltlLl tll ~ pots, A number of ptn.ons when they go !JIlt of I.he bathroom to consume a pierc l'ncircle this boot!1 and they pa~s arc~urt(l 11 ('OCOUllUt. of gUl'. The coconut which had been tied to the \\·llile· repeating cli.:, 1l[l,meS of SOlllt' gods. .Five pieces right hand of the bmLgroolli is broken Oll fhis day "labs whell his feel u,,; also the linga.s are washed and borne the corp... ~. The dishes prescrihed for 1his day \\orshivpcd. A COl, )allut it,; broken lint} ali tht: peopl~ arc rice and tiullariud i>OUp. Among .:\iahars thc loudly sa, that .u and .0 hall ldt l11; .. mOl'tul w(Jrld iJcarel'ioi thell1:5d \ C-i cook l1uchcha and after Wil ving and has gont' to heaven. Bilva leaves are then stre'''ll this food before ;; pilla: in the house (I flnw it to bl' .)\"1'1' the crave. T:l~ priest gets ti(Jk.~hI1!~ ill tliC {drIll ('atelt by ,I' cow. On the ,;cyenth or the ninth day of cuh and aliD ! h~ shroud cloth. l:xceFt the Lingll . Di'vll3a' eeremoney which consists in feeding a few yuts, Kurubu'S and also Brahmins, the oth("r communi "datives, is performed. Except Brahmins, other ties do nut require the .ervi('~ of a pries! at lite time communitieli do nol lJ<::l'form ;;hmd(iiuL or dea tit of di,.po •• l of nil' d~ad. anniversaries. Howe, ':1', Oil either the first day of the Lunar New y.~~,r 0.' 0:1 the fir~t da~' of Kalthika, On tkeir ... a;y home the pll.!licipant.s III the fuaer • .t they offer food Il' the dec~,lsed anceitors, hathe &t a ~-elr (I,· elr;~ on reaching their re'lleetlve Th" Brahtnill";. \Iaratha", ~aler, Chatr!'r, etc hou.es b&the in the fronL ya,'d The IWIHt'l'J, dip HH" ub"cfYC pollution for a period of 10 uu~·~ anu undergo hlanket. in water and fetch a put full of water to purificatory rites on the eleventh day. The Lingayats the house of thn deceased. By then, the !\pot of Kurubll~, Mahus et~, refl':Iin from ;J1lja.~ and n')rmal dt"ath will han' b';~':l sr leL'r("d with COW0.11n8', and activity till the third-day Ceremony is held. Padodaka ,orne' flour \yonld havL' been Citrewll oycr ('yenly. A or tht. holy 1t.t~l' Ofi~I°e.d by " p]'ie:.;t~ t:()\V~~ urint' or W'icker. h&sket is placed IIp.ide down to e,,'.'(_·r the dse panchag(J!l)ya are the purificants 1Il use among flour. One of th~ bear!").., replaf'es the baakt"t WiUl "\,,vllr.1 communi'it:'>' of lb,(" villlli:e. t he pot conbini 19 wlI.ter. On thi. night u ~n &I the following lli~ht a fi.'c is kept humilig Ilt tbe ~'P(Jt of When an elderly pel'$on die:;, within one year buial. . another cereulOny kuown :15 "hjriyarna koudisikollu TQdu" (joillini t.he pre-decea!!eri) is performed. A The Brahmin,; and the Mar3thM cremate their silver or bra"" facsimill representing the dead is dead while a.ll the other communities dispose of tht: placed b~ide!! a kal(f;h':l i;J the house and worshipped dead by buriaL Even among the former those who with offerings 0f f"rA and clothing:;;. If any marriages die at a tender 'lge are burled. 'Wlien cremated, the ue pending th~''.c· ar~ celeurated uming the year of ashes and the bones are gathered on the third day for death as otherwi,,~ they shouid pustpone the ~a'll~ for ,iisposal in the river clo.,eby. Other communities do Lhree yean. not have :wy i>ec')ndlHY disposl!ls. Among Linga;yat~ The villaegl's believe that t.he souls of those who ;tnd the Kuruba" th~' dead bodies of the unmanied die during Sltra1Jan,l (August) go riircctly to heH\·en. ;tre burietl in ~. ::-;'.1"; po~lurc, The he-O'lo wfmld h~ Death on a :Movday is 8.uspiciollS. Those who die directed to the 1Ve.,t, the legs to the E.~l l'Lurl th(' on a \Vednesda;r or a. SlI.turday are hUTied with II face is oriente!l lo,nrci,; the North. couple of cocoanuts in their arm pits to ward off the evil effect. If death occurs during the influence When rel&~ion', ;md friend~ vi1!it the her("an~d to of certan inausp! ~io~s or ::,vii :-tars th{'y va eat e the orrer cOlldolenc~s it i3 clIstomalY tor tlwm to Otff'l Economic Resou,rc.;; : The total an~a I,)f the uncult:vable land is ti58 acres and 18 guntas. It is composed mainly of pot The economy of the village has a predominantly .'Jlarab or b:1rren lands unfit for the plough which ag'ricultural bias, Seventy per cent of the population accounts for 526 acres and Hi gUllla:s. The other depends almost entirely on land either as cultivators forIllS of land utilisation are village site 11 acres :3 or as agricultural laoolU'crs, Those who do not ha v'.' guntas; Road: ~~8 acres !} guui;,;;; country roads, any income wh::tt5~ever froll1 lands are \'e ',Y few iti lanes and cart tracks: 35 acres and 35 guntas and number, Cultivd.vd land is thus the major tC(I)lOmic canals, drains, etc., 47" acres and one gunta. No resource, It ;s, h')wever, supplemented hy livestock lJatch of land III the village has, however, been rearing, Handicl''1.it3 suet as Carpf'llh;y, hasketry assigned as a permanent pasture or as crematorium dc" contribute their meagre ;,hare and so also trade or Imrial ground. and service arc resources of a secondar.v importance. Livestock, eSp'~cially the bUl!dCks, constitute all The total Hl'c<1 of the village ~eing 5,!,.f7 ;t('J.'cs ;,nd essential part of tIt ~ economy of the vil!agc. The 4 guntas, the clilLi, al.,Jc land extenJs over 5,318 acru motive power l'..)l' the traditional plough as well as and Q6 gUlltas. Scattered patches of arable land which that for lifting WlItU' from weils j~ proviJeu by th~ put together w0t:hl he ahout 1 SO acres, remain fallow bullocks, Cattle and sheep form an important if every year. Th.'2 actual area under the crops will be not the only sources of manure. It is only now. i.e., about 5,160 acres &'1(1 tllls includes a small extent of from about a d~·:adc that thc cultivators are 5iowly about 10 to 15 acre's yielding donble crops, The taking to the use of ehcmicr.i fertilize!"s. Bullock entire tract is Jl'Y - There are, howl:\,cr, Oll(; hundred driven carts comtitute an important mode of' h'ltm wells distributee! ill severa! slH'vey numbers, which port particularly for agricultural commodities. The irrigate an area .:Jt 250 acn's ~ Out of these, fifteell particulars of liestock statistic~ are presented in wells have been fixe.i with oil engine pumpstts for Table 7. It IDay be observed that ]5~ households (hawing walcr. The soil 0 Umarani is sairl to be in all possess J2J wOl:kil1g bullocks. There lire in shallow, the depth l"alJging bet,yeen one inch and all 169 cows an i 52~9 &he-buffaloe:> which ,vield milk four inches. There are a few patches of fertile black and there are 5;26 sheep whit'h ,v·idd we.ol, Goat.~ soil and also th)s~ of good red loam. The chief soils are also milked in this region and the milk is used of the village Ill'e however mrtradi and harah (both for the prepat'ati'll1 0; ten in several hous('holds. Two grubby soils or a poor quality) . households of KOl'avas'rear pigs. Poultry farming is also practised ;\1 tht, vill:lge though 0n a small scah Table XXV-A and XXV-B which pl't:'sent infor mation regarding the own~rship of land indicate that The resour,~e$ i~1 the village: which fall under th~ the residents of rmarani o\vn a total extent of fZ,'lS1 group of houseC:\()\d iudutitry are tailoring, carpentry, acres of which 2,390 acres lie within the limits of basketry, rope.~nuking, leather working, manufacture Umarani. In other words, it may be said that people of lime by burniJ1f1 limestone and prepar~tion of living outside Umarani own '2,9'28 acres of land. On broomsticks. In all, ~S?, households with a total the other hand ~l few households in Umarani own population of 1:35 persons (kriyc some incomt' from about 41 aer3S ill Yedravi, Belkod, Valke and household industl'ie.l. J ntlustr,Y h;}ppens to be the Jodkurali. 30r,k of the households in the village main source of }\Ydihond for S househoUs eompJ'i:-;ing are cultivating land; (on leas(') D(,l(lugillg to absentee of 41 member.,. Ji'ollrteen hvusdlO!ds deriYe income landlords. A_~:0~'dmg to.> the SUl'HY the tolal actnal from trading ael j" 11:;.·". Eight out of these fourteen area. under the \:fOpS, sewn b~' the ('ultivators of Umu are milk-vendor..;, S! e,1l'ry on s(,:lsonal trading in rani. is ~033, 21 ::tCl'(?" The pel' capita land actualJ? groundnuts more OJ' leSE as collection agents, one is lIown-is thus LOS acres; The avelage area under a tea-shop keener while the rest Ita ve petty ktrani the crops per h'lu.;ehC'ld works out to 6.52 acrt.s. shops. Service in Governm.ent or institution. pro- VILLAGE MAP OF UMARAN' REFeRENCE TALUK CHIKODI Village Boundary OISTRICT BELGAUM Streams ~ Roads Scale: 1 inch= c640 Feet Hills ~~ o o - l..l... K.V.S. BeONOX'!' OF ..... "ILL ••• vide employment to half a do<::en persons. Th~ village is Rs. 3,411.65 per annum. The ryotwari lands labourers from Umal'tl.1U cxplO1'e the township of are again classified into two categories known as " old Chikodi and its neighbourhood for work. Even tenure" and the 'new tenure'. While there is all though it is Qf '1 casua.! nature a few instances of extent of only 4~~ acre'; and 25 gllnl:as under the old emigration may he oh~.ervect in Umnrani, tenure the area under the n ~w tenure in lJmarani is as much as 3,610 acres and 31 guntas, Assessed Government waste h.l,d consists or 302 acl'(,s and 7 Factors influen':>n'J the eCOnOm1/! hJe in tit,' !·illag('. guntas. Of th~ l'pmailling, 983 acres nrc under Inam (A) UND TENURES AND LAND REFORMS tenure and 658 acres and 18 gllnins are unaf,se,c;sed. Umarani wa, Olie of the few" Palagana "alha'l In ryotwari land3, the as!;cssment is placed on Inam " village. in ChikoJi Talnk. The gl'aHt was <,ach Survey Number and the settlement is directly made in 1883 I)y the then Collector of Be!gaum to hetween the occupant and the Government. The the late Sri NumYlltl Rao Ravalojl Rao Desai Survey and Settlements are subject to revision every Nanadikar. I'ropriet.ary rights were vested with the thirty years. These lands are held by occupants [namdar and hereditary rights regarding the enjoy under' Old tenu'·e' which is the right of (I'cupancy ment of the grant were simultaneously conferred. ('ontinuable in perpetuity on payment of Government The total acreage under the grant being 4,549 acres (lemand at a stipui.ltell rate. Thf' occupant has and 37 guntas the Survey A sscssment of I he grllllt heritable and trfll1sferahle rights. The Jand~ t;J-all- stood at Rs. 1,454 annas 9 and pice 5, The Inamdar ted to the occupants subsequent to the most recent was required to pay an amount of Rs. 454 and annas survey and settl~mellt are unller new tenure. In 9 as annual addlt;onal quit rent. to the Govemment. Umarani the major portion of the land falls under The net alienat.ion was therefore Us. looe ano pice 5. New Tenure for the simple reason that !,n extent of The inamdllr, sllhsequenliy leased out the lands to 1',549 acres was alienated to the Inamdar until it was numerous ryots and acted as an intermediary. Vnder resumed in 1951 consequent to the abolition of Inams him there were Ian,l owners as well. under the prov!'llOUS of "The Bombay Pm agar·.a and Kulkarniki Vathan Abclition Act, 1950". These In 1951, under the provisions of the" Bombay lands were reg ranted to the occupants, However, Paragana and Kulakarniki Vathan Abolition Act, eyen now an extent of 98:3 acrf'S are undn' Tnam 1950" Umarani \\"n reslImed hy the Gm'frl!ltJEnt :tud tenure. These lllnn. huds :ue now ('omJ)O~t'J of it lost its inam charaeteristi,'s. Then onwuJds it grants Lo temple (168 acres), revenu(> or .Uali-patil became a Government village under the ryotw(LJi (Q7 acres); police patil (130 acres); and Mali-cum tenure. Consequent to the aboEtion of the Inam, lhe police patil (658 acres), A portion of these Patilki lands have been regranted to the owners and the lnam lft.nd~ i~ b2iJ6 enjoyed by villagf' SP!'Vant3 such erstwhile teml.t1ts. There ill, h()\\'(vt'J'. a dispute ::IS the Sanadi, l\Iahars and the Talwars, Anothc'f (which is not ,"ct finally settled) over :~n mCl 01' type of Inam know:} tt'> Jl!th Inam co"('rin~ an (xtent about 96 acres between the Inamdar and his tenants. of ~87 acres lind :;5 guntas ' .... as under inll.m tCllure till The contention of the tenants is that they have been 1955 when ,it was changed over to new tenure. The holding these lands frOM a period. earlier than 188~~ details of the In nds held hy t he tcmpk~ are as when the entire yillage was made OVPI' to the Inamdar folIo."" : and as such thp~' need not pay eompem:af iol1 to him now. They arc servant,,; of the vilbgc community E;1'tcni such as Magadulllma, Sanidhi, "l\Iulla, etc .• and lhe (in arre.' and guntas) Inamdar's claim i,: s})id tf) be that his fOl'ef:>.thers ~m ployed these per:-;n1J5 and in turtl leased Jawls f0l' 1. Ml!ruthi temple (Chikodi) ~2-11 cultivation to them, In the field, howevrl', the lund !. Ramalinga te;}lpk 14-- 10 i~ f;tiIl being enjoyed b~, the erstwhile occupr.nts (tnb·. ~. Beerappa te'llpk 5-28 4. Prakash lingo! 17-H A major por';Itc1 of the land is nO\v uuder 5. Ma.llikltrju TIl'!. dt,y (hdd h, [,'~--24 ryotwaii tenure Under this 8ystem the occllp:lllls Matapathi in Umlll'ani) , called Patt(ldar., pol v 18.nd revcmn directly to th~ fl. Basa.ve~hV'1r'l (I)f Khl1l'(l1',hi ~!i-1l Government. The IIHI :ess('d land in Umarani being village) . 1,318 aCre! and 1ft guntas t.he a~~e~!lment for the 7. Maruthi tempb tl-Sj 30 UMARANl' Regardin~ tl.e Land Refol'nll 1.n'04.\Iht .. bout ill to tile situation By pel'sUaSiOr" hribery o~' evel\ the Bombay-Kal'lll:.ta .. n'gion 01' the ~ly;;oJ'e Stale ('oercioll they 'had their 1ltnd, surrendered voluntari17 f.ince Indepeml~nce, :1 passing luc'nii0n may probilhi~ by their ~r5tvr!d~ tenant",. Only a few stray indivi suffice here as the aims and objectives as also the duals snryived tlJc bid to totally Oll"t t}w tenants fronl implications of ~!I(' various provisions of the Act have \"xerci~ing thE'ir tight:. as COnfNl't'd hy the new Act. been narrated ;g l\Ionc-graJlI!"3 on Chik;indgi, Turnur Ii: appeaI'iJ then: W['I''':' a !t'w cJisput('s ill l~1l' wate of Balekundri, et{·. The Bombay Tenancy and Agri promUlgation I)f t]H_' .-\ct but all tho~e were :lmic;.oly cultural Lands Act, 1948 with the amendments from settled outside court.~. Onl~- one ea:"e involving an time to time happens to be the major and the most ndament tenant and eqllall~' Gbstinate laml-Iord is significant Land Reform Act in this )'egiell. Consoli _ "aid to he ,;till pending: :;;et t}em('nL In f:lct' dation of Holding~ Act i. a)loth!"!' >\et ,yith th ... Ihi" land-lord got the other tnwnts give up Iauda hIe objecti"!"!! oe con!!lolidating tIle I"'i"i~t in~ lIwir rights \'Olnllt:uil~' and oft' the rccord~ holdings and preventing future fragmentation. But, tlw "amc people are contiuuing to till his "10 far, no work h:t,s beer. don~ ou this ~e(Jl'(: in the land;; ulider the old terms. SUell instances of village. The effect of the Inam Abolition Act has eircumventing ~he law may be fOllnd in seW'ral other already been I'Jtatl~,I. The erstwhile Inlundllr ~till Illstances aho. During the f;urvey information owns large extent of lund in the villaw· HI' lw" l'(·garding the aC;.II;11 position in the vilJage, irJ't'spcc ,("veral tenantl who cllltiv~te the l:md!\ ;tllli P:1Y ti \'c of the official recordings and incumbent rights stipulAted rent to him. EVf;n dUl'iJl~ the period anu privilegc~, has been ascertalined from the til1pr~ when th(' Inamd ... r had full !lway over the hndt in the of th(' soil ::md illso land-lord". Aeeol'din~ to this, 3:-:' villa,ge there wert' owners (If lll.od and the Ti~ht 0\'1"1 ('ould he SCl'll .-rol,; Tahk XXV, 17 lvm~dl(lds lwVC' bud was transfcr!llok. Tll1l" with pri\":'de owner gin'n 0111 tlwil' "I'Llil,\~ holrlillg" I tol aljn~ 10 "houl ihip and subletting (If I:mds, the ('UstOlll of gi \ ing oni "l71.~~ acres) 10 utIle!','; 1'01' eu!t;"ai"ioll. '}'\\"ehty-fin' land on lease "itIH:f 011 pall{ (crop sn,ll'iilg) 01' 1\1:;11:(/(1 households who tlo l)ot own land,., llll:nvhen·. nr(' cnlti (:fix~d tllllllwi l'!'ub 01" Nall,'am' palu (if> per (,Put) ,·M.ing an extcnt of '!3~. :')7 acre" iflkpll en kl'li'e ~hare in which th~· hnd-Iord and ,\ lallol1ft'}' work 1l1OSU_y on oral a,.4l'~~elllrll';, ThC')'C' ,HI' ~l'\'(-ral othe! together on a ~:U'Hl and sharI' the yield ill the pro Ilo1nSf,llOlds which are jnvolved in lenan('r relation portion of 7.5 : 25 I'espeetiwly) was quit~ popular in ,hip [llid III" ah,tl':1('1 fnl'l1ished in pages :31 and S~ Umarani also. When the Bombay Tenancy Act. PJ'Oqrll'" :ill in~i"t!Jt into the' debil~ at :1 ~hlllec. promulgation of the Act but all these were amicahly 1948 came inlo force, the landlords ,vere quite alert Ii) CONO_ y 0 Ji' TlI:B vILLA&:I: 31 .." ~ I "'a c:; ~ <>', I t- el; .! ~ 10 rc..: I>< '0 c r- <>, ~ ~ - ... .~ " ~'" ~; ~: ,- I IZ =c ~ ""' <:: 0: CL; ~ ;;; Q3 > ~ 1- ~ .=> .!:F ~ '0 t" ";:; r:.:I "'-.,. ~ "" .$ '" <;> "" C 00 ~" i"'; ..::l It: ..., '=' ~ .., 1l ,. :L!':' ::L; ..... ::::_, l>- It: :: ", ", t; "0 t "'" ~ c-: "a r:.:I ~ ! ..<:i .~ '"' ... 1):1'" 's J:: ..... ~ '00< Z ~ .., ::: "'" '/" >.~ ..,c ~ ;: ~ . ~ .-; c <.. ", ~ ,. ..;. ... ::~" r:.:I .S ....,.-;'" 7. I~ ~ - :J:: ;. 10 g .., ;:; ::: ~ ~ % 0 '" d" ..; ...... ,. ..<:i ~ ~ '" 0" "a t:.; - ~ z "2 "9 c: 0"' ~ ~ L,:" ~ ~':' .., ;:: X l- ~ ", 8 =~ c ,. ~ ... ~ ~ " .,.: ..". 0 1- _. § 'f; 00 <0 00 ac ...., \> Q> <>l ~ -;;; .... ~ - ~ -;e ~ <>1 ~ r. ~ 2 0 '".0 ;.. '1;> .--:. 0: ,:q 0 S .£ ..<:i" ~" <:: "0'" ';:0 % ;: ,. """' -0 '"0 c: ~: ~I .,~' t c OJ Z ;.- ,_ '0 '" ;- ~ p I~ " f . ( ""!; :: '" ~ ~~j ~ j I .::rI t 7.1 \ g I , ;_ I ._; I .. C:j ;:; ~ ;:q" I .E ~ ,~ I ~ ,I ~...!s;''" -', ., I ;0' - --:" >;.; j ~ .t: '? '-'- I if '2 t;- o l ' c. ..2~ , .;:;. ,., , .:::... I ':'1 I .2 ,::: , -~ -t- _8 ::3 $ Q ;11 I E , I ~ , 'l'O ..5 ~b~ - ,6 "~ i , ~ I '" +' " + + " '7 '" :$- ..e ~ .&:I :':. 0 .~ . I :s§1 .~ ' € \ I ~ ,~ I ..;: :)'" :..' c~ I I 1 I z~· I' '0 '\ " " .., ~ 'I l "i; ~ I I "" I ilCOM'OMT OJ!' TlIll 'fILLAGII It may be observed from the above that 127 house- . was started in 11)64 and till the end of OCtober 1965 hol 3 trMARAlIil (D) EXPANSION OF TilE eouitcEs OJ!' F1NANCE vais is, m.a~ife~t. On these occasions they indulge in the lusur.v of visiting restaurants and cinema thea tmarani Ijs no exception to the ge~eral pattern of ,tres. Of course' these pleasures are irallsi rural ~redit' s~;stem which is dominated by private tory as, when the full Teswnsibility of' carryiug money lenders. 'Vholesale merchants and collection 011 the household economic activity devolves on the :' gcuts also constitute an important and readily ;,'()ungman, he will adhere to the rigid rural life and llvailable sources of credit to the villagers: Despite stop his frequent outings to towns. The villagers I he high rates of interest the cultivators very often are lIOW able to appreciate the value of education "orrow from these private individuals or concerns. atHl are also aWH1'e of the emplo;vment opportunities The Goycrnment has been granting Taccavi loans to it (Iffers. I,he needy landholders for specific purposcs such as land improvement. Since the Extension of the Community Development Programme to Chikodi, th(· ECO.xOl\IIC ACTIHTU:S AND NATURE Of' CIUXUF:S ~,E.S. has been advancing loans to cultivators fOl· sinking wells and also for the installation of pllmp (i) Lh'clihood, Clal,ses sets. The Co-operative Society in Umal'tlni was revita.lised in about 1960 and since then t.he culti Beforc sdting forth to describe the clas,."jfication vat.ors have been in a position to draw adv.lllcCS to of the· population by different livelihood dai;s('s, a meet minor capital investments 01' tJle regular recur few points may have to he elucidated. In the 1901 ring agricultural expenses. Thus the recent expansion C\'JlSUS, the popUlation lws been broadly grouped of the sources of finance has helped, to a considerable into two categories, viz., workers and non-workers. extent, the cultivators to increase the area under 'Workers incIudl:' all those who are economIcally irrigation and also to secure better yields from the active as earners or as earning dependents. Further lands. the workers have been classified into nine categories, (ri:'!;., industrial classification) depending upon the (E) EXPANSION O:F lHAHKt;TING AND TRANSPORT (xact nature oC theil' work. In determining the FACILITIES pritlcipal work, in case more than one oceupation has heen returned, time f~ctor has been taken as the Chikodi is the near('st market and it is connected criterion. Thus, the 1961 Census docs not throw light by a good all weather road. The other market 011 the cl:lssification of the entire; population accord l"~ntres yisitcd by the people of Umarani and, its ing to ,severa'l livelihood classes. This has been a neighbourhood arc Athani, Gokak, Sangli and Nip major departure from the 1951 Censll'> when the pani. These centres are cOllnected b,\, motorablc Jlopulation was' divided into two broad categories, maus and lorries are commonly used fur transporting I'i:.;, , the agt·icultural classes And the non-agricultural agricultural commodities. At tht~se centres, there are dns~cs, Each of these two categories cOIl~isted of Regulated l\Iarkets and each has "I specialised '" livdihood classes and as the dependents' were alw market for 011e or two commodities. The cultivators tagged on to the livelihood classes representing their producing gur used to frequent Gokak l\larket more brel}:d-winner it was possible to account £or the whole often in the past because of the cash loans advanced population. "~gajn, during 1951 the criterion that to them by the traders, But nowadays they prefer decided whether a particular occupation was the the Sangli Regulated :Market or else the Athani principal one or not was the incom~ derived from Market where they can get better prices, that occupation rather than the time 5pent on it. As a result of these deviations it is not possible to have (f) I-"iFII.:I'RA,TlON OF URBAN INFLVENCES ;I comparative study of the livelihood clas!!e~ .ccord~ I:~ ling to the two Censuses. The impact of urbanisation on the economy of the village is v~ry meage. In appearance' and puring the present survey, however, detailed uutlook Umarani is essential1y ruraL Ho,vever, infulmation has been gathered regarding the nact s}j~bt changes in the habits of the younger men are nature of work done by the workers, . the income41 ri"fjl~ed. They are fond of finer clothes and a few try d.criveg by houst;}lolds by difft;rep.t sources and iuch to imitate the fashions prevailing in urban areas. other JIlatters., Partic~lars regarding worken h... They are also growing fond of easy life and a been ,furnished in Table IX whilst the information tendency to visit towns and cities at frequent jnter~ about the hou.eholds by princtpal and 8ubsidiar1 IW-cupations are contained in Tabies ,ttn a~d' also an' aere 'while" ancitlier st own in tae range 1 acre x.nc. The tables in addition to the information to i.6 acres and 4!l households own between !l.S acres from the schedules 'provide data comparable with the and !i. 0 acres. Thus among the land owners 116 own 1951 Census classification of populatio~ by the e~ht· leSs than 5 acres and in this dry tract income derived fold lh'elihood classes. The subjoined table gives -. ~r acre is quite meagre. However, a few of them ,comI.arative picture of the conditions that SUbsj8~ed bave patcbes of irrigated lands and are thus able to in 1951 and again in 1965 : make both the ends meet. Some of the other pf'tty la~d-:-OWDers have taken considerable extents of 1951 Census 1965 SlUvey. additional lands on lease and therefore they move Livelilw",l CIa,,""" into the livelihood class of " cultivators of h,nds taken Pdpula. Perct>on- POlJula- Pereen- on lease". As pointed out earlier, in HJ51 many of tion tage tion tage the ,tenants might have, preferred to conceal the fact of their being in possession of lands taken on lease. }'or these reasons, the proportion of the population J. .WBIOULTURAL CLASSES: in the second livelihood class hal! increased from ~. ' (i) Cult iva tiull of lands 9.68% in 1951 to 18.74% in 1965. From Table XIII ~ owned. 977 72.16 812 43.36 it could be seen that 259. households comprising in (ii) Cultilration of lands all 1,526 persons have cultivation of lands (owner and taken on leU6e 131 e.68 3051 18.7i tenant included) either as their primary or the first (iii) Agrioultural labourer. 172 12.70 llSO 8.01 subsidiary source of livelihood. Thus 81.47 per cent (iv) Non-cultivating land of the population have cultivation of lands and in owners 24 1.77 21 !.U 1951, the total proportion of the then popUlation in 11. NON-AGRICULTURAL CLASSES: the first two categories of livelihood, viz., cultivation (v) Production other than of lands owned and cultivation of lands taken on cultivation 19 1.40 41 2.19 lease' stood at 81. 24 per cent. (vi) Trade and Commeroe 6 0.45 2!l 1.49 There has been a decrease in the category of (l'ii) Tr In 1951, there were none in the category of More than three fourths of the total workers "transport and communications" but now onc are engaged in cultivation. Among female workers llOusehold living on the borders of Umnrani very 81.7% are participating as cultivators; 16.8% are cllJse to Chikodi, maintains a bullock-cart for agricultural laJ>ourers and the remaining are cngaged purposes of hiring out in the town. Slight increases in household industry. Making of broomsticks and nre noticed in the categories of • tradl;' and also burning of limestone are the manufacturing indus , household industry'. Four households consisting of tries in which the women workers are engaged. 26 persons, depend solely on trade as milk-vendors Among male workers 90% are engaged on land as while another household with only 2 persons derives cultivators and agricultural labourer;;. its income by retail trade. Those in the household industry includes 4 households depending on carpen The results of the Survey have been presented try, 2 on basketry, one each in tailoring and leather in Tables VIII, IX and X. Table VIII gives the work.' Of these, 5 households with 23 members in all Humber of workers by sex and age-groups, while have 110 other source of income while the other three Table IX further classifies the workers by the nature have cultivation, labour and service as subsIdiary of the work done by them. The principal and the occupations. first subsidiary occupation have been taken into COl1sideration in the preparation of Table IX. As it (ii) Workers and Non-workers was observed that several labourers frequently took The particulars about the ,yorkers and non up work of a non-agricultural type such as sinking of workers are available from two sources, viz., the 1961 weHi', road construction, etc., an attempt has bt'cn Census and the Survey during 1965. The Census made to show them separately under the heading presents a general picture while the survey attempts , Labourers' as distinct from the purely agricultural a further probe. According to the Census, the labourers. Sometimes the general labourers migrate popUlation of the village was 1,801 and the workers temporarily to towns and larger villages in search of numbered 1,040. The workers, thus, formed 67.74% work but the agricultural labourers mostly confine of the total population. Sexwise, it is se~n that if themselves to the village. In Table X the workers there are 586 working males out of a total male have been classified for the three important occupa· population of 952, there are only 454 workers out tions, viz., cultivation, industry and trade. AU workers of the total 849 female population. In other words whether working whole-time or part-time in each are 61.5' per cent of the males and 53.5 per cent of the accounted for in this table and: therefore there is a females in the village are workers. Among the' possibility of overlapping. workers the males constitute 56.3 per cp.nt. The distribution of the workers by the nine industrial Table VIII reveals that 1,055 persons or 56.8~% c'ltegories is .furnished below: of the total population are workers. Out of the total workers, the male component being .',7.9% the 1961 Census females contribute the rest, viz., 42.1%. As com Workers parf'd to the 1961 Census there has been a slight fall Persons Percent Males Females in the female component' (from 43.4% in 1961 to of total 42.1% in 1965) and consequent rise in the male 1. All Cultivator 794 76.34 423 371 component. But then, a slight fall in the proportion II. AR Agricultural of workers has also been indicated during the Survey. L"bourer 185 17.78 109 76 Sexwise, it is observed that 61.6% of the total male III. In minirlg, livestock population and 50.4% of the total female popnlation rearing, etc. Ii 0.48 o IV. At hOUBf1hoJd industry 42 4.04 35 7 in the village are workers. The females make a. V. In manufacturing other considerable contribution to the labour force of the than household viJlage. industry. VI. In construction .• 1 0.10 1 VII. In Trldo a.nd Commerce 3 0 . .29 3 The age·group break of the workers shows VIII. In Tra.nsport and that U.13% are in the age-group 0.14; 49.88% nre Cnmmunica. tion . 3 0.29 3 in the 15-84 age-group; 88.75% are in the age-group IX. h. 0: her Servic<:s 7 0.68 7 . 85'-59 and the rest, viz., 4.74% are aged 60 years TOT.1L 'WORKERS I,O~O 100 00 586 454 01' more. The major contribution comes from the young and the middle-aged who togethel' account ---- -_ .. - -,-- "-,-_ ... 0 11'1 "" 0 ...0 0 an "II 0 '"w .0 _J N ~ 0 :E 0 L&J z 11'1 lL. ~ - >( '"cr 0 ILl Q W ~ V') cr >- 0 en ." ~ Q. :l Z '"ex 0 l&l cr 0 .., ,. Z ~ Z + C"'I < ~ 0 . , cr 0" .0 1ft ~ W 0 0 :2 ~ C) ::::> Z ~ 0 cr 0 0 '" 1ft z « w 0 ~ 0 a: cr 0 z CD 0 0 ~ ~ - 0 0: 11'1 '"UJ 0 - ~ 0 cr 0 L&J "II '" 0 -J ~ « 0 IJ'I :2 N 0 0..., 0 an fit 0 0 .q BClQlIOMY OJ' TUB VILLA1UII for the five·sixth of the total workers. 'Among- male genel'allabourers, 19 (5.8%) are shepherds. 10 nre workers, U.44% are below 14 years; 47.63% are artisans, (j are traders, one person is cngaged in youngmen in tbe age bracket 15-34; 33.71% are transport while the others, viz., 9 are in service. In middle-aged and 6. flfl% are aged 60 years' or. more. the age group 60+, there are only 50 workers and On the other hand among females the workers in the of fhem as many as so are cultivators, five men and age-group 0-14 and 60 and above account for only a woman are t'ngaged in cattle grazing, 8 are labou 11. 71 % and 2.70%. The workers in the age-group rers, one is an artisan and another is in service. 15-34 constitute 51.80% and those in the age--group 35-59 constitute 33.79%. The proportion of workers As compared to the 1961 Census there have been to the total number of persons in each age-group by certain variations in the proportion of workers in sex is depicted in the chart on the facing page. different occupational categories. Marked differences are noticeable in the case of cultivation, livestock Particulars of the workers engaged in various rearing, agricultural labour and trade. The reasons occupations are furnished in Table IX. Here also for the differences are partly the detailed enquiries t he principal as well as the .first subsidiary occupa- >!onducted during the Survey and also the occupa I ion of the individuals have been taken into consi tional mobility that is slowly manifesting in the deration. Of the total 1.005 workers, it is observed village. that 58! (oJ' 50 .17% of the total) are engaged in culfjvation as their Principal occupa;tion;, 180 ,or Table X 'indicates that in all, 748 workers or 1:l.82% work mainly as agricultural lab~urers; 140 70.9% of the total workers are engaged in cultivation ' or IS. !7% mainly work as general labourers; 138 either as their principal or the first subsidiary occu persons Or 1!l.6O% are shepherds or cattle grazers; }.lation. Likewise in household industry there are 30 persons work in household industry; 15 persons 40 workers of whom !'l9 being males, 11 are women in trading activities; one in transport and the and, in trading activity there are 10 male workers remaining 24 work in service occupations. Eighty and 6 female workers. Though no new industry has per cent of the workers are mainly engaged on land heen introduced in the village a few Madar or Mang as cultivators or as agricultural labourers and the families have taken to the production of broomsticks allied occupation of livestock rearing. Thoug!l and also rope making while the households of Kabba 13. ~7% of the workers are mainly engaged as general ligns have taken to the production of lime by burning workers many of them work as agricultural labourers . limestone. In the laHer only females are intrested while some are having petty cultivation also. The but in the former men also participate actively. main items of work for them are sinking of wells Trading activity as a subsidiary occupation is slowly and construction of roads in and around Chikodi. Of gaining popularity and some youngmen have taken the total 140 workers in this class as many us 98 are / to the buying and selling of milk. They huy milk maies. Majority of the 4~ females are from the in Umarani and also a few surrounding villages and Mahar community. The proportion of females carry the same to Chikodi for distribution. This engaged in works such as service, household industry, b 11siness is said to be quite profitable also. trade, transport and general labour is relatively low. In the case of agricultural labourers the female The non-workers constitute 43.670/0 of the total workers exceed their male counterparts by 25%, Of population. The particulars of their activities by the total workers engaged in cultivation 50% are sex and age-groups are presented in Table XI. The females. Considering the workers by age-groups female non-workers outnumber their male counter :md occupations it may be observed that of the parts. For, of the total 818 non-workers as many as 128 workers aged less than 14 years as many as 437 (or 58.14%) are females. The agcwisc break 68 are shepherds or cowherds ; 4~ are engaged in culti up shows that the non-workers in the age-group 0-14 vation and 15 as labourers. Among workers iii the constitute 81.5% while those in the age-group 35-59 age-group 15-34, ~91 (56%) are cultivators, 76 contribute only 2.80/0. Of the total non-workers, (~4.6%) are agriculutral labourers, 75 (14.4%) are those in the age-group 15-34 and 60+constitute 8.60/0 general labourers, 40 (7.70/0) are shepherds or cow-' and 7.10/0 respectively. Considering the non. herds, 17 (3.80/0) are artisans and the rest are in workers by nature of their activity it is observed trade and service. Among the 856 workers in the that 5S6 out of the total 818 or 65.50/0 are dependents age bracket 35-&9, 215 (60.40%) are cultivators, 40 bcing either too young or too old to work. Among (11. ~%) are agricultural labourerS, 56 (16.80/0) are these dependents only one male and 8 fema.les fa.ll ill S 8 the age-bracket 15-59. The students, mostly, coming A negligible extent of land is held by a large from the 0.14 age-group; constitute 15.9% of the number of petty land owners. In this' dry tract; 'in non-workers. Only 7 males a'nd one female above the absence of irrigation income from land is qnite 14 years of age are students. Among students, boys meagre. Thus an extent of less than 5 acres of dry nre far more numerous than girls. House-wf>rk land is very uneconomical. In a few cases eveIi 10 happens to be the most important activity for a large acres fetches only a moderate income. Considering number of female non-workers. Only 5 b~ys are this aspect it may be observed that 46% of the land reportedly assisting in the household work while owners have uneconomic holdings. There are a there are 189 females doing housework exclusively. number of irrigation wells but most of these are to The hous·e-workars oonstit'ute 17.80/0 of the total be found with households having relatively larger non-,Y(rrkers. There are 2 disabled males, one female extents. The price per acre of irrigated lands is four beggar and 5 rent receivers in the village. times that of ordinary dry land. (iii) Ownership of Economc"c Resources Considering the ownership of land by castes it is evident that Lingayats constitute the major land· I.and is the major economic resources in the village. holding community. Only iO out of the 128 house There nre 5f! hmlspholds in the village which do not holds of this community are landless and it would he own any lands. In some of the ~lOnseholds lands worthwhile to note that these households consist of arp held bv oifferent members while in a few other recent immigrants and that IS of them are tenant instances land recorded in the name of an individual cultivators. The land held by Lingayats constitute is artunl1y held by several households. Taking the 60.3% of the total land owned in the· village. The household as a unit, without considering how it has Lingayats own 1,466 acres and the average per house been recorded in the official records, it is observed hold works out to 11.45 acres. Next to I~ingaya ts that the 253 houspholds in the village own altogether are the Kurubas who altogether own 19.7% of the an extent of 2,481 acres. The average per household total land owned. But among them petty land own'inl! land works (lut to 9.6 acres and the average owners are relatively more in number. Only 6 house for the village as a whole works to 7.8 acres per holds owning more than 15 acres each, as many as hCllSpho1d. Tahl(' XXV-A contains the data relating ~2 own less than ~.50 acres· each. The average extent to ownership of hmd by communities and also by of land owned works out to 6.00 acres per homehold size-fOlnbs. Thf' following statement gives a compara for the Kurubas. The Mahars tire the third major tive idea at a glance:- community of the village iIi the order of population. But when ownership ot land is. considered they are not so well-off. Fourteen out of the 5.5 households H'lllsnholtiR Area ownerl Average are landless while another four, though not owing size of Siz,,-'lrb No. Percent Ext-Ant PaToent. the any lands, operate lands obtained on lease. As many ( (11' :Medar_ prepare wic~er baskets. Basket making b:1jl'll or any other minor millet. Though the ar~a is g'oiiJg on without any hindrance. Women folk (:o\;er~d is more the yield is nornially poor being about among Kabbaliga caste burn limestones for lime and 1;0 to 60 -Kgs. per acre. The grains scrve a3 a nutri this has been their traditional oCC'Jpatiol1. It was tive cattle feed. Bajl'a, Wheat and maize as also suspended till about 1950 or so and a woman who arhnr, urd, bcngalgram and gr~engram arc. the other came over to Umarani consequent Lo her marriage, food crops produced. As may he SeC!l from' the l'cvlved this industry and other women of the caste Table as many as 189 cultivating households took the cue. Two households of l\Iangs have taken pt'Oullced 11753 bags of groundnut 011 it total extent to rope-mak1ing and also making of broomsticks for of about 571 aCI:es. The average yield per acre ,;ale at Chikodi. One of the tailors in thc village .,,-orks out to 3 bags (one bag=35 to 40' Kgs.). is u Mahar. :-iugarcane is the other important cash crop. Five huw-:eholds who had grown this crop suppiied the Description oj different occupations tant to a sugar factory while the other 80 made jl1ggery and sold thc same mostly at important c(,J1tre~ ill the neighbourhood. The remaining crops al'e of CA) PRACTICES CONi\ECTED Wl'tH A ~ows. '3ince about 1955. the culti:vlJ.tors are using the ,both cultiv,ators and officials. At Chikodi an Ag~i same seed-drill but slightly -modified to: 'pesmit of an cultural' Demonstrator is statIoned to 'be' in charge interspace of about 16 to 18 inches between, the rows. ,of sugarcane cultivation. His jurisdiction extends In very fertile soils yet another type 0' sowing, namely oVt:!r the two taluks of Chikodi and Hukkeri arid Dindakkadi is employed with the use of the same 40' demonstrations are' organised every year to bring seed-drill and this makes for an Interspace, between home to the villagers (i) the benefits that would th" rows, of ~4 to ~7 inches. Since about 1961, Hccrue from the use of improved seeds, manure and Kaigala paddathi or dibbling, particularly in Iespect techniques, (ii) the efficacy of agalal seed treatment, of jowar is being encourag !l·:tins and the consequent growth of weeds, etl.('ft A.win month when the A,vin asterism casts it!! operation being done at an interval of 6 to 8 days. influence. Five pebbles of stone are placed in the Hand weeding is done once in August and again in northern or eastern fringe of the jowar plot to repr'e September. When the blossoms appear, dawn to sent the earth Goddess and worshipped. Food is dusk guard against ravages by sparrows and birds is offered as neivedyam and a few pieces are strewn in provided. Harvest commences in November and all the directions to appease spirits. The cultivators the plants are cut with sickle close to the ground. would have their meals in the field. The Muslims About U workers will be able to cover 4, acres in a also perform this puja. The harvesting operations day and the wages are paid in kind. A Sivadu or are initiated on an auspicious day and when all the sheaf consists of Q5 jowar stalks and yields about threshing work is over the' Taski or the grain heap one kilogram of jowar. A labourer gefs 8 sheaves is worshipped. of jowar for the day. Then the harvested plants are spread for drying. A week later the cobs art' It is customary' to raise a ('rop of groundnut severed from the stalks by female workers. These or any other alternatively with jowar. Gl'Oundnut workers are also paid in kind (cobs yieldin~ about being a legume helps to replenish the rertility of the 3 Kgs of grain). A few carefully chost'n ears arc soil. The plots where these alternate crops are 8('t apart for set'd. Immediately after the severance rnis(>d are ploughed deep with heavy or light iron of cobs, the grains are threshed either by the use of ploughs in the month of December or January. In roller-stone or by the trampling of the cobs under April and May the plots are harrowed, manured with H'e feet of cattle. Next day the grains are winnowed farmyard manure and again ploughed with wooden and arrangoo in a heap. The grains are stored in ploughs. With regard to other operations such all gunny bags or in underground pits. Two decades sowing, interculturing and harvesting the practices ago it was common to store the grains in under in the village differ very little from those prevalent ground pits located in streets also but now in houses in the region and described in several other village only, owirig to thefts. The cobs of jowar resernd survey monographs. for seed are dried well in the sun and the g;rains are separated by beating with a rolling pin. The grains ill husk are mixed with neem leaves, seeds of chillies Cultivation of Sugarcane and chillies and the entire mixutre is kept in a Galige or basket sealed in mud to cnsure better Cultivation of sugarcane is now demanding preservation. Arhar and green gram which are sown utmost attention of many cultivators. The area intermixed with jowar arc reapcn in January. under this CfOP is increasing and the cultivators are 'llso adopting intensive methods to augment output. Unlike other crops the cultivation of jowar is Sheep are penned in the fields tor manurial purposes. attended with puja and ceremonies. Soil preparation The plots are deeply ploughed with heavy iroB gtarts on an auspicious day chosen in consultation ploughs. Farmyard manure is also applied in ade with an astrologer. The influence of PunarIJas'u lunar quate quantities. The- sool is kept in a fine condi asterism is believed to favour early and successful tion by intermittent ploughing and breaking of clodll completion of work. Kurige puja is done before with mallets. Furrows are made with suitable Spt1,~ sowing. In this the seed drill is wrapped in a saTee jngs using either the wooden plough as in the past and adorned with ornaments and auspicious marks. or the jagat razer the implement newly introduced. F~ve lumps of cowdung are placed in a row in front When the plots afe thus ready for planting, some of the drill to represent the Pandavas. The seed cultivators apply the first doze of ammonium sul p-ain is placed in neivedyam before the Kurige and phate and super phosphate. The sets (in the the P.'lndavRs and thus sanctified. Tuesdays, Thurs·· village one sugarcane seed implies 10 pieces each days and Fridays are considered auspicious for of 18 to ~4 inches length containing 2 or 3 eye K ~rige puja and' starting the sowing operation. If buds) are placed lengthwise on the ridges and in a parti('ular year the dav of litting the bonfire of pressed into the earth by trampling. The seed koli happens to fall on a Tuesday then Kurige puja ing operation is known as lavani maduvudu and hecomes taboo on Tuesday of that year. In the it is only then water is let into the furrows. The fields puja is offered to the bullocks by washing their price of 1,000 sets is said to range between Rs. 195 feet and serving them with rotti. Bhuvani or Bhuk nnd Rs; 70 and the requirement per acre is placed Icavvan puja is perfOrlned on the full moon day of at about 1,500. A peculiar practice associated with the planting of sugarcane is synibolic of the villagers portion of jowar, arhar, bajra, wheat" etc., produced being superstitious. They select an auspicious day. in the -villa,ge is required for self consumption while In the field they- first plant 4- seeds with a cocoanut groundnut and jaggery are marketable. These com and place before this fiv'e pebhles and offer worshjp, modities are sold lor- the most favourable price in Thev conduct a mock race between!! boys (6 years the markets at Gokak, Athani or Sangli. of a~e) one representing a tiger and the other a fox. If tiger wins the crop is believed to become good, (B) PRACTICES CONNECTED WITH A~lMAL otht'rwise bad. It is also possible that this practice HUSBANDRY. which is said to be prevalent for generations lDay The cattle and sheep found in the village are all have more of a sportive content than superstition. local breed, The villagers are indifferent towards the The planting of sugarcane commences in the village improvement of the stock but feed their bullocks in mid-November and would be completed before the well. Bullocks are their prized possession and they end of March. Soon after the planting, the plots are really looked after with care and intel'est. During are regularly watered and a month later the weeds the working season broken horsegram and cotton are removed by hand. In the fourth month the seeds are given as extra nutrients. Buffaloes also earthing up operation known as boda odeyuvudu is demand much attention as the milk they yield done and simultaneously another doze of chemical fetches ready casl1. Cows and buffaloes a.re sepa fertiliser is applied. From the sixth month onwards rately taken out to pastures and, nearby hills for the bonge or dried leaves at the lower nodules are grazing and at home fed with jowar stalk. Cattle cut, the operation being known as kurupalli madu markets are held weekly at Moodalgi, Nippani, ntrlu. The crop would be ready for harvesting in Sankeshvar, and Hukkeri. The annual cattle fairs the eleventh month when a Gana or sugarcane at N anadi and Chinchli are also patronised by the crusher is hired and jaggel'Y made for marketing. viUagers. The price . per pair of bullocks ranges In Umarani there are 6 cane crushing mills which bebveen Rs. 300 and Rs. 1000 and more if the breed are available for hire. The average production is is of the Krishna valley. Foot and mouth disease 20 quintals of gur (60 pente in local measures) per seems to be common in the village. The villagers acre. Of late, some of the culti"ntors who have obt.ain medicines from the veterinary dispensary at enrolled themselves as members .... J the sugar factory Chikodi. . N adgunda is another common disease at Sankeshvar have begun to supply the cane to (when afflicted with this the cattle stand and the factory. shiver) but the villagers have a ready cure for this. Another disease known as Itakaroga attacks hullocks In the cultivating households all the members occ.'Isionally. This saps out the energy of the animal generally contribute their labour. This is true parti and ultimately causes death. There are about a cularly during the peak seasons. In addition, land dozen breeding-cum-working bulls in the village and less labourers and petty land-owners are in plenty ten breeding-cum-working he-buffaloes. The servict:3 offering themselves to work in other fields and their of stud bulls and buffaloes are not sought after. services are also utilised when required. The hboll When the locally born buHs are 3 or 4 years old they reI's from Umarani seek work at Chikodi also. The are castrated. For this purpose the villagers, of late, bouses being somewhat scattered a few cultivators ~re availing the facilities available at the Veterinary resident in the borders of this large village at t~mel Dispensary. s>eek labourers rrom adjoining villages of Itnal, Belkud, etc. The daily wage rate varies between Sheep and goat are taken out to hillocks daily for Re. 1.00 and Rs. 1.25 per male and paise 0.75 to grazing and are sheltered in doddi or sheep-folds Re. 1.00 per female. Those employed for harvesting during the night. They are fed on the leaves I)f Jali and threshing of. jawar and for making gur are or babhul trees to supplement the graze. In this paid in kind but this work. being seasona.l the wages region during rainy season several shepherds prefer are quite high. Employing labourers on annual basis to move out of the district with their large flocks of is rather uncommon in this village. However, small sheep to a drier belt where the rainfall would be boy" are engaged on annual basis to tend cattle or scanty. From Umarani also some 3 or 4 shepherds £heep. are in this habit of leading a semi-nomadic life. Those who remain at times entrust their Hocks to those Table XXIV presents statistics regardi.A~ ru.po moving out for purposes of tending, The sheep and sal of agricultural produc~ in the vill!tg.. A IN.jor goats that are retained in the village are looked after 44 with particular care. The sheep are penped in agri~ hotu~ehold is seen to be Rs. 565. If the tota.l out cultural lands during summer months for manurial standing amount is divided among all the 3U house~ purposes. The nomadic shepherds depend largely on holds the average would be Rs. 324. Considering the revenue and goodwill earned by this penning of the entire population it is evident that the per capita sheep in fields for their livelihood. In the months amount outstanding would be Rs. 54 only. Table of April, May and June, the sheep arc milked and the XXIII-A shows that of the total 179 indebted house~ product mostly consumed at home. A few occa~ holds, 43 per cent have an average monthly income sionally sell 'the butter. Sheep shearing is done of Rs. 100 or more; 17 per cent fall in the monthly twice a year in April' and October. On an !tuspi~ income range of Rs. 76--100 ; 26 per cent are earning (;iou5 day the sheep are washed in a streamlet or a bd~een Rs. 51 and 75 and the rest are earning l{'ss river after worship of five pebbles of stones placed than Rs. 50 a month. It may he observed that only temporarily at the streamlet or the river. When the one household out of the 7 earning an average of day's shearing is over, the wool is gathered in a heap Rs. 25 or below is indebted to the tune of Rs. 100. and by the side of it are placed the shears. The In all other income ranges the percenta~ of house~ heap and the implement are worshipped and a little hold", indebted to the total number in that group is quantity of milk is poured on the shears. The wool above 40 and it increases directly with a rise in lhe is sold for a nominal sum to the persons engaged for income level reaching a peak in the highest income the shearing. The price of a full grown sheep ranges level. The average amount outstanding also rapidly between Rs. 45 and Rs. 60. Lambs less than an year -inrreases with a ,rise in the income level. It is the old are sold for Rs. 10 to Rs. 15 while those in the lowest, being Rs. 100 in the case of the solitary house~ age-group 1 to 3 are sold for Rs. 25 to Rs. 40. Selling hold earning below Rs. 25 a month, the highest being or purchasing of sheep is forbidden on Saturdays and Rs. 894 per household in the case of households earn Tuesdays. Those who intend to raise a stock ing more than Rs. 100 a month. More than 68 per cent consult an astrologer for an auspicious day to start of the total outstanding amount is due from the 77 the venture. homeholds earning above Rs. 100 a month. As the households with larger incomes are more credit-worthy it is easier for them to raise loans. lVIQreover they Though the sheep is susceptible to many discases are all land-owning cultivators and members of the the shepherds do not resort to either preventive or Co-operative Societies and frequently borrow money curative side of the medicines. It is stated that during for investment. Those in the low mcome groups the year 1964 haladi TOga and uchagi roga took a bOrTOW mostly for domestic purposes or for social heavy toll in the village. The symptoms o)f haladi functions. 10ga are the. swelling of the chin and the change of body colour to yellow. In uchagi Toga the afflicted Table XXIII-C shows that the cultivators owe to animal urinates blood and dies within a short time. the tune of Rs. 97,320 out of the total Rs. 1,01,180. The other sheep epidemics in this region are sheep In other words about 96 per cent of the loans are pox, moogirla hunnu, aragina hunnu, foot and mouth held by the cultivators and only 4 per cent by others. disease and rakta hunnu. The remedies known to Bulk of the loans are held by households having more shepherds for these diseases are of limited efficacy, than 10 acres of land. It is these households which but yet even when the epidemic is severe they refrain have larger incomes and large extents of land that from availing the facilities they can have for treat~ show some enterprise and try to improve their ment at the Veterinary Dispensaries. If only they economic condition by further investment on land or shrlUld bestow better attention to improve the breed equipment. By sources of credit it is seen that the and also more freely resort to availing the services major portion, viz., 530/0 of the amount has to be of Veterinary men the shepherds can defini lely earn repaid to private money-lenders, traders, relatives and richer dividends. They have yet to shed. their friends. The villagers occasionally borrow from inertia and become more enlightened. licensed money-lenders but they seek loans at the first instance from their relatives and well-wishers lndebtendness failing which, they next approach the unlicensed money-lenders. The Government which has advanc In Umarani 57.37 per cent of the households are ed Taccavi loans to cultivators has to recover indebted and the amount outstanding exceeds one Rs. 21,540 or 20.20/0 from Umarani. The Co-opera~ lakh, The average a.mount of debt per indebted tive Society has to recover. Rs. 28,860 or ~5.6% of 45 the total outstanding amount in the village. The llsufructuary'mortgage is also pre\7alent i:O. tMs .. rea. \·illagers feel that the process involved in obtaining When the entire amount loaned is repaid the land 'is loans from the Government as more cumbersome relinquished. A few may take up cultivation of the and they therefore prefer to approach the private 'Same mortgaged lands and prefer to pay 500/'0 of the \ money-lenders who appear t-o be more sympathetic on produce as a tenant but such cases are rare. The the surface. The society is of late functioning well loans raised are generally in cash though a few do and it can better its record with propel' co-operation borrow jowar and other foodgrains and return the of the cultivators. Some of the cultivators simply Same with interest after the harvest. put off repayment and thereby h~nder the flP\c Honing of the Society, This attitude needs to be Co-operative M (YI)ement suppressed if the co-operative movement has to In the year 1927, a Co-operative Society bearing succeed,' the name" Umarani Mithavyaya Shetgi Sahakara Sangha" with unlimited liability was formed by the The purposes for which loans have been raised are villagers. It was registered at Reg. No. 582S/12th indicated in Table XXIII-B. About 68 per cent of April 1927. After a short duration of activity the the outstanding debt has been incurred by the Society remained in a dormant condition till thl" respective households for productive purposes 5uO"h as sinking of new wells, installation of pumpsets, year 1959. The main reason for such a state of current agricultural expenses, etc. Only 82 per cent aff3;irsis said to be the improper maintenance of is due to non-productive purposes such as marriages, accounts and also some misuse of funds. It seems loans were issued in a haphazard IIlanner with scant ordinary wants, sickness, etc. Of course, many a regard to recovery. Thus a sum of Rs. 3,28.5 remained time it so happens that the amount borrowed for one unpaid for long. In 1959 the Bank officials took a purpose is utilised for quite a different purpose. The !lerious view and resolved to liquidate the' Co villagers have been in recent years trying to improve operative Society. The village leaders and the t.h('ir lands by sinking wells, installing oil engine present Secretary took upon themselves the task of pumpsets and also by bun ding and reclaiming. Culti revitalising the Society by recovering the bad debts vation of sugarcane needs a heavy investment in the and remitting it to the Bank. Thus new life was initial stages as well as later. The Sugar Factory at iRfused and the membership and p.aid up share capital Sankeshvar has also been advancing loans to its began to increase rapidly. The Society issued loans members who are producing and supplying cane to and recovery also became quite smooth. During the factory. These loans are advanced through the Co-operative Society. Under the liberalised scheme 1959-60 the Society was classified as 'c' and by the Government has also been advancing loans to a 1960-61 it was upgraded to 'B '. In 1963, the nam'e larger number of ryots for sinking wells. These two of the Society was changed to "Grama Seva factors have greatly helped the villagers in investing Sahakara Sangha Limited" and it became a Service Co· operative. The area of its operation was exte~ded funds on land and cultivation. to include Itnal an adjacent village. Its activities The rate of interest charged by the private money ~lso ,increased in that the Society took up popularis lng unproved tools and farming methods and also lenders in the village and also at Chikodi ranges the sale of fertilizers and sugar. between 18 per cent for secured loans and 25 to 36 p£'r cent for others. Land and ornaments are the The statement furnished below indicates the chief ritmes offered as security. The custom of Functioning of the Society at a glance: Highest Amount Amount outstanding: Loans number borrowed D.C.C. Bank ' from No. of Paid up ofehares Year at the at the Issued Recovery members share held by D.C.C. beginning end of the eapital any Bank ; of the year member year 2 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 Ra. 'Ra, Re. Rs. Rs. "~i!!' Re. 1 (J59--60 83 1,430 IS 4,945 1959-eO 3,378 3,053 q 325' 1960-61 100 2,'280 2~ 6,915 1960-81 3.053 8.879 7.290 ." ... 1.464 " 1961'-62 '97 3,380 26 9,220 1961--62 8.879 12,318 10.880 7.441 1962--63 102 MOO 3'3 13,120 196~~ 12,a18 18,a15 1",2.~ lW223 1963-64 122 6,825 6~ 5,000 1963-64 18.375 11,715 6,700 13.260 r 46 '1,'he authorised share capital of the Society. is on lease, 1() % aJle' mainly subsisting on agricultural lts. ~5,OOO and a member nlliy buy a maximum of labour; 21.7% are earning their livel1ihood mainly by 200 shares. 'Dill 1963 the Society could, borrow general labour; 11.2% depend on other sources such only upto, a maximum of Rs. 8,000 from the Bank as trade, rent on land, livestock raising, etc., while but now its credit worthiness has improved to a sum only 2.5% depend on household industry. Of late, the equal to eight times the paid up share capital. availability of general labour both inside the village Consequently the Society has also raised the upper as also at Chikodi is improving and lured by the limit of the amount that may be advanced as loans higher wage rate, many of the agricultural labourers to its mcm bers. an~ petty cultivators prefer to have non-agricultural work only. Milk produced in the village has now The Board of Management of the Society con~ists gained a good market in the Chikodi town. Thus of five elected me~bers. The 9'enera~ Body meeting the cash income from livestock raising has shown is held aimu~lly for electing . the directors. The some increase. Even the income from cultivation preselit Chairman of the Society is a Panchaln by has risen during the' past 5 to 6 years both on account caste. He is a carpenier and also a cultivator of of the spiralling prices as also due to the increased owned lands. The other foul' members as also the area under irrigation. Considering the households Secretary are Lingayats. All of them are land~ by income levels it may be observed that 106 house owning cultivators. The Secretary i~\ an educated holds which constitute 34 per cent of the total are youngman who had for some time served, in the earning above Rs. 1/200 per annum. About two State Government. The Secretary gets a monthly thirds of these households have cultivation of lands salary of Rs. 30 while the Sepoy or Peon gets only owned while another one-fourths have cultivation of Rs. 7. The expenditure over the maintenance of lands taken on lease. If the cultivators of nwned office and staff may be said to be quite small. The lands have an average annual income of Rs. 2,500 District Co-operative Central Bank is the chief those CUltivating lands on lease have Rs. ~,094. The SOlll'Ce of finance for the Society. It also earns a households earning in the rang~ of Rs. 900 and 1,200 little by way of profit in trade, interest on invest per annum constitute about 18 per cent and one ment, deposits, hiring out agricultural implements, fourth of these households have general labour as their etc., but these are of minor significance. Till ,1959-60 main source of income. There being 84 households in .the Society was running under loss. But from the the income group Rs. 600 to 900 they form about ~70/0 year 1960-of and onwards ihe Society has been of the total households in the village. In this income securing a higher profit. In 1960-61 the profit earned range there are several households which are depend was' only Rs. 98:88 while that for the year 1964-65 ing on general labour, agricultural labour and also &tands at Rs. 958, The Society has good leadership cult.ivation. Of the 31 households in the group of and also proper co-operation from its members and agricultural labourers' as many as 12 earn between it is moving ah~ng the right path. Rs. 600' and 900 per annum. Only 2 per cent of the hOIli'eholds earn less than Ri. 300 per annum and Income and Expenditure agricultural labour or rent happens to be their chief source of income', ' For a discussion of th'e Inconie and expenditure pattern the households' in the village have been conveniently classified into 6 occupational categories. A study of Tables XIX and XX reveals that the Further, the households in each category are split cultivators of land either owned or taken on lellse up into five income level groups. The data pertains to have better proportion of households in the higher the year 1964 as the survey was conducted in the income levels and also their average earnings are year 1965. The results of the survey indicate only considerably large in comparison to other groups, broad features and trends rather than the aetuals. The annual average of Rs. 1,70~ per household among Table XIX, XX and XXI present the particulars' cultivators of owned lands is the highest and it is regarding income and expenditure. the lowest in the case of agricultural labourers. The general labourers are a little better off than the The distribution of households by occupation or agricultural labourers. The households in industry the primary source of income slwws that 40 pel' cent and trade, service, etc., fall in the middle income are mainly dependent on cultivation of lands owned ; range. The average size of households which iF 14.7% are dependent on cultivation of land. taken 7.6 among cultivators of lands taken on lease is th( lCCONOMY 01' orB!! ViLLAGII 47 highest a verage among the 6 categories. It is followed by 6.5 in the case of cultivators of Jands Average monthly expenditure owned. The lowest average size is seen in the per per occupational group of 'others' which consists of Occupa.tionsl Category household equivalent adult male pouseholds subsisting on trade, rent, remittance, Rs. (0.00) Rs. (0.00) service and livestock rearing. As a result of this variation 'in the size of households the income per 1. Cultivation of lands owned 134.36 25.85 equivalent adult male or, for that matter, the per 2. Cultivation of lands taken on 1:34.30 22.38 capita income would get greatly reduced in the case : lease. 3. Agriculturallaboul'cl's 58.27 15.22 of households with cultivation as the main source. 4. General labourers 62.12 14.68 Thus though the income per household in the case 5. Household industry 70.22 16 .. 57 of cultivating tenants is as high as Rs. 1,594, the 6. Others 68.86 20.8(' per capita is only Rs. ~19. The agricultural and general labourers have the lowest per capita income. If the average monthly expenditure in the different They depend solely 00 the availability of labour in income groups is considered, the position in the the \'ieinit~, and are living from hand to mouth. The viUnge would be as follows: income per equivalent adult male varies from Rs. 177 in t he case of agrioultural labourers to Rs. 3~ in A "erage monthly expenditure in R8. (0.00) the case of cultivators of owned lands. The gap by inoome groups between the incomes of cultivators and others, would Occupatiun;.l get reduced jf tlte net income is considered. This categol"y Rs. 25 and Rs. 26-- Us. 51- Rs. 76-R8. 101 b,,\ow 50 7;) 1 ()() and j" .1'0 because t_ .ultivators invest a large portion ahove of their incolll. every year in order to carryon cultivation wbiJe the labourers and otheT8 donot. 2 ::I 4 ;') 6 7 The households having industry make very little ------1. Cultiva.tion of inv~!Jtments as they are more or less rendering la.nds owned. 41.62 59.06 86,44 188.14 industrial service only. - The incomes of the artisan 2. Cultiva.tion of lands and labour class mainly depend on the number of taken on 16386. 47 _93 67.24 91)_08 173.75 adult workel'S in the household and the two hear a 3. Agricultural direct relationship to each other. labourer. 21.UI 38.63 63.36 87.69 102.73 4-. Genera.1 Labourer 41.13 60.24 85.16 124.74 5. Household Industry 4l.00 62.73 77.07 141.48 The details with regard to the average monthly 6. Others 19.03 41.90 66.03 83.18 113.09 expenditure of households on various items correlated to primary sources of income as also their incollle levels are presented in Table -XXI. Taking house The extent of expenditure among agricultural hold as the unit for comparison it may be observed labourers as also among 'others' is seen to bl.' that the average monthly expenditure varies between considerably less as compared to the cultivators. Rs. 58.27 per household of agricultural labourer and The major portion of the expenditure of agl'icultUl'al Rs. 134.36 per household of cultivating owner. So labourers and others is covered by the basic needs also the average monthly expenditure per equivalent of rood and c1othings. The cultivators spend ad"lt male ranges between Rs. 14.68 in the case of considerable sums on wages, rent and purchase for labourers and Rs. ~5. 85 in the case of cultivating production. A clear insight into the mode of expendi owners. The following statement permits compar!son ture by various items can be had from the statement at a glance: gi ven in Page 408. UMJ.aAlfl I I I~ .... II I>.. ~- If!! ~ ....o ::..t: .... lll'l o M t- ," o- O I"" ...; ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 49. It is a common feature for the poorer se:)tions to while it is' the lowest being 4:3.54 per cent among spund a higher pToportion of their meagre income on cultivators. In terms of money the labourers spend food and clothing than t.he households unde~ better mu~h less on food and clothing than tht> other classes. economic circumstances. In Umarani among the The tenant cultivators incur heavy expenditure on rent agdeulturallabourers as also the general labourers the while the owner cultivators spend a ponsiderable sum exponditure on food is as high f.S 1)3 and 65 pc cent on hir d labour a~ d ~'urchase for pl'oduciion. U.R.-4 --'-:--:---.-< --~'-:';',~--,~",-~--,~ ..~";".~.-.~.~ ... ~.-~-;-=-.-,, .. ~--~ ... ~.. -~.-==~------..------, 0 ~w > 0 U en t( 0 ~ a. « a: :l IIJ W 0 ... 0 ... ex -..J VI ..J- ~ ..J - I&J ~ 0z ~ 0 a: c( oCt 0 , ~ 0 ~ z en :) ~ IIJ o~ 0 « - ...« )( a: 0 ~ W ..,j en I&J V\ ~ ... 0- >-d) :J 0 0 0 0.. a - 0 eft ---:,,-~~=====:.;;.:_._. __,.,7"~: •. -,~::-' ... ,. CHAPTER IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE Population trends : thousand. But in 1951, the then population which The population of the village has been steadily consisted of 637 females and 717 males, the sex ratio growing. This is borne out by the fact that the 1951- was exactly 888 females per thousand males. 61 iutercensal period has witnessed an increase of Obviously there has been no change regarding the balance of sexes in the village during the period population by 33 per enct. As against 1,354 persons 1951-1965. The sex ratio in the village, however, in 1951, the population in 1961 is 1,801. The Survey compares most unfavourably with the State average conducted during 1965 reveals the actual popu.lation which is 959 females per thousand males (1961 of the village to be 1,873. The difference in the Census). Chikodi (Rural) Taluk has returned a scx number of persons enumerated during the Survey and ratio of 9~8 females for thousand males. the general census being 72, the percentage increase in population is only 4. This rate of increase is rather low in comparison to the average which An analysis of the proportion of males to female~ prevailed during the past decade. This is mostly on by age-groups reveals that it is high in the age account of recent emigration of a few households as groups of 5-9, 10-14, 55-59 and 60+. In the age also a number of individuals to other places in seal'('h groups of 30-34, 40-44, and 45-49 men and women arE: of work. equal in number. The females exceed their male counterparts in the age-groups of 20-24 and 50-54. Age-distribution and sex ratio : The age-group composition of the village popula Vital Statistics tion as it stood during the wrvey is contained in Birth and death events occuring in a village are Table No. II. Infants in the age-group of 0-4 consti registered by the Patil. The registers are periodically tute 16.5 per cent of the total population while those checked by Revenue and Health Officers. The PatiJ aged 60 years or more account for 5.8 per cent. submits monthly returns to the Tahsildar and sur· Children in the age bracket 5-14 form 25.9 per cent. renders the registers themselves when complete to the Thus it is observed that 48.!2 per cent of the total Tahsil Office where these are maintained as perma population consists of infants, children and old nent records. The Births and Deaths particulars persons. Of the remaining, 31.5 per cent are in the relating to Umal'ani are presented below: 15-34 age-group and 20.3 per cent are in 35-59 age-group. Considering sexwise lit may be seen that 43 per cent of the total male population falls in 0-14 Year Births Deaths age-g;roup; 30 per cen'" falls in 15-34 age-group; ~1 per cent falls in 35-59 age-group and the rest viz., 1941 44 34 6 per cent is aged 60 years or more. Likewise among 1942 38 ~5 females 42 per cent are below 14 years of age; 33 per 1943 40 25 cent IlJre aged between 15 and 34 years, 20 per cent are in the 35-59 age-group and the remaining 5 per 1944 39l 30 cent are aged 60 years or more. The longevity 1945 36 68 among males appears' to be more than that among 1946 36 31 females of the village. 1947 39 22 According to the survey the sex ratio for the 1948 47 915 village is 888 females for every thousand males. In 1949 45 10 1961. as there were 849 females and 952 males 1950 38 15 in the village, the sex ratio stood at 89fl per 52 UMARANI There was an outbreak of small pox in the village their proportion is relatively low. There are 70 widows during 1943 and as a result there were four death~. for a total strength of 881 females. In other words Again, in the year 1945 during July, August and the widows constitute 8 per cent of the female popu September the epidemic of plague took a heavy toll lation. Age-wise breakup shows that 47 out of the of 51 lives in Umarani. The average number 01 70 are aged 50 years or more while another 10 arc birt.hs and deaths in the village during 1941-50 decade between 40-49 years. The prospects for their re remained at 40.5 and 28.5 respectively. The Birth marriage are bleak. A young girl from 10-14 age and Death particulars for the 1951-60 decade are group has been returned as a widow. The widowers as follows: being 24 in all, they constitute 2..4 per cent of the tolal male population. There being no restrictions, the widowers can remarry any number of times. Age Year Births Deaths wise break up shows that 19 out of the 24 widowers are aged 55 years or more and therefore past the M F M F age of remarriage. Among the divorcees also the females outnumber their male counterparts. As most 1951 SO 2'1 12 II) of the divorcees are quite young there is a possibility 1952 21 15 5 11 of thier second marriage. 1953 23 29 12 12 As may be observed from the Table the majority 1954 31 24 7 12 of the never married faU in the 0-14 age-group. 1955 19 28 11 9 There bcing 88 never married persons in 15-19 age lO5t} Not available Not available bracket, they constitute only 9.7 per cent of the total never married persons while another 38 persons aged 1957 35 22 13 20 20 years Or more are still in never married status. 1958 fl,7 18 13 13 Of late a few are in favour of late marriages. But 1959 30 21 22 22 the main reason for the presence of unmarried women 1960 SO 83 3 15 in the age-group of 25 to 29 and above is that among the Mahars and ~fangs the custom of allowing Joyti Total 246 211 98 124 or women who remain unmarried for life and live like prostitutes was widely prevalent in the past. It i3 now on a decline. In!ant marriages are non-existent. During the period 1951-60 there have not been There are no married males less than 14 year,,; old any serious outbreaks of epidemics. Highest numbeJ while the 20 ever married females in the 10-14 age of deaths occurred during 1959 and most of them group constitute only 2.3 per cent of the total female were due to old age. The average number of birth~ population. per year being 50.8 the average number of deaths stood at 24.6. Considering the 1951 population it In the 15-19 age-groiIp 92 per cent of the males may be observed that the crude birth rate is 37.5 and 1~. 6 per cent of the females are never married. per mille while the death arte is 18.2 per mille. The In the next age-group flO-24 it is observed that fl:'j per sex wise break up of the birth and death statistics cent of the males and 6.2 per cent of the Icniales provides an insight into the plausible reason for such are never married. From this data it may be inferred a low sex ratio in the village. that girls are married when they are aged between 14 and 18 years and that the boys are married when they are aged about 18 to 24 years. Marital Statu.'l Particulars relating to marital status by se-x and Facilities for medical treatment age-groups have been presented in Table VI. 'In the village. 48.1 per cent of the population are never The villagers are not susceptible to any peculiar married; 45.7 per cent are in de facto married status; diseases. The common afflictions are the colos, cough, 5 per cent are widowed while the remaining 1. (;l per abdominal disorders, scabies, fevers. ete. A dodor cent a're either separated or divorced. Except from Chikodi often calls on Umaiani but he has only Brahmins all the other castes permit remarriage of a few clients. At Chikodi, besides the Dispensar~' widows or divorcees and it is for this reason that run by the TalU'k Board there are several qualified I&.. ... 0 ~ .. 0- I&.. IA an• ~ an ~ I&.. an, ~ 0 1ft 0- I&.. ... en t an :l ~ ...... ~ I&. .... \I) I 0 0 ~ ...... J I&J ~ ~ U 0- ... to!:! a: I&. "? « 0 In ~ a: ~ tC( ~ > "" ~ 0 .... -Z ~ I&.. '? 0 ~ 0 « z 0 I (II) i% ~ 0 )( I&J I&. $C ~ I uJ a:- an ~ ." a: ~ ~ 0 '" ::> >- &IJ .... m ~ I&.. ~ I a: '"0 z uJ 0 ~ t"I 0 > Q ~ ~- I&. 0- tc I ..J ~ an :;) D f) - a. ~ :! 0 I a. :2 0 ~ 0- I ~ an ~ .... I :2 0 CI'I 0 an 0 an ~ N ,.. 2 an N .... SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 53 medical practitioners. In the case of chronic diseases 10.72 per cent of the total population are literates. the villagers take treatment from these doctors Among males, the percentage of literacy works out whereas for all ordinary ailments they prefer to to 16.7 while among females it is only 4.l. In either approach the public dispensary. Sometimes th(' case the rise in the percentage of literacy over the villagers observe vows to their favourite deities to decade has been quite appreciable. It may, however, invoke tqe divine favour in curing their diseases. On be observed that the percentage of literacy for the the whole it may be said that the people of Umarani village is very much less than the Taluk average are quite healthy and the medical facilities, though which is 27.9 per cent or the district average which is available at a distance of four miles, are not quite 2fY.9 per cent. difficult to obtain. Almost all the persons of the village have got themselves vaccinated against small The Survey reveals (vide Table VII) that of the pox. 1,873 inhabitants in the village 9 are matriculates, Sit have completed their primary Or basic education, 127 Education and Literacy persons are literates without any educa60nn.l standard and the rest 'viz., 1,685 are illiterates. Among The village has a Primary School which has been illiterates, especially those in 5-9 age-group there functioning ever s:ncc February 1936. It has three are several students studying in I or II standards. teachers on its staff and it had 167 students on its Though capable of scribbling a few alphabets and roll tiuring 1964-65. In the year 1965-66 the strength numerals they cannot be considered as literates in of the students rose to 180 consisting of 126 boys and the true sense and hence they are included :.tllJong 54 girls. This school serves HnaI, a small adjacent the illiterates. The literates constitute 10.04. per cent village. The ch'ldren are taught upto V standard of the total population. The percentage of literacy and lin the year 1965-66 there were 8 students in this among males being 15.12 that among females is only class. The school has no building of its own. The .:; .31. A slow but steady upward trend in the per classes are held partly in a rented building and partly centage of literacy, both among males and females, is on the verandah of the J\faruthi temple. The sehool now discernible. Though compulsory education children are not provided with any sporV3 materials. scheme has been introduced in this area also, it needs to be properly implemented. In a totally agricultural :\_n analysis of the students in 1965-66 by the economy, dependent as it is on livestock raising, classes in which they are stu'dying shows that out of even small children will be of immense use. The the 180, 65 children (27 of whom are girls) are in children may either tend the cattle or else look after the I standard; 54 children (13 of whom are girls) their younger siblings at home thereby enabling the are in the II standard; 33 children (8 girls) are adults to work in the fields. During the peak agri studying in III standard; 20 children (5 girls) are cultural seasons very few children attend the school studying 'in IV standard and seven boys and a girl and even dm'ing other periods several children are are studying in the V standard. The average daily indifferent and attend the classes irregularly. The attendance is lllaced al 90 boys and 25 girls. Of late attitude of the parents should also change for the the villagers are slowly realising the value of school better and only then the children can be expected education and a few are endeavouring to provide to evince keener interest in their studies. Of the good education to their children. The nearest nine matriculates in the village, 5 are mere sojonrners secondary school is at Chikodi, which is a little more who are liable for a transfer any day. than 4 miles away. From Umarani eleven students (10 boys and a girl) are attending the ~chool at Types of family Chikodi. The households in the village have been classi According to the 1951 Census there were only H fied by nature of family into simple, intermediate, literates (62 males -and 12 females) in Umaraul. As joint and other types. Simple family consists of a the population stood at 1,354, the percenl:age of liter married couple and their unmarried children. Inter acy works out to a meagre 5.46. Sexwise it may be mediate family consists of a married couple, their un noted that only 8.64 per cent of the males and 1.88 married children and also others such as widowed per cent of the females were literates. The 1961 Census parents. Joint family consists of a married couple returns show that of the 1,801 inhabitants, 194 (159 and their children both married or unmarried. Fami males and 35 females) are literates. In other words lies which do not fall in the above three categories are 54 UMARANI grouped under 'others'. From Table 1, it may be are more attached to their mothers than to their observed that simple type of family constitutes 47.1 fathers. A son considers it his sacred duty to care per cent of the total number of households. Seventeen for his aged mother. Amongst brothers the eldest per cent of the households are of the intermediate type commands respect from his younger siblings. When and 20 per cent are joint. Generally, after the living in separate households they live like good marriage the wife comes to live with her husband in neighbours and extend co-operation to each other in h:s parental home. A few years later due to dissen all the economic pursuits. Mother's brother has an sions or quarrels the young couple may prefer to unique place in that he is treated by his nephews with establish a new family and build a house or a hut. all affection. He also loves them and if therc is any The family property will still be held jointly unless possibility takes some of them as his sons-in-law or the differences turn out to be very acute. Joint daughters-in-law as the case may be. Cross cousin families or intermediate families consisting of marriages and also avuncular marriages are quite brothers, their wives and children are favoured by the common in this region. An elder brother's wife is older generation while the younger men and women considered equal in status to one's own mother. She prefer simple families where they can enjoy more is respected and well treated by her brothers-in-law privacy and independence. but there exists no sentimental and affectionate tie between thc two. In a household there will be a tacit understanding regarding the duties to be Size and composition of household.~ attended by its members though no hard and fast \ rule regarding division of labour is envisaged. They Table III presents information regarding the feel that they belong to the household first and there households by size. Of the 312 households, Bare fore they should attend to all the items of work with unimember households, and 55 or 17.6 per cent have zeal and devotion. In case of need even neighbours either 2 or 3 members each. In 128 households (41 or relatives extend their co-operation without any per cent) there are 4 to 6 members in each and the demand for compensation average size works out to 4.89. There are 80 house holds (25.6 per cent) which have 7 to 9 member~ each and there being 634 persons in :i11, the average Inheritance of proper:ty size of a household is 8.9. Only 37 households out of the 312, have 10 or more members each. The The customary Hindu Law regarding the inheri average size works out to 12.3 per household. tance of property is continuing despite the rcccnt Identical data relating to the village in the past are enactments such as Hindu Succession Act, 1956. not available for a comparative study. In 19.1)1, Generally the parental property is shared equally by there were 238 households with a population of 1,354 the sons. Neither the ~'ife nor the daughters of the giving the average size of 5.7 per household. But in deceased are given a share in the landed property. the 1961 Census 1,801 persons belonging to £88 house Nevertheless the sons deem it their duty to care for holds were enumerated. Thus the average size works the wife or wives and unmarried daughters of their out to 6.3. registering a proportionate rise in the deceased father. As in this region among most of s:ze by 10 per cent over 1951. According to the the communities, the expenses for a marriage is to be Survey, however, the average size of a household is met by the bridegroom or his kin, if there is an un 6.0. married brother he is assisted financially by his elder brothers. If a person dies without male issues the Intra family r8lationship property gets transferred to the name of his widow who manages the estate thenceforth. If there be any Within a family, the relationship amongst thp. daughters one of the daughters would remain in the several members is most cordial, affectionate, and is house with' her husband and her son would inherit generally one of understanding adjustment. l.;'ather the property of his mother's father. The custom of is the head of the family and is also the manager . adoption is also prevalent in this region. Enquiries . He is respected a~d his orders or wishes are ob~yed. regarding the awareness of changes in Hindu Law" The mother happens to be the central and co-ordinat of Succession and Adoption reveal that 9.8 persons ing force in a household. She attends to her daily (heads of 28 households) know that now daughters chores besides lending a hand in the field and at the are also having an equal claim to their father's pro same time imparts training to her daughters in all perty. Only 18 persons knew that according to law, household duties. The children, both boys and girls, now a Hindu widow can adopt a child with~ut seek- SOCIA~ AND CULTURAL LIFE 55 ing anybody's consent and also that a married man pomp and fanfare is held. On this occasion, com can take a child in adoption only with the consent munity feasting called Dasoha is also a chief item of of his wife. The Muslims also follow the customs celebration. It is said that some 500 persons from prevailing among the Hindus. Umarani belonging to Lingayat, Kuruba and Mahar communities Jake part in this meet. Leisure, Recreation, Fairs and Festivals On Karthilw Purnima which is also called 'rutS\ Hunnirne a falir is held at Duggevadi ill Raibag As most of the villagers are agricultural workers Taluk. It is at a distance of about ~~ miles from they often have short periods of slack work. But Umarani. Several bullock carts set out from Umlnani during these periods, also they will be tending cattle, on Chaturdashi day for this fair. It is on the banks watching the fieldii or doing some other useful wOl'k. of Krishna river and there is an idol of Goddess Hole Those who have irrigated lands are busy throughout ya vva. Holeya vva idol is carried. in a palanquin on the year. Women also keep themselves engaged in~ this occasion. Another important event of this day one work or the other and if they have any time to is that all those who visit the place send afloat spare it is spent in gossip. So also men in their in the river a Padligi upon which are placed 5 oil leisure hours meet together near the Chavadi, temple lamps, 5 plantains, a coconut, 5 lemons, 5 copra or any other place and while away their time in halves, 5 holiges, 5 turmeric roots etc. Before placing gossip mostly dealing with matters of local interest. this padligi on water it is duly worshipped by break Boys and adolescents occasionally play some countr;--" ing a coconut and offering a saree to the deity. games such as kabbadi, kho kho, games with f, ball About 80 families from Umarani annually visit Dug etc. ]\Ien and women occasionally play the game of gevadi. There they stay for a couple of days in the dice. Singing folk songs is popular among Kuruba open area and participate in the singing of or listen young men. They sing in chorus to the accompani ing to Geegi Padagalu (folk songs). ment of Dollu a percussion instrument. Among other communities men resort to singing songs speci In Magha (Febmary), fairs are held at two ally when the jowar grains are being threshed. places: one at Badakundri on the full moon day and Womenfolk of all communities have songs meant for the second at Chinchli five days later. Badakundri different occasions such as marriage, naming ceremony is 18 miles distant but it is connected by bus. The etc. It is quite common to hear the women singing shrine of Holeyavva has great influence especially while they grind the corn in the early hours of the on the Mahars of this region. Lingayats, Kurubas mornmg. and other communities also participate in the Palki Ulsav with enthusiasm. Touring cinema theatre!!, The fairs held in places around Umarani provide drama troupes and acrobats provide entertainment in a welcome break from the loathesome routine. this fair. Brisk trading also goes on during the fair. During the month of Shravana (July August) on Chinchli in Raibag Taluk is at a distance of about every Monday devotees gather at Basavanna temple ~l miles and during the fair special buses ply to and in Karoshi. These days are of great religious im from Chikodi. On the fifth day of the dark-half of portance to the Shaivates and many men, women and Magha the Palki Ulsav of Mayavva comes off with children from Umarani take part in the worship. great fervour. People would have assembeld a few days before this day of religious importance as this is During the same period a visit to Durdundeswara a cattle fair too. Some 4 to 5 thousand cattle besides Mutt of Nidusosi is also made invariably by almost bulls, buffaloes and horses assemble at this cattle fair. all the Lingayats and Kurubas of the village. They There would be numerous shops dealing in metalware go on days convenient to them, in their bullock-carts hardware, wooden articles, ropes, bullock carts, with a few of their neighbours and after a day's stay woollen and cotton blankets and a variety of other at Nidusosi return home. At these two places there essential goods. Tea-shops and sweetmeat shops are few opportunities for satisfying the urge tor any abound the fair. TOlAring cinema theatres, drama recreation in the normally accepted sense of the troupes, circu's groups, various advertisement agzndes term. Instead these are places meant for worship etc., offer ample recreational facilities. Lingayats only. On a Monday or a Thursday following the and Kurubas are great devotees of Mayavva and so 'Ganesh festival the PaJki Ulsav in ,which the image they attend the Palki Utsav in larger numbers than of Durdundeswar is carried in a palanquin with great any other community. From Umarani also sevdaJ 66 UMARANI bullock-carts carry the people to the fl1ir. It i~ decorated with copra garlands. These are taken out customary to observe vows to J'\{aya vva in which the in procession in the village. The custom of Kari devotee would cover his person only with neem leaves hariyuvudu (or bullock race) has been suspended in and visit a place known as hala halla. the village for more than ~5 years now. The women folk of the village worship Gulla vva during A.~hada Immediately after the full moon in Vaishaka on every Tuesday. Nagar Panchami comes off in (April-May) Halcuiddappa Palki Uisav is heM at Shmvana and it is marked by the worship of clay Nanadi a village which is at a distance of about g Nagappa (serpent God) by the women folk. Some miles by country track. It is also connected by bu~ r~creational activities are also organised on this and it is here that the erstwhile Inamdar of Umarani occasion. Ganesha Chowti during Bhadrapad is thE' resides. Therefore a large number of Lin~aYl1t5 and next important festival celebrated by all except the Kurubas from Umarani attend the fair. About one Mahars and Mangs. Clay images of Ganesh are thousand cattle, seme buffaloes, and horses are also brought, installed in the home and worshipppd for 5 traded at this fair which lasts for about !\ week. to 7 days. On the following day designated as Drama troupes, cinema theatres (tent), musie pro iii vaTa (or day of the rat, the vehicle of Lord grammes, Jhalsa or dance recitals etc., provide facili Ganesha) a dish called Gugri is offered to the deity. ties for recreation. Later this gugri is strewn in the different patches of land held by the household. Another belief concern A few devoteel'! of Yellavva ~isit the YellltlUma ing this day is that the ropes made out of the grass shrine in Saundatti (Parasagad Taluk) during either cut on this day would avert the effect of evil pye Navarathri or at the time of Bharat Hunnim~ fair. particularly when these ropes are tied round the necks Likewise several person I'! attend the Kedar Linga of the pregnant cows and buffaloes. On the third or temple of Jyotibas, hillock in Maharasthtra territory the fourth day of Ganesh Chowti the villager" per on the oceasion of Davanada hunnime. During 19611, form a festival known as Gowravvana Tha1'1lVUdu. 3~ persons from Umarani engaged 11 bus 19 visit This consists in the womenfolk of the hOllSE' bringing Gokarn in North Kanara. One person of this village a pot, full of water from a nearby well or a spring. had been to Rameshvar and also to Kasbi. Five pebbles of stone are immersed in thi" pot :Ind in the pot are placed a few flowers known as Gowri The festivals celebrated by the villagers are quite kasa. The people of Umarani also share the common numerous besides being spread throughout the year. Hindu beliefs associated with the sighting of the moon Chaitra Shudda Pratipada marks the beginning of on Ganesh Chowti. NavaratJh~i is by far the most the Lunar New Year and the festival is called lJgadi. important festival in the village and this is observed This day is considered auspicious for starting construc by all the communities. On the first day N (mJa· tion of a house or digging a well. On this day invari deepa or oil hmps are lit and these ,remain burning ably all men attend to atleast some nominal work in incessantly till the tenth day. This is known as their fields. The day is marked by the Panchangrt bathi hakodu. Simultaneously Ghata Stapana Shravana or listening to the reading of the almanac, is also performed and puja offered. The eldest male arranged in the morning at the hoU'se of the Patil and member of the hOllse observes fast on all th~ nine subsequent visit to all the local temples. In their nights and always keeps within the limits of th(' homes all members partake of a little quantity of the village. On all these nine days there would be special mixture of neem flowers, soaked gram, sugar or gur. puja8 In the Bhakavva temple. The villagers offer puja On the following day no work is done. But, in th{ to all agricultural tools and implements on the ninth afternoon there would be some recreational activities day. Tenth day is marked by carrying the ut.Basava Jayanti. on this traditional way, their goodwill and friendship to eacb occasion bullocks are washed and worshipped. other. The villagers associate the worship of bann; Bullocks are also taken out in a procession. Kar tree with the legend of Pandavas who had secretly hunnime (full moon day of Jyellta) is celebrated as kept their arms on a Shami (banp.i) tree while they a community festival also. At home pU'ja is offered were in exile. The other festivals observed are the to a pair of clay images of Bcuava or bull. Bullo('kl'! Deepavali, Makar Sankranti, Rathasaptami and are washed and tlteir horns are painted with clay and Holi. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE 57 Besides these fairs and festivals, the villagers Kuruba land-owning cultivator developed some occasionally ha ve a change by visiting a cinema incurable d'isease during 1963. His feet got swollen show or a drama performance. In Chikodi town and the soles were split up render:ng him almost an there arc two permanent cinema theatres. In the invalid. He tried all sorts of medicines and village a drama troupe came into being in 1956 and consdtco several leading doctors of the region and this group enacts one or two dramas every year. even took recourse to observing vows to religious Troupes from other places do not visit Umarani. mutts at Nidusosi, Hu1Jli, etc. All this was of no avail. Meanwhile his brother's daughter Religious Institutions who had been already living at her husband's house also started complaining of some ailments. She med Bhaveshvari also called Bhakavva temple IS the to have hiccups continuously and so she was scnt chief shrine of the village. All communities regard back to her parental home. Medicines were of no Bhakavva as the village Goddess and offer puja. avail. In 1964 on the new moon day of Ashada it The priest belongs to the Lingayat Patil family. being a Thursday, the girl was abruptly "possessed Maruthi temple is also of equal importance of" by Goddess YclJavva. From the following day in the village. The temple is sufficiently old but the niece began to treat the feet of her uncle aftn the exact period of its origin and the causes that led the pujas to Goddess Yellavva. Within about a to the founding of the temple are not known. In week he was feeling fine and the hiccups which Vvcrc this region every village invariably has a Maruthi constantly tormenting her also stopped. But during temple and this leads one to the conclusion that the the puja hours i.e .. mid-day and evening, for a few temple must have been founded with the village. minutes the hiccups would remind her of her duty The temple is endowed with an area of 21 acres to the Goddess. A few days later, on an afternoon and 35 guntas. The Ramalinga and Prakash a while the girl had been loitering in the firlds she Linga temples of Umarani are also old institutions was suddenly possessed by Yellavva and the which are endowed with lands. A Maratha family Goddess directed her devotee to the spot where she belonging to Raval sub-caste performs puja at the wanted to have a shrine to be built for her. Here shrine and is enjoying the land. On the last the girl began to dance like a mad woman for quite Monday in Shravarw, a fair is held at Ramalinga a long time and the dancing subsided only after th(> temple when abhishekas are performed. The passers by called her uncle who performed ]Jujas. Mahars have a temple of their own. Here a mound Later, knowing about the divine will, he set forth of earth called Gadduge represents their deity to build the temple which is now to he seen. The sthaladappa or thaladappa. One of them performs structure though small is of granite stone and in puja by turns. It is not known when the temple his efforts a number of devotees of Yellavva als(~ was built or when the deity installed. In about contributed their mite. Now the girl is the ehief 1955 the structure was repaired the requisite funds worshipper at the templ,e and she offers puja in h,~l having been raised by public contribution. There own way thrice a day. She would then be possessed is another Gadduge called Dharmara Gadduge in the by the Goddess 'lnd the people believe that ~he can village. On Shivarathri day, Pujas are offered here. work some miracles. Her fame is now spreading In the past i.e., about 2 decades baek the Mahars fast beyond Umarani to several other viIlag('s in the were accustomed to offer buffaloes in sacrifice. The neighbourhood. Kurubas of Umarani have the Beerappa temple for their exclusive worship. Descendants of a pujari Information relating to household deities family of the Kuruba caste offer worship at tlle worshipped by several communities of the village is shrine by turns. The temple is endowed with 12 presenteq in Table~. Kedar Ling also called acres and 28 ,guntas and it is now shared by the Jyotiba, Malliah of Ammanagi. Malliah of Mangas1l1i several households of the puiaris. The deity is and Siddaraya of Nagarmunolli are the chief Ileities represented by an earthen mound which is frequently of Ljngayats. Kurubas have Nagarmunolli Sidda whitewashed. raya, Beemppa of Umarani, Karisiddappa. Halappa and Vittappa as their family deities. Almost all the The Yellavva temple is the most recent addition Mahars reckon Sthaladappa as their CamBy deity to the village religious institutions. It is managed while only a few have Bakavva or Holeyavva. All by a Kuruba family. The founding of the shrine the Panchalas have Kali a,s their family deity while is associated with a few miracles. It is said that It the Mangs have Yellavva. Three out of the seven 58 UMARANJ Brahmins consider Malliah of Jejuri as their family Rs. 5,050.16. Unless some suitable and timelv deity whi!e the other three ha,zc Venkataramana and action is instituted it would be very hard to recovc'r one household has Virupaksha 0: Yedur. AU the the taxes lying in arrears over long periods. Brahmin households have idols in their homes for worship while among Lingayats it is only a few The following statement shows the income and households which have any idols. On special occa expenditure of the Panchayat for the year 1964-65. sions and important festivals, Kalashas are worshipped. In general, it may be said, that the INCOME villagers are religious minded and God fearing. They believe in transmigration of the soul and the Source Amount cycle of births and deaths. The Muslims revere Dastageer Peer and occasionally visit the mosque at Rs. P. Chikodi. l. Grant (30%) from land revenue 917.70 Statutory Panchayat 2. Taxes collected (honse, vehicle, trade, etc.) 339 81 3. Fees collected (buqding, marriage and other 77.00 None of the communities in the village has a caste ceremonies). or community Panchayat. To meet any special situation an informal Panchayat consisting mostly of 4. Sale of Jow!),r (seeds) 61 69 the village leaders is formed and soon after the pu.r 3,832 56 pose is served, it is dissolved. The Statutory 5. From opening balance Panchayat was established at Umarani during Total 5,228 67 December 1951. Again in 196(), in accordance with the Mysore Panchayats and Local Boards Act, 1959, the Panchayat was reconstituted. It is now called 'Umarani Group Grama Panehayat' and covers the EXPENDITURE adjacent Itnal village also. The office is located at Umarani and both the Chairman and Vice-Chairman Item are from Umarani. The Panchayat Board consists of thirteen members of whom three are from Hnal Rs. P. Analysing the members by castes, it may be Expenditure on staff T.A., etc. 889.75 observed that. 8 are Lingayats, 2, are }\;Iahars, one each from Brahmin, Maratha and Muslim! communi Developmental activities-Construction of drinking 3,958 95 ties. By occupations it is seen, two are labourers, water well, etc. one is a. trader, and the rest are cultivators. Two out of 13 members are women and both of them -arq Public safety (street lighting) lOl 50 Lingayats. The Panchayat employs a Secretary on Public Health 109 14 a salary of Rs. 55 a month. The present Secretary a native of Bagevadi is living alone at Umarani Purchase of Jowar (seeds) 60 00 leaving his dependents at his own place where he has some lands. Miscellaneous such as civic functions, contribution to 109 33 Defence Funds, eta. The chief sources of finance for the Panchayat are Total 5,228 67 the land revenue grant and the local taxes. The lax collection work is not being attended to in an In 1963 the ohavadi building was extended al a effective mann~r. At the beginning of the year cost of about Rs. 900. In 1964 the Panchayat took 1964-65 a total sum of Rs. 3,534.23 was the balance up the repair work of two lanes in the village at a carried forward from the previous years. The cost of Rs. 600. In the same year the parapet wall current demand of Rs. 1,864.82 boosted the total for the village drinking water well was constructed tax to be col1ected to a sum of Rs. 5,399.05. Of and for this punpose the Panchayat got a specific this amount, by the end of the year only Rs. 339.81 grant of Us. 1,410 from tht ·National Extension were recovered the amount brought forward to Service. Tn 1965 at Itnal a drin~jng water well 1965-66 mounting to a sta.ggering figure of was constructed. These have been the recent SOCIAL A~D CULTURAL LIFE 59 activities of the Panchayat. During the year 1964.- and a Nursery SchQQl. The Panchayat has proPQs~d 65 the Panchayat Board met on nine occasions and a grant of Rs. 125 while the village leaders have g~nerally the meetings were attended by some 5 or 6 accepted to collect Rs. 125 frQm the public. They regular members. Though the Panchayat has a expect a grant of Rs. 750 from the N.E.S. few sub-committees, they do not appear to be engaged in doing any active work. The School There are two CO'-Qperative Societies mz. the Committee has to collect a sum of Rs. 6,000 so that Gramaseva Sahakara Sangha and the Backward the village can obtain a grant of Rs. 10,000 from Class Co-operative Farming SQciety. The particu thc School BDard for a full fledged school. The lars Qf the fQrmer Service CQ-operative have already members of the Panchayat should realise the role been mentioned in detail. The CQ-Qperative they are to play in the present democrat~c set up Fllrming Society was c(>nstitutec1 in 1961 and its and strive hard to' persuade their brethren to' CO' membe)'ship is open to all the Scheduleed Castes operate with the Panchayat in furthering the inte There are in all fQurteen members. FrQm Umarani, rests of the village. Only there lies solace fO'r the however, there is nO' member. The SQciety has taken village. about 561 acres Qf lands owned by the Inamdar Qn a lease fQr 99 years. Till 1964 March an extent Qf 90 acres is said to' have been brought under cultiva Voluntary Organisations tion. The Society has received the fO'llowing grants under the NatiQnal ExtensiQn Service Scheme: In 1956, a voluntary association of a few talented persons in the village lead to the formation O'f an Rs. infO'rmal and unregistered drama troupe. Great was the enthusiasm in the initial stages. It included (1) GDvernment share capital 2,000 members O'f Lingayat, Panchala and Muslim cO'm (2) ConstructiQn Qf GodQwn-cum 3,750 munities arid two dramas viz., 'Nijaguna Shivayogi' caUel shed. and 'Sowbagya Laxmi' became their favourites. (~1) Land Improvement 4,000 Innumerable performances of these dramas at (4) S'ubsidy 1,~50 several places brO'ught them fame as well as mDney which used to be shared equally by the artists. TQtal 11,000 Since 1963 gloom prevails and tJhe activity has almost come to' a stop. In 1964 they gave only twO' perfO'rmances in the village free of charge. In Besides the above mentioned sum, a buffalo witb a 1965 a few members were putting fQrth efforts to' subsidy Qf Rs. 175 was also granted. revive the activities Df the trO'upe. The National Extension Service has been quite Yuvaka MandaI initia:ted by the officials of the active in this T~l~k and alsO' the village. Between National ExtensiQn Service came into being Qn 29th 1960 and 1964-65 agricultural demonstratiQns were January 1964. The present membership stands at h~ld in 17 IplQts and in 1964-65 two cultivatQrs Qf 28. A sum of Rs. 2;50 was raised by public contri Umarani secured prizes in the Block level crop butiQn and the MandaI received a grant Qf Rs. 500 cQmpetitiO'ns. Seven cultivators Qf Umarani have from the National Extension Service. With this been supplied with iron plQughs, one with a spray fund to start with, three heavy iron plQughs, crow pump and 2 with chaff cutters all these at subsidiscd rates. Loans for sinking wells have been sanctioned bars, spades, vQlley ball set, wQQden ~lmirah etc., were purchased. In the year 1964 a sum Qf Rs. 18 to' 9 cultivatQrs besides the backward class .:';0' was earned by hiring Qut the plQughs to' cultivators. operative Society. The villagers are alsO' quite aware of the activities of the National Extensiot't Durin~ Shravan. Bhajans !lre Qrganised by the MandaI. Occasionally the members engage them Se:r:vice and are eager to' utilise the benefits selves in Shramadan activities. The Ma.hila provided to' the cultivatQrs by this agency. Mandala was constituted and registeTed during OctQber 1965. There are 25 members at . present Family Planning and the amQunt locally subscribed is Rs. 300.00. It had secured a grant of Rs. 900 by NQvmeber 1965, The Family Planning centre at Kabboor is the fQr purchase Qf sewing, machines but its activities nearest to' Umarani. It is functiQning frQm the are yet to' start. There is a mQve to start a balavadi middle of 1964. OccasiQnally a vaccinator of 60 UMARANl Kabboor attached to the centre visits Umarani also ted a well· for the use of the scheduled castes to propag'lte the use 0; contraceptives and other but the Mahars have been using this exclusively methods of family plannnig. The villagers are not depriving both the MaI1;gs and 'the Chamagars. quite enthusiastic about either his visit or the lise Thus the old pattern is persisting tenaciously. of contracept~iveiS. So far, only one perso-n has 2fl~ out of the 31!t persons interviewed reported to undergone vasectomy and his wife has undergone be aware of the Untouchabbility Offences Act. sterilization. But these operations were advised on health grounds. Other Reform Measures Removal of untouchability Except the reforms sought to be brought about The l\fahars, l\:Iangs and Chama gars have been by the Government in the field of land holdillg, suffering from various social disabil:ties since genera cultiva tion Hindu Laws of Succession and Adop tions. They are denied the services of tIl(' func tion, Laws' regulating marl"liagcs, dowry, etc., there also tional castC's of the village as that of a Uf(~ practically no other agencies working for any Brahmin priest. They have no access to the local reforms. In the past it was customary to sacrifice Hinlu shrines and they cannot draw water from sheep and goats in appeasement of Bhakavva during the public wells. None of the other communilics the annual fairs. In one of his visits in 1960, the in the village accepts food or '''aier offered by Swamiji of Durdundeswar Mutt, Nidusosi, is said either :lVIahars or Mangs. Even among themselves to have advised the villagers to abdicate this pra the l\1ahars and l\fangs do not have commensal ctice and instead feed the poor. Since then animal relationship. In about 1962 the villagers construc- sacrifice has been given u.p. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION The material presented in the preceding chapters Appl,ication of fertilizers, use of pesticides, pre-sowing disclose thc various aspects of the socio economic life seed treatment, proper spacing of plants, and the use of the villag.e and also points out the change,; that of improved strains of seed are now gaining morc and have been taking place in the past one or two decades. more popularity. The usefulness of the soil conser Its situation on a State road added to the proximity vation scheme which is now in progress has also been of Chikodi the administrative, educational, commer well understood. Generally the villagers work hard cial and cultural centre has been a conducive factor and when good results are expected they work harder. for the recent changes manifest in the village. In With regard to livestock rearing though they care well their economic and social contacts they frequently in feeding the animals they pay scant attention to visit Gokak, Athani, Sangli and other important towns improve the breed of their cattle or sheep. This is and villages of the region. They are open to external probably because of the non-a.vailability of facilities influences despite their intrinsic conservative outlook. in the immediate neighbourhood and the consequent The village has been covered by the National Exten disinterest. sion Service since 1960 and the villagers have resp0'lded favourably to extension activities. Educationally the village is backward. The percen tage of literacy was low as 5.46 in 1951 but now With the abolition of the Paragana inams, lands in it has almost doubled itself. There has been a slow Umarani were regranted to the occupants and now realisation of the present needs and im?ortan~c of there exists a direct relationship between the Govern literacy and education. After ~ or 3 years of school ment and the land owner. Though tenancy laws made ing the children are drafted to work in fields or to since Independence are beneficial to the tenants few tend cattle. Of late, this practice is slowly dj ing tenants preferred to exercise the rights and privileges out and children are being sent to schools regularly. conferred on them by law. The 1andlords resumed If the present trcnds continue the percentage of lite· their respective lands legally consequent to the racy would certainly increase in the near future. . voluntary surrenders by their erstwhile tenants. But the practice of leasing lands on oral agreements The Service Co-operative Society in the village for no fixed term and for rents which may exceed which was dormant for the last several years was the limits set by the law is continuing in the village whipped up to activity in 1959-60. Since then, it has even to this day. The landlord-tenant relationship been functioning well with a rapid rise in its working in these cases is one of understanding and mutual capital ~nd also in the credit facilities made available co-operation. to its members. With the proper co-operation of its members it may widen the scope of its activities and Lands in Umaraui are mainly rainfed. But the help the villagers to improve their agricultural eco irrigation wells enable an appreciable number of nomy. The village Panchayat does not appear to be cultivators to produce sugarcane and maize besides functioning in satisfactory manner specially regar a few other garden crops. The villagers have shown ding the collection of taxes and other dues. Lack of a keen interest in the sinking of irrigation wells, actjve interest in Panchayat among its memebrs and repairs of existing wells and installation of pumpsets the consequent lapses in taking effective steps to operated on oil engines. They have readily utilised collect the dues appear to be the major cause for such the credit facilities made available to cultivators by an accumulation of taxes. In the interest of the the National Extension Service and the Co-operative village, these members who have been elected by the Society to improve their agriculture. They have villagers should devote more attention to develop responded favourably to the use of improved tools lllen~al activity. There is a need for educating them and techniques for increasing the output. The use on Ilroper linE'S and they also need suitable guid:1l1ce. of iron plough has· become quite common now T ~\BLES fABLES 65 TABLE I Area, Houses and Population Area in Population Density Number of Number of Acres H~tares per sq. mile Houses Houwholds Per~ons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5,977 2,419 200 NA 312 1,87:3 992 881 TABLE II Population by Age Groups 0-4 5-9 10---14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-44 45-59 60+ Age no Total of all ages sta.ted Persons Ma.les Females M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F :LVI F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1,873 992 881 161 148 159 137 106 84 85 79 68 80 78 63 69 69 94 85 102 88 60 48 TABLE III Size and composition of Households Size of Households £"1<1 10 members and ~umbc, of Singll' member 2-3 members 4-6 members 7-9 members above Households House- Males Females House- M F House- M F House- l\'[ F House M F holds holds holds holds holds 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 :n2 12 6 6 55 72 72 128 331 294 81) 333 304 !l7 250 205 U.R.-5 136 UMARANJ TABLE IV Households Classified by Religions, Casies aDd Sllb..cuies Num~r Population Religion Caste Suh-CastA of ------~- h()lIRe- FaTSI'm M"l"~ Females Itoldll -.~------2 3 4 :. 6 7 IlINDU r.ingaya.t Adi Banajiga S panchamasa.le 3S 200 113 87 .J &'ul>"ma 3 S 4 4 Banajiga. 2 9 :; " Thot&ga.r or Mali 2 16 12 4- Mal agar 2 18 12 (; Nhavi 1 S , 4 lCurnba . Hathikankana 79 450 246 210 liahar (Boler) 65 300 149 151 Panchala 8 45 23 22 1\lang (Ma.dar) 7 3S 23 16 Brahmins 7 30 16 14 Sunagar or Kabba.liga 5 2S 16 12 Maratha 4 22 7 15 Korava (Bhajantri) . Z 12 8 14 Hilonbar 2 17 6 11 (Jhamllogar 2 15 7 8 Kumb8.T Ma"ntha Kumbara 5 4 BIITUd (Medar) 1 -l 2 2 Saler 6 4 2 Chatrer 01: Kshatiriya 5 3 2 MUSUMS Sunni (Sheik) 9 5'\ 27 t. -~~--~-~---~--- Total 812 1,873 992 .... TABLE. 67 TABLE V Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ------Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Name of the Number of Persons Males Fema.les Name of the Number of Persons Males Fema.les Caste households Tribe households 1 2 3 4, 5 6 7 8 9 10 l\Iaha.r (Holer) 55 300 149 151 Mang (Madar) 7 38 !3 15 C::amagar 2 15 7 g Total 64 353 179 174 TABLE VI Age and Marital Status ------Divorced or Unspecified Total population Never married Married Widowed &eparated status ------Age-Group Persons Males Females M F M F M F M F M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 All ages 1,873 992 881 531 370 431 426 24 70 6 16 0-4 309 161 148 lEU 148 5- 9 296 159 137 159 137 10-14 190 106 84 106 64 18 1 1 15-19 164 85 79 78 10 7 67 2 20-24 148 68 80 17 5 51 71 1 3 25-29 141 78 63 6 71 60 2 30-36 138 69 69 2 1 63 61 1 5 3 2 S6-39 99 54 45 54 39 5 1 400-44 gn 40 40 1 1 36 36 3 1 2 ..... 88 43 43 43 32 9 2 51)...,64, 63 29 34 1 28 21 1 11 65-69 51 .0 11 1 34 5 5 5 1 00+ 108 10 "8 1 2 44 15 14 31 1 At- not stated. 68 UMARANI ... § f:z:I ~ .~ a:t 't5~ I»~ ~~ < &. ~ "'l""" ,- <:> ~ f:z:I c: aos f:z:I ...... 00 ~ :os "'"...... '" I >or; .... ~ '" i to t$ ::s .... .2 f:z:I ~c? """"" \ a~ .,., ~p.; ~ ...... I» ~ .-< Q ~ ~ "" ',; {b ~ ..f.=I'" ...... '" '"0 <6 p:\ '" .... 010 .... " 00 .... .,., .... ,.;., Q.).p~~ >or; ~ ..... '" "" "" ~... ..<:15.~ .... ~ .2 ,1:: g); ~ ::s 1- <:> ~ <:C ~ 00 r- ...... ~ l- t- <:> 01) .... r- 0) r.. ~ r- J:o- t- 1Q ...,...... \ 00 .-< ..... "" "" dI "" "'" "" """.,... '" "" "" "" :::: ..., ..;< ~ ~ lQ C'J .... ..... 00...,. 0> <::> ..:> ~ II) <:> .., ..... 00 ~ ~ ~ 00 t- oo <:C -.I' -.I' .qI ...... § ~ ...... "" '" "" :z:l os '"3 Po! C'l .... If> 00 00 - -0 +' g. '"dI 0 ;; _., t$ II> "1' a> ~ <:l) 0> C> 0> I ...... Q:'i .,., 0 ., I '" "" l' "" .: b() i 10 .6 lQ + 6 :t J ~ 0) 6 ..... :b C'I .,., .,., l' IQ ~lQ g < .... ~ l 00 ~ ~ 10 UMARAN [ TABLE IX Workers classified by Sex, Broad Age..groups and Occupations 0-14 15-34 35-59 &0 and above Sl. Name of Occupation No. Males Females Mo.I&s Femo.les Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 15 6 7 8 9 10 l. Cultivation only 20 16 128 107 91 70 23 7 2. Cultivation and Livestonk 3 1 7 15 4, 14 1 3. Cultivation and Agriculture 1 IS 9 liS 8 2 4. Cultivation and Labourer. • 3 1 5. Cult,ivation and trade 1 6. Cultivation and Industry . 1 2 1 1 7. Cultivation and Service 2 4 8 Agricultural Labour only 3 IS 11 20 6 10 1 1 9. Agricultural Labour and cultivation 18 26 12 10 2 2 10. Agriouliural Labour, cultivation and Industry 1 1 ll. Labour only (Miscellaneous) 3 1 20 15 20 2 2 12. Labour and cultivation 1 2 27 13 25 9 13. Livestock only 39 25 18 7 4 8 4 14. Livestock and CUltivation 2 7 3 3 1 15. Live5tock and Agricultural Labour 1 ~ ~ 1 16. Livestock and Labourer 1 17. LivesiAl(lk, Household Industry and cultivation 1 18. Industry 1 5 3 19 Industry and cultivation It 2 ~ 3 20. Industry and Labour :& 1 2l. Industry and Service a 22. Trade only fj 1 1 23. Trade and cult~vation 3 1 'l ~ 4. Trade and Livestock 25_ Transport -6. Service 2 9 2 J ~7. Service and cultivation \1 28. Hotel keeping Total 76 52 991 230 206 150 1 ------TABLES 71 TABLE X Workers Classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups Cultivation Inudstry, and Business belonging to the Household. Workers in Household Total workere Workers in oultivation Industry Workers in Trade Age-groups Total MalI'S Females Total Ma.les Females Total Males Fema.les Total Males Female.s 2 3 4 5 n 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0-14 1213 76 52 43 22 21 1 1 15-34 521 291 230 388 217 171 21 17 4- 10 8 2 35-59 356 206 160 277 162 115 16 10 6 6 2 4 60+ 50 38 12 40 31 9 2 1 1 Total 1,055 611 444 748 432 816 40 29 11 16 10 6 TABLE XI Non-workers by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Nature of Activities. 0-14 15-34- 35-59 60+ Activity Males Females Males Fema.les Males Females Males Femaler 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I} Dependent' 249 246 1 1 2 19 18 Student.. 95 27 7 1 HtlU"e work 5 44 59 19 17 Beggar 1 Disabled 1 1 Rent Receiver 1 S Total 350 817 t 61 23 2~ 36 TABLE XII Households by number of rooms and by number or persons occupying Households Households Households Households Households Households Household!! with no with one· with two with three with four with five with more than regular room room rooms rooms rooms rooms fiverooml Total Total Total No. of No. of No. of No. of Tota.l No. of Tota.l No. of Total No. of Tota.l No. of Total No. of Total No. of Total hoa. e- rooms family houae- No. of house- No. of house- No. of house· No.of house. No.of house. No. of house· Ne.of holds mem- holds family holds family holds family holdJi family holds family holds family holds family bers members member" members members members members members ------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 ------1,873 75 387 182 1,093 44 287 9 93 1 5 1 8 312 306 ------72 UMARANJ TABLE XIII Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry, Busines others belonging to the Households ------.------Number Population Workers Name of Occupation of Households Males Females Total Males FemaleE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cultivation only 81 536 297 239 295 180 115 Cultivation m.d Agriculture Labour 10 54 31 23 34- 18 16 Cultivation, Agricultural Labour and Livestock 39 2fH 135 126 15() 84 66 Cultivation and Labour 15 108 58 50 62 35 27 Cultivation, Livestock and I,abour 5 32 14 18 17 8 9 Cultivation, Livestock and Hou,ehold Industry. 1 13 6 7 8 I) 3 Cultivation, Livest,ock and Trade 2 12 6 6 9 5 4 Cultivation and Household Industry . 1 4 2 2 4 2 2 Cultivation, Household Industry and Li ve~tock 3 38 19 19 20 13 7 Cultivation, Hllueehold Industry and Labourer 2 5 4 1 5 <1 Cultivation and Trade I) 40 22 18 20 15 5 Cultivation, Trade and Livestock 11 3 5 4 2 2 Culti vatioD, Tn,de and Servi c<' 1 6 2 4 2 2 Cultivation and Transport 1 6 4- 2 5 3 2 Culti vation and Service 2 22 10 12 9 7 2 Cultivation, Ser"ic" and Livefltock 1 15 9 6 10 5 5 Agricultural Labour only 12 46 21 25 27 13 14 Agricultural Labour and Cultivation. 17 91 53 38 60 33 ~ Agricultural Labour, Livestock Cultivation and Household Industry 1 7 4 3 7 4 3 Agricultural Labour and Household Industry 1 6 4- 2 5 3 2 Labour (Miscellaneous) 31 160 74 85 85 42 43 Labour and Cultivation 28 147 81 66 87 46 41 Misc. Labour and Agricultural Labour 1 8 5 3 6 4 2 Ll&our and Household Industry 1 5 3 2 3 2 1 Labour, Hotel Keeping, Livestook and Cultivntion 1 10 6 4 7, 5 2 Livestock Rahing 2 11 7 4 6 4 2 Labour Cultivation and Honsehold Industry 4 29 1(\ 13 14 B 6 Househ ,Id Industry only 5 23 13 10 12 9 3 HonsehJld Industry and Cultivation 8 3 5 5 3 2 Household Indu~tJ'Y and Lab,'ur 5 2 3 1 1 H ,usehold Industl ry and servic 1 5 <1 1 5 4 1 Trade only 1 : 7 2 5 2 1 1 Trade an . Culti'Vation 2 8 5 3 4- 2 2 T ade, Oul1ivatiol1 : nd Labour 1 9 5 4 4 2 2 Trade, a.nd }jYostock 1 4 3 1 2 2 Tramport and La' ollr 1 \) 6 3 <1 2 2 Li ves:ock rearing 3 14 9 6 7 5 2 .Livestoc:, and Cultiyation 8 38 18 20 25 14 11 Livestock CD : Agricultural Labour 2 10 5 5 4 2 2 Livestock, Cultiv i.tion Labour and Householcl Industry. 1 7 4- 3 3 2 3 Livestock Culti, tion an 1 Labour 2 12 4- 8 8 4 4 Li vestock a.nd L bour 1 40 2 2 2 1 1 Service only 5 10 6 4 I} 5 Service ,nd rent receiver 1 1 1 1 Rent receivers a 17 6 11 Total 812 1,878 992 881 1,055 611 444 ------.. '['ABLES 73 TABLE XIV Type of Industry run by the Households. Industry as ma.in Occupation Industry a.s subsidiary Occupation Type of Inclustry Total No. No. of Total Population Tota.l Workers No. of Total Population Total W o' kers of Ilouse- House- House------_--_ holds holds Tota.l Ma.les Fema.les Total Males Females holds Total Ma.les Females Total Males Females 1 2 3 4, 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Carpentry 5 5 19 10 9 9 9 1 14 6 8 Tailor 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 18 9 9 2 2 Ba.·ket-Ma.king 2 1 5 4 1 5 4 1 1 4 2, 2 2 2 Making of Basket a.nd 1 7 4 3 4 2 2 Brooms. Manufacture of lime 3 3 15 8 7 3 3 and Limestone. Rope-Making 2 2 14 8 6 5 2 a ·Manufacture ofLoa.ther 1 1 0 4 2 2 1 1 articles and Rope. ., Mana fact ure of Leather 3 1 8 3 5 2 2 2 10 7 3 2 articles. .) Brooms 7 6 5 a ---2 2 13 Total 22 9 41 22 19 21 1S 3 13 94 51 48 21 9 12 74 UMARANI TABLE XV Types of Business run by the Household Business as Main Business 808 SubsidislY ------_------TJpe of BusinesB Total P()pUlation Workers No.of Popula.tion Workers No.of No of Rhs ------~- ---- Hhs Hha Total Mlles Females Tota.l Males Females T0tal Males Felllaies Total Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 IS Milk Trade 8 4 26 14 12 5 4 I 4 34 16 18 4 3 I Petty Shop 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 16 8 8 2 2 Tea Shop 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 Ground nut Business 1 1 12 6 6 1 1 Ground nut and Kirahi shop 1 4 2 2 2 I 1 Total 14 5 28 15 13 7 5 2 9 69 38 86 12 8 4 TABLE XV Traditional Industry run by the Households Name )f Traditional Indnstry No. of Households I Carpentary 5 2 Manufacture of lime by Burning limo stano 3 ;; Leather tunning and leather work 4 4 Basketry 3 Total 1- ,.,-,0 TABLES TABLE XVII Diet Households taking Total No. More than three of House- One IIleal a day Two meals a day Three meals meals a day Community holds in a day e&Ilh Adults Children community Adults Children Adults Children Adults Children 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HINDU 108 log Lingayat 128 20 20 60 Kuruba 79 9 10 70 Mahar or Holer 51) 43 38 l:? 17 pg·ncbala 8 5 4 3 4 Mangor Madar 7 5 4 J 3 Brahmins 7 7 4 3 Kabbdiga (S:'nn,- gar) !) :l 1 3 4 Maratha. 4 3 2 2 2 Ranbar ~ 2 Chama gar 2 :2 Z Medar (Burud). Kumbar 1 Sales 1 1 1 ("ha.trer er Kshathriya 1 1 2 Bh jan ri (Kot V" ) 2 :.l MUSLIME 9 5 3 4 G ------_ .. Total 312 100 87 212 225 76 UMARAN I TABLE XVIII staple Diet and Food Habits of Communides. Households taking Number ----- Community of Jowar Jowar Jowar Jowar, Jowar, Jowar, Jowal, house- and and and Wheat wheat Jowar whect. Jowar Non- holds Millets Maida wheet and and and Maida. and Vegeta- vegeta- Maida Millets Rice wheet andRice Rice rian rian 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 HINDU: Lingayat 128 78 4 5 6 3 4; 17 1 10 128 Kuruba 79 52 6 15 3 1 1 78 Mahar or (Holeya) 55 34 13 8 55 Panchala . 8 5 1 1 1 S Mang or Madar. 7 4, 1 1 1 7 Brahmins. 7 3 4 7 Kabbaliga (Sunnagar) 5 3 1 1 1 4 Maratha 4 2 1 8 2 Hanabar 2 1 1 2 Chamagas 2 2 2 Bhajanthri (Korava). 2 2 2 Medar (Burud) 1 1 1 Kumbar 1 1 Saler 1 1 1 Chatrer 1 1 1 M:USLIMS 9 8 1 8 Total 312 194 26 32 11 8 21 1 15 148 1M TABLES 77 ...... ...... <::> <0 ...... <::> I .....o ...... g ""00 ..... I C 00 .... o <::>..... i ...... ~I 00 ...... , .... } * o '78 U:M:AltANJ TABLE XX Average Annual Income per Household by Occupation Average Average annual income per household in the range of annual Tota.l Average income Re. 300 and Rs. 301 to Rs. 601 to Rs. 901 to Rs. 1,200 and Occupations No. of annual per adult les8 600 900 1,200 above House- income equivalent holds per male per No. of Amount No_ of Amount No. of Amount No. of Amount No. of Amou- Household household House- Rs. House- Rs. House- Rs. Houic- Rs. House- nt Rs. Ra. holds holds holds ' holds holdp. Rs. I 2 3 4, 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Cultivation of owned 124 1,702 328 12 511 27 742 19 1,060 66 2,494 la.nds. 2. Cultivation of la.nd 46 1,594 2()6 1 50(1 10 178 S 1,00'1 27 2,094 tl.ken on lease. 3. Agricultural labour 31 677, 177 4 253 9 470 12 467 5 1,061 J,250 4. Labourer 68 757 180 %9 503 20 703 14 I,05:i [J 1,573 5. Household Industry 8 914 216 1 500 9 782 915 1,980 J-) Other~* 35 884 267 3 253 7 504 lQ 759 9 1,051 6 1,607 * Ote,ers Include Livestock 15 Households Service 6 Rent Receiver 8 Trade 5 Transport 1 ---- 35 TABLES 7J '"...... o ....'''' o ~ ...... o 00 <0 .... 00 o "'" ..... o \0 o ,0 ..... 00 o ...... o o ~ .....o 8 00...... ...... '" 00 ....o "'"o o 8 I - ..... o ..... o o 1:'1 ~ o o ...... I 00 o o ..... 00 <0 ..... <:> 00 \0 o ...... >0 o o .. § 1 u 1 su UMAlt.Uft .g:: o ..... 10 00 ",. 00 • I ~ o 8 rLJ o 1 <0-, o '"=- ....=o ~ Cl) so c;) .s .... ' o ~ r£;. .::>"0 o 0"0 Z~A .....t o ....8 o t 0> <0 o o ..... o o r AB'LJIlS .. 81 .... .... o o ....C<:I ...... ,..; .... <;) o o <:> .... o ....0> 0>...... o eN ...... g 00 00 o ...... 00 eN 00 .... eN o o o o 10 10 o o <:¢ .... o ~ -< .... CO ., o .~ rn '" .1 ., o i.$ I :;:l o f ~ U.R.-6 82 UMARAN I ....t ...... .... o Cl,..., ...... o c <: C'I... c .... 00 ...C'I o o o o $ t- ...... o o i 6I j J CABLIlS 83 ...... .... i8 .....<:> <:>.... 8 g .... ,...; ..... ~ <:> 10 <:> <:> IN g ..... g .... t- .... o o o ."'"IN ....IN <:> o 6* 84 UMARANI ..... 00 co (l'I .... o ..... t-o g o o to o o ..... 1 .... t .... Q " .... Q " s o...... ~ !'ABL'IIII 85 TABLE XXII Households and Development Activities Seoured Land Improvement Improved Total Number of Better Better UI!O of Mealluree lik.e Method of Chemioal households Seeds Implements pesticides Reclamation Cultivation Fertilisers (Iron plough) Soil Colll!erva.tion by • Japanese used ConllOlidation Method of Paddy eto. Cultintion 1 2 3 4 I) 6 7 312 43 41' 7 20 94 TABLE XXIU-A Indebtedness Total Number of Per cent&ge of Aver&ge indebtedness Income group Number of Households Amount Col. 3 to Col. 2 for Household Households indebted Rs. in debt. Rs.P. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Re. 25 and below 7 1 100 14.28 100.00 Rs. 26 to 50 59 25 4,880 42.37 195.20 RR. 51 to 75 84 46 14,520 54.1~ 315.65 Re. 76 to 100 56 30 12,780 54.54 426.00 Re. 100 and above 106 77 68,900 72.M 894.80 ----- ,- Total 812 179 1,01,180 57.37 565.25 86 11M.&8A1'1 TABLE XXIll-B Indebtedness by c::auses Number of Proportion of Cause Amount in families in debt. due to debt. debt. ca.use to the total a.mount of debt. 1 2 3 4 (a) Marriage 16,920 , 39 16.72 (b) Livestock 6,610 19 6.53 (0) Domestio 10,035 59 9.92 (d) Agriculture 21,040 64 20.79 (e) To clear loans 3,000 7 2.97 (f) Sinking ofJ:ew wells and repair of old wells 22,525 26 22.26 (g) Sickness 650 4 0.64 (h) Litigation 1,800 2 1.78 (i) Purchase of pumpsets 12,800 9 12.65 (j) Construotion of house 3,800 5 3.76 (k) Purchase of land 1,000 2 0.99 (I) Purchase of Cane crusher . 1,000 1 0.99 -~------Total 1,01,180 237 100.00 TABLE XXIII-C Sources of Credit ------~------Cultivators having Lands Below 3 Acres 3-10 Aores 10 Acres and a.bove Non·Cultiva.tors Sources Amount Out· Amount Out· Amount Out· Amount Out. borrowed standing borrowed standing borrowed standing borrowed standing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Government (Taccavi) 3,500 2,540 22,400 19,000 Co· operative Societies Lt-l., 700 700 3,030 3,030, 22,130 22,130 ',' Umar&ni. Miscellaneous (Traders, 6,070 5,140 12,090 12,090 41,425 32,690 4,760 3,860 friends and Relatives) Total &,770 5,840 20,150 17,660 85,955 73;820 4,760 3,860 7'------TABLE. 87 10 C'I o o 00 ~ .... o I 8S UMARANI TABLE Households Owning or Possessing Land or Number of Households and extent of land No *Nature of No. of Below No. of 1 to 10 No. of 10 to 20 No. of 20 to 50 No. of 50 to 100 Community land interest Hhs. 5 per cent Hhs. cents Hhs. cents Hhs. cents Bhs. cents on land 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Lingayat 7 A 3 2.58 :B C A+B A+C A+B+C Kuruba . 5 A 0.45 2 1.13 B C A+B A+C Mahar (Holer) 14 A 12 4.08 8 6.22 B 0.75 C A+B A+C Panchala 4 A B C Mang (Madar) A B A+B Brahmins 1 A B \A+B Sannigar or Kabbaliga A A'+C Maratha A B Korava or Bhaja~lthri . A Ranbar C A+C Chamagar A A+C Burud or Medar • A+C A Chatrer or Saler A Kumbar A lIuslims 1 A+O 'l',ABLES\ 89 XXV have given out Land to others for Cultivation ----_ N'l. of H0useholdg and t'xtent ofland No. No. No. of Acreage No. Acreage Na~ur'of of Acreage of Acreage House. 5-10 of 10 and Illterc,t Community Hile. 1 to 2.4 Hh,. 2.5-4.9 hold~. Acres. Hh~. abOTe on land 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 3 4.00 7 26.28 13 92.41 28 607.60 A Lmgayat 1 2.75 1 8.50 3 51.68 B 3 3.55 1 2.60 5 38.38 4 87.76 C 2 14.50 7 242.16 A+B 5 41.67 33 819.71 A+C 2 58.98 A+B+O 6 7.24 10 35.74 8 57.85 11 197.75 A Kuruba 3 4.13 I 4.00 3 50.30 B 2.00 4.30 I 6.00 3 4l.oo C 1 3;03 2 16.33 1 22.58 A+B 1 1.50 2 8.65 3 26.33 13 373.00 A+C 10 ]3.80 5.00 A Mahar (Hole!) B 1 3.40 2 17.00 18.00 C 2.23 1 6.00 A+B 6.00 2 28,00 A+C 1 3.05 1 21.40 A Panchala 1 4.90 B 4.00 C I 2.00 4 12.96 A :'hng (Mada! ) 1 1.65 B 1 4.65 A+B " 59.55 A Brahmins 1 15.2S B 2 94.21 A+B 2.20 3 46.55 A Sunnigar or Kabbaliga 1 6.20 A+C 2 75.98 A Maratha 27.28 B 2 2.16 A Korava or Bhajahtr 1 8.58 C Hanhar 1 24.68 A+C 1 5'.60 A Chamagar 1 6.00 A+C 1 ,3.00 A+C Bureed or Medan 1 12.00 A 1 7.28 A Chatrer or Saler 2 4.08 4 12.50 1 12.75 A Knmbsr 1 14.20 A+C MU8~lims 90 UMARAIf I to.... >Q j ...... >Q ,,>0... ~ .... co .... ....o at. o~ Z ~ ~ $ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g 8 ~ ~ ~ g S ~ ~ 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ !... ~ ~ ~ ~ - .... 1E-! ~ . .!2!J .~ c; .~ ...... -;:;- i -;:;- -011 ... c:e ~ .g 'tl 0 ~ ~ ... s:I ~ dI ~ ~ bD ~ I oj dI ~ til) ." ~ 0 co .., 0 13 .... (Q lQ co i "', ~ ..;...... ~ C'I .... .:;; 10 ·10 ao ~ ': ~ <::> CD ~ ~ I ...... C'! ~ I:- 0> lQ 00 00 l:- t- '"... ] '" ... ." .... 0 ...... 0 co 0> ...... ~ a J 0 ~ = 'g z ''is j M ~ -= 4> ~ 0 00 ti , 0"" ~'" ~ ~ :s! "d 0> t- ,...... "".,: CP 1ft ...... ,; ~ ~ ""....."'" ..... Iaoo ~..s:I. ::> 0 r:t:l ,CI D.; 4> QO CD C'I >- Q) g ~ ~ ... '" "" ~ !f ItI ~ .... 0 <:> J'I'l ~ .... 10 ... 10 ~ Q) ,b a> t- o-<"'" I:- ~ - ~ .. ~ .cl .. ..;. .,,; ..;. t- lQ ~ r:t:l ". e i G) 00 0> 10 0 <:> 0 10 & - ., 8 ~ ~ ~ C'! "': 0 "'" '" ..;. <:> ...; ..;. C'I ...... en -1=10 ~.... C'I ..."" IQ :a1ft ...... 0 C'I 00 eN C'I .... ~, M ~ .a "'"0-< M fJ ~ t:I: "'" "" 0 .":: ~ 00 00 fl) 0 .... lC) IQ ~ ~ '" 0; .Q ~ ,.Q ,... .t:i d! ~ :5 .,:: ~ ...... dI ., ~ j ." '1:1 '" 1 ... i !; ~ Eo< a .... ~ .., ~ ~ ~ '"~ .. ";; ...... bIi 0 .... ~ ~ ,.Q lS '" 0 ~ ..s:I III '" ., cO '" A ..,'" e til ." .... '" loll ~ ·l <> bIJ ] S .... ~ os '" ... ~ ~ dI '" 0 e ~ .S = .... § ~ P dI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ iXl rJ:; ~ ~ = 0 P=I 00 ~ ::;t 92 1J'MARAN1 TABLE XXV-G --.l'able Showing the Land Owned Outside the VUlage Name of Villagell and number of Households and its Acrdage Co mmunity Vedra Belakod Jodikurali Valki Hhs. Acre- Hhs. Acre- Hhs. Acre- Hhs. Acre- Hhs. Acre- Hhs. Acre- Bhs. Acre- Hhs. Aere- Hhs. Acre- age age age age age age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 11) 16 17 18 19 Lingayet 3 3.00 7 17.10 Kuruba 7 17.10 7 153,50 Holer 0.60 Total 3 3.00 9 21.53 7 15.50 1 0.60 TABLE XXVI \ General. Number of Households Total No. of Reading daily Member or Members Of Mem"ber or members of Member or members oj Households neWllpaper which work for social which take active part which have jOined uplift in politics Co-operative Societies I 3 4 5 812 10 14 78 TABLE 1 Caste/Tribe or Community and Nature of Family. Types of families living in the households Caste/Tribe or Community Total No. of Households Simple Intermediate Join~ OtherB 1 2 3 4 5 6 HINDUS- Lingayat 128 57 16 28 27 Kuruba 79 41 14 14 10 Mahar or Holer 55 29 12 11 Panchala 8 5 1 2 Mang or Madar . 7 1 2 3 1 Brahmins 7 2 3 1 1 Kabbaliga. or Sunnagar • 5 2 1 1 1 Maratha 4 1 1 1 Hanhar 2 1 1 Chamagar 2 1 1 Bhajantri (Kora.va) 2 2 Chatrer 1 1 Medal.' (Burnd) 1 1 Kumbar 1 1 ~ Saler 1 1 MUSLIMS 9 4 3 2 Total. 312 147 54 68 ---48 'rABL'E'. ' U3 ..... ...>Q ~... .... ... co <::>..... .... .,. .... ....co : .... .... C ,.... ...... ..... ...... .... ,..., ,.... ,..., .....00 ....l:'o ..... TABLBS TA.BLE 3 Awareness of Untouchability· Otlences Act. Number of persons Number of persons a.wa.re of prohibition interviewed of untouohability Remarks under Law 1 2 3 4 Linga.yat 128 124 Kuruba Mahar or Holer 55 55 Panohala 8 7 Mang or Madar 7 6 Brahmins 7 7 Sunnagar or Kabbaliga 5 5 Maratha. 4 4 KoraYa or Bhajantri 2 Hanbar 2 Chamagar 2 2 Kumbar 1 1 Medar Saler . 1 1 Chatter 1 Muslims ----~.----- Total 3U 293 ------~---.. --- 96 UMARAN] Contravention of Marriage Rules No. of IPniages Frequenoies of eaoh type of contraventicn in contravention of Caste/Tribe Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Type VI 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Name of the members in the village is reported have married ag,a.inst his/her caste rules.~esarding marriage. TABLE 4-A Permissibiliiy of Iniercasie Ma.rriage Remarks including running \ Number of persons who· o:m8ider it is permissible to form Number of marital ties with note on background of the Cas'a/Tribe pets)ns -~--;----~------~ ---- perllOns giving affirmat ive interdewed Calte/Tribe Cas'e/Tribe Caste/T ibe Caste/Tribe reply (oducated youngmer ) I U . m IV Panchayat Men;ber Name Name Name Name I 2 3 5 6 7 All the hQUl!eholds have 312 InkrJaat,e marriages ar" not permitted among any of the oastes in the ":illage. been interviewed 'lADLES 97 TABLE 5 Awareness of changes in JIlndu Laws of Succession and Adoption Number aware that Number aware that Ca.ste/Tribe/Community Number of persons there have been there have been interviewed changes in Hindu changes in Hindu Succession Act Adoption Act 1 2 3 4, ------HINDUS- Lingaya.t 128 22 13 Kuruba. 79 1 Mahar or Holer 55 Panohala 8 Mang or Madar 7 Brahmins 7 3 :! Kabbaliga. 6 Maratha . 4 1 1 Hanabar 2 Chamagar 2 Bhajantri 2 Chatrer 1 Medar (Burud). 1 Kumbar 1 Saler ~IUSLIMS 9 1 Total 812 28 ." U.R.-7 98 Ul\IAllAlU TABLE 5-A Share of property for dilrerent categories of relatives-Sons - .. -,~- Number indicating that sons inherit property in the following manner ------If there are children by more than one Larger wife, property first Larger share is divided per stripe share is given given to among sons of to eldest youngest different wives, and No. of All Only Only son, other SOIl other then per capita Any Caste/Tribe/Community persons sons get eldest Bon youngest sons inherits sons inherit among sons of other interviewed equal share inherits son inherits equally equally the same wife manner ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ... _------All the 312 :,ou.eholds in try_e vUIage have returned that &Ccording to the p"evailing practice property is inherited by sons and it is shllored equally among themselVes. ------_.- .-- TA.BLlBl 99 TABLE 5-B ln1leritanee of property as in practioe Number indicating that relations of the following categories are entitled to inherit Number of property in their respective caste/tribe Caste/Tribe/Community persons interviewed Son Daughter Wife Mother Brother Sister's Brother's Others son aon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -----,------ HINDUS- Linca.yat 128 128 Kuruba 79 79 Ma.har or Holllr 55 55 Panchala • 8 8 Mang or Madar 7 7 1Jrahmins 7 7 Ka.bbliaga 5 5 Mantha Hanbar 2 2 Chamagar 2 2 Bhajantri 2 2 Chatres 1 1 Madar 1 1 KUlllbar 1 1 Saler 1 1 MUSLIMS 9 9 Total 312 312 7* 100 UMARANI TABLE 6 -Reeiprocal Aid in Agricultural practices Number of houaeholds Number of households Number of households that take help of that assist neighbours Caste{Tribe{Community practising agriculture neighbonrers a.t the tIond recei~e help Ilot time of sowing or the time of c\llti~ation harvesting in he shape of manu801 labour 2 3 4 ------_ -.~------~ Lingayat 111 27 25 Kuruba. 67 23 22 Mahar or HoleI' 6 Panchala. 3 Madar 6 Bra.hmins 5 S;lnnagar or Kabbaliga 5 4 4 Maratha 2 Korava. or Bhajantri 8 Bambal' 2 Cha.magar 2 Medal' 1 Saler 1 Chatrer 1 MUSLIMS 8 8 2 ------'-- T,tal 261 59 ------.-.-~------.-- .. _---.~--~--.----_------TABLES -ell 0...... ~z ~ ...... ell • 00 ...... -~ 0 .... ~z ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... .s Q)...... I» ;<;:: 0; .!;l ..s:l iii ~ '".. '0 ~ ::s ~ ! ...... l:t1 ... III ell ~ 0 0;:: ell ~ bD ., i ~ ell '0 ~ 1; l ~ ... Ci :a ' d is ,J:J. l:l oS ;; .. ~ ~ 1; bO ~ ... o~ ::s .,; ~ a "d ., ..s:l 'S ~ .. ~;:::I l i ::s ..r:l 1 ... OJ .::I pq ~ J ~ ~ Po! ~ >Q ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ I7.l 0 ::!IJ .... Col C? ..... >Q co t- ~ Q) 0 .... Col C? >Q co ...... ""'"...... 102 UMARANI e 0) "a 0 ,.., 0> 1>Z .... '" E-I eo ~ .... ri. o 0 "" o~ M Z r- ~ ~ <0 -II 10 .... -II .... g . r- U) -; . <0 C'1 t- 10 -gz ""10 e- E-< "" '" F}3 cg m ...... • .<:1 ~ I 1'$ 0 :!1.8 Z '.:., I' c; , .....c "'"oZ 0 £.I ...... .... <0 o m ' ...... ,,zl ..... Zt:I1 o...... " ...... o ' Zo~ -; til ~ "0 ';:: Eo< j ~ '-' ... CD S ., ., ~ ., '-.::l a '0 ., ~ ~ 0 I=Q 0 t:I1 :;;:: os k .... ,~ ...... dl 0 0; ... .. In +> 0 .'"'" ... bl) 0 ...... ttl -;'" 0.. ~ ttl ., ., ~ ,zl ·S ..0 ... ..0 .... ~ ~ '" ~ bIl ~ '" cil .... .S!. H bl) ~ "S '" s ~ "d a ~ ., ~ 0; ~ "3 ~ ... dl :e ., ::s ..<:l ,zl ::s :;;: ~ 0 :;;:: ~ ~ :;;:: ~ :;;:: I=Q \:4 :;;:: tIl 6 '" ~ 0Cl ~ ~ .,.. C) 0 ..... C'I ~ ' TABLE 8 Village Industries-Products Name of Caste Sl. Households engaged Name of Products No. in Total Mang Burud No.of or Kabba· Bhajan· or Hhs. Panchala Madar Chamagar liga tri Holer Medar Lingayat Muslims 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 1. Carpentry Repair of Agricultural 5 5 implements and prepare Bullock carta 2. Rope Making Ropes 2 2 3. Leather Works Sandles and repair 3 1 2 of Leather goods 4. Manufacture of Lime Lime 3 3 by Lime Stone 5. Tailoring Garments 3 1 1 6. BMketry and Making Ba.skets and Brooms 2 2 Broom Sticks 7. Basketry Baskets 1 1 8. Ma king of Brooms Brooms (from date. 2 2 Palm Leaves) 9. Leather wor k anu. Sandles and Ropes 1 Rope Making Total 22 5 6 2 3 2 1 1 TABLES 105 TABLE 9 Land Declamation and Development Land Reclamation Soil Conservation Castes No. of Hhs. Acreage No. of Hhs. Acreage Remarks 1 2 3 4 5 6 .. _-_., -~---- Lingayat 3 16.20 9 88.00 Kuruba 2 2.00 Chatrer 1 Saler 1 Haaabar 1 8.00 Ma.ratha. 10.00 ----I Total 6 28.20 12 96.00 "',._------. TABLE 10 Co-operative Societies No of Households of the members The Co.operative Society the heads of which belonging to Sl Name of the Co-operative Total Lingayat Kuruba Mahar or Panchala Mang or Brahmins Hanabar Muslims No. RJCkty No Holer Madar Hhs. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 II --. -- _..... _-.~ 1 Grama Beva Sahakara. Sangha Service Co.operative Society, Umarani 70 51 8 3 2 1 3 2 2 Large Scale Multi·purpo.oe Co·opera. tive Society Chikodi, 7 ~ 1 2 1 3 Sorvioe Co.operative Society Bdkud 1 Total 78 55 9 2 1 3 5 1 2 106 XIXXERI TABLE 11 Habit of taking sugar as correlated to income No. of households taking sugar with No. of households not taking sugar with monthly income of monthly income of Caste/Tribe/C"mmuuity Above Rs. 101- Rs.76- Rs.5l- Rs.26- Rs.25 Above Rs.10l- Rs.76- Rs.5l- Rs.26- Rs.25 Rs.150 150 100 75 50 orlese 150 150 100 75 50 or less 1 2 3 4 () 6 7 i 9 10 11 12 13 HINDUS- 1 S 6 6 1 2 Brahmins . 12 2 2 I Vokkaliga. 9 {) 1 1 15 27 IS 17 17 2 Halumatha. 1 1 Qaniga 2 1 4 3 6 3 Lingayat 2 3 1 1 Vaishya 5 1 1 Viswa.karma 1 1 2 5 4 2 2 Rajputs 2 1 3 1 1 Banajiga 1 1 1 Kuruhina. Setty 1 2 Gangematha. 1 3 2 2 1 Nayanajakahathriya. 1 4 5 3 Modaliya.r 1 (i 2 1 Madivala . 3 6 1 Gejjegar 1 2 1 Devanga Thogata. Setty 1 2 Bhovi S <1 Adikarna.taka 2 6 52 26 5 Kuxuhina Setty 12 3 2 29 44 43 5 1 MUSL1MS 5 1 1 4 4 62 10 ToW 49 16 7 2 1 6S 106 104. 106 TABLES 107 TABLE Il·A HaitH 01 takIDg Tea as eorelaHd to income No. of homeholds taking tea with monthly No. of households not taking tea with monthl, income of income of Caste/Tribe/Community Above Rs. 101- Rs.76- Rs.51- Rs.. 26- Rs.25 Above Rs. 101- Rs.76- Rs.51- Rs.26- Rs.25 &.150 150 100 75 50 or less Rs.15O 150 100 75 50 or less 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 HINDUS- Lingayat 36 33 20 22 7 2 2 4 1 1 Kuruba 9 8 15 19 16 1 1 5 5 1 Mahar or Holet . 1 3 10 9 17 2 2 4 7 Panchala 1 I} 1 Mang or Madar. 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Brahmins. 3 2 2 Kabbaliga 1 1 1 1 1 Maratha . 2 1 1 Ranbar . 2 Chamagar. 1 Bhajantri. 1 1 Chatrer 1 Medar (Burud) . 1 Kumbar 1 Saler 1 MUSLIMS 1 1 4 2 1 Total 54 51 51 67 46 5 1 5 17 13 2 108 UMARANI TABLE 12 Material Culture-Possession of furniture No. of households possessing Caste/Tribe/Community Cot Chair Table Almarah Bench Stool Hawda Strong room l f grains 1 2 3 5 fi 7 8 HINDUS- Lingayll.t 16 14 4, 2 1 Kl.ruba 1 3 3 Mahar or Ho'er 1 Panchala 1 Brahmins 3 4 Maratha. 3 3 2 2 Cha.magal* 1 Total 24 25 S 3 2 1 *Households of other communities. Do not possess any items of furniture Hence thin names are not indicf ted in this tables. TABLES 109 TABLE 12-A Material Culture-Possession of Consumer Goods Petromax Battery Wall cloJk Caste/Tribe/Community or torch Kerosene Bicycle Radio Wrist Time Poc;,et Hazak light stove set watch piece watca 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 HINDUS'- Lin ayat 2 46 7 31 3 21 3 1 Kuruba 12 2 11 1 1 Mahar or Holer 3 4 2 Panchala 1 1 3 3 1 Brahmins 6 3 3 3 Maratha 1 1 1 2 2 Hambar 1 Chamagar 1 Medar (Burud), 1 Muslims 2 .------. Total 4 74 13 54 3 27 10 1 - 110 UMARANI o ...... o ...... ...... 00 ...... ...... ...... .... .... ~ I0 <:e ~ Eo< 0 '"0 a;- ...... ~ ~ os .;::; ~ os ~ .;1l ... e , -+' ~ '" os ... os .., ... ...... ...... ..... .....0> 00 Q... .....r: ...... - ~ ..... ...... lQ ..... 112 UMARANI TABLE 13 House Type-Roof Number of Number oj Number of Hhs. Number of Number of Number of Hhs. with Hhs. with steel with tile roof Number of Caste/Tribel Hhs. Hhs. with Hbs. with in steel and country Hhs. with Community mud roof thatched roof roof Tiles roof C.T. M.T. C.T.+M.T. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 HINDUS- Lingayat 128 5 20 3 96 5 Kuruba 79 17 2 !/8 1 Mahar or Holor 55 18 37 Pllonchala 8 8 MangorMadar 7 2 3 2 Bralunins 5 1 5 1 Kabbaliga 4 5 Maratha 2 2 1 Haubar 2 Ohamegar 2 2 Bhajantri 2 Chater 1 Medar (Burnd) . .. Kumbar 1 Saler 1 1 Muslims {) 1 8 Total 526 11 48 2 '* 8 C.T.-Country tiles. M.T.-Mangalore tiles. TABLES 113 TABLE 13-A House Type-Wall Number of Households with Caste{Tribe(Community No house Unburnet Stone and Stone and Hatchal 'Mud and holds Mud wall Stone Brioks unburnet :Bricks Mud Bricks Bricks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 HINDUS- Lingayat 128 4 5 13 101 5 Kuruba 79 6 53 4 8 8 Mahar or Holer 55 8 26 10 2 4 I) Panchala 8 1 7 Mang or Madar 7 2 5 Brahmins 7 7 Kabbaliga 5 4 1 Maratha 4 2 2 Hanbar 2 1 1 Chamegar 2 2 Bhajantri 2 2 Chater 1 Madar (Burud). 1 1 Kumbar 1 1 Saler 1 1 Muslims 9 6 3 Total 312 ')5 87 25 24 140 10 1 WD P-7889-GPB-.7liO-31-7-75 ~ lQ I» r-< " t- ><> ;;; .S '"O'l or; e:.v '" '"' '"<:: cO .... l~ ~ c· ..d" .". c:
Q ... -