11Th Grade Textbook Packet 3/30/2020-4/3/2020 1 Ll ~ Jipol

11th Grade Textbook Packet 3/30/2020-4/3/2020 1 ll ~ JIPOl. JO Al.I l' (oJ \J III\ \/L !loo._ I

Tcj, K~n.1na, ?Hit !''! xa>.rnos rae,,wnc\np, c\).).lt nd0ou ~fiiV. tip' OUK (see Chapter 5, Gramm•r 7b, pp il\ t ofil I 25 111 number, .md cast; and 1t may be best tr;in -.,lated p.u . • ~ Kai OU TIJV fopT~V 8cao8a1 Kai TOV 8cov TiflQV; 6 yap L\IOVUOOS O , t 1fie\ gender, (e.g., "a~ /whtle he is wo rk111 g") . 'lr' ~ ;as hfiitO,ous Kai Tov (J)i).1nnov Jp' ou ~ou).c1Tlficiv TOV nai6 / 6c, i.ubord111a tc clause '). • a, I Tl 7H 79) TuV I\UKOV Qlt£KTOV£V ~ l'art1c1ples ,n the 111inb11111 •c posit1 on (sec Ch,1pt er 5, Grammar7a, pp. Kai Ta 6pauaT .1s, pos,11on 30 fnco8a1 ~!'iV f'CAht1 - a).).' ' • t' co £. aHa>.tyw uµi v 6T16 hiµos Compare the follow ing, which has 11s participle in the prtd,calt ouK amostywyc." (c,rcumstant,al): [l o-rw, /rt ,t b,! vrry wrll• tnd h l KOfiVOUOIV. . • ere, SIIIU ywyc,•n emphat,c tywl oi auToupyol tvTcj,tiypcj,tpya~6fiEVOI µa>.a Tl1t jarmtrs (s,nu/ buausr t/,ry arr) workmg m t/,rj,dds art vrry tir,d TUOY WORD c. Part iciples may be used to complete the meaningof a verb, e.g.:

'" tlrt E11glu/1 words b I 6 6oii).os ounaucTai t pyal;6!'evos. ldrnt,jy t/1< Grrrkstrms · t ow,mdg,vttlrt mtanmgsoftl,c Eng/1sl1 ivords stop working. . Tl1t slai•t clots 11ot I ~~aI c1plc fills out or completes This use ,s c.illed si,pplw1c,itary1 since the p.ut1 2. politburo the meaning of the verb. Th• part1c1ple agree< w11h the >lated or 1mphcd 3. metropol,s (mrtr-" no1 from µh ) subject ofthe verb in gender, number, and case. (6 VtKp6s =cur st) pov 4. necropolIS .. Present" part1c1plcs do not refer to time as such but de'i:cnbe the action 5. cosmopolitan P .ts in proce\s, ongoing, or progressive. The sentences above contain participles ofdeponent verb~, which h.1.ve GRAMMAR their forms 1n the middle ,·01ce. The following charts give the full sets of forms ofprtstr1t I progrts.uvt mulclle partwplts. Each form has a stem, a the~ L Pirticiples: "Present" o o), thesuffix •fiEV·, and an ending.Theend111gs, wh,ch rndrcatc r Progressivo: Middl . mat1nowcl ( c.1se are the sa me as those of 1st and 2nd declension Jn addition to the d e Vorce gender, number, .1nd 1 h in 1ca11ve Ill d h , •OV (sec p. 59). ave stud ied so far in this cou oO , l e imperative, and the ad1cct1ves such" KaAOS ·•i, (verbal ad1ec11ves) Tl rse, verbs have adjec1 I i 1nf1n,11ve, which you . 1ese may be used in several iva orms known as partmplts may cl b ways, •· Part1c1ples escn e som action ofthe ~enttnc~ ' . e circumstance thilt - ' g.. accompanies the main 6 6ou>.os Tcj, 6co1ro111 tn6 Tl,r slav,, (asfk,/u/, 1,, ,;)fio/1 fie_vos To apoTpov "'£pc ow111g h,s T I. mastu, carries tlitplow. ,.. ~TIii '-Alf Bool. I

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bXERCISE 8~ Masculine Feminine Neuter Read aloud t1ml lrtrnslatt tlitfollo~H1 Nom. gst11tc·ncts Idtttt,jyand txplarn Auoµrvo, c,ut ofwc/1 tl1cgendtr, numbtr,,,nd Aiioµtv~ AUOfl(VOV part1c1plt mululmt,fv ,t as crrrnmstantwl, Grn. Auoµtvou attnbutn·t, or supl'lw1,,itary Aiioµtv 11, Aiioµtvou D.it. I. al yuvaiKc,11atiovrn1 Aiioµtv Aiioµtvu tpya~6µcva1. Acc. Auoµtv'i' 2 6 , 11ai6a, TOu<; mi, Kahi, Norn., Voe 11ap8tvo1, £110f1EVOV,; . Aii6µrvo1 5. al11ap8tvo1 al (lq>tAoti TCI 11p6~arn cupiCJK(I tvTOi, µcvo · 6pca11tAaVWfitVa (wa11dm11g). EXERCISE om. Sy q>tAotiµrvo, Tra,ulatt mto Gruk Gen q>tAouµtv ~ . q>tAou µtvou 1Aouµ t v~, Do you see the boy< (who arc) fighting q>t in the road? Aouµtv

1Aouµtv q and drives the oxen home. q>tAotiµcvov tAouµtv~v ,way (a11t:1.0c)! 4. Obeying Myrrh q>1Aotiµrvc q>tAouµc vov me, Mehss;i stayi; at home. 1Aouµtv ~ 5. (While) br•vcly le•ding his comr•dcs, The;eus csc•pe Nom., Voe. q> tAouµc vo v 6. The s outofthe J.bynnth. q>tAotiµr vo1 men (ol liv6pc,) re101ce (while) Journeying Gen. q>tAouµcva to the isl•nd. q>tAouµtvwv 1 q> tAouµcva D;a t. q>tAouµtvwv q>1Aouµtvo t, tAouµtvwv Acc. q> 1Aouµtvai, q>1Aouµtvou, tAouµtvo t, q>tAouµtva, Tiµa -6 µcv-o,> q> tAotiµcva Tipwµcvo, Athens: A Historical Outline Nom . TifiWfl(V~ I. The Bron1,c Age [When the accent TifiW (VOV r; on th Athens grewaround tho1t resul ~ e S d µ the Acropolis, the rocky hill that q,1Ao . ts ecoo of t\\·o vo, • I nses prec1p1tous1y in the r(om contraction receives an ,n,ddlc of the later city. Arch•colog /µctvol,I \es that contract, the diphthong 1sts have shownth•t in the Bronze sh•• Ch•pter 6, Gramm•r Acropolis wa~ fortified and Age the 3 p •9c2u)te) •ccent, thus q>t was crowned by a p.1lace, wh ec1 e a t e forms ofth A£-6- (-' £Vo, > adminsstr.1tl\ ich was no doubt the Ti(-IW(-'£VO,. ' - . 'Ccenter ofthe surroundingd1stnct • present P•rtocrple of and , like the pal.Ices at Myccn.ie ~yfo Pylos. Tr.1dit1on i;ays th,1t Theseus (-'at •nd •II the form united Att1cJ in the genera s of the Tropn \ tion before EXERCISE V.1r, but in the 111ml there 1s ~c.1nt Sa mention ofAthenian heroes, and this suggests th.1t Athens was F,/1,., th,prtm,t part,c,p/ not an 11nport.,nt center in n ts 1 the Bronze Age. 61' Ktcp on t it thru ~ b th,s,rhartsforrt/

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Vocab ular y Chap ter s I 5

Seep. xii for advice on how to use tl,esc vocabulary lists.

VERBS naaxw Jsuffer; 1experre11 ce wVERBS I 1td8w 1persuade ' 1tl1tTW !fall ayw I lead; I take crm:uSw I l,urry aipw Ilift CTT£VClSW I groan UAClTTW I guard btWKW I pursue, chase xa[pw I rejoice t0lAW I am willing; 1wisl, dcrayw I lead in; I take in - ctW CONTRACT VERBS tK~alvw I step out; I come out ~oaw I shout £AClUVW I drive opaw I see I have; I hold txw -rIµaw I honor ~KW I have come eauµasw 1 am amazed; I wonder -tw CONTRACTVERDS at; I admire Sf]Tt:W I seek, lookfor Ka0t:U0W I sleep 0t:wplw I watch; I see Ka0[sw I sit KClAt:W I call ).aµ~avw I take OLK£W I live; 1dwell ).tyw I say; I tell; I speak 1tOlEW I 111ake; I do AEL1tW I leave novlw 1work ADW I loosen, loose npoaxwptw I go toward, approacli µtvw Jstay; I wait; I wait for q> tAt:W I love 39 ATHE A Z E b ular y Ch a pt u s 1-.S 40 W orkbook I Vo o

bEiJIVOV, -OU, TO dinner IMPERATIVES atiTo it TOCTOIITO<;, 6tv6pov, -ou, TO tree so great; pl., so great; come! atiTOV """i it . TOCTaUT~, TOCTOIITO so many tA8t SoiiAo<;, -au, o slave ati-roii ofliim, li ,s; of,t, ,t.s uµti:rpoc;, -ii, -ov your; yours (pl.) i81/ h-£ go! sun ~AIOS, -OU, 6 ati-rou, them cpO..o,,-~,-ov dear Katpo<;, ·OU, 0 time; right time µ1VERJ1S aUTWV of them; their xaArn6c;, -~, -6v difficult Aayws,-w,o /tare lyw I am as•ay (from) one armµ1 Ai8os, -au, 6 st ~!'Ei<; we 2ND DECLENS ION d11i lam AUKOS, -ou, 6 wolf (Tl) you (sing.) m:ipr1111 I am prt.Serit; I am fiii8os, -ou, 6 story Tl; what? &py6<;,-6v not 1i1orkmg, ,die, lazy 1,m; lamthm v~cros,-ou, ~ isln11 d &11Ei, you (pl.) p&8u 110,, -av careless 'l'~!'i I say 66os, -oii, •i road; way; journey oiKo<;, -ou, 6 house; home; dwelliug ADJECTIVES PREPOSITIONS NOUNS 1ta1!110<;, -ou, o gra11dfat/,er IST ANO2ND DECLENSIO ava + acc., up n6voc;, -ou, 6 toil, work Note that we give the nominative and gen- im6 + gen.,from 1ttve singularforms. 1tp6~a,:a, -wv,Ta sheep aya86,, -~, -6v good Ka,a + acc., down ild; fierce cri-ro<;, -ou, 6 grai11;food iiypto<;, ii, -av savage; w 1tp6<; + dat., at, near, by; + 1ST DECLENSION cpO..o,,-ou, 6 frie11d ah-t0<;, -ii, -ov respons,ble (for); to acc., to, toward blame land; earth;grou11d xop6<;,-oii, 6 dance; chorus de; + acc., 111to; to; at aKpO<;, -ii, -OV top (of) + gen., out of yij,6rnn6ni, ~-· ~ ,-ou, 6 mrufrr XPOVO<;,-OU, 6 time EK, t; a:>.Ao,, -~, -o oili er, another £V + dat., m; on fopTIJ,-~<;, ~ festival av6pdoc;, -ii, -av brave KOp~, ·I]<;,~ grrl 3RD D ECLENSION mi + dat., upon, on; + airr6<;, -~, -6 -s,lf, -selves acc., at; against Kp~V'], -~<;, ~ sprrrrg av~p. av6pos, 6 man; lmsbcmd SuvaT6<;, -~, -6v possrble im6 + dat., ut1der; + acc., iiaxmpa,-ii<;, ~ knif, under ~oiic;, ~06,, 6 OX t116,, -~, -6v my; mme !'EAITTa,-1]<;,~ bu yuv~,yuvmK6<;, ~ woman; wife ~iitnpo<;,-a,-av our; ours vdtv{(l~, · OU, (J young man 8uyaT~p, daughter icrxup6<;, .a,- 6v strong PREFIX OiKiii,-ii<;, ~ hor,st; hom,; dwdlrng 8uyaTp6<;, ~ KaA6c;, -1j, -6v beautiful noAh~,,-au, 6 crtiztn (l1t0· away KUWV, KUVO<;, 6/ ~ dog !'aKpO<;, -a,·OV long; large 66piii,-ii <;, ~ waterJar fl~T~p. !'l]Tpo,, ~ mot/rer 11tra,, !'£YciA~, brg, larg,; great cpO.~.-~<;, ~ frrt11d ADV ERBS 6poc;, opou,, TO mow,tain; hill iitya !'iKpO<;, -a,- OV small 2ND DECLENSION nais,1tm66,, 6/ ~ boy; girl; son; ad alroays 1tOAAOi, -a{, -a numy naT~p,1taTp6<;, 6 daughter; cl,ildfa tlrer aM,, agaw TCOAU<;, non~. m11cl1 iiyyrAo<;, -au, 6 messenger ppaStw<; s/0111/y no)..u aypo,,-oii, 6 fidd PRONOU s SEiipo /,ere, l11tlu:r npw-roc;, -'], -ov first iiv8pwnoc;, -ou, 6 be.mg; tvmii8a tlre11; here; l11ther; man; human pgSto<;, -ii, -av easy person auTa them there; tluthcr cr6c;, -~,-6v your; yours (sing.) apoTpov, -au,TO plow a1ha, them , -oii, airroupy6, 0 Jarm,r aUT~v her; it au-nj, of/,er, /rer; ofit, its - 42 Workbook I ATHENA ZE

PARTICLES E7tElTCl then, thereafter E"tl still apa introduces a question now ~811 already; 8t and, hut t8ou look! ' i,tEV' ... oEC' .. . on the one hand .. . Ket( too even; also, and on th eotherhand; µa11.a very on the onehand ... but µa11.tcrTa most, most of on the other hand all; very much; TE ... Ket[ both ... and especially µ~ not; don't . .. ! EXPRESSIONS l-tllK£1"l don't ... any longer! µ611.tc; with difficulty; aKpov TO opoc; the top ofthe scarcely; relucta ntly mountain/ hill vuv now 81' o:\[you soon OlKClOE homeward, to tvvQexw I have in mind; home I intend OU, OUK, oux not tv Tat c; .i\.0~vmc; in Athens OUKETl no longer £VTctu0a 0~ at that very mo111e11t, ouv so; then then afestival oihw(c; ) so, thus fopT~v 1to1w I celebrate 7tOU; where? re18~ go on! LW I celebrate the festival 1tpWTOV first Ta lllOVDcna 7t0 ofDionysus Taxtwc; quickly, swiftly ! I XctlpE/XctipETE greetings Tl; why? cY, ZEii 0 Zeus

CONJUNCTIONS PROPER NAMES AND ADJE~ a11.1.a but , .a,-ov Athenian yap for A0tJVClLO<; -ou 6 Argus tnE[ when J\.pyoc;, lllKct161toA1<;, Dicaeopolis KCll and llLKCll07tOOAlOO<; 6 KCll. . . KCll both .. . and , I .ID·011ys11s lllOVU

..a ...... ---

Vo c a b u I a r y C ha p t e r s 6- 9

VERBS Kaµvw I am sick; I am tired -wVERBS I K£A£UW + acc. and infin., I orde~ tell (someone ava~a[vw I go up, get up; + be[ to do something) + acc., I climb, go up µOJ.w + infin., I am about onto (to); I am destined ct7t0K1"£LVW I kill (to); I intend (to) autavw I increase rrapaoxrna~w I prepare over; I supply, ~Cl!IAW I throw; I put; I pelt; rraptxw I hand I hit, strike provide transitive, ~aolAEUW I rule rrauw active, I stop X; middle, active, transitive, lyt:[pw intransitive, I stop I wake X up; middle, doing X; + gen., intransitive, I wake up I ceasefrom Iflee out, escape £Kq>£UYW rrau£ stop! I lift, raise lrra[pw rrd8w I persuade eat fo8[w I rrlµrrw I send EUplCTKW I.find rrivw' I drink active, transitive, Ka8[~w cr4'~w I save I makeX sit down; I delight, gladden, I set; I place; active, -rlprrw cheer X intransitive, I sit; middle, intransitive, OR MIDDLE -w VERBS I seat myself, sit down I D EPONENT transitive, Ka[w or Kaw active, arroKpivoµat I answer I kindle, burn; middle, ~ouAoµm + infin., I want; I wish intransitive, I burn y[yvoµm I become am on fire 8 I

....._ Vocabuh r y Ch;apters 6-9 8l ATHENAZE Wor\.book I .tw CONTRACT VERBS tcrntpii, .a,, ~ cvtmng icpEi,,, pnt5t h, sh, it bt(OHlt'.Sj ylyvr-rai I t11le ,lay iEptw,,6 ,t h•PP'"' niptw ~l'tpa, .a,,~ Icome to tht rtsrnt; + ~ Sell Kijp11;_ l1trald Jrt(Cl\'t ~0110tw 0aAnTTa, .,,,, C 6txol'ai K~puKo,, 6 • d,L, I r.,fl to, co,i- ,lat., I come to X's aid, Bupa, -a,,~ door 6111>.trol'ai vcw,, ~ s/11p ,,,,,..-,th Icome to mcut/a,d X VECIVlct<;, ·011,6 young man vnu,, I sm l vu;, vu1.-c6,, ~ mght atO!'Ql • d,t., Ifollow nMw 7t0 l'l't~s, ·OU, 6 pod I go fon11artl; Icomt ovol'a, name qyyci~ol'a1 I 1<-orl, Iaccomphslt npoxwptw 1toAI't>1 <;, -011, 6 c,t1un forward, ndvn11ct 6v61'aTo,, 'tO fpXO!'Ql I co,ii,; Igo 7tOf17tli, •ii,, ~ procm,on I p11t X to fl,gl,t; 7t0At<;,1tOA£W<;, ~ I go away 1ti>Am,-wv,ai pl., doubl, gatt5 tintpxol'nl I terrify X mip, n11p6,, 'tO fir,"'' ~tpxol'nl + ~ +gen., l contt X£l!'WV, storm; winter out of; Igo 0111 of 2ND D ECLENSIO D EPONENT OR Mt DOLE .£w CONTRACT X£1f!WVO,, O Icomt back, rtturn; tnavtpxol'Ql VERBS altar xcip, xc1p6,, ~ /iand +El, or np6, + acc., ~Wf!O<;, -oii, 6 tli, p,oplt Irtlurn to 1 + + acc., 6ijµo,, -011, 6 lup1KVioµm arrive; de; PRO 'OU S fpyov, -011, TO work; d«d ' £UXO!'Ql Ipray;+ d,t, I pray 1arrive at h ai po <;, -011, 6 conmidt, compamon to; +acc. and mfin., ~rtol'm + dat., I lead £1'(ll1'tOU, O'Eal1'tOU, ofmys,/f, ofyourst/f, of I pray (tha t) 0c6,, -oii, ~ godd,s, ~o~toµm intransitive, I am ta11wii l11m-, htr-, it.self 1'<1XOl'Ql !fight frrgliteutd, an, afraid; 0c6,, -oii, 6 god ou6£1,, oi>6tf!in, no out; ,1otl1111g ncl8ol'a, T daL, Iob,y transitive, 1jr,1r, mn ltptiov, -ou,-r6 sacr,fic1al v,ctim oi>6tv nopaiol'al Igo, Ik'all, Imarch; afraid of(something lEp6v,-oii, 'tO tm1pl, 'ti,,nv6, someone; somttlung; I1ourn,y or someone) Klv6uvo<;, ·011,6 dcrngcr anyone; anytlung 'tEp1!0!'Ql I'"101 mystlf; +d•t., vijao<;, -011, ~ ISiand 'tl<;;'tlVO, 1'1110? IMPERATIVES AND I NFIN IT IVE.S I '"101 X; +parttc1- ;tvo~, -ou, 6 fort1gntrj strangtr LISTED EPARATELY pl<, l domg X tnJoy oivo<;, -011, 6 l\.lHlt' ADJECTIVES liyE; pl.,i\yE'tE comeou! oi>pavo,, -oii,6 sl-y, hem•tn -aw CONTRACTVERDS 1ST AND 2ND D ECLENS ION ltvai togo o~0nA1'<>s, -oii,6 .,, bt5t; vtry good; nobl, 0p!'<1W active, lrans1t1\·e, I stt mimra,, -011,6 papa 1ip10"l'O,, ·'),•OV X'" mohon; activr, nap0tvo<;, -011, i) ma1dt11;girl 6E1V6,, -1i, -6v terrible mtrans1t1Ve, Istart; two fiiai(v) tlity say 6i>o I rush, middle, mtnn 3RO DECLENSION f't01µ0,, ·'1,-ov rtady siu, c, I s,t mystlf'" NOU KliAAtO"l'O<;, -11, -ov most beautiful; ,•try motion; Istart; I rusl1; nit, niyo<;, 6 or~ goat btaut,ful I hast,n cia-ru, cic:rrtw~, -rO City 1'£Yl0'1'0<;,·ll, -ov very b,g, ,,,ry largt; aiyaw I T DECLENSION lam51f,nt ~natAcu,, kmg very grtat; brggtSt, ~am>.tw,,6 largt5t; greatest agora, city anttr, D£PO ENT -a-, CONTRACT VEROS ytpwv, old man n11ddle (of) market plnct !'tao,,-11, -ov 8cciol'a1 ytpovw,,6 IStt, watch, look. at c\pumpci,-ii<;, ~ left /ia11d 6~d1,-ii,, ~ ngl,t /ia11d

► l ATHENAZE 84 Wo rkbook Vo cabula r y Chapters 6- 9 ss w-lie ce? n69£v; from hlliere? 11 ATTIC DECLENSION 6 7!0AAEt6[ci~ Pheidias PARTICLES Athenian sculptor) Mivw-raupo~, Minotaur one d~.µ[a,fv · OU, 0 ouSd~. ou6Eµ[a, no YE at least; indeed ouStv 6~ i11deed, i11 fact mi~,micra, miv all; every; whole EXPRESSIONS PREPOSITIONS tv ...toUT4' 111 ea111v/1ile Sui +gen., through tv~ while bd , upon, on; + + dat. t~a[pw lf!auT6v I get up acc., at; against; onto, EUyE ! well done! upon good TfjticrtEpa[g. 011 tlie 11 ext day f!Etti +gen., with; +acc., afttr PROPER NAMES l!Ep[ +gen., about, concern- mg; + acc., around i\yaµtµvwv, Agamen111011 Ul!t:p +gen., on behalfof, for Ayaµt:f(vovos, 6 MIJvci, -cis, ~ Atliena (daughter of ADVERBS Zeus) Mf]vai, -wv, ai Atlie11s t:KEi there Aiyeu~,Aiytws,6 Aege11s (king of lKEicrE to that place, th1tl1er Athens) tv8a.St •th (the here; hitherI trtj i\~p611ol1s, t/1 eAcropolis thither , i\xpo116lews, ~ citadel ofAthens) ~ wd/ 1J, ·% ~ Ariad11 e (daughter of OiKOI Ap1a6v at home King Minos) ouSaµw~ '"noway, no Axa1oi, · WV, ol Ac/1aea 11s; Greeks ----..

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Fine published in the United Suces of America by Viking Penguin Inc. 1975 First published in England by Wildwood H ouse Ltd 1976 Published in the Penguin Clas.

70 69 68 67 66 65

LIBRARY OF CONCR£SS CATAiOCINC IN P\/BLICATION DATA Aeschylus. TRANS LATED BY The Ores1ei1. Bibliogr,phy: p. ROBERT FAGLES I. F1gles, Robert . II. Title. PA3827.A7F3 1984 882.01 83-17421 * ISBN 978-0 -14-044333-2 Printed in the United Stares of America INTRODUCTORY ESSAY, NOTES Set in Monotype Bembo

AND GLOSSARY BY All dramatic, motion picrurt, ~dio , 1elevi

Illustrations by Sylvia Allman

" . . . . ld b. " ro the condition .except 10 the United States of Amenta, rhis book ts so su ~e rherwi>• . tlac it shall not, by way oftnde or otherwise: be lent, rc$old,_hir_cd :~•~::e;otherthan circubted without the publisher's prior consent m >ny fo~ ?f b~dinf this condition th>t in which it is published ,nd without • similar condiaon mclu ng being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. . th ln1cme1 or via any other The scanning, uploa~ .g ,nd distriburfon of~ book viau~able by jaw.~~ PENGUIN BOOKS means wnhour the pcmuss1on of the publisher u ill_e~~d P e(ecaoniC pil2CYof only authorized electronic editions, ,nd do not porac,p>tc m or- ~~ IS copyrighted materials. Your supportoftheauthor's rigllts AGAMEMNON CHARACTERS

WATCHMAN

CL YT ABMNESTRA

HERALD

AGAMEMNON

CASSANDRA

AEGISTHUS

CHORUS, THB OLD MEN OP ARGOS AND THEIR tEADEll

Attendantsof Clytaemnestratmd ofAgamemnon. bodyguardofAegisthus

- AESCHYLUS 104 . k out runes I hum a little, And J try to pie ' TIMI! AND SCENE: A nig/it in rhe r.or slceh and the tears start, tent/1a11d final autumn ofthe Trojan a good cure 11 r• th h war. The house ofAtreus in Argos. I c for the hard times come to c ouse, Before it, an altar stands unlit; a nofonger run like the great place of old. watc/1ma11on the high roofifights to stay awake. Oh for a blessedend to all our pain, WATCHMAN: some godsend burning through the dark- Dear gods, set me free from all the pain, the long watch I keep, one whole year awake .• Light appearsslowly in the east;bl propped on my arms, crouched on the roofs ofAtreus strugglesto hisfeet and stans It. like a dog. I salute you! I know the stars by heart, the armies ofthe night, and there in the lead You dawn ofthe darkness, you tum night to day- 25 the ones that bring us snow or the crops ofswnmer, I see the light at last. bring us all we have - They'll be dancing in the streets ofArgos our great blazing kings ofthe sky, thanks to you, thanks to this new stroke of- I know them, when they rise and when they fall ••• Aieeeecel and now I watch for the light. the signal-fire 10 There's your signal clear and true, my queen I breaking out ofTroy, shouting Troy is taken. Rise up from bed- hurry, lift a cry oftriumph 30 So she commands, full ofher high hopes. through the house, praise the gods for the beacon, That woman - she manoeuvreslike a man. ifthey've taken Troy .•• But there it bums, And when I keep to my bed, soaked in dew, fire all the way. I'm for the morning dances. and the thoughts go groping through the night 1s Master's luck is mine. A throw ofthe torch and the good dreams that used to guard my sleep ••• has brought us triple-sixes-we have won! 35 not here, it's the old comrade, terror, at my neck. Mymovenow- I musm't sleep, no- Begin11lngto danct,then brtakingoff, Shakingl1imstlf awake. lost i11tho11gl,t. Look alive, sentry. Just bring him home. My king, I'll take your loving hand in mine and then •• • the rest is silence. The ox is on my tongue. Aye, but the house and these old stones, give them a voice and what a tale they'd tell. And so would I, gladly •• • I speak to those who know; to those who don't my mind's a blank. I never saya word. AGAMBMNON IOS ,Al'!SCHYLlJS [60- 9l Io6

Ht climbsdownftom tht roofand So towering Zeus the god ofguests disapp.tars into tht paliut 1/rro11gha slat.mt,anrt. A CHORUS, tht old mm drives Atreus' sonsat Paris, ofArgos w/ro havt not leamtd the all for a womanmanned by many mws of victory, mtus and mardiu the gene.rationswrestle, knee:, round tht alw. grinding the dust. the manhood ~ the spear snapsin the first blood nteS CHORUS: that marry Greeceand Troy. Ten years gone, ten to the day And now itgoes as it goes ourgreat avenger went for Priam- 45 andwhereit ends is Fate. Menelausand lord Agamemnon, And neither by singeing flesh 1$ two kings with the power ofZeus, nor tipping cups ofwine the twin throne, twin sceptre, nor sheddingburning tears canyou Atreus' sturdy yoke ofsons enchantaway the rigid Fury, launchedGreece in a thousand ships, so CLYTAJIMNBSTJIA 1/gh/$the a114t- annadas cutting loose from the 4nd. foa. armiesmassed for the cause, the rescue- We are the old, dishonouredones, thebroken husksof men. so Even then they cast us off, From withln lht palaa CLYTABM the rescuemission Jett w here NllSTRA TQisu(I cry oftriumph. to prop a child's strength upon a stick. What ifthe new sap rises in his chest? the heart within them screamedfor all-out war I Hehas nosoldieryin him, ss Like vultures robbed oftheir young, no more than we, the agony sends them frenzied, ss and we are aged past ageing, soaringhigh from the nest, round and glossof the leafshrivelled, rowid they wheel, they row their wings, threelegs~atimewefahero~ stroke upon churning thrashingstroke, , · Old men are childrenonce again, 90 butall the labour, the bed ofpain, adream that swaysand wavm the young are lost forever. 60 into the hard light ofday. Yet someone hears on high - Apollo, But you, Pan or Zeus - the piercing wail daughter ofLeda,queen Clytaemnesaa_ theseguests ofheaven raise, w~t now, whatD.CWi, what tnessagc and drives at the outlaws, late drives you through the citadel hut true to revenge, a stabbing FuryI huming victims? Look, the dty gods, the gods ofOlympus, gods ofthe earth and public markets CLYTAIIMNESTRA "PPtarsQt tl1e doqrstmd pt!.USU u,ith htr mtcur11gt. allthealtau blazingwith your puI AGAMEMNON But the Joyal seer ofthe armies studied Atreus' sons, -- Argps blazesI Torches two sons with warring hearts - he saw two eagle-kings race the sunrise up her skies_ devour the hare and spoke the things to come, drugged by the lulling holy oils. unadulterated, •years pass,and the long hunt nets the city ofPriam, the Bocksbeyond the walls, run from the dark vaults ofkings. Tell us the news! a kingdom's life and soul- Fate stamps them out. What you can, what is right Just let no curse ofthe gods lour on us first, Heal us, soothe our fearsI shatter our giant armour Now the darknesscomes to the fore. forged to strangle Troy. I see now the hope glows through your victims, pure Artemis bristle in pity- beating back this raw, relentlessanguish JIO yes, the flying hounds ofthe Father gnawingat the heart. slaughter for armies ••• their own victim •• a woman feast CLYTAl!MNBSTRA lg,torts thttn and ttembling young, all bom to die - She loathes the eagles' I' pursueshrr rituals;they as.snnblefor Cry, cry for death, but good win out in glory in the end. 1Mopming chorus. 'Artemis, lovely Artemis, so kind 0 but I still have power to sound the god's command at the to the ravening lion's tender, helpless cubs,. roads the suckling young ofbea:sts that ~talk the wilds that launched the kings. The gods breathe power through bring thissign for all its fortune, my song, all its brutal torment home to birth!

myfighting strength, Persuasiongrows with the years - I beg you, Healing Apollo, soothe her before 14S I sing how the Bight offury hurled the twin command, ns her ~osswinds hold us down and moor the ships too long one will that hurled young Greece pressmg us on to another victim • • • ' and winged the spear ofvengeancestraight for Troyr nothing sacred, no The kings ofbirds to kingso,f the beaking prows, one black, no feast to be eaten one with a blaze ofsilver the architect ofvengeance skimmed the palacespearhand right · 120 and swooping lower, all could see, Turningto thepa1aa. plunged their clawsin a hare, a mother . growing strong in the house bursting with unborn young - the babiesspilling, with no fear ofthe husband here she waits quick spurts ofblood-cut off the racejustdashinginto life! Cry, cry for death, but good win out in glory in the end. us the terror raging back and back in the future the stealth, the law ofthe hearth, the mother - t~l S th Memory womb ofFury child-avenaing FuryI' o}as e eagles wheeled at the crossroads o Calc 1as clashed out th d . ' . 'thd for the halls ofki e great ?o~ ble~smgsmtxed WI OOill we ngs, and smgmg with our fate cry, cry for deatb, but good win out in glory in the end. 160 '\ AESCHYLUS {l 160-91J AGAMEMNON 109 IIO 9a...i -=------~~-- ---....27 - . d r.rom the north pinned down ourhulls at Aulis, Zeus, great nameless all in all and wm s 11 • els • ifthat name will gain his favo~r, port ofanguish •.. head win starvmg, I will call him Zeus. i.hccts and the cables snapped I have no words to do him justice, lllld the men's minds strayed, weighing all in the balance, the pride, the bloom ofGreece all I have is Zeus, Zeus - was raked as time ground on, lift this weight, this torment from my spirit, ground down, and then the cu~e for the storm was cast it once for all. and it harsher - Calchas cned. 21',Q 'My captains, Artemis must have blood I' - so harsh the sons ofAtreus He who was so mighty once. dashed their sceptres on the rocks, storming for the wars ofheaven, could not hold back the tears, he has had his day. And then his son who came to power and I still can hear the older warlord saying, met his match in the third fall 'Obey, obey, or a heavy doom will crush met and he is gone. Zeus, Zeus - Oh but doom will crush me raise your cries and sing him Zeus the Victor I 175 once I rend my child, You will reach the truth: the glory ofmy house - a father's hands are stained, a10 blood ofa young girl streaks the altar. Zeus has led us on to know, Pain both ways and what is worse? the Helmsman lays it down as law Desert the fleets, fail the alliance? that we must suffer, suffer into truth. No, but stop the winds with a virgin's blood, We cannot sleep, and drop by drop at the heart I8o the pain ofpain remembered comes again, feed their lust, their fury? - feed their furyI - axs and we resist, but ripenesscomes as well. Law is law I - From the gods enthroned on the awesome rowing-bench Let all go well.' there comes a violent love. ~d ~~cc he ~lipped his·neck in the strap ofFate, his spu'lt veenng black, impure, unholy, So it was that day the king, 18s once he turned he stopped at nothing, the steersman at the helm ofGreece, seized with the frenzy would never blame a word the prophet said - blinding driving to outrage - swept away by the wrenching winds offortu~e wretched frenzy, cause ofall ourgrief! he conspired! Weathcrbound we could not sail, Yes, he had the heart our stores exhausted, fighting strength hard-pressed. 190 to sacrifice his daughter, and the squadrons rode in the shallows off ~halkis to bless the war that avenged a wo1I1arl'sloss, where the riptide crashes, drags, ll bridal rite that sped the men-of-war. l AESCHYLUS zzB- 55] AGAMEMNON III II2

'My father, father I' -she might pray to the winds; T11mi11glo CL-YTABMNESTRA. no innocence moves her judges mad for war. our· m1'd m•gJit watch , our lone defender, Her father called his henchmen on, single-minded queen. on with a prayer, 'Hoist her over the altar LEADER: like a yearling, give it all your strength! We've come, She's fainting-lift her, Clytaemncstra. We respect your power. sweep her robes around her, Right it is to honour the warlord s woman but slip this strap in her gentle curving lips ••• 235 once he leaves the throne. here, gag her hard, a sound will curse the house' - But why these fires? and the bridle chokes her voice ••• her saffron robes Good news, or more good hopes.? We're loyaJ, pouring over the sand we want to hear, but never blame your silence. her glance like arrows showering wounding every murderer through with pity CLYTAEMNESTRA: clear as a picture, live, Let the new day shine - as the proverb says - she strains to call their names ••• glorious from cl1ewomb ofMother Night. I remember often the days with father's guests Lost in prayer,Ihm turningto tht when over the feast her voice unbroken, CHORUS, pure as the hymn her loving father You will hear a joy beyond your hopes. bearing third libations, sang-to Saving Zeus - 24S Priam's citadel - the Greeks have taken TroyI transfixed with joy, Atreus' offspring throbbing out their love. LEADER: No, what do you mean? I can't believe it. What comes next? I cannot see it, cannot say. The strong techniques ofCalchasdo their work. CLYTAEMNESTRA: ButJusriceturns the balancescales, Troy is ours. Is that clear enough? seesthat we suffer and we suffer and we learn. LEADER: And we will know the future when it comes. Greet it too early, weep too soon. Thejoy ofit, stealing over me, calling up my tears - Itall comes clear in the light ofday. Let all go well today, well as she could want,

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I,BADER: I,BADER: ,... ,... II6 AESCHYLUS 312-37] AGAMEMNON IIS Ifonly they are revering the city's gods, ,AndI ordained it all. the shrines of the gods who love the conquered la cl, Torch to torch, running for their lives, no plunderer will be plundered in return. n one long succession racing home my fire. Just let no Just, no mad desire seize the armies . One, to ravish what they must not touch - first in the laps and last, wins out in triumph. overwhelmed by alJ they've won! There you have my proof, my burning sign, I tell you - the power my lord passed on from Troy to me! The run for home and safety waits, the swerve at the post, the final lap ofthe gruelling two-lap race. LEADER: And even ifthe men come back with no offence We'll thank the gods, my lady-first this story, to the gods, the avenging dead may never rest_ let me lose myseIf in the wonder ofit all! 320 Oh let no new disaster strike l And here Tell it stan to finish, tell us all. you have it, what a woman has to say. Let the best win out, clear to see. A smalldesire but all that I could want. CLYTAEM NESTRA: The city's ours - in our hands this very dayI Ican hear the cries in crossfire rock the walls. LEADER: Pour oil and wine in the same bowl, Spoken like a man, my lady, loyal, what have you, friendship? A struggle to the end. full ofself-<:omm.and. I've heard your sign 3l.l So with the victors and the victims - outcries, and now your vision. you can hear them clashing like their fates. Reaching towardshtr as sht tumsIIIJ4 rt-tnters the palace. They are kneeling by the bodies ofthe dead, embracing men and brothers, infants over . . Now to praise the gods. the aged loins that gave them life, and sobbing, 330 TheJoy is worth the labour. as the yoke constricts their last free breath. for every dear one lost. And the others, there, plunging breakneck through the night the labour ofbattle sets them down, ravenous, to breakfast on the last remains ofTroy. 33s Not by rank but chance, by the lots they draw, they lodge in the houses captured by the spear, settling in so soon, released from the open sky, the frost and dew. Lucky men, off gu~rd at last, they sleep away their first good night m years.

....___ y _n_s______AE_s_c_s_Y_x.u_s_____ bBJ... , 355- 84] AGAMEMNON II7 1 - ~ i caoRus: Persuasion,maddening child ~fRuin I O Zeus my king and Night, dear Night, overpowershim - Ruin plansit all. queen ofthe house who covers us with glories, And the wound will smoulder on, you slung your net on the towers ofTroy, there is no cure, neither young nor strong could leap a terrible brilliance kindleson the night. the giant dredge net ofslavery, He is bad bronze scraped on a touchstone: all-embracing ruin. put to the test, the man goes black. I adore you, iron Zeus ofthe guests 36.s Like the boy who chases and your revenge -you drew your longbow a bird on the wing, brandshis city, year by year to a taut full draw brings itdown and prays, till one bolt, not falling short but the gods are deaf or arching over the stars, to the one who turns to crime, they tearhimdown. could split the mark ofParis! 370 So Parislearned: The sky stroke ofgod! - itis all Troy's to tell, but even I can trace it to its cause: he cameto Atreus' house god does as god decrees. andshamed the tablesspread for guests, And still some say he stoleaway the queen. that heaven would never stoop to punish men 375 who trample the lovely grace ofthings And she left her land chaos clan . shiel companionstram • b • gmg ds, untou~ble. How wrong they areI andshe pmg. ronze prows, men · b A curse bums bright on crime- cameto Troy "th do lll ronze. full-blown, the father's crimes will blossom, strodethrough the gates Wl a wry, death, burst into the son's. 380 defuntin e\rery •d kt there be less suffering •.• ~prophets of the houseT e, give us the sense to live on what we need. Oh the hallsand th 1 ookedon andwept, the bedand th e ords ofwar, Bastions ofwealth l seehim.,una\rene ~h Printsoflove. are no defence for the man the stunof hisde!jg~ ~venged, who treads the grand altar ofjuspcc he longsfor th atton 1S so clear - down and out ofsight. until her Phanto~one who lies across thesea secnis to sway thehoUse. lierCUfVing• her beautyh lDtagcs, the eyesstarv utts her lord. oflo\re is gc and the touch one, AGAMEMNON II9 120 AESCHYLUS [456- 88

'and radiant dreams are passing in the night, The people's voice is heavy with hatted, th:~em?ries throb with sorrow,joy with pain ••• now the cursesof the people must be paid, it 1spam to dream and see desires and now I wait, I Jjsten••• slip through the arms, there - there is something breathing a Jost the takes aim vision for ever under night's shroud. God 4SS winging down the moving drifts ofsleep.' at the ones who murder many; So he grieves at the royal hearth .µ5 the swarthy Furiesstalk the man yet others' griefis worse, far worse. gone rich beyond all rights -with a twist All through Greece for those who flocked to war offortune grind him down, dissolvehim they are holding back the anguish now, into the blurring dead - there is no help. .f6o you can feel it rising now in every house; The reach for power can recoil, the bolt god can strike you at a glance. I tell you there is much to tear the heart. 430 of

They knew the men they sent, Make me rich with no man's envy, but now in place ofmen neither a raider ofcities, no, ashes and urns come back nor slavecome face to facewith life 465 to every hearth. overpowered by another.

War, War, the great gold-broker ofcorpses 43S Speakingsingly. holds the balance ofthe battle on his spearI Home from the pyres he sends them, - Fire comesand the news is good, it races through the streets home from Troy to the loved ones, but is it true? Who knows? heavy with tears, the urns brimmed full, Orjustanother lie from heaven? the heroes return in gold-dust, 440 470 dear, light ash for men; and they weep, they praise them, 'He had skill in the swordplay.' - Show us the man so childish, wonderstruck, 'He went down so tall in the onslaught,' he's fued up with the first torch, 'All for another's woman.' So they mutter then when the messageshifts he's sick at heart. in secret and the rancour steals 44S towards our staunch defenders, Atreus' sons. - Just like a woman And there they ring the walls, the young, to fill with thanksbefore the truth is clear. 47S the lithe, the handsome hold the graves they won in Troy; the enemy earth - So gullible. Their stories spread like wildfire ridesover those who conquered. 4SO they By fast and die faster· ' rumours voiced by women ~ome to nothing.

/" AGAMEMNON UI ______f.22 AESCHYLUS .s1a[ .. ., 1

1,J!ADER: You halls ofthe kings, you roofs I cherish, ~ Soonwe'll know her fires for what they are, sacred scats- you gods that catch the sun, her relay race oftorches hand-to-hand ifyour glances ever shone on him in the old days, 51() know ifthey're real orjust adream greet him well - so many years arc Jost. the hope ofa morning here to take ~ur senses. He comes, he brings us light in the darkness, Iseea herald running from the beach free for every comrade, Agamemnon lord ofmen. and a victor's spray ofolive shadeshis eyes Give him the royal welcome he deservesI and the dust he ki~ks,twin to the mud ofTroy, $tj showshe has a voice - no kindling timber He hoisted the pickaxe ofZeus who brings revenge., on the cliffs, no signal-fires for him. he dug Troy down, he worked her soil down, He can shout the news and give usjoy, the shrines ofhergods and the high altars, gone! - orelse •.• please, not that. and the seed ofher wide earth he ground to bits. Bring iton. That's the yoke he claps on Troy. The king, good fuel to build the first good fires. the son ofAtreus comes. The man is b]est, And ifanyone callsdown the worst on Argos the one man alive to merit such rewards. let him reap the rotten harvest ofhismind. Neither Paris nor Troy, partners to the end, Tht BBRALI> rusha in tltl4 lrnetls°" can say their work outweighs their wages now. the ground. Convicted of rapine, stripped of ill his spoils, HERALD: and his father's house and the land that gave it life - Good Greek earth, the soil ofmy fathersI he's scythed them to the roots. The sons ofPriam Ten years out, and a morning brings me back. pay the price twice over. All hopes snapped but one -I'm home at last. -495 Never dreamed I'd die in Greece,assigned LEADER: the narrow plot I love the best. · Welcome home Andnow from the wars, herald, long live your joy. Isalute the land, the light ofthe sun, our high lord Zeus and the king ofPytho - BERAI.D: no more arrows, master, raining on our heads! SoO Ourjoy At Scamander'sbanks we took our share, now I could die gladly. Say the word, dear gods. your longbow brought us down like plague. Now come, deliver us, heal us-lord Apollo! Godsof the market, here, take my salute. LEADER: And you, my Hermes, Escort, 5oS Longing for your country left you raw? loving Herald, the herald's shield and prayer!- . And the shining dead ofthe land who launchedthe amues, BER.ALO: Wannus home ••• we're all the spear has left. The tears fill myeyes, for joy.

--- ) AESCHYLUS AGAMEMNON 123 124

LEADER: II had ifl would tell it all. - A long, har~ pu we d inthe gangways . You too, The iron rations, penne • • down with the sweet disease that kills a man hock byjowl like sheep, Whatever n11senes with kindness . . . uota every sun-starved day. break aman, Our q • J{ERALD: Then on the beaches it was worse. Du~ in sso Go on, I don't see what you- under the enemy ramparts - deadly going.

LEADER: Out ofthe sky, out ofthe marshy flats the dews soaked us, turned the ruts we fought from Love for the ones who love you-that's what took you. into gullies,made our gear, our scalps crawl with lice. HERALD: And talk ofthe cold, sss You mean 535 the sleet to freeze the gulls, and the big snows the land and the armies hungered for each other? come avalanchingdown from Ida. Oh but the heat, the sea and the windlessnoons, the swells asleep, LEADER: dropped to a dead calm . .• There were times I thought I'd faint with longing. But why weep now? HERALD: It's over for us, over for them. So anxious for the armies, why? The dead can rest and never rise again; no need to call their muster. We're alive, LEADER: For years now, do we have to go on raking up old wounds? Good-bye to all that. Glad I am to say it. only my silence kept me free from harm. For us, the ~ernainsof the Greek contingents, HERALD: What, the good wins out, no pain can tip the scales with the kings gone did someone threaten you? no~no~ ..So shout this boast to the bright si:n fittmg it is - wing it over the seasan d ro llingeanh: LEADER: So much ... 540 'Once when an Argiv d" . they hauled these spoilebxp~ ition captured Troy now as you say, it would be good to die. they bolted them highs ac : the gods ofGreece, the glory ofthepast I' across e temple doors, HERALD: True, we have done well. , ·n And hearing th t Think back in the years and what have you. men WJ applaud o . a • and Zeus will ha : chty3!1d our chiefs. th '5 bad A few runs of luck, a lot at ,,~ · ked' h we unmar · 545 he did the work.ve e ero s share offame - Who but a god can go throug That's all I have to say. r AGAMEMNON 126 AESCHYLUS [ 583-608] us ______6._08-2.s

LEADER: Glancing towardst~ pa14e&,~ trnconvinced, glad tha~ I was wrong. savage Never too old to learn; 1t keeps me young. to those who cross his path. I have not changed. CL'YTAl!MNESTRA enterswith her womoi. Thestrains oftime can never break ourseal Gos First the house and the queen, it's their affair, In love with a new lord. in ill repute I am but l cantaste the riches. as practised as I am in dyeing bronze.

CLYTAEMNESTRA: That is my boast, teeming with the truth. I cried out long ago I - sSo I am proud, a woman ofmy nobility - forjoy, when the first herald ca.meburning I'd hurl it from the roofsI 610 through the night and told the city's fall. And there were some who smiled and said, She turns sharply,tnttn thtpalaa, 'A few fires persuade you Troy's in ashes. U!ADEll: Women, women, elated over nothing.' She speakswell, but it takesno seerto know You made me seem deranged. me only says what's right. For all that I sacrificed-a woman's way, The HERALD atlffllpts to lt11Ve;th, you'll say - station to station on the walls ltllder takes him by the arm. we lifted cries of triumph that resounded in the temples ofthe gods. We lulled and bl~. the fires with myrrh and they consumed our vicnms. . Wait, one thing. Menelaus, JS he home too, safe with the men? Turning.to the HERALD. The power ofthe land- dear king. 615 But enough. Why prolong the story? From the king himselfI'll gather all I need. HERALD: Now for the best way to welcome home . !doubt that lies willhelp my friends, my lord, my good lord •.• m the lean monthsto come. No time to lose! S9S What dawn can feast a woman's eyes like this? I can see the light, the husband plucked from war U!ADER: hy the Saving God and open wide the gates. Help us somehow, tell the truth as well. Butw~~the two conflict it's hard to hidc Tell him that, and have him come witb s~, out w1th 1t. the people's darling - how they long for him. And for his wife, may he retum and find her ~eat hall, HERALD; just as the day he left her, faithfulto the last. He'slost, gone from the fiectsl A watchdog gentle to him alone, Heand his mip, it's true. } ABSCBYLUS 6zf>- 4.SJ AGAMl!MNON u7 128 [646_ 70 I t~DER: But when he brings salvation home to a city After you watchedhim. singingout her heart - how can mix the good with so much bad pull away from Troy? Ordid some storm I CS45 attack you all and tear him off the line? and blurt out this? - 'Storms swept the Greeks, SBJ.tAtD: and not without the anger ofthe gods 1' There, likea marksman, the whole disastercut to aword. Those enemiesfor ages,fire and water, sealeda pact and showed it to the world- tEADER: they crushedour wretched squadrons.

How do the escorts give him out - dead oralive? 625 Night looming, CS,so breakerslunging in for the kill Bl!RALD: and the black gales come brawling out ofthe north- No clear report. No one knows .•• shipsramming, prow into hooking prow, gored only the wheeling sun that heats the earthto life. by the rush-and-buckof hurricane pounding rain by the cloudburst - LEADER: ships stampeding into the darkness, csss · But then the storm - how did it reachthe ships? lashed and spun by the savageshepherd's hand! Ho\Vdid it end? Were the angry gods on hand? But when the sun comes up to light the skies BERAtD: I see the Aegean heaving into a great bloom This blessed day, ruin it with them? C5JO ofcorpses••• Greeks,the pick ofa generation Better to keep their trophies far apart. scattered through the wrecks and broken span.

When a runner comes, his facein tears. But not us, not our ship, our hull untouched. t, saddledwith'what his city dreadeilmoS Someonestole us away or begged us off. the armies routed, two wounds in one, 63s No mortal-a god, death gripon the tiller, one to the city, one to hearth an?~ome' • • or lady_luck herselCperched on the helm, our best men, droves ofthem, vict1msb b hi she.pulledus through, she saved us. Aye, 665 herded from every house by the two- ar w p we ll never battle the heavy surf at anchor that Ares likesto crack, never shipwreck up some rocky coast. • that charioteer who packs destruction shaft by~• . 640 But once we cleared that sea-hell not even careering on with his brace ofbloo Y. much pain, ma:; trusting luck in the cold light ofday, When he comes in, I tell you, ~ggi:d high time! wail your battle-hymn to the Funes, we battened on our troubles, they were fresh - the armada punished, bludgeoned into nothing. 671-98] AGAMBMNON 130 AESCHYLUS

And, now • ifone ofthem still has the brea th for Troy's Blood Wedding Day-she drivesher word, hes saymg we are 1ost. Why not? her burning will to the birth, the Fury We say the same ofhim. Well late but true to the cause, here's to the best. ' to the tables shamed And Menelaus? and Zeus who guards the hearth- Look to it, he's come back, and yet ••• the Fury makes the Trojans payr ifa shaftof the sun can track him down, Shouting their hymns, hymns for the bride hymns for the kinsmen doomed alive, and his eyes full ofthe o]d fire _ to the wedding march ofFate. thanksto the strategies ofZeus, Zeus Troy changed her tune in her late age, would never tear the house out by the roots_ 680 and I think.I hear the dirges mourning then there's hope our man will make it home. 'Paris, born and groomed for the bed offatel' They mourn with their life breath, You've heard it alJ. Now you have the truth. they sing their last, the sons ofPriam born for bloody slaughter. Rushingout. CHORUS: Soa man once reared Who - what power named the name that drove your fate? a lion cub at hall, snatched what hidden brain could divine your future, from the breast, still craving milk steer that word to the mark, 685 in the first flush oflife. to the bride ofspears, A captivating pet for the young, and the old men adored it, pampered it the whirlpool churning armies, in th~ir arms, day in, day out, Oh for all the world a Helenr likean infant just born. Helfat the prows, hell at the gates Its eyes onfire, little beggar, 6go hell on the men-of-war, fawning for its belly, slave to food. fiom her lair's sheer veils she drifted launched by the giant western wind, But it came ofage and d1e long tall waves ofmen in annour, and the parent strain broke out huntsmen trailing the oar-blades' dying spoor and it paid its breeders back. slippedinto her moorings, . . Grateful it was, it went Simois' mouth that chokes with foliage, through the flock to prepare a feast, bayed for bloody strife, an illicit orgy - the house swam with blood, none could resist that agony - massacre vast and raw 1 From god there came a priest ofruin, adopted by the house to lend it warmth. 737- 81] AGAMEMNON IJI 132 AESCHYLUS th An~ e fi_r~tsensation Helen brought to Troy ••• AGAMEMNON tnlm In hi$ chariot. call 1t a spmt his plunderhome beforel,im by his shimmer ofwinds dying tn/01/f/zgt; behindltim, ltalf hidden, 73S glory light as gold J/andsCASSANDRA. The old mtn shaft ofthe eyes dissolving, open bloom prw towardshim. that wounds the heart with love. Come, my king, the scourge ofTroy, But ve7ring wild in mid-flight the true son ofAtreus - she whirled her wedding on to a stabbing end, 740 How to salute you, how to praise you slashed at the sons ofPriam -heanhmate, friend to the death, ~~~~~~~~ ~ sped by Zeus who speeds the guest, the note ofpraisethat suits the hour? a bride oftears, a Fury. So many prize some brave display, they prefer some flaunt ofhonour There's, an ancient. saying, old as man himself: once they break the bowids. men s prospenty 74S When a man fails they share his gric~ 7/S never will die childless, but the pain can never cut them. to the quick. once full-grown it breeds. When a man succeeds they share his glory, Sprung from the great good fonune in therace torturing their faces into smiles. comes bloom on bloom ofpain - But the good shepherd knows his Bock. insatiable wealth l But not I, 750 When the eyes seem to brim with love ?So I alone say this. Only the recklessact and it is only unction, fawning, can breed impiety, multiplying crime on crime, he will know, better than we can know. while the house kept straight andjust That day you marshalled the armies is blessed with radiant children. all for Helen - no hiding it now - I drew you in my mind in black; 78.S But ancient Violence longs to breed, 7SS you seemed a menace at the helm, new Violence comes sending men to the grave when its fatal hour comes, the demon comes to bring her home, that hell on earth. to take her toll - no war, no force, no prayer can hinder the midnight Fury stamped But now from the depths oftrust and love with parent Fury moving through the house. I say Well fought, well won - 790 the end is worth the JabourI ButJustice shines in sooty hovels. Search, my king, and learn at last loves the decent life. who stayed at home and kept their faith From proud halls crusted with gilt by filthy hands and who betrayed the city. she turns her eyes to find the pure in spirit - spumin~ the wealth stamped counterfeit with praise, she s~eersall things towards their destined end.

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855-77) AGAMEMNON AESCHYLUS 13S CLYTAEMNESTRA: our child is gone, not standingby oil': side, the bond ofour dearest pledges, mine and yours; Old nobility ofArgos gathered here, I am not ashamed to tell you by all rights our child should be here ••• Orestes. You seem startled. how I love tht man. I am older1 and the fear dies away ••• I am human You needn't be. Ourloy:d brother-in-arms will take good care ofhim, Strophios the Phocian. Nothing I say was learned from others. • He warned from the start we court two griefs in one. This is my life, my ordeal, Jong as the siege You risk allon the wars - and what ifthe people he laid at Troy and more demanding. rise up howling for the king, and anarchy First, should dash our plans? when a woman sits at home and the man is gone, Men, it is their nature, theloneliness is terrible, trampling on the fighter once he's down. s,s unconscionable••• 8.so Our child is gone. That is my self-defence and the rumours spread and fester, and it is true. arunner comes with something dreadful, For me, the tears that welled close on his heels the next and his news worse, like springs are dry. I have no tears to spare. and they shout it out and the whole housecan hear; I'd watch till late at night, my eyes still bum, and wounds - ifhe took one wound for each report 8SS I sobbed by the torch I lit for you alone. 88o to penetrate these walls, he's gashedlike adragnet, more, ifhe had onlydied ••• Glancing towards tht paliut. for each death that swelled his record, he could boast like a triple-bodied Geryon risen from the grave, I never let it die ..• but in my dreams 'Three shrouds I dug from the earth, one for every body 86o the high thin wail ofa gnat would rouse me, that went down I' piercing like a trumpet - I could see you 'The rumours broke like fever, suffer more than all broke and then rose higher. There were times the hours that slept with me could ever bear. 885 they cut me down and easedmy throat from the noose. I waveredbetween the livingand thedead. I endured it all. And now, free ofgrief, 7lnni~to AGAMJIMNON, I would salute that man the watchdog cf the fold, Andso the mainroyal, saving stay ofthe vessel, rooted oak that thrusts the roofsky-high, the father's one true heir. Land at dawn to the shipwrecked past all hope, light ofthe morning burning off the night ofstonn, the cold clear spring to the parched horseman - 0 the ecstasy, to Beethe yoke ofFateI AGAMEMNON 137 AESCHYLUS f.92.s-40 It is right to use the titles he deserves. 89S Letenvy keep her distance. We have suffered Give me the tributes of a man Jongenough. and not a god, a little earth to walk on, not this gorgeous work. 920 Rtll{hfng towardsAGAMEMNON . There is no need to sound my reputation. Come to me now, my dearest I have a sense ofright and wrong, what's more - down from the car ofwar, but never set th; foot heaven's proudest gift. Call no man blest thatstamped out Troy on earth again, my great one. until he ends his life in peace, fuJfilled. Ifl can live by what I say, I have no fear. Women, why delay? You have your orders. Pavehis way with tapestries. CLYTAEMNESTRA: One thing more. Be true to your ideals and tell me - They beginto spreadtht crimson tapestriesbetween the king and the AGAMEMNON: palaa doors, True to my ideals?Once I violate them I am lost. Quickly. Let the red stream flow and bear himhome CLYTAEMNESTRA: to the home he never hoped to see - Justice, Would you have sworn this act to god in a time ofterror? leadhim in! Leave all the rest to me. AGAMEMNON: Yes, ifa prophet called for a last, drastic rite. The spirit within menever yields to sleep. 905 We will set things right, with the god's help. CLYTAEMNESTRA: We will do whatever Fate requires. But Priam - can you see him ifhe had your success? 9.30

AGAMEMNON: AGAMEMNON : There Striding on the tapestries ofgod, I see himnow. is Leda's daughter, the keeper ofmy house. And the speech to suit my absence,much too long. CLYTAEMNESTRA: But the praise that does w jwtice, 910 And you fear the reproach ofcommon men? let it come from others, then we prize it. This- AGAMEMNON: you treat me like a woman. Grovelling, gaping up at me The voice ofthe people - aye, they have enormous power. whatam I, some barbarian peacocking outof~ia? . Never cross my path with robes and draw the lightnmg. CLYTAEMNESTRA! Never- only the gods deserve the pomps ofhonour 915 Perhaps, but where's the glory without a little gall? and the stiffbrocades offame. To walk on them••• I am.human, and it makes my pulsesstir AGAMEMNON: all withdread. And where's the woman in this lust for glory? 93S \. 941-ssJ AGAMEMNON 139 AESCHYLUS

CLYTAEMNBSTRA: And now, becomes1.,_ But the great victor-it illlil tog·1veway. since you have brought me down with your insistence, 9ss just this once I enter my father's house, AGAMEMNON: trampling royal crimson as I go. Victoryin this ••• war ofours, it meansso muchto you? He takts hisfirst sttps and pa11su,

CLYTAEMNBSTRA: CLYTAEMNBSTRA: 0 give wayI The power is yours ifyou surrender, There is the sea allofyourownfreewill, tomef and who will drain it dry? Preciousas silver, inexhaustible, ever-new, it breeds the more we reap it - tides on tides ofcrimson dye our robes blood-red. &GAMEMNON: Our lives are based on wealth, my king, Enough. the gods have seen to that. Ifyou are so determined- 940 Destitution, our house has never heard the word. Tuming to die women,poi11lhig to /us I would have sworn to tread on legaciesof robes, boots. at one command from an oracle, deplete the house - ¢.S Let someone help me offwith theseat least. suffer the worst to bring that dear life back! Oldslaves,they've stood me well. Hurry, Encouraged, AGAMEMNON strides to the entrana. and while I tread his splendoursdyed red·in the sea. may no god watch and strike me down with envy When the root lives on, the new leavescome back, from on high. I feel such shame - 94S spreading a dense shroud ofshade across the house to tread the life of the house, a kingdom's worth to thwart the Dog Star's fury. So you return ofsilver in the weaving. to the father's hearth, you bring us warmth in winter 970 Ht sttps downfrom the chariotto the like the sun - tllptstrits and m,taJsCASSANDRA. And you are Zeus when Zeus drtsstd In the saatd rtgalio. thefilltts, tramples the bitter virgin grape for new wine robes,and s«ptrt ofApo/Ii,. and the welcome chill steals through the halls, at last Done is done. the master moves among the shadows ofhis house, fulfilled. Escort this stranger in, be gentle. Conquer with compassion.Then the gods AGAMEMNON gots over tl,e tlirtshold; shine down upon you, gently. No one chooses 9So die rvomtngatlitr 11ptire taptstrits the yoke ofslavery, not ofone's free~ whilt Ct YTABMNBSTRA prays. and she least ofall. The gifi ofthe arnues, Sower and pride ofall the wealth we won. she follows me from Troy. AGAMEMNON 973- 1000] AESCHYLUS [1001- 34

:zeus, Zeus, master ofall fulfilment, now fulfil our prayers - 975 Even exultant health, well we know, speedour rites to their fulfilment once for all! exceeds its limits, comes so nC4rdisease IOOS it can breach the wall between them. She entm tht palact, the doorsclose, the old menhudd~ In tmor. Even a man's fate, held true on course, CHORUS: in a blinding flash rams some hidden reef; Why, why does it rock me, never stops, but ifcaution only casts the pick ofthe cargo - thisterror beating down my heart, one well-balanced cast - 1010 this seer that sees it all- the house will not go down, not outright; it beats its wings, uncalled unpaid 980 labouring under its wealth ofgrief thrust on the lungs the ship ofstate rides on. the mercenary song beats on and on singing a prophet's strain - Yes, and the great green bounty ofgod, and I can't throw it off sown in the furrows year by year and reaped each fall JOIS like dreams that make no sense, 985 can end the plague of famine. and the strength drains that filled the mind with trust, But a man's life-blood and the years drift by and the driven sand is dark and mortal. has buried the mooring lines Once it wets the earth that churned when the armoured squadrons cut for Troy • • • 990 what song can sing it back? 1020 and now I believe it, I can prove he's home, Not even the master-healer my own clear eyes for witness - who brought the dead to life - Agamemnonl Zeus stopped the man before he did more harm. Still it's chanting, beating deep so deep in the heart thisdirge ofthe Furies, oh dear god, Oh, ifonly the gods had never forged not fit for the lyre, its own master 99S the chain that curbs ourexcess, it kills our spirit one man's fate curbing the next man's fate, kills our hopes my heart would outrace my song, l'd pour out allI feel- and it's real, true, no fantasy - but no, I choke with anguish. stark terror whirls the brain mutter through the nights. and the end is coming 1000 Never to ravel out a hope in time JOJO Justice comes to birth- and the brain is swarming, burning - I pray my fears prove false and fall and die and never come to birth I C:LYTAIIMNIISTRA emerges.fromthe palaceand goes to CASSANDRA, impassivein the chariot. 10JS-S4] AGAMEMNON I43 144 AESCHYLUS [1055- 73

CLyTAEMNESTRA: CLYTAEMNESTRA: Won't you come inside? I mean you, Cassandra. Do itnow- Zeus in all his mercy wants you to share 1have no time to spend outside. Already somevictory libations with the house. the victims crowd the hearth, the Navclstone, IOSS The slaves are flocking. Come, lead them to bless this day ofjoy I never hoped to see! - 1035 our victims waiting for tbe fire and the knife, up to the altar ofthe god who guards and you, our dearest treasures. ifyou want to taste our mystic rites, come now. Down from the chariot, Ifmy words can't reach you - this is no time for pride. Why even Heracles, T11mi11gto tireLBADER. they say, was sold into bondage long ago, he had to endure the bitter bread ofslaves. J040 Give her a sign, 1060 But ifthe yoke descends on you, be gratefu1 one ofher exotic handsigns. for a master born and reared in ancient wealth. LEADER! Those who reap a harvest past their hopes I think are merciless to d1eir slaves. the stranger needs an interpreter, someoneclear. From us She's like a wild creature, fresh caught. you will receive what custom says is right. I04S CLYT AEMNESTRA: CASSANDRA re111ai11sImpassive. She's mad, her evil genius murmuring in her ears. LEADER: She comes from a city fresh caught. It's youshe is spea1cingto, it's all too clear. 1005 She must learn to take the cutting bridle You're caught in the nets ofdoom-obey before she foams her spirit off in blood ifyou can obey, unless you cannot bear to. and that's the last I waste on her contempt!

CLYTAEMNESTRA: Whccli11g,rHntering the palace. 77,e LEADER turns to CASSANDRA who Unlessshe's Jikea swallow,possesred . .~- ofher own barbaric song, strange, dark. 1050 remains transJ...ed. . Ispeak directly as I can -she must obey. I.EADER! Not I, I pity her. I will be gentle. Come, poor thing. Leave the empty chariot - LEADER.: your own free will try on the yoke Fate. Go with her. Make the best ofit, she's right. Of of Step down from the seat, obey her. CASSANDRA! Aieeeeee! Earth - Mother - Curse ofthe Earth - Apollo ApolloI / AGAMEMNON I4S AESCHYLUS [1093- 1111

1,Jl,\PER: LEADER: Whycry to Apollo? A keen hound, this stranger. He's not the god to call with sou11dsof mourning. Trailing murder, and murder she will find.

CASSANDRA! AieeeeeeI Earth - Mother - CASSAND:k.A: Rape ofthe Earth - Apollo Apollo I See, my witnesses - I trust to them, to the babies 1095 wailing, skewered on the sword LEADER: their flesh charred, the father gorgin~ on their parts - Again, it's a bad omen. Shecries for the god who wants no part ofgrief.

CASSANDRA stepsfrom tl1t chariot, LEADER: looksslorvfy torvardstlie rooftopsof We'd heard your fame as a seer, the p11fact. but no one looks for seers in Argos. CASSANDRA! God ofthe long road, Apollo Apollo my destroyer - CASSANDRA: Oh new 1100 you destroy me once, destroy me twice - 1080 no, what horror, what plot, new agony this? - it's growing, massing, deep in the house, LEADER: a plot, a monstrous - thing She'sabout to sense her own ordeal, I think. to crush the loved ones, no, Slaveth~t she is, the god lives on inside her. there is no cure, and rescue's far away and- IIoS

CASSANDRA: God ofthe iron marches, I.BADER: Apollo Apollo my destroyer- I can't read these signs; I knew the first, where, where have you led me now? what house - Io8S the city rings with them.

LEADER: The house ofAtreus and his sons. Really CASSANDRA: don't you know? It's true, see for yourself. You, you_godforsaken - you'd do this? The lord ofyour bed, you bathe his body glistens, then - JUO CASSANDRA: him . .• how to tell the climax? No , the house that hates god, .• comes so quickly, see, an echoing womb ofguilt, kinsmen hand over hand shoots out, hauling ropcs- torturing kinsmen, severed heads, 1090 then slaughterhouseof heroes, soil streaming blood - lungel AGAMEMNON 147 AESCHYLUS [1132- 55 tBADBR: CHORUS: Stilllost. Her riddles, her dark words ofgod- What good are the oracles to men? Words, more words, fJilgroping, helpless. and the hurt comes on us, endless words u35 and a seer's techniques have brought us CASSANDRA: terror and the truth. No no, look tltereI - JIIS what's that? some net Bung out ofhell CASSANDRA: No, sheis the snare, The agony- 0 I am breaking I - Fate's so hard. the bedmate, deathmate, murder's strong right arm! and the pain that floods my voice is mine alone. Let the insatiate discord in the race Why have you brought me here, tormented as I am? rear up and shriek 'Avenge the victim - stone themdead I' IUO Why, unless to die with him, why else?

LEADER AND CHORUS: tBADBR: Mad with the rapture - god speedsyou on What Fury is this? Why rouse it, liftits wailing to the song, the deathsong, through the house? I hear you and lose hope. like the nightingale that broods on sorrow, mourns her son, her son, her life inspired with grief for him, CHORUS: Drop by drop at the heart, the gold oflife ebbs out. she lilts and shrills, dark bird that lives for night. We are the old soldiers ••• wounds will come with the crushing sunset ofour lives. CASSANDRA: The nightingale - for a song, fate like hers Death is close, and quick. 0 a I The gods gave her a life ofease, swathed her in wings no tears, no wailing. The knife waits for me. ' uso CASSANDRA: They'll splay me on the iron's double edge. Look out! lookout I -

Ai, drag the great bull from the matel- LEADER AND. CHORUS: a thrashof robes, she traps him- Why?- what god hurls you on, stroke on stroke \Vrlthing- to the long dying fall? black horn glints, twists - Why the horror clashing through your music, shegores him through I terror struck to song? - And now he buckles, look, the bath swirls red n30 uss why the anguish, the wild dance? There'sstealth and murder in the cauldron, do you hear? Where do your words ofgod and grief begin?·

Ll!AD!!'R.! I'm no judge, I've little skillwith the oracles, but evenI know danger when I hear it. AGAMEMNON 149 AJ!SCUYL US [u83 - 1204

CASSANDRA: No more riddles. l will teach you. Ai, the wedding, wedding ofParis, Come, bear witness, run and hunt with me. deathto the loved ones. Oh Scamander We trail the old barbaric works ofslaughter. you nursed my father •• • once at your banks 1100 I nursed and grew, and now at the banks These roofs - loo~ up - there is a dancing troupe ofAcheron, the stream that carries sorrow, that never leaves. And they have their harmony n90 hut it is harsh, their words are harsh, they drink it seemsI'll chant my propheciestoo soon. beyond the limit. Flushed on the blood ofmen their spirit grows and none can turn away tEADER AND CHORUS: their revel breeding in the veins - the FuriesI What are you saying? Wait, it's clear They cling to the house for life. They sing, JI9S achild could see the truth, it wounds within, n6s sing of the frenzy that began it all, like a bloody fang it tears - strain rising on strain, showering curses I hear your destiny - breaking sobs, on the man who tramples on his brother's bed. cries that stab the ears. There. Have I hit the mark or not? Am I a fraud, CASSANDRA: a fortune-teller babbling lies from door to door? Oh the grief, the grief ofthe city Swear how well I know the ancient aimes ripped to oblivion. Oh the victims, that live within this house. the flocks my father burned at the wall, rich herds in flames . .. no cure for the doom LBADE:R: that took the city after all, and I, Andifl did? her last ember, I go down with her. Would an oath bind the wounds and heal us? But you amaze me. Bred across the sea, your language strange, and still you sensethe truth LEADER AND CHORUS: You cannot stop, your song goes on- 1175 as ifyou had been here. somespirit drops from the heights and treadsyou down and the brutal strain grows - CASSANDRA: Apollo the Prophet your death-throes come and come and introduced me to his gift. I cannot see the end I

LEADER: CASSANDRA: A god - and moved with love? !henoff with the veils that hid the fresh young bride - II8o we will see the truth. Flare up once more, my oracle! Clear and sharp CASSANDRA: to as the wind that blows towards the rising sun, I was ashamed tell this once, Ican feel a deeper swell now, gathering head but now •• • to break at last and bring the dawn ofgrie£ 1185 ...

AGAMBMNON ISI 1zo5- 16] 1.52 htSCll'iJ.'!.1S

1,BADBR: Look, you sec them nestling at the threshold? UIO We spoil ourselveswith scruples, Y0W1g, young in the darkness like a dream. long as things go well. like children really, yes, and their loved ones brought them down ••• CASSANDRA: their hands, they fill their hands He came like a wrestler, with_their own flesh, they are serving it like food, magnificent,took me down and breathedhis fire holding out their entrails •• • now it's clear, through me and- I can sec the annfuls ofcompassion, see the &ther reach to taste and - 1,BADBR: For so much suffering, 1230 You bore hima child? I tc~ you, someone plots revenge. A lion who lacks a lion's heart, CASSANDRA: he sprawled at home in the royal lair I yielc1ed, and set a trap for the lord on his return. then at the climaxI recoiled-I deceivedApollo l My lord ••• I must wear his yoke, I am his slave. The lord ofthe mcn-of:.war, he obliterated Troy tEADBR! he is so blind, so lost to that detestable hcllhound But the god's skills-they seizedyou even then? who pricks her ears and fawnsand her tongue dzawsout her glittering words ofwelcome - CASSANDRA! No, he cannot see Even then I told my people all the griefto come. the stroke that Fury's hiding, stealth, and murder. What outrage -the woman kills the man! LBADBR: to call And Apollo's anger never touchedyou?- is it po~ble? What that ••• monster ofGreece, and bring my quarry down? Viper coiling back and forth? CASSANDRA! Once I betrayedhim I could never be believed. Some sea-witch?- Scylla crouched in her rocky nest - nightmare ofsailors? Raging mother ofdeath, storming deathless war against tl!ADER: We believeyou. Your visionsseem so true. the ones she lovesl And how she howled in triumph, boundless outrage. Just as the tide battle CASSANDRA: of Aieeceel broke her way, she seems to rejoice that he the pain, the terror I the birth-pang ofthe seer ll20 issafe at home from war, saved for her. who tells the truth - it whirls me, oh, the stormcomesagain, the crashingchords [ 1239- 52] AGAMBMNON IS3 1S4 AESCHYLUS [1253- 68

Believeme ifyou will. What will it matter LEADER: ifyou won't? It comes when it comes, Yes and soon you'll see it face to face I don't see who can bring the evil off. and say the seer was all too true. You will be moved with pity. CASSANDRA: And yetI know my Greek, too well. I.BADER: Thyestes' feast, LEADER: the children'sflesh- that I know, USS So docs the Delphic oracle, and the fear shudders through me. It's true, but he's hard to understand. real,no dark signs about it. I hear the rest but it throws me off the scent. CASSANDRA: Hisjirel CASSANDRA: sears me, sweeps me again-the torture! l:l.']O Agamemnon. Apollo Lord ofthe Light, you bum, You will see him dead. you blind me - Agony! LEADER: She is the lioness, Peace, poor girl! she rears on her hind legs, she beds with the wolf Put those words to sleep. when her lion king.goes ranging- she will kill me - CASSANDRA: Ai, the torture! Nouse, She is mixing her drugs, U7S the Healer has no band in thisaffair. adding a measure more ofhate for me. She gloats as she whets the sword for him. !BADER : He brought me home and we will pay in carnage. Not ifit's true - hut god forbid it isI Why mock yourselfwith these- trappings,the rod, CASSANDRA: the god's wreath, his yoke around my throat? uSo You pray, and they close in to ki11! Before I die I'll tread you - Ripping offher regalia,stamping U LBADER: into tht ground. What man preparesthis , thisdreadful - Down, out, die die die! CASSANDRA: Now you're down. I've paid you back. Man? Look for another victim - I am free at last - You are lost, to everyword fve said. make her rich in all your curse and doom•

... r AGAMEMNON ISS (1291-1305

Staggeringbatkwardt as Ifwmtling Approach{ngthe Joors. with a spirit tearingat lier robes. Sec, 1285 I addressyou as the Gates ofDeath. IJij Apollohimself, his fiery hands - I feel himagain, I pray it comes with one clear ~ttoke, he's stripping offmy robes, the Seer's robes! no convulsions,the pulsesebbmg out And after he looked down and saw me mocked, in gentle death.I'll close my eyes and sleep. even in these, his glories, mortified by friends I loved, and they hated me, they were so blind I.290 tEADER: to their own demise - So muchpain, poor girl, and so mu':11trut?, I went from door to door, you've told so much. But ifyou seeJt conung, I was wild with the god, I heard them call me clearly-howcan you go to your own death, 'Beggar! Wretch! Starve for bread in hell!' like abeastto the altar driven onby god, and hold yourhead so high? And I endured it all, and now he will extort me as his due. A seer for the Seer. CASSANDRA: He brings me here to die like this, No escape,my friends. not to serve at my father's altar. No, notnow. the block is waiting. The cleaver steams with my life blood, the fo:st blood drawn tEADER: for the king's last rites. But the lasthour shouldbe savoured. Regaininglier composureand movlnz to tlre altar. CASSANDRA: We will die, 1300 My time hascome. Little to gain from flight. but not without some honour from the gods. There will come another to avenge us, I.J!ADER: born to kill his mother, bom You're brave, believeme, full ofgallantheart. hisfather's champion. A wanderer, a fugitive CASSANDRA: drivenoff his native land, he will come home 130S to cope the stones ofhate that menace all he loves. Only the wretchedgo with praise like that. The gods have sworn a monwnental oath: as his father lies upon the ground he draws himhome with power like a prayer. lEADER: But to go nobiy lends a man ~om Then why so pitiful, why so many tears? • cgrace. I have seen my city faring as she fared, J:JIO CASSANDRA: fjh~oscwho took her, judged by the gods, My noblefather-you and y bl -~ as they fare. I must be brave. our no c children. It is llly tum to die. She nta,s the thrtsholtl and r«olls. iroan;ngits revuWon. 1306- 20] AGAMEMNON 157 158 AESCHYLUS tBADER: LBADBR: What now? what terror flings you back? Poor creature, you Why?Unless some horrorin the brain- ;ind the end you see so clearly. I pity you.

CASSANDRA: CASSANDRA: Murder. 1330 I'd like a few words more, a kind ofdirge, 13-45 The house breathes with murder - bloody shamblesI it is my own. I pray to the sun, the last light I'll see, that when the avengers cut the assassinsdown LEADER: they will avenge me too, a slave who died. No, no, only the victims at the hearth. an easy conquest. Oh men, your destiny. 13so Whenall is well a shadow can overturn it. CASSANDRA: When trouble comesa stroke ofthe wet sponge. I know that odour. I smell the open grave. and the picture's blotted out. And that, I think that breaks the heart. Sht gou throughthe doors, I.BADER: But the Syrian myrrh, it fills the halls withsplendour, CHORUS: can't you sense it? But the lust for power never dies - 1355 men cannot have enough. No one will lift a hand to send it CASSANDRA: from his door, to give it warning, Well, I must go innow, 133S 'Power, never come againI' mourning Agamemnon's deathand mine. .Take this man: the gods in glory 1360 Enoughof life! gave him Priam's city to plunder, Approachingthl doorsagain an4 brought him home in splendour like a god. cryingout , But now ifhe must pay for the blood his fathers shed, and die for the deaths 6 Friends - I cried out, he brought to pass.,and bring more death t3 5 to avenge his dying, show us one not from fear like a bird freshcaught, who boasts himselfborn free but that you will testify to howI died. the raging angel, once he hears - Whenthe queen, woman for woman, dies for me, 1340 of and a man fallsfor the man who married grie£ Crfl!S break out within the pal4le- That's all I ask, my friends. A stranger's gift for one about to die.

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r r 1377- 98] AGAMEMNON 161 162 AESCHYLUS [.1399- 1418

Ibrooded on this trial, th.isancient blood feud Lll,l\.DllR: year by year. At last my hour came. You appal me, you, your brazen words Here I stand and here I struck exulting over your fallen king. and here my work is done. I did all. I it don't deny it, no. CLYTAEMNESTRA: flee He had no way to or fight his destiny- And you, J.42S you try me like some desperate woman. Unwindingthe robesfrom ACAMBM~ My heart is steel, well you know. Praise me, NON's body, spreadingthem before blame me as you choose. It's all one. the altar whtrt the old mm clusttr aroundthan, un!fiedas a chorusonu Herc is Agamemnon, my husband made a corpse again. by this right hand - a nusterpiece ofJustice. 1430 Done is done. our never-ending,all embracingnet, I cast it wide for the royal haul, I coil him round and round CHORUS: in the wealth, the robes ofdoom, and then I strike him Woman! - what poison cropped from thesoil once,twice, and at each stroke he cries in agony- or strained from the heaving sea, what nursed you, he bucklesat the kneesand crasheshere I drove you insane?You brave the curse ofGreece. And when he's down I add the third, last blow, You have cut away and Bung away and now to the Zeus who saves the dead beneath the ground the people cast you offto exile, 143S I send that third blow home in homage lik.ea prayer. broken with our hate.

So he goes down, and the life is bursting out ofhim CLYTAEMNESTRA: great spraysof blood, and the murderousshower And now you sentence me? - woundsme, dyes me black and I, I revel you banish me from the city, curses breathing like the Earth when the spring rains come down. down my neck? But he - the blessedgifts ofgod, and the new green spear name one charge you brought against him then. splitsthe sheath and rips to birth in glory! He thought no more ofit thankilling a beast, Bocks So it stands,elders ofArgos gathered here. ffld his were rich, teeming in their fieece. Rejoiceif you can rejoice - I glory. but he sacrificedhi/ own child, our daughter: ~nd ifI'd pour upon his body the libation the agony I laboured into love • it deserves,what wine could match my words? . to charm away the savage winds ofThrace. It is right and more than right. He flooded ~~ve ssel ofour proud house with misery, Withthe vintage ofthe curse and now he drainsthe dregs. My lord is home at last. r

1419- 47] AGAMEMNON AESCHYLUS

Didn't the law demand you banish him? CHORUS: hunt him from the land for all his guilt? Oh quickly, let me die- But now you witness what I've done no bed oflabour, no, no wasting illness •• • and you are ruthless judges. bear me off in the sleep that never ends, Threaten away I now that he has fallen, I'll meet you blow for blow. And ifl fall now that our dearest shield lies battered - the throne is yours. If god decrees the reverse, l4SO Woman made him suffer, late as it is, old men, you'll learn your place. woman struck him down. CHORUS: Mad with ambition, Helen the wild, maddening Helen, shrilling pride! - some Fury one for the many, the thousand lives crazedwith the carnage rages through your brain - you murdered under Troy, Now you are crowned I can see the flecksof blood inflameyour eyesI I4SS with this consummate wreath, the blood But vengeancecomes - you'll lose your loved ones, that lives in memory, glistens age to age. stroke for painful stroke. Once in the halls she walked and she was war, CLYTAEMNESTRA: angel of war, angel ofagony, lighting men to death. Then learn this, too, the power ofmy oaths. By the child's Rights I brought to birth, by Ruin, by Fury- the three gods to whom CLYTAEMNESTRA: Pray no more for death, broken I sacrificedthis man - I swear my hopes 1490 will never walk the halls offear so long as you are. And never tum as Aegisthuslights the fire on my hearth. your wrath on her, call her Loyal to me as always, no small shield the scourge ofmen, the one alone to buttress my defiance. .who destroyed a myriad Greek lives _ Here he lies. Helen the grief that never heals. 1495 He brutalized me. The darling ofall the golden girls who spread the gates ofTroy. CHORUS: And here his spear-prize ••• what wonders she bebeldl the seer ofApollo shared my husband~sbed, The spirit1- you who tread hisfaithful mate who knelt at the rowmg-benches, 1470 the house and the twinborn sons ofT tal worked by every hand. you empower the sisters, Fury's twinsan us- They have their rewards. Per h d whhosepower tears the heart I lie as you know. And she, the swan ofthe gods c e on t e corps . who lived to sing her latest, dying song- glories in her hy~~ur carrion raven his lover lies beside him. her screaming hymn ofpride, She brings a fresh, voluptuous relish to my bedl t47S r - 1475- 1504} AGAMEMNON 166 AI!SCUYLUS [1505-36

CLYTAEMNESTRA: Now you set your judgement straight, CHORUS: you summon him IThree generations And yo11,innocent ofhis murder? feed the spirit in the race. And who could swear to that? and how?. • • xm Deep in the veins he feedsour bloodlust and still an avenger could arise, aye, before the old wound dies bred by the fathers' crimes,and lend ahand. it ripens in another Bow ofblood. He wades inthe blood ofbrothers, streamon mounting stream- blackwar erupts CHORUS: and where he strides revenge will stride, 1540 The great curse ofthe house, the spirit, clots will mass for the young who were devoured. dead weight wrath - and you can praiseit! lj10 Praisethe insatiate doom that feeds Oh my king, mycaptain, rdentlesson our future and our sons. how to salute you, how to mourn you? Oh all through the will ofZeus, What can I say with all my warmth and love? Here in the black widow's web you lie, 1545 the causeof all, the one who works it all. What comes to birth that is not Zeus? ISIS gasping out your life Our livesare pain, what part not come from god? in a sacrilegious death, dear god, reduced to a slave's bed, Oh my king, my captain, my king of men, yoked by stealth and Fate, how to salute you, how to mourn you? by the wife's hand that thrust the two-edged sword. JSSo What can I say with all my warmth and love? Cl.YTABMNBSTRA: Here in the black widow's web you lie, No slave's death, I think- gasping out your life no stealthier than the death he dealt in asacrilegiousdeath, dear god. ourhouse and the offspring ofourloins, reduced to a slave's bed. Iphigeneia, girl ofrears. my king ofmen, yoked by stealth and Fate, Act for act, wound for wound I JSSS by the wife's hand that thrust the two-edgedsword. 1525 Never exult in HadcS,swordsman, here you are repaid. By the sword CLYTAEMNESTRA: you did your work and by the sword you die. You claim the work is mine, callme Agamemnon'swife-you are so wrong. CHORUS: Fleshedin the wife ofthis dead man, The mind reels -where to tum? the spirit lives within me, All plans dashed, all hope! I cannot think ••• 156o our savageancient spirit ofrevenge. ISJO the roofs are toppling, I dread the drumbeatthunder In return for Atreus' brutal feast the heavy rains ofblood will crush the house he kills his perfect son - for every the fust light rainsare over - niurdered_child, a crowning sacrifice. Justice brin~s n:w ~cts ofagony, yes, onnew grindstones FateisgnndingsharptheswordofJustice. xs6S l68 ADSCUYLUS (1567- 90 1537- 66] AGAMEMNON

CLYT AI!MNDSTRA: Earth, dear Eanh, At last you sec the future and the truth I 1S9S ifonly you'd drawn me under But I will swear a pact with the spirit long before I saw him huddled born with.in us. I embracehis works, in the beaten silver bath. cruel as they arc but done at last, Who will bury him, lifthis dirge? 1570 ifhe will leave our house in the future, bleed another line 16oo Turningto CLYTABMNBSTBA. with kinsmen murdering kinsmen. Whatever he may ask. A few things You, can you dare this? arc all I need, once I have purged To kill your lord with your own hand our fury to destroy each other - then mourn his soul with tributes, terrible tributes - purged it from our halls. do his enormous works a great dishonour. AEGISTHUS has nnrrgtdfrom the This god-like man, this hero. Who at the grave JS7S palace with hls bodyguardQlld sllulds will sing his praises, pour the wine oftears? triumphantover tl1t bodyof Who will labour there with truth ofheart? AGAMEMNON.

AEGISTHUS: CLYTAEMNESTRA: 0 what a brilliant day This is no concem ofyours. it is for vengeance!Now I can say once more The hand that bore and cuthim down there are gods in heaven avenging men, will hand him down to Mother Earth. blazing down on all the aimcs ofearth. This house will never mourn for him. Now at JastI see this man brought down Only our daughter lphigeneia, in the Furies' tangling robes. It feastsmy eyes - 1610 byall rights, will rush to meet him he pays for the plot his father's hand contrived. fuse at the churning straits, the ferry over tears - 1.585 Atreus, this man's father, was king ofArgos. she'll fling her anns around her father, My father, Thyestes- let me make this clear pierce him with her love. Atreus' brother challengedhim for the aown, and Atreus drove him out ofhouse and home 161.S then Jured him back, and home Thycstescame, CHORUS: poor man, a suppliant to his own hearth, Eachcharge meets counter-charg7" to pray that Fate might save him. None canjudge between them.Justice. 'rhe plunderer plundered, the killer pays the price. 1590 So it did. The truth still holds while Zeus still holds the throne: There was no dying, no staining our native ground with his blood. Thyestes was the guest, the one who acts must suffer- and this man's godless father - that is law. Who can tear from the ve~ . the bad seed, the curse? The race is welded to its rum. (

AGAMEMNON AESCHYLUS 170

Pointing to AGAMBMNON, ABGISTHUS: the zealof the host outstripping a brother's love, You sayIyou slavesat the oars - inade my father a feast that seemed a feast for gods, whilethe masteron the benchescracks the whip? alove feast ofhis children's flesh. You'll learn, inyour late age, how much it hurts He cuts to teachold bonestheir place.We have techniques - the extremities, feet and delicate hands :a:62s chainsand the pangsof hunger, into small pieces, scatters them over the dish two effectiveteachers, excellent healers. and serves it to Thyestes throned on high. Theycan evencure old men ofpride and gall. He picks at the flesh he cannot recognire. Look-can't you see?The more you kick the soul ofinnocence eating the food ofruin against the pricks,the more you suffer. look. Pointingto the bod{u at hisfad. LEADER: You, pathetic- that feeds upon the house! And then, :a:630 the kinghad justreturnedfrom battle. when he sees the monstrous thing he's done. he shrieks, You waitedout the war and fouledhis lair, t66o he reelsback head first and vomits up that butchery, you plannedmy great commander'sfall tramplesthe feast- brings down the curse ofJustice: 'Crash to ruin, all the race ofPleisthenes,crash downl' AEGISTBtJS: , Talkon- you 11scream for every word, my little Orpheus. So you sec him, down. And I, the weaver ofJustice, :a:63~ We'll see ifthe world comesdancing to your song plotted out the kill. Atreus drove us into exile, your absurd barking- snarlyour breath a I • my struggling father and I, a bal»in arms, rumakeyou dance,I'll bring you all to h-:: hislast son, but I became a man andJustice brought me home. I was abroad 1BADER: but I reached out and seized my man, :a:64(> {ou Argos?You who schemedhis death linkby link I clamped the fatal scheme ~e together. NowI could die gladly, even I - ut cnnged to cuthimdown with your own hand? now I sec this monster in the nets ofJustice. AEGISTBUS: The treacherywas the , womans wotk cl~..J LJ!AD£R: 1wasa markedman h • • Cc&C1y. But I will use his • ' IS enemy for ages. Aegisthus,you revel in pain - you sicken me. to civiliz hi nches, stop at nothing ~ou say you killed the king in cold blood, :a:645 himI'll c ks people, All but the rebel· stngle-handedplanned his pitiful death? yo eand break- • 1 no comfed colt, tunnin fi . saythere's no escape.In the hour ofjudgement. Hu thl g rec tn the trace trustto this, your head will meet the people's nger, ru ess mate of th da k s. trains her eyes upon him tillh rdrtorture-chamber, t<>cksand curses. e ops! AGAMEMNON 171 AESCHYLUS

I,BADBR: CLYTABMNBSTRA turns to ltavt. Cowar~ why not kill the man yourself? A'EGlSTHUS: th5 Whydid the woman, the corruption ofGreece But these . • • mou and the gods ofGreece, have to bring him down? that bloom in filth - spitting insults in my teeth. Orestes- You tempt your fates, you insubordinate dogs - . Ifhe stillsees the light ofday, to hurl abuse at me, your maSter I bring him home, good Fates, home to kill this in pair at last. Ourchampion slaughterI LEADER: No Greek ABGISTHUS: worth his salt would grovel at your feet. Bent on insolence? Well, you'll learn,quickly. At them, men-you have your work at hand! AEGIS THUS: Hl.s mtn drawswords; tM 014mm I - I'll stalk you all your daysI take up their Slide$. LBADBR: LEADER: At them, fut at the hilt, to the last man - Not if the spirit brings Orestes home.

Al!GISTHUS: AEGISTHUS: Fist at the hilt, I'm not afraid to die. 1685 Exiles feed on hope - well I know.

LEADER: LEADER! It's death you want and death you'll have - More, we'll make that word your last. gorge yourselfto bursting - soil justice, while you can. CLYTABMNBSTllA moves bttwttn them, restrainingABGISTBUS. AEGISTHUS! CLYTAEMNBSTRA: I promise you, you'll pay, old fools- in good time, too I No more, my dearest, no more_grief. We have too much to reap LEADER: right here, our mighty harvest ofdespair. Strut on your own dunghill, you cock beside your mate. Ourlives are based on pain. No bloodshed now. 1690

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Example 5 Using Newton’s Law of Cooling A cheesecake is taken out of the oven with an ideal internal temperature of 165°F, and is placed into a 35°F refrigerator. After 10 minutes, the cheesecake has cooled to 150°F. If we must wait until the cheesecake has cooled to 70°F before we eat it, how long will we have to wait? Solution Because the surrounding air temperature in the refrigerator is 35 degrees, the cheesecake’s temperature will decay exponentially toward 35, following the equation T(t) = Ae kt + 35 We know the initial temperature was 165, so T(0) = 165. 165 = Ae k0 + 35 Substitute (0, 165). A = 130 Solve for A. We were given another data point, T(10) = 150, which we can use to solve for k. 150 = 130ek10 + 35 Substitute (10, 150). 115 = 130ek10 Subtract 35.

___115 = e10k Divide by 130. 130

___115 ln = 10k Take the natural log of both sides.  130  ___115 ln _ 130  k = ≈ −0.0123 Divide by the coefficient of k. 10 This gives us the equation for the cooling of the cheesecake: T(t) = 130e −0.0123t + 35. Now we can solve for the time it will take for the temperature to cool to 70 degrees. 70 = 130e−0.0123t + 35 Substitute in 70 for T(t). 35 = 130e−0.0123t Subtract 35.

___35 − = e 0.0123t Divide by 130. 130

___35 ln = −0.0123t Take the natural log of both sides  130  ___35 ln _ 130  t = ≈ 106.68 Divide by the coefficient of t. −0.0123 It will take about 107 minutes, or one hour and 47 minutes, for the cheesecake to cool to 70°F.

Try It #17 A pitcher of water at 40 degrees Fahrenheit is placed into a 70 degree room. One hour later, the temperature has risen to 45 degrees. How long will it take for the temperature to rise to 60 degrees?

Using logistic Growth Models Exponential growth cannot continue forever. Exponential models, while they may be useful in the short term, tend to fall apart the longer they continue. Consider an aspiring writer who writes a single line on day one and plans to double the number of lines she writes each day for a month. By the end of the month, she must write over 17 billion lines, or one-half-billion pages. It is impractical, if not impossible, for anyone to write that much in such a short period of time. Eventually, an exponential model must begin to approach some limiting value, and then the growth is forced to slow. For this reason, it is often better to use a model with an upper bound instead of an exponential growth model, though the exponential growth model is still useful over a short term, before approaching the limiting value. 408 CHAPTER 4 exponential and logarithmic Functions

The logistic growth model is approximately exponential at first, but it has a reduced rate of growth as the output approaches the model’s upper bound, called the carrying capacity. For constants a, b, and c, the logistic growth of a population over time x is represented by the model ______c f (x) = 1 + ae−b x The graph in Figure 6 shows how the growth rate changes over time. The graph increases from left to right, but the growth rate only increases until it reaches its point of maximum growth rate, at which point the rate of increase decreases. f (x) Carrying capacity y = c c f (x) = 1 + ae– bx

ln(a), c ( b 2 ) 0, c ( 1+a) Point of maximum growth Initial value of population x

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logistic growth The logistic growth model is c f (x) = _ 1 + ae−b x where c • _____ is the initial value 1 + a • c is the carrying capacity, or limiting value • b is a constant determined by the rate of growth.

Example 6 Using the Logistic-Growth Model An influenza epidemic spreads through a population rapidly, at a rate that depends on two factors: The more people who have the flu, the more rapidly it spreads, and also the more uninfected people there are, the more rapidly it spreads. These two factors make the logistic model a good one to study the spread of communicable diseases. And, clearly, there is a maximum value for the number of people infected: the entire population. For example, at time t = 0 there is one person in a community of 1,000 people who has the flu. So, in that community, at most 1,000 people can have the flu. Researchers find that for this particular strain of the flu, the logistic growth constant is b = 0.6030. Estimate the number of people in this community who will have had this flu after ten days. Predict how many people in this community will have had this flu after a long period of time has passed. Solution We substitute the given data into the logistic growth model

______c f (x) = 1 + ae−b x Because at most 1,000 people, the entire population of the community, can get the flu, we know the limiting value is c c = 1000. To find a, we use the formula that the number of cases at time t = 0 is _ = 1, from which it follows that a = 999. 1 + a 1000 This model predicts that, after ten days, the number of people who have had the flu is f(x ) = ______≈ 293.8. Because 1 + 999e−0.6030x the actual number must be a whole number (a person has either had the flu or not) we round to 294. In the long term, the number of people who will contract the flu is the limiting value, c = 1000. Analysis Remember that, because we are dealing with a virus, we cannot predict with certainty the number of people infected. The model only approximates the number of people infected and will not give us exact or actual values. The graph in Figure 7 gives a good picture of how this model fits the data. SECTION 4.7 exponential and logarithmic models 409

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Try It #18 Using the model in Example 6, estimate the number of cases of flu on day 15.

Choosing an Appropriate Model for Data Now that we have discussed various mathematical models, we need to learn how to choose the appropriate model for the raw data we have. Many factors influence the choice of a mathematical model, among which are experience, scientific laws, and patterns in the data itself. Not all data can be described by elementary functions. Sometimes, a function is chosen that approximates the data over a given interval. For instance, suppose data were gathered on the number of homes bought in the United States from the years 1960 to 2013. After plotting these data in a scatter plot, we notice that the shape of the data from the years 2000 to 2013 follow a logarithmic curve. We could restrict the interval from 2000 to 2010, apply regression analysis using a logarithmic model, and use it to predict the number of home buyers for the year 2015. Three kinds of functions that are often useful in mathematical models are linear functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions. If the data lies on a straight line, or seems to lie approximately along a straight line, a linear model may be best. If the data is non-linear, we often consider an exponential or logarithmic model, though other models, such as quadratic models, may also be considered. In choosing between an exponential model and a logarithmic model, we look at the way the data curves. This is called the concavity. If we draw a line between two data points, and all (or most) of the data between those two points lies above that line, we say the curve is concave down. We can think of it as a bowl that bends downward and therefore cannot hold water. If all (or most) of the data between those two points lies below the line, we say the curve is concave up. In this case, we can think of a bowl that bends upward and can therefore hold water. An exponential curve, whether rising or falling, whether representing growth or decay, is always concave up away from its horizontal asymptote. A logarithmic curve is always concave away from its vertical asymptote. In the case of positive data, which is the most common case, an exponential curve is always concave up, and a logarithmic curve always concave down. A logistic curve changes concavity. It starts out concave up and then changes to concave down beyond a certain point, called a point of inflection. After using the graph to help us choose a type of function to use as a model, we substitute points, and solve to find the parameters. We reduce round-off error by choosing points as far apart as possible. 410 CHAPTER 4 exponential and logarithmic Functions

Example 7 Choosing a Mathematical Model Does a linear, exponential, logarithmic, or logistic model best fit the values listed in Table 1? Find the model, and use a graph to check your choice.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

y 0 1.386 2.197 2.773 3.219 3.584 3.892 4.159 4.394

Table 1 Solution First, plot the data on a graph as in Figure 8. For the purpose of graphing, round the data to two significant digits. y 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Figure 8 Clearly, the points do not lie on a straight line, so we reject a linear model. If we draw a line between any two of the points, most or all of the points between those two points lie above the line, so the graph is concave down, suggesting a logarithmic model. We can try y = aln(b x). Plugging in the first point, (1,0), gives 0 = alnb. We reject the case that a = 0 (if it were, all outputs would be 0), so we know ln(b) = 0. Thus b = 1 and y = aln(x). Next we can use the point (9,4.394) to solve for a: y = aln(x) 4.394 = aln(9)

_____4.394 a = ln(9) 4.394 Because a = _ ≈ 2, an appropriate model for the data is y = 2ln(x). ln(9) To check the accuracy of the model, we graph the function together with the given points as in Figure 9. y 5.5 5 y = 2 ln(x) 4.5 4 x = 0 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Figure 9 The graph of y = 2lnx. We can conclude that the model is a good fit to the data. Compare Figure 9 to the graph of y = ln(x2) shown in Figure 10. SECTION 4.7 exponential and logarithmic models 411

y 5.5 5 = 4.5 x 0 4 3.5 3 y = ln(x2) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Figure 10 The graph of y = ln(x 2) The graphs appear to be identical when x > 0. A quick check confirms this conclusion: y = ln(x2) = 2ln(x) for x > 0. However, if x < 0, the graph of y = ln(x2) includes a “extra” branch, as shown in Figure 11. This occurs because, while y = 2ln(x) cannot have negative values in the domain (as such values would force the argument to be negative), the function y = ln(x2) can have negative domain values. y y = ln(x2)

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Try It #19 Does a linear, exponential, or logarithmic model best fit the data in Table 2? Find the model.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 y 3.297 5.437 8.963 14.778 I24.365 40.172 66.231 109.196 I180.034 Table 2 expressing an exponential Model in Base e While powers and logarithms of any base can be used in modeling, the two most common bases are 10 and e. In science and mathematics, the base e is often preferred. We can use laws of exponents and laws of logarithms to change any base to base e.

How To… = x = kx Given a model with the form y ab , change it to the form y A0e . 1. Rewrite y = ab x as y = aeln(b x). 2. Use the power rule of logarithms to rewrite y as y = ae xln(b) = aeln(b)x. 3. = = = kx Note that a A0 and k ln(b) in the equation y A0e . 412 CHAPTER 4 exponential and logarithmic Functions

Example 8 Changing to base e = x = kx Change the function y 2.5(3.1) so that this same function is written in the form y A0e . Solution The formula is derived as follows y = 2.5(3.1)x = 2.5e ln(3.1x ) Insert exponential and its inverse. = 2.5e xln3.1 Laws of logs. = 2.5e (ln3.1)x Commutative law of multiplication

Try It #20 Change the function y = 3(0.5)x to one having e as the base.

Access these online resources for additional instruction and practice with exponential and logarithmic models. • logarithm Application – pH (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/logph) • exponential Model – Age Using Half-life (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/expmodelhalf) • newton’s law of Cooling (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/newtoncooling) • exponential Growth Given Doubling Time (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/expgrowthdbl) • exponential Growth – Find Initial Amount Given Doubling Time (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/initialdouble) SECTION 4.7 section exercises 413

4.7 SeCTIOn exeRCISeS

VeRBAl 1. With what kind of exponential model would half-life 2. What is carbon dating? Why does it work? Give an be associated? What role does half-life play in these example in which carbon dating would be useful. models? 3. With what kind of exponential model would 4. Define Newton’s Law of Cooling. Then name at least doubling time be associated? What role does three real-world situations where Newton’s Law of doubling time play in these models? Cooling would be applied. 5. What is an order of magnitude? Why are orders of magnitude useful? Give an example to explain. nUMeRIC 6. The temperature of an object in degrees Fahrenheit after t minutes is represented by the equation T(t) = 68e−0.0174t + 72. To the nearest degree, what is the temperature of the object after one and a half hours? 150 For the following exercises, use the logistic growth model f (x) = _ . 1 + 8e−2x 7. Find and interpret f (0). Round to the nearest tenth. 8. Find and interpret f (4). Round to the nearest tenth. 9. Find the carrying capacity. 10. Graph the model. 11. Determine whether the data from the table could x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 best be represented as a function that is linear, f (x) 0.694 0.833 1 1.2 1.44 1.728 2.074 2.488 exponential, or logarithmic. Then write a formula for a model that represents the data. 12. Rewrite f (x) = 1.68(0.65)x as an exponential equation with base e to five significant digits.

TeCHnOlOGY For the following exercises, enter the data from each table into a graphing calculator and graph the resulting scatter plots. Determine whether the data from the table could represent a function that is linear, exponential, or logarithmic.

13. x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 f (x) 2 4.079 5.296 6.159 6.828 : 7.375 I 7.838 I 8.238 I 8.592 : 8.908 14. x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 f (x) 2.4 2.88 3.456 4.147 I 4.977 I 5.972 7.166 8.6 10.32 12.383 15. x 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 f (x) 9.429 9.972 10.415 : 10.79 I 11.115 I 11.401 : 11.657 11.889 12.101 12.295 16. x 1.25 2.25 3.56 4.2 5.65 6.75 7.25 8.6 9.25 10.5 f (x) 5.75 8.75 12.68 : 14.6 I 18.95 I 22.25 : 23.75 27.8 29.75 33.5

For the following exercises, use a graphing calculator and this scenario: the population of a fish farm in t years is 1000 modeled by the equation P(t) = _ . 1 + 9e−0.6t 17. Graph the function. 18. What is the initial population of fish? 19. To the nearest tenth, what is the doubling time for 20. To the nearest whole number, what will the fish the fish population? population be after 2 years? 21. To the nearest tenth, how long will it take for the 22. What is the carrying capacity for the fish population? population to reach 900? Justify your answer using the graph of P. 414 CHAPTER 4 exponential and logarithmic Functions

exTenSIOnS 23. A substance has a half-life of 2.045 minutes. If the 24. The formula for an increasing population is given by = rt initial amount of the substance was 132.8 grams, P(t) P0e where P0 is the initial population and how many half-lives will have passed before the r > 0. Derive a general formula for the time t it takes substance decays to 8.3 grams? What is the total for the population to increase by a factor of M. time of decay?

25. Recall the formula for calculating the magnitude of 26. What is the y-intercept of the logistic growth model c _2 __S = ______an earthquake, M = log . Show each step for y −rx ? Show the steps for calculation. What 3  S  1 + ae 0 does this point tell us about the population? solving this equation algebraically for the seismic moment S. 27. Prove that b x = e xln(b) for positive b ≠ 1.

ReAl-WORlD APPlICATIOnS For the following exercises, use this scenario: A doctor prescribes 125 milligrams of a therapeutic drug that decays by about 30% each hour. 28. To the nearest hour, what is the half-life of the drug? 29. Write an exponential model representing the amount of the drug remaining in the patient’s system after t hours. Then use the formula to find the amount of the drug that would remain in the patient’s system after 3 hours. Round to the nearest milligram. 30. Using the model found in the previous exercise, find f (10) and interpret the result. Round to the nearest hundredth. For the following exercises, use this scenario: A tumor is injected with 0.5 grams of Iodine-125, which has a decay rate of 1.15% per day. 31. To the nearest day, how long will it take for half of 32. Write an exponential model representing the the Iodine-125 to decay? amount of Iodine-125 remaining in the tumor after t days. Then use the formula to find the amount of Iodine-125 that would remain in the tumor after 60 days. Round to the nearest tenth of a gram. 33. A scientist begins with 250 grams of a radioactive 34. The half-life of Radium-226 is 1590 years. What is substance. After 250 minutes, the sample has decayed the annual decay rate? Express the decimal result to 32 grams. Rounding to five significant digits, write to four significant digits and the percentage to two an exponential equation representing this situation. significant digits. To the nearest minute, what is the half-life of this substance? 35. The half-life of Erbium-165 is 10.4 hours. What is 36. A wooden artifact from an archeological dig the hourly decay rate? Express the decimal result contains 60 percent of the carbon-14 that is present to four significant digits and the percentage to two in living trees. To the nearest year, about how many significant digits. years old is the artifact? (The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years.) 37. A research student is working with a culture of bacteria that doubles in size every twenty minutes. The initial population count was 1350 bacteria. Rounding to five significant digits, write an exponential equation representing this situation. To the nearest whole number, what is the population size after 3 hours? SECTION 4.7 section exercises 415

For the following exercises, use this scenario: A biologist recorded a count of 360 bacteria present in a culture after 5 minutes and 1,000 bacteria present after 20 minutes. 38. To the nearest whole number, what was the initial 39. Rounding to six significant digits, write an population in the culture? exponential equation representing this situation. To the nearest minute, how long did it take the population to double?

For the following exercises, use this scenario: A pot of boiling soup with an internal temperature of 100° Fahrenheit was taken off the stove to cool in a 69° F room. After fifteen minutes, the internal temperature of the soup was 95° F. 40. Use Newton’s Law of Cooling to write a formula that 41. To the nearest minute, how long will it take the soup models this situation. to cool to 80° F? 42. To the nearest degree, what will the temperature be after 2 and a half hours?

For the following exercises, use this scenario: A turkey is taken out of the oven with an internal temperature of 165° Fahrenheit and is allowed to cool in a 75° F room. After half an hour, the internal temperature of the turkey is 145° F. 43. Write a formula that models this situation. 44. To the nearest degree, what will the temperature be after 50 minutes? 45. To the nearest minute, how long will it take the turkey to cool to 110° F?

For the following exercises, find the value of the number shown on each logarithmic scale. Round all answers to the nearest thousandth.

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48. Plot each set of approximate values of intensity of 49. Recall the formula for calculating the magnitude −10 ___W 2 S sounds on a logarithmic scale: Whisper: 10 , of an earthquake, M = __ log __ . One earthquake m2 3  S  − W W 0 Vacuum: 10 4 ___ , Jet: 102 ___ m2 m2 has magnitude 3.9 on the MMS scale. If a second earthquake has 750 times as much energy as the first, find the magnitude of the second quake. Round to the nearest hundredth.

500 For the following exercises, use this scenario: The equation N(t) = _ models the number of people in a town 1 + 49e−0.7t who have heard a rumor after t days. 50. How many people started the rumor? 51. To the nearest whole number, how many people will have heard the rumor after 3 days? 52. As t increases without bound, what value does N(t) approach? Interpret your answer.

For the following exercise, choose the correct answer choice. 53. A doctor and injects a patient with 13 milligrams of radioactive dye that decays exponentially. After 12 minutes, there are 4.75 milligrams of dye remaining in the patient’s system. Which is an appropriate model for this situation? − ______4.75 a. f (t) = 13(0.0805)t b. f (t) = 13e0.9195t c. f (t) = 13e( 0.0839t) d. f (t) = 1 + 13e−0.83925t B-4 TRY IT ANSWERS

4. f(x) 6. y The domain is −∞ ∞ = 1 ( x Th e domain is ( , ); the x = 0 y = log4(x) (0, ∞), the range 5 f(x) 2 4) 1 ∞ (4, 1) f(x) = 2 log4(x) 4 range is (0, ); the horizontal is (−∞, ∞), and 3 asymptote is y = 0. (16, 1) the vertical 2 (1, 2) x (1, 0) asymptote is (–1, 0.125) 1 (0, 0.5) y = 0 x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 21 3 4 5 x = 0. –1 –2

g(x) 5. y = –x g(x) 1.25 5 Th e domain is ( −∞, ∞); the 7. The domain is (2, ∞), the range 4 x = 2 (0, 1) 5 is (−∞, ∞), and the vertical 3 range is (0, ∞); the horizontal 4 2 (1, 0.8) asymptote is y = 0. 3 asymptote is x = 2. (–1, 1.25) 1 y = 0 2 x 1 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 42 6 8 10 –1 x –10–8–6 –4 –2 2 64 8 10 –1 __1 – 6. f(x) = − e x − 2; the domain is ( −∞, ∞); the range is 2 3 –3 (− ∞, 2); the horizontal asymptote is y = 2. –4 –5 Section 4.3 8. y The domain is (−∞, 0), the 1. a. = 6 = log10(1,000,000) 6 is equivalent to 10 1,000,000 4 range is (−∞, ∞), and the = 2 = 2 = 3 b. log5(25) 2 is equivalent to 5 25 2. a. 3 9 is equivalent vertical asymptote is x = 0. = 3 = = 2 to log3(9) 2 b. 5 125 is equivalent to log5(125) 3 1 9. x ≈ 3.049 10. x = 1 x −1 _1 _1 11. = + − c. 2 = is equivalent to log = −1 10 –8 –– – 46 –2– 42 6 8 10 f (x) 2ln(x 3) 1 2 2 2  1 x = 0 — _1 –2 _1 3. log (11) = (recalling that √ 121 = 121 2 = 11) 121 2 _1 4. log = −5 5. log(1,000,000) = 6 6. log(123) ≈ 2.0899 2 32  Section 4.5 7. 8. The difference in magnitudes was about 3.929. It is not + + + = + 1. logb (2) log b(2) log b(2) log b( k) 3log b(2) log b( k) possible to take the logarithm of a negative number in the set of + − − − − 2. log3(x 3) log3(x 1) log3(x 2) 3. 2ln(x) real numbers. − + − 4. 2ln(x) 5. log3(16) 6. 2log(x) 3log(y) 4log(z) __2 __1 7. ln( x) 8. ln( x − 1) + ln(2x + 1) − ln(x + 3) − ln(x − 3) Section 4.4 3 2 ____3 ⋅ 5 __5 9. log ; can also be written log by reducing the 1. (2, ∞) 2. (5, ∞)  4 ⋅ 6   8  — f(x) 3 3. The domain is (0, ∞), the ______5(x − 1) √ x fraction to lowest terms. 10. log 4 range is (−∞, ∞), and the  (7x − 1)  3 1 12 4 3 4 , 1 ______x (x + 5) ______x (x + 5) 2 5 vertical asymptote is x = 0. 11. log ; this answer could also be written log . 1 (1, 0) (2x + 3)4  (2x + 3)  x –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 42 6 8 10 ____ln(8) –1 12. The pH increases by about 0.301. 13. –2 f (x) = log 1 (x) ln(0.5) –3 5 _____ln(100) _____4.6051 x = 0 14. ≈ = 2.861 ln(5) 1.6094 4. y The domain is (−4, ∞), the x = −4 x = 0 −∞ ∞ 5 range ( , ), and the Section 4.6 4 asymptote x = –4. __1 1. x = −2 2. x = −1 3. x = (−1, 1) 3 f (x) = log3(x + 4) 2 2 _ln(3) 1 y = log (x) 4. The equation has no solution. 5. x = 3 _ x 2 2 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 321 4 5 6 __11 __11 ln –1 6. t = 2ln or ln  3  (3, 1)     (−3, 0)– 2 (1, 0) 3 3 –3 _ __1 7. = 1 = − 8. = 9. = 4 –4 t ln — ln(2) x ln(2) x e –5  √2  2 10. x = e5 − 1 11. x ≈ 9.97 12. x = 1 or x = −1 y = + ______ln(0.8) 5. f(x) log2(x) 2 The domain is (0, ∞), the range is 13. t = 703,800,000 × years ≈ 226,572, 993 years. −∞ ∞ ln(0.5) x = 0 ( , ), and the vertical asymptote is x = 0. Section 4.7 (0.5, 1) (2, 1) = −0.0000000087t x 1. f (t) A0 e 2. Less than 230 years; 229.3157 to be exact (1, 0) ____ln(2) (0.25, 0)  t 3. f (t) = A e 3 4. 6.026 hours 5. 895 cases on day 15 y = log2(x) 0 6. Exponential. y = 2e0.5x 7. y = 3e(ln 0.5)x C-16 ODD ANSWERS

3 ln _ − 3 67. About 5 years 69. ≈ 0.567 71. ≈ 2.078  5  23. x = __ 25. No solution 27. x = ln(3) y 73. ≈ 2.2401 8 25,000 75. ≈ −44655.7143 − 1 1 9 − e 29. 10 2 = _ 31. n = 49 33. k = _ 35. x = _ (5, 20,000) 100 36 8 20,000 77. About 5.83

15,000 _1 y 37. n = 1 39. No solution 41. No solution 79. = ______k 10,000 t ln A  _10 _3 ( ) 43. x = ± 45. x = 10 47. x = 0 49. x = 5,000 _1 3 2 4 − − e x T Ts k 51. = 53. = _ ≈ 81. = ______x 9 x 2.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 t ln T − T 3  0 s  y ( ) y , .. 1 5 x 4 . . 321 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 −1 •··· 3 Section 4.7 −2 2 , . −3 1 1. Half-life is a measure of decay and is thus associated with −4 • x • −2−1 21 3 4 5 exponential decay models. The half-life of a substance or quantity −5 −1 / , .... −6 -• • − 2 is the amount of time it takes for half of the initial amount of that −7 −3 −4 substance or quantity to decay. 3. Doubling time is a measure −5 of growth and is thus associated with exponential growth models. The doubling time of a substance or quantity is the amount of e + 10 55. x = −5 57. x = _ ≈ 3.2 time it takes for the initial amount of that substance or quantity 4 y y to double in size. 5. An order of magnitude is the nearest 5 1 power of ten by which a quantity exponentially grows. It is also 4 x −1 321 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 an approximate position on a logarithmic scale; Sample response: 3 −1 2 −2 Orders of magnitude are useful when making comparisons 1 −3 x −4 between numbers that differ by a great amount. For example, the −8 −7−6−5−4−3−2−1 –1 −1 −5 mass of Saturn is 95 times greater than the mass of Earth. This is −2 −6 −3 the same as saying that the mass of Saturn is about 102 times, or 2 orders of magnitude greater, than the mass of Earth. 11 59. No solution 61. x = _ ≈ 2.2 7. f (0) ≈ 16.7; the amount initially present is about 16.7 units. 5 y y 9. 150 11. Exponential; f (x) = 1.2x 3 5 13. Logarithmic 15. Logarithmic 2 4 y 1 3 f(x) x 2 13 −4 −3− 2− 1 21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 −1 1 10 −2 x −5−4−3−2−1 21 3 4 5 9 −1 −3 8 −4 −2 −5 −3 7 12 −6 −4 6 −7 −5 5 −8 4 3 11 2 101 63. x = _ ≈ 9.2 1 11 x y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 6 5 4 3 9 2 x 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 x −2 42 6 8 10 12 14 −1 −2 17. P(t) 65. About $27,710.24 1,000 y 900 35,000 800 700 30,000 (20, 27710.24) 600 25,000 500 20,000 400 15,000 f(x) = 6500e0.0725x 300 10,000 200 5,000 100 t x −20− 18− 16− 14− 12− 10− 8−6−4−2 42 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 −1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 −100 −1 ODD ANSWERS C-17

19. About 1.4 years 21. About 7.3 years 41. y 43. f (10) ≈ 2.3

23. Four half-lives; 8.18 minutes 10 45. When f (x) = 8, x ≈ 0.82 _2 _S 27. Let y = b x for some non-negative 9 25.081 25. M = log 8 47. = __ 3 S f (x) − 0.545x  0  real number b such that b ≠ 1. Then, 7 1 + 3.182e 3 S = x 6 _ M = log _ ln (y) ln (b ) 49. About 25 2 S 5  0  ln (y) = x ln (b) 4 __3M ln(y) xln(b) 3 2 _S e = e 10 = 2 S xln(b)  0  y = e 1 __3M 2 = x S010 S 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 29. A = 125e (−0.3567t); A ≈ 43mg 31. About 60 days 51. 33. f (t) = 250e −0.00914t; half-life: about 76 minutes y 35. r ≈ − 0.0667; hourly decay rate: about 6.67% 140 0.034657359t 130 37. f (t) = 1350 e ; after 3 hours; P (180) ≈ 691,200 120 39. f (t) = 256 e (0.068110t); doubling time: about 10 minutes 110 100 (−0.008377t) 41. About 88minutes 43. T(t) = 90 e + 75, where t is 90 in minutes 45. About 113 minutes 47. log x = 1.5; x ≈ 31.623 80 10 70 49. MMS Magnitude: ≈ 5.82 51. N(3) ≈ 71 53. C 60 50 40 30 Section 4.8 20 10 1. Logistic models are best used for situations that have limited x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 values. For example, populations cannot grow indefinitely since 53. y resources such as food, water, and space are limited, so a logistic model best describes populations. 3. Regression analysis is 140 130 the process of finding an equation that best fits a given set of data 120 points. To perform a regression analysis on a graphing utility, first 110 100 list the given points using the STAT then EDIT menu. Next graph 90 80 the scatter plot using the STAT PLOT feature. The shape of the data 70 points on the scatter graph can help determine which regression 60 50 feature to use. Once this is determined, select the appropriate 40 regression analysis command from the STAT then CALC menu. 30 20 5. The y-intercept on the graph of a logistic equation corresponds 10 x to the initial population for the population model. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 7. C 9. B 11. P (0) = 22; 175 x 13. p ≈ 2.67 15. y-intercept: (0, 15) 17. 4 koi 55. When f (x) = 68, x ≈ 4.9 57. f (x) = 1.034341(1.281204) ; 19. About 6.8 months. g (x) = 4.035510; the regression curves are symmetrical about y = x, so it appears that they are inverse functions. 21. y 23. About 38 wolves 25. _c 600 About 8.7 years ln (a) − ln − 1 x   550 −1 x 27. f (x) = 776.682 (1.426) 59. f (x) = __ 500 29. y b 450 400 7,000 350 6,000 300 5,000 Chapter 4 Review exercises 250 4,000 200 3,000 1. Exponential decay; the growth factor, 0.825, is between 0 and 1. 150 2,000 3. y = 0.25(3) x 5. $42,888.18 7. Continuous decay; the 100 1,000 50 x growth rate is negative y x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9. Domain: all real numbers; 0 5 10 15 20 10 y 33. f (x) = 731.92e −0.3038x range: all real numbers 9 31. 8 strictly greater than zero; 600 35. When f (x) = 250, x ≈ 3.6 7 550 37. y = 5.063 + 1.934 log(x) y-intercept: (0, 3.5) 6 5 500 450 39. y 4 400 3 10 350 2 9 300 1 8 250 x 7 −8−7−6−5−4−3−2−1 1 2 3 4 200 −1 6 150 5 100 x 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I ►Personality traits

e entar sobre la asa a la ed d La quinceaftera . . 1de una nina.- que p a 1Emilia YVictoria tienen mucho qu co'." Victoria le Una fiesta de quinceaiiera es la presentacion ~orma . a Victo ria n o vino para la Prue~ fiesta del dia anterior! Apenas se despierta, adulta. Emilia tiene su quinceaiiera en unos dias. Su amig r Lola. manda un mensaje a Emilia. de su vestido. Emilia esta t riste y llama a su hermana mayo • Emilia 1aue fiesta lade anoche! © Victoria: r1 0· erfecta. si. oespues de tanto preocuparme, s~ P Emilia: 1 iTodo el mundo fue tan amable conmigo nd ru vestido me encant61Te veias muy li a. Victoria: 1 Lola, ESTA FIESTA es el dia MAS IMPORTANTE Emilia: iGraciasl Una de las cualidades que mas me de mi vida. iES Ml QUINCEANERA y creo que gustan de ti es que te alegras de todo lo bueno Emilia todos mis amigos desconfian de mi! Temo que les pasa a tus amigos. que no me acepten tal como soy. Victoria: No creas. a veces puedo tener celos. Sobre todo, si un chico que me gusta baila con mi mejor amiga. Lola NO ES ASL Todos t e quieren, Emilia. Emilia: Ja, ja. lLO dices por Mario? 1Sisolo baile una vez con el! Victoria es mi intima amiga. Hacemos m uchas Victoria: Si, note preocupes, no hablaba en serio. © Emilia cosas juntas y tenemos mucho en comun, Emilia: lOuieres venir a mi casa en un rato? Asi te puedo pero ahora esta egoista y celosa. NO HA mostrar las fotos que tom6 mi papa. 1Estan VENIDO HOY A AYUDARME. buenisimasl Victoria: Gracias, pero estoy cansada. 1Me duelen los pies de tanto bailar! Me sorprende. Victoria es muy considerada y Lola Debes confiar en ella. Emilia: Me imagino, porque no te quedaste quieta ni un minuto. Pero si cambias de opinion, me avisas. Voy a estar en casa todo el dia.

Yo creia que mi amiga Mimi sabia guardar un Emilia secreto. Sin embargo, Victoria me dijo que es entrometida y chismosa. - pc omentanos. sobre la fiesta --- et· ESCRIBIR .Lee las frases. Escribe C (cierto) si la fra F (!also) s, la frase es incorrecta. se es correcta 0 Yo le tengo confianza. Mimi es honesta y com Lola 1. Emilia qued6 muy contenta con su fiest d . • . a e qu,ncean 2. Los mv1tados a la fiesta no fueron a b era. . . ma les con Emilia 3. A Victoria le gusto el vestido de Emilia. . Y mi amigo Joaquin siempre fue carinoso 4 . Victoria acept6 ir a la casa de E T Emilia conmigo. Desde que esta con Cristina es m1,a a ver las fotos. vanidoso Y EGOiSTA.

'1, HABLAR . ~a fiesta de quinceaiiera en much . la trans1c16n de nina a mujer. Comenta co os Pa1ses latinos Pero es muy joven. Ojala que cambie cuando sea Lola un Poco mayor. fiestas o celebraciones conocen que ma n un compafiero rna~ca a hombre o de nina a mujer en distintas ~~~enla transicio~~e n~~s, uras. e n1no 168 ciento 166 ciento sesenta y seis • Capitulo 4 • 1,C6mot e llevas con los demas? -nta Y ocho • Capitulo 4 • tC6mo t II OBJECTIVES . . sand personality traits PearsonSchool.comJA.ut•rniconc Vocabulario . t,our relauonstUP i ►R ead andwnte a 'I ,e1a1ionsh ps a []r· I en USO 1 ►Dis cuss friendships and f~m1: t,ip and those of young Atnistad y CUalid WJWT'INOSPQ,r, 1~ ►Ta Jk aboul your views of rnen s ESCRIBIR, HABLAR ades peopfe in spain EN PAREJA Escribe un ve b 0 0 cada una ' 0 una expresi6n . de estas cualidad Que relac,onas con Modelo es. · migo Una carta para alguien que fue IDl a amable . . f os hasta que se ayudar a los dem;is LEER, ESCRIBIR Federico y Roberto eran a_m,gos in ,m . Cree que esta 0 pelearon. Roberto no confia en los conseios de Fedenc · Lee estas 1. vanidoso(a) 3· entrometido(a) celoso por su relaci6n con Teresa, que es am,ga de los dos. las palabras 2. perezoso(a) 5. sincero(a) frases de una carta que le escribi6 Federico a Roberto. Escoge 4. celoso(a) A Traba· 6. considerado(a) que completan mejor cada frase. V Ja con otro(a) est d' . (Me sorprende I Espero) que sepas que 1. (Me preocupa I Me alegro de) que no 5 o las expresiones que ~1~:~~epara hablar ~e las cualidades Y los verbos no tengo celos. Videomodelo nas con la am,stad. me aceptes tal como soy. • (es triste; Es bueno) que no nos A - t Te gusta estar c 2. (Es una lastima I Me alegro de) que 6 B -Si P . on personas amables? llevemos , orque siempr desconfies de mi. bien. e se preocupan por los demas. 7. (Me alegro de I Ojala) que no 3. (Es una lastima I Es bueno) que no me 0 Ahora tu Y tu companero(a) d comprendas. rompamos nuestra amistad. parrafo sobre una pe eben escoger una cualidad y escribir un rsona que tenga esa cualidad 4. (Me alegro de I Me enoja) que siempre a. (Espero I Temo) que todos salgarnos Mode lo · cambies de opinion. juntos otra vez. Luisa es muy amable porque ...

l,C6mo te relacionas con los demas? ll il::MMiiM:f§fji:\@iFamilias de palabras HABLAREN PAREJA Trabaja con otro(a) estudiante para Las familias de palabras son grupos de Sustantivos Adjetivos Verbos hablar de su relaci6n con los amigos. Usen las fotos. palabras relacionadas (related) por tener Videomodelo una misma raiz. Conocer familias de 1. comprensi6n comprender palabras nos ayuda a comprender mejor el A -Eres carifloso(a), 1,verdad? significado individual de cada palabra. Para 2. alegrfa alegre 8 - /Claro que sl!, soy muy carifloso(a). ampliar tu vocabulario debes aprender a o:-No , no lo soy. reconocer (recognize) palabras que tienen 3. chisme chismoso(a) chismosear o:-Pu es, si. a veces. la misma raiz, por ejemplo, celos y celoso. 4. consideraci6n considerar Lee las familias de palabras de la tabla. Estudiante A Piensa en palabras que conoces. que 5. sorpresa sorprendido(a) sorprenderse pertenecen a esas famillas. Escribe en una ~ ~ /\_ reconciliarse /o----- . ~--' hoja de papel las palabras que faltan para Estudiante 8 llenar los recuadros. Luego, compJeta las trases utilizando la palabra correcta: y 1. Carlos cuenta muchos - por eso todos dicen que es un __ 2. Me encanta ir a las fiestas con Maria, pues es muy--· Siempre me da __ 1Re1puestaPe estar con ells. raonau . . mucho cuando le hicimos una fiesta M 58 -- 3. ,amigo - • Cepltulo 4 • clento setenta y uno 171 PearsonSchool.coml AutenticoTX ~- WAITING El mund o hispano SI Dia de la Rosa y del L· paises hispanohablant lbro Muchas tracliciones de los Gramatica . es celebran el eJem~lo, en Cataluiia, Espaii amor Y la amistad. Por del Libro el 23 de abril E ~· se celebra el Dia de la Rosa y · Se doa los ch1'c una rosa roja, y las Chicas os 1e regalan a su novia 1e regalan a su • . msubjuntiVO con verbos de e111oci6n . En algunos paises latin . nov,o un hbro. . r verbs indicating oamencanos el o · d As you already know. we use the subjunctive atte . used atter verbs en lugar de ser el "Dia de E ,a e San Valentfn, I0 . b' nctive ,s also Amistad", y los amigos y ta namorados", es el "Dia de la suggestions, desire. or demands. The su JU 01.8 1 8. que temo que, \. and impersonal phrases indicating emotion, such as s;rprende que, escriben postales. m, ,ares se hacen regalos y se tengo miedo de que, me alegro de que, me mole5la que, meA sentence in the 0th Pre•Ap® Integrat ion· Las tr d' . siento que, es triste que, and es bueno que. among ers. b 0 rdinate clause. sociales lC rees que. celebr:, :~•;;°es Y los v_alores subjunctive mode has two parts, the main clause and the su tiene un impacto socio-eco . a de la am,stad o el amor 6 Both clauses are connected by the word que. oa un ejemplo. n m,co en Estados Unidos? Mas recurses Tememos que nuestros amigos desconfien de nuestras a Tutorial: Sub1unetive in Noun palabras. Clauses wit h verbs of Feet,ng When the sentence has only one subject, we usually use the and Emotions Retrato de una amistad Infinitive instead of the subjunctive. ,4~ canci6n d• hip hop: t C6mo i. Siento no pasar (yo) mas tiempo con mis amigas. Siento Jlevas? ESCRIBIR Describe una relacion . . relaci6n con un(a) • mu_y, mportante para t,. Puede ser tu que ellas no pasen mas tiempo conmigo. quieras mucho D am,~o(a),_ un(a) pnmo(a), unfam iliar u otro adulto a quien para escribir tu· paer~~;~, e co mo es esa amistad. Usa estos verbos como guia

• conocerse • conf iar lltUna amiga muy cariiiosa • escribirse • apoyarse '4~ EllCUCHAR, ESCRIIIIII Alina es una amiga muy cariiiosa, 8unque a veces • contar con • ayudarse se preocupa demasiado por todos. Escribe los numeros del 1 al 5 en una hoja de papel. Presta atencion a lo que dice Alina y escribe las frases que • llama rse por telefono • I levarse bien escuchas. • envia rse mensajes el ect r6nicos • tene r en comun 8 SUbraya con una llnea los verbos en indicativo en cada frase . Subraya Modelo con dos lfneas los verbos en infinitivo y encierra en un circulo los Carlos y yo nos conocimos en ... Viviamos en el mismo barrio, pero verbos en subjuntivo. cuando yo tenia 11 anos, mi tamilia y yo tuvimos que irnos a .. . Ahora ... 8 Explica por que se us6 el infinitivo, el indicativo o el s ubjuntivo.

Un personaje n complicada Querida Consejera: Te escribo porque mi hermana Tatiana ESCRIBIR Cuenta un hecho o describe a un persona j e de un libro ode una Soledad, unajovenchllena, le Yyo nos estamos llevando muy mal. pe lfcula que sea un buen ejernplo de a lguna de estas cua lidades. sentimental ala conse,lera preocupa que nuestra relacl6n ya no a. car irioso(a) b. chisrnoso(a) c. comprensivo(a) d. honesto(a) jdvenes. Soledadse como antes. Creoque es importante malcon au hermanay no dos hermanas ...2....sus problem lnc l uye: pletalacartaconel secretos. Pero ahora temo q118 8I • sus cualidades ro. tiene _._ atlosml. llltiana doce cu,os. Vo • c6rno trata a las o t ras personas •A ella le molesta que yo • ejemplos de sus acc iones de mi edad Yno leg con nosotros Cadav Modelo Uno de tos personajes se llama LUis. Es muy amable, generoso y divertido. ldstlmaqueella •l.Qlf4me Sus amigos tienen mucha confianza en el.

Capitulo 4 • ciento setenta y tres 173 OBJECTIVES and •01ut1ons Vocabulario te abOUt conn,cts d reactions ►Re ad and wn problems. so _.,. ,0 a pointing ►Discuss re1.at1onstups. . ships p0rtrav~ , en USO 2 WRmNO ►oescnoe u,e fem11v relatton Mas consejos, jpor favor! LEER, ESCRIBIR

0 Un chico que particip O, . Completa el mensa·e en un salon de chat escribi6 este mensaje. 11:tLos opuestos J con las palabras del recuadro. ~ • LEER,escR1B1R . atabras opuestas (opposite). c ompleta las frases con la mejor selecc16n de p Estoy colaborando con T yevitarlos - · . . .. . f un grupo de estudiantes para hacer un 1 Es meior vivir en - - con nuestra fam• ,a . c. diferenc1a de opm,on I ,n orme, pero uno de . • hace caso · ·a I conf/1ctos . moscompaneros es muy egofsta. Cuando a. pelea / comportamiento b. armoni paces nos debemos reunir d' piensa en si mismo de futb ' ice que no puede porque tiene un partido 0 10 1 iOue val . c ases de tenis. 1No- 1-· en nadal 1Este chico solo 2. 1 . d O despues - · 2. El dia que _ _ estaban muy enoia os. per se pelearon I se Ya tuv,mos vanas porque temo que recibamos una mala nota colabora I acusaron c. ~ a. hicieron caso I ignoraron b. perdonaron se reconciliaron pero no ~ y siempre que 1e ped,mos. alga el responde: " 5. ". • peleas . . . solo ayudarte. 3. Tu no sabes lo que dices. Ahc1a no quena - • t . . Con otro~a) estudiante, da un buen consejo a la persona que escribi6 - - . b. estas equivocado I c. prestasrta enc,on 1 8 a. haces las paces I ,gnora e el mensaJe. lncluyan las razones en su mensaje. se pelea criticarte 4. Yo siempre __ a lo que dice mi hermano y hago lo que nos pide, pero Pedro muchas veces lo - -· OJLomas Garza: La gran familia chicana a. hago caso / ignora b. me reconcilio I se pe/ea c. pido perd6n I acusa [t' LEER, ESCRIBIR La obra de Carmen Lomas Garza es como un retrnto de s. Amalia siempre _ _ y ayuda a todo el mundo. pero su hermano es familia de la comunidad chicana, es decir, mexicano-americana, de los Estados Unidos. un egoista que solo--· a. acusa I se reconcilia b. critica I colabora c. piensa en los demas I piensa en sf mismo SS+@JM•ifjEl arte Carmen Lomas Garza (1948 - ) es una artista CULTURA El mundo hispano chicana de Texas. Lomas Garza se inspir6 en el Movimiento Chicano de los aiios sesenta, Las telenovelas son la versi6n latinoamericana y desde entonces trata de representar en de las soap operas y generalmente se su obra la cultura de los chicanos. En sus transmiten entre las 6 y las 10 de la noche. El cuadros, Lomas Garza ilustra las costumbres, argumento es siempre una historia de amor, las fiestas y la vida interesante y complicada con personajes muy buenos o muy malos que de las personas que viven entre dos culturas, se pelean en cada programa sin resolver sus la mexicana y la estadounidense. Observa su prob/emas. La telenovela dura menos de un aiio y tiene un final emocionante, donde se cuadro "Cascarones" (Eggshells), de 1989, Y resuelven los conflictos, los buenos triunfan y contesta las preguntas. la muchacha y el muchacho se casan. • l,Te parece que hay armonia o conflicto en Pre-Ap® Integration: El entretenimiento y esta familia? la diversion l,C6mo influyen los productos , l,Por que crees que hay una figura mas culturales, como las telenovelas, en la vida de grande que las otras en el cuadro? l,Oue la gente en los pafses latinoamericanos y los quiso expresar la pintora con ese detalle? Estados Unidos? "Cascarones·. (1989). Carmen LomasGarza • lmaginate algo que pasa entre los miembros GouachepainhnQ 15l(20inctln ; l969CamlctnLomo'SoG;sru Jauma Mateu y Michelle Renaud,► de esta familia. usa las palabras del recuadro Photo by Wol!g.ang Die-tu. Colleohon of Gilbefl C.rdena&. Notfll Came. 1N Pasion y poder paracontar lo que sucBde.