Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works

ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS

4PALACES OF ISTANBUL

Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 4 Published in the scope of “Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project” (ISMEP) conducted by Governorship of Istanbul, Istanbul Project Coordination Unit (IPCU) ISMEP Guide Books have been prepared by Beyaz Gemi Social Project Agency.

June 2014, Istanbul

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced and circulated by electronic, digital or mechanical means without written permission of Istanbul Project Coordination Unit (IPCU) or Istanbul Provincial Disaster and Emergency Directorate (Istanbul DED). This book may not be used for profit purpose. Executive Bodies Governorship of Istanbul Istanbul Provincial Disaster and Emergency Directorate (Istanbul DED) Istanbul Project Coordination Unit (IPCU)

Academic Consultant Asst. Prof. Dr. Murat Ergenekon Selçuk

We thank to Prof. Dr. Mustafa Erdik, Prof. Dr. Alper İlki and IPCU employees for their contributionin the preparation of this book. Contents

6 Introduction 8 Academic Assessment 10 Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 12 Structural and Non-Structural Risks 13 Structural and Non-Structural Risk Mitigation 15 Definitions of Retrofitting and Reconstruction 17 Factors Increasing Vulnerability 20 Compacted and Firm Soil 21 Loose and Soft Soil 24 Soil Improvement

28 Works Around the World and in Turkey 30 Examplary Works Around the World 33 Studies in Turkey 35 Current Situation in Turkey 37 Studies in Istanbul 40 ISMEP’s Works 42 Activities within ISMEP 42 ISMEP’s Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 48 Stages of Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 59 Retrofitting and Reconstruction Implementations 60 Educational Buildings 66 Healthcare Buildings 72 Administrative Buildings 74 Dormitories and Social Service Buildings 78 Cultural Heritage Buildings

80 Conclusions and Gains 83 Social Guidence Study 85 Social Impacts of Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 85 Psychological Impacts of Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 86 Characteristics of Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 88 Dissemination and Continuity of Component B Studies 90 References 6 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The Topkapı Palace ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 7

Introduction 8 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Academic Assessment

Associate Professor Murat Ergenekon Selçuk Yıldız Technical University Faculty of Civil Engineering, Faculty Member in the Department of Geotechnics

92 percent of Turkey’s Throughout the human history, Therefore, the future earthquakes territory is prone to despite the dangers adversely will presumably bring far greater earthquakes, and 95 affecting the life such as loss. percent of its population earthquake, flood, landslide, lives in those regions avalanche, storm, tsunami and As can be seen in the other with different levels of volcanic eruption, people have countries, the urbanisation in chosen to live in natural disaster Turkey is unfortunately under the seismic risks. areas, because of their benefits. influence of similar trends.

Notably after the Industrial 92 percent of settlements in Turkey Revolution, in unplanned are prone to earthquakes, and 95 growing cities due to migration percent of the country’s population from villages to urban areas, it is lives in those regions with different obvious that there will be a greater levels of seismic risks. loss of life and property during the disasters. In line with the current overview, there is an urgent need to take In connection with population necessary measures against growth and rural-urban the social and financial losses migration, it appears that of a potential disaster, the seismic risks, soil conditions environmental issues and the and topographic features are not rising frequency of the natural thoroughly taken into account in disasters in recent years. the choice of development zones and new settlements. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 9

Among the urgent measures to In order to have qualified building We can see the concrete outputs be taken, what should take first stock, it must be provided to of these evaluations in the studies place is increasing resistance of inform the public about these within the scope of Istanbul low-performing structures against issues and use of the buildings Seismic Risk Mitigation and earthquakes. in accordance with the intended Emergency Preparedness Project purpose. (ISMEP) which is also shown as an In order to avoid re-experiencing example in the world. of previous destructions such as It should be reminded that Düzce, Marmara, Erzincan and only civil engineers which have Along the studies carrying out, Van Earthquakes and loss of life the necessary professional and ISMEP is providing significant and property; structures that we academic background are on contributions in disaster use for various purposes such determinative position of a preparedness and I believe that as shelter, education, health and building’s earthquake resistance, this book, as one of the outputs of workplace structures should be and an awareness of demand for ISMEP, will be a pathfinder to the built with an earthquake-resistant qualified construction should be institutions wishing to implement design and structuring approach. created. similar activities in their region.

In the construction of buildings, Public support should be taken in structural elements that support limiting the risks arising from the the building must be verified in existing building stock in cities terms of seismic safety starting through informing the public. from design and construction stages and during the service life. This would contribute to healthy growth of the cities and realization of proper urban transformation projects in the long run. 10 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works

In order to reduce Natural disasters are originated According to the figures released the loss of life and from natural events, cause by the Centre for Research property after potential substantial loss of life and on Epidemiology of Disasters earthquakes in Turkey, it property, and happen in an (CRED), 3,852 disasters killed is deemed necessary to instant manner. They can occur in more than 780,000 people over focus on the quality of different times, forms and within the past ten years, affected more different impact durations all than two billion others and cost a construction. around the planet. minimum of 960 billion US$.

The most common natural disasters are comprised of With respect to the natural earthquake, flood, landslide, disasters in Turkey, it is clear that avalanche, frost, storm, tsunami, earthquakes cause substantial volcanic eruption and forest fire. loss of life and property. A major part of Turkey is located on active seismic zones. In accordance with “Hazards of Nature, Risks to Development” Taking a retrospective look at the released by the World Bank’s earthquake records, it is observed Independent Evaluation Group that a major part of Turkey’s (IEG), it is stated that the material territory with high earthquake costs reached $652 billion activity. Therefore, medium throughout the world merely in (and above) scale earthquakes the 90’s. frequently occur around the country. It appears that the disaster costs were more than 15 times higher The current extent of earthquake than they were in 1950’s. damage indicates the abundance of buildings constructed without civil engineering consultancy, and the deficiencies in construction techniques and the use of material. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 11

Earthquakes between 1900 - 2013 (M>, 109090 Number) 4.0 - 4.9 5.0 - 5.9 6.0 - 6.9 7.0 - 7.9 Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute

Despite the seismic design codes Despite current Seismic Design The risks associated with non- enacted at various times, it is Code released in 2007 March structural elements include lining shown that people did not take and the previous seismic design walls, any damage in the chimney lessons from the substantial codes released in 1975 and 1998, or equipment such as cabinets, losses experienced in some of the the main reason of the substantial shelves, ventilation ducts. existing buildings. Further, the earthquake damage and the loss conditions stated in these codes of life and property was failing to On the other hand, the risks have not been adapted, and there comply with the standards and the associated with structural are numerous unconscious errors regulations in constructions. elements are comprised of column, in constructions. beam, curtain and foundation It is also observed that there was damages. In order to reduce the loss of life far less earthquake damage in and property to a minimum level the buildings complied with the after potential earthquakes in seismic design code. Turkey, it is deemed necessary to focus on the construction Analysing the forms of damage, technique and quality. it is shown that there are different reasons of damage in earthquake The current Turkish Seismic exposed structures. Design Code and the other building regulations are complied It is possible to divide the with the global standards. risks arising from a potential earthquake into two main Seismic Design Code aims to categories: provide foreseen performance conditions of buildings in the face 1. The risks associated with non- of the largest earthquake expected structural elements, in our country. 2. The risks associated with structural elements.

12 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The main reason of Structural and As a result, the extent of damage the risks observed in Non-Structural Risks in such kind of cases would be far a major part of the greater or even causes the total destruction of a building. existing buildings, and There are structural elements of the earthquake damage load carrying system in reinforced is failing to construct An earthquake-safe structure concrete buildings. In addition means that the structure is not the buildings in line to this, the problems including only resistant to the energy forces, with the conditions of collapsed, peeling or fallen walls, but also has the elasticity to seismic design codes peeled plasters, broken windows dissipate them. and standards effective and fall of other movable furniture at that time period. and materials can all be considered In order words, the higher safety as non-structural risks. level (i.e. resistance and elasticity) the components of a load carrying Structural risks are required to system have, the fewer risks may examine thoroughly because of arise. the substantial earthquake damage observed in previous years, and Similarly, the lower safety-level a the earthquake safety risks in structure has, the more loss of life the existing stock of structure in and property can be observed. Turkey. The main reason of the earthquake Therefore, structural risks emerge damages are failing to construct from the earthquake damage the buildings in line with the because the elements of load conditions of seismic design codes carrying system (i.e. column, and standards effective at that time beam, shear wall, foundation, and period. floor) are lack of basic resistance and elasticity to earthquake forces, and are unable to resist. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 13

Some Examples of Structural and Non-Structural Risks

By virtue of the growing knowledge The below-mentioned cases have Structural and from the academic researches been admittedly experienced in the and post-earthquake experiences, previous earthquakes. Non-Structural Risk seismic design code revisions and Mitigation improvements are also required in However, it should be borne in mind due course. that this risk is relatively higher for In both theoretical and practical the previously constructed buildings. terms, disaster risk mitigation A section has been added with “The The structures complied with the refers to the systematic analysis Regulations on Buildings to be Built recent code have better seismic and management of the factors in Earthquake Zones” released in performance. contributing to disasters. 2007, that allows examination of seismic performance of the existing Further, the risks associated with The activities within disaster risk buildings that are unavailable in the earthquake safety may arise in mitigation include the reduction of earlier earthquake regulations. connection with temporal and the potential exposure to the hazards, environmental conditions. the extent of material loss, the Therefore, security of life and the reasonable management of building survival of buildings can be ensured. The risks include a decrease in land and environment, and to reach It was also aimed to construct the material strength (e.g. corrosion the maximum level of preparedness priority buildings such as schools and of iron in reinforced concrete against undesirable circumstances. hospitals in a way that they are able to structures), or in seismic load capacity render services immediately after an of the components in line with the With respect to seismic risk earthquake. intensity of earthquakes. mitigation, it is required to take necessary measures against not only The buildings constructed in structural but also non-structural previous decades are not expected risks and other relevant hazards. to entirely comply with the current seismic design codes and standards. However, total destruction risk can be eliminated on condition that the buildings were constructed in accordance with the codes effective in the year of establishment. 14 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Detailed information is provided Non-structural damage also Structural Risks in the ISMEP Public Training includes the damages on furniture Modules. and materials in a building as a Structural risks describe the result of convulsions. damage arising from the The basic definitions within the components of load carrying context of structural and non- Non-Structural Hazards system. structural risk mitigation are given as follows: Non-structural hazard is the Structural Measures common name of the hazards Structural Damage arising apart from the components Structural measures describe of load carrying system such as the maintenance or retrofitting Structural damage describes any partition walls, interior and facade works conducted to increase the damage, i.e. facture, breakdown, cladding, installations, droplights, load carrying system capacity of collapse, emerged on the ceiling cladding along with the the abovementioned structure components of load carrying non-fixed furniture and materials. components. system such as column, beam or curtain wall. Non-Structural Risks

Non-Structural Damage Non-structural risk refers to the damage and loss emerging from Non-structural damage refers non-structural hazards. to the damage emerged on the non-structural components, Structural Hazards i.e. outside of the load carrying system, such as external surface Structural hazards refer to coating, infill walls made from the dangers emerged from the various construction materials components of load carrying for separating spaces, and and transfer system (e.g. column, installations. beam, covering) and their unfavourable grounding features. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 15

Retrofitting Stages in Sait Cordan Elementary School

Definitions of It is also necessary to identify the It should be borne in mind that Retrofitting and full details of building geometry an unadvised retrofitting work Reconstruction and reinforcement, soil features, or measurement analysis may resistance characteristics of not mitigate structural risks, but construction materials along with rather reduce a building’s seismic Retrofitting refers to the an analysis of regional seismic performance, or even cause its modifications carried out in a vulnerability. destruction after an earthquake. building or a structure to provide the expected performance levels to Subsequent to the data collection, Objectives of Retrofitting earthquake load. structural analyses (i.e. static and dynamic) are conducted in order A retrofitting project is intended Restoration is to transform a to display the mathematical model to make a structure reach the level damaged structure component of a structure. of seismic performance defined into its previous condition, namely within the current seismic design to the strength value proposed in In accordance with the results codes. the construction project. of analyses, the performance evaluation of a structure under The main objective of retrofitting The main feature distinguishes earthquake loading can be is to make a structure reach retrofitting from restoration is conducted. the proposed level of seismic that retrofitting aims to make performance in order to avoid loss the structure reach the expected A considerable amount of of life after the largest potential performance level stated in experience and knowledge earthquake in that region. the code against the impacts are necessary to prepare and of a potential earthquake in a implement a retrofitting project. It also aims to avoid earthquake particular region. damage in priority buildings, Civil engineering consultancy e.g. hospitals and schools, or In order to determine structural helps to properly implement the to provide these buildings measures, the current safety level proposed rehabilitations in the immediately available. of a structure is required to be course of a retrofitting project measured by means of different after a series of analyses. methods of analysis. 16 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

There are various Therefore, reconstruction Alternatively, structural sheathing measures to be taken describes the process which is implemented in order to on the buildings intends to mitigate potential increase the capacity of column with lower seismic disaster risks, and covers area and load carrying. performance in order the destruction of existing not to re-experience the buildings, and the construction Different from thermal insulation of ergonomical new structures sheathing, structural sheathing is unfavourable impacts resistant to earthquakes. to integrate additional concrete or of large earthquakes reinforcement (i.e. steel) to extend as happened in Duzce, There are various measures to be the dimensions of the components the Marmara Region, taken on the buildings with lower of load carrying system (e.g. Erzincan and Van. Above seismic performance in order to column or beam). all, the primary objective avoid loss of life and property is to avoid loss of life during disasters. In the second category, on the and property. other hand, the components are It is possible to divide the coated with special materials in measures into two categories. order to improve the ductility of The first category covers the these components. practises that increase seismic force resistance. The second After this, it becomes possible to category includes the practises that reach the required level of seismic improve the ductility of structural performance on buildings. components.

In the first category, additional structural components (e.g. shear walls) are integrated to the buildings unable to resists the largest potential earthquake in their locations. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 17

Mustafa Eravutmuş Primary School Reconstraction Stages

Retrofitting Needs • Buildings whose load capacity Factors Increasing has increased due to additional Disaster Vulnerability The buildings in the need of storeys or renovation works, restoration or retrofitting are classified below: • Buildings whose usage has been Soil Conditions changed (e.g. residential • Buildings with minor or buildings transformed into The engineering-related features moderate damage after an hospitals or schools), including structure of soil layers, earthquake or any other disasters, the level of resistance and the • Buildings which have been subsidence risk of buildings • Buildings with short economic found with poor strength of are some of the important life-span, materials for different reasons in vulnerability factors in an the course of construction. earthquake. Earthquakes are • Buildings whose load carrying known as natural phenomenon system has been found resistless • Buildings which are required happening many miles below to earthquakes following the to renew its construction permit the surface. Geologists generally results of analysis in connection in accordance with the law no. explain this natural event with with maintenance requests. 4708. These buildings are reference to the theory of plate The buildings in this category to have been designed before tectonics. are to have been constructed in the release of “the Code for accordance with the seismic the Buildings to be Constructed Located above the magma in the design codes released before in Seismic Zones” in 1998, and Earth’s inner core, tectonic plates “the Code for the Buildings those whose constructions were are in constant motion. Where the to be Constructed on Seismic suspended. plates come into contact and when Zones” effective since 1998, and friction resistance is overcome, be granted residence permit, earthquakes can take place. At the time of an earthquake, seismic waves are released, and then reach to surface and settlement areas in three different forms. Buildings are affected by the strong vibrations emerged from these waves. 18 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Relation Between Maximum Accelerations of Rock Soil and Other Local Soil Conditions

0.6 According to measurements

0.5 1989 Loma Prieta 0.4

0.3 0.2 the median recommended for empirical correlations 0.1 1985 Mexico 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Momentum of the Areas with Loose Soil (g) Momentum of the Areas with Rock Soil (g)

Source: Relationship between maximum acceleration on rock and other local site conditions (Idriss, 1990, 1991)

In order to construct The distance that seismic waves seismic waves travel through earthquake-resistant travel until settlement areas may soil layers, and how they are buildings, it is important change the structure and the transformed. to understand how magnitude of an earthquake. seismic waves reach Depending upon the magnitude of the surface through soil In particular, the type of soil an earthquake, the travel speed of layers on which building are seismic waves through hard and layers, and how they are constructed can change the firm rocks are entirely different transformed. magnitude (i.e. by magnifying or from loose and soft soil. diminishing) of an earthquake. The earthquake damage will Considering the existing vary greatly from one building buildings, it is possible to observe constructed on a soft/loose soil, subsidence-related problems to another building with the same even before an earthquake on structural design established on a the buildings which are lack of a firm or compacted soil. foundation system suitable with its soil, and were constructed In other words, soil conditions and without civil engineering both geological and morphological consultancy. structures can transform the motion of an earthquake. Therefore, the extent of earthquake damage will be For instance, loose and soft soil far greater on those buildings can change the amplitude of constructed without civil seismic waves. engineering consultancy. Compared with firm soil, although In order to construct soft/loose soil can absorb and earthquake-resistant buildings, reduce the impacts of seismic it is important to know how waves with high amplitude (i.e. high seismic energy), they magnify seismic waves with less amplitude (i.e. less seismic energy). (Figure) ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 19

One of the reasons of the high Examining the buildings damaged After each earthquake, when extent of damage observed in after the previous earthquakes, it is damaged buildings examined, it the recent Marmara earthquakes likely to observe the effects of this was observed that the building was not the magnitude of the relationship. sitting on different soil types are earthquake, but rather soil affected differently by the same subsidence or dissolution of watery For instance, 1783 Calabria-Italy, earthquakes. and loose soils. In other words, 1906 San Francisco, 1923 Kanto- the main reason was failing to Japan, 1957 Mexico, 1961 The relationship between construct the buildings cohesive Niiagata, 1964 Alaska, 1976 earthquake damage and soil type with its soil type. Tangshan-China, 1994 is described as soil effect. Northridge USA, 1995 Kobe, 2011 In order to reduce the extent of New Zealand Earthquakes can To explain soil impact, it is damage and loss of life after an be given as examples around the necessary to understand soil types. earthquake, it is required to take word. 1992 Erzincan, 1995 Dinar, special measures and prepare 17th August1999 Kocaeli and It is also likely to discuss the types construction designs for the soils 12th November 1999 Düzce, 2003 of soil in two categories, i.e. fine- prone to subsidence, landslide and Bingöl, 2011 Van Earthquakes can grained and coarse-grained soils. dissolution. also be the other similar examples from Turkey. Coarse-grained (granules) soils Further, it is important to refrain are comprised of sand and pebbles, from the construction of multi- In an analysis conducted in USA, whereas fine-grained (cohesive) storey buildings on soft/loose soils Richter found that the damage soils are made from silt and clay. without taking any measures. In intensity of a 6 magnitude such cases, it is necessary to design earthquake reached only 6-7 on In nature, coarse-grained soils are specific foundation systems or a mesozoic limestone. However, found in a loose or firm shape. to implement soil improvement the damage intensity of the same On the other hand, coarse-grained methods. earthquake reached 11 on a soils are cohesive, and when they quaternary alluvion soil. come into contact with water, The relationship between damage they may have soft or firm/solid distribution and soil types has consistency. been a well-known discussion for a long time. 20 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Some Examples of Soil Types

In order to reduce Compacted and In order to be considered as or refrain from soil- Firm Soil earthquake-resistant, it is not based damage on necessarily required for a soil to be made from stable and massive rock the buildings under After the earthquakes occurred dynamic forces (e.g. blocks such as limestone, granite in the Marmara Region on 17th or kuvars. earthquakes), it should August and 12th November 1999, always be borne in the terms such as firm and soft/ It is possible to include most of mind that foundation of loose soil have become a part of the materials which have lived building is required to the daily language in Turkey. through some geological ages, establish on firm soils namely have been existed under a as much as possible. In order to reduce or refrain heavy earth unit for a long period from soil-based damage on the of time in this category. buildings under dynamic forces (e.g. earthquakes), it should be Compacted/firm soils do not borne in mind that the foundation generally increase the intensity of of building is required to establish earthquakes, but rather directly on firm soils as much as possible. transfer its intensity to buildings.

Where this is not applicable For this reason, compacted/firms or practical, it is required to soil do not have any aggravating implement soil improvement risks of damage on buildings techniques or special foundation in line with the fact that those systems. buildings constructed on firm soil will only be affected by an The term compacted or firm/hard earthquake’s own intensity. soil refers to stable, resistant soils or rock soils which have lived Above all, it is noteworthy to through some geological ages; prefer correct soil properties in the have relatively become compacted selection of new settlement areas. and hardened; and do not have any faults or fractures. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 21

Soil-Dependent Earthquake Scenario Intensity Scale

CLASS GEOLOGICAL UNIT INTENSITY VARIATION

A Plutonic and Metamorphic Rocks -1.2

Pre-Cretaceous Sedimentary Rocks -0.6 B Jurassic and Cretaceous Rocks

Upper Cretaceous, Palaeocene and Eocene Marine C Sediments. 0 Jurassic-Eocene Sedimentary Rocks

D Tertiary Non-Marine Sediments 0.1

Oligocene and Miocene Sedimentary Rocks 0.3 E Tertiary Sedimentary Rocks

Plio-Pleistocene and Pleistocene Sedimentary Rocks 0.8 E Holocene and Quaternary Sediments

The classification of the geological units regarding the Reiche and Kahle model and Soil-Dependent Earthquake Scenario Intensity Scale designed according to the classification (California Division of Mines and Geology, 1986)

Source: The classification of the geological units regarding the Reiche and Kahle model and Soil-Dependent Earthquake Scenario Intensity Scale designed according to the classification Reichle, M.S., and Kahle, J.E., 1986

In the August 17, 1999, Kocaeli Loose and Soft Soil The alluvial lands on the seaside earthquake, the number of or riverside are classified to be damaged buildings was higher on The natural geological units which dangerous risk group in terms of soil the loose soil in the city centre of are extremely loosely and not tight during an earthquake. Adapazarı (e.g. Adnan Menderes materially are classified under this Boulevard). On the “firm” soils group. Even if the stream beds are drained, (psammite-schist units) near the the drained, watery or swamp areas, boulevard, the ratio of building To be more general and simple, reed beds and also unregulated filled damage and the number of loose soils are sedimentary and lands are of weak soil quality. moderate and severe damaged alluvial soils comprising of buildings was lower. sand and gravel which haven’t These kind of soils cause further passed too much time over their harm compared to other firm soils Although closeness to a fault geological formation, and thus with respect to the magnitude of the line, in the settlements such as have not become tight and stick earthquake. For the old buildings Adapazarı and Kocaeli, it was together loosely. constructed on these kind of soils, observed that severe damage does additional measures must be taken, not occur on buildings which The term ‘soft ground’ is used for and the seismic performance of have been constructed with civil cohesive soils. the buildings must be improved engineering consultancy. by soil improvement and structure Due to their inner structure reinforcement. features, loose and soft soils have a tendency to increase the intensity of earthquake, and affect dramatically the extent of loss of life and damage considering the buildings constructed without civil engineering consultancy during an earthquake. 22 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Soil-Dependent Earthquake Scenario Intensity Scale

GEOLOGICAL UNIT INTENSITY INCREASE GEOLOGICAL UNIT INTENSITY INCREASE

MEDVEDEV (1962), MEDVEDEV–SPONHEUER–KARNIK (MSK) SCALE EVERNDEN VE THOMPSON (1985), M.M ÖLÇEĞİ

Granite 0 Granite And Metamorphic Rocks 0

Schist, Psammite, Shale 0.2 – 1.3 Palaeozoic Rocks 0.4

Plaster Stone, Marl 0.6 – 1.4 Early Mesozoic Rocks 0.8

Coarse Grained Soils 1.0 – 1.6 Craters and Eocene Rocks 1.2

Sandy Soils 1.2 – 1.8 Unbroken Tertiary Rocks 1.3

Clayed Soils 1.2 – 2.1 Oligocene and Pliocene Rocks 1.5

Filled Soils 2.3 – 3.0 Pliocene and Pleistocene Rocks 2.0

Wet Soils (Gravel, Sand, Clay) 1.7 – 2.8 Tertiary Volcanic Rocks 0.3

Wet Filling and Earth 3.3 – 3.9 Quaternary Volcanic Rocks 0.3

KAGAMI ET AL. (1986), JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY (JMA) SCALE Alluvium (water level < 9 m) 3.0

Hillside Debris 0 (9 m < water level < 30 m) 2.0

Andesite 0 (30 < water level) 1.5

Gravel 0.2 ASTROZA AND MONGE (1991), MSK SCALE

Stream Deposit 0.4 Granite Rock 0

Volcanic Ash 0.5 Volcanic Pumisti Killer 1.5 – 2.5

Sandy Silt 0.7 Gravel 0.5 – 1.0

Clayey Silt 0.8 Colluvion 1.0 – 2.0

Silt 1.0 Lacustrine Deposits 2.0 – 2.5

Peat Soils 0.9

Source: Relative magnification factors in accordance with the various geological units given by Borcherdt ve Gibbs (1976), Shima (1978) ve Midorikawa (1987) ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 23

The change of median peak acceleration with the distance

0.450 0.425 0.400 0.375 0.350 0.325

MedianPGA (g) 0.300 0.275 0.250 0.225 0.200 0.175 0.150 0.125 0.100 0.075 0.050 0.025 0.000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 DistanceRub (km)

The change of median peak acceleration with the distance for an earthquake with Mw7.4 magnitude. Light green soft soil (Vs. 30=300 m/s), Dark green hard soil (Vs. 30=1500 m/s)

As it is seen in the table, filled soil, In most of the earthquakes This liquefaction incident loose and soft soils increase the occurring in Turkey, especially generally occurs on waterlogged earthquake intensity 2 or 3 times. the buildings located on loose loose sandy soils. and soft soils are under the risk of Because coastal zones and vertical or differential subsidence, In the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake, sandbank as well as stream beds rotation or bending, due to load there were structural damages are incompetent compared to the carrying problems. arising from liquefaction in other formations in geological the loose soils and loss of load terms, for each region a detailed There may also occur dislocations carrying in the soft soils in hazard maps must be prepared. in the slopes, and lateral flowing Adapazarı (Erdik 1999). on the low-sloping loose and soft As a consequence of irregular lands. On the loose and soft soils, the and unplanned urbanization, the acceleration is felt more compared areas, which mustn’t be zoned Moreover, loose soils with a high to the rock soils. This effect for construction such as streams, level of underground water have a decreases depending on the lakes and sea coasts, are frequently high risk of liquefaction during an distance from the fault line. As it rehabilitated by draining and earthquake. is seen in the figure, farther the filling, and are opened to distance from the fault line is, the settlement. When the seismic wave has less maximum soil acceleration is. reached the soil, it increases These kind of areas have a high the pressure of the space water Moreover, excluding the close- risk regarding earthquake. between the particles, and range distances the acceleration eliminates the contact between value observed on the soft grounds Even though a fault line which them gradually. This leads the soil is higher compared to the rock gives rise to earthquakes is located to act like viscous liquid and it is soils. far from these kind of lands, it called liquefaction. causes severe structural damages.

24 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The situation of the soil Soil In construction works, the soil on which the building Improvement may not have the capacity to carry is constructed also the building safely. affects the seismic During the process of structure In special cases, the construction of performance. Also retrofitting, the improvement of the fact that new load specific buildings is not impossible the structural seismic performance in terms of engineering; however, carrying components of the buildings is the first certain uneconomic measures which are added to implementation coming into must be taken. the load carrying mind. system may exceed the If there is an excessive amount foundation load However, the situation of the of load applied to the soil due to carrying capacity lead soil on which the building is the building or a construction is to problems. constructed also affects the seismic underway on a soft soil, certain performance. Also the fact that measures must be taken for the soil new load carrying components to carry the loads safely without which are added to the load giving rise to any soil collapse or carrying system may exceed the excessive subsidence. foundation load carrying capacity lead to problems. On the soils having the risk of liquefaction the onsite resistance Then, it is explicit that the may be increased with the retrofitting works must be planned improvement techniques. in such a way that they will also cover the foundation retrofitting. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 25

Therefore, the soil features must be Falling an amount of weight from improved onsite. a certain height is resorted in order to improve the loose granular soils. There are mechanical, hydraulic, physical and chemical In the plan, the technique of falling improvement techniques in order weight at the designed intervals to rehabilitate the features of the can be applied. soil. The application must be performed In the mechanical improvement by taking into consideration the technique, by the effects of effect of the created energy waves mechanical forces, i.e. vibrating on the environmental formations. roller, falling weight etc. the density of the existing soil is For the hydraulic improvement, increased. on the fine-grained (clayed) soils the water trapped in the soil Compressing the soil layer on is extracted through drainage the surface with static, vibrating procedures. or pulsed rollers is a method to realize it. Through the wells made from coarse-grained soils (sand, gravel) For the improvement of granular the water trapped in the soil is soils, the most substantial collected and removed. application is to approximate the particles each other through the vibrations. 26 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Hence, the pressure of the water By the help of appropriate generated during an earthquake equipment, the resistance of or because of the building load the sub-foundation soil can be has been decreased and the increased within the buildings. resistance of the soil has been increased. The effect of high pressure should be taken into consideration For the physical and chemical during the application. In order to improvements, a mixture increase the foundation loading column is built in the depths capacity of the soft and loose soils, of the soil by blending lime, a stone column or compressed cement and special chemical stone column is constructed in the additives to the soil layers or soil depending on the application by the help of specific numbers stated in the plan. construction equipment. In this method, by compressing With the injection method, stone-gravels or gravels is located these ingredient is injected to in a cylindrical gap opened in the the spaces in the soil through soil. high pressure.

In the application named jet grout columns, a concrete floor column is constructed by applying a cement injection into the soil with high pressure.

ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 27

These gravel columns not only While sustaining walls are absorb the water pressure constructed for the diggings 7-8 generated by the earthquake, but m deep, retaining walls with also help to carry the loads of the embedments are constructed for structure more safely by forming a deeper diggings. firm column in the soil. For the retaining walls to bear the Today, the cities are getting lateral effects spreading from the crowded and more comprehensive soil, a structure of cement injected structures need to be constructed is formed in the soil by the help of in limited spaces. a drill hole and steel ropes.

When a deep trench is needed On the digging surface, a concrete either for a construction base wall or a cheval de frise is or because of sloping lands, a constructed. retaining wall is constructed on the edge of the trench. Afterwards, by straining the steel ropes located in the soil a prestressing wall has been completed. 28 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Çırağan Palace ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 29

Works Around the World and in Turkey 30 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Exemplary Works Around the World

Thanks to the risk The retrofitting and reconstruction For instance, while none of more mitigation works works were conducted in different than 100 strengthened commenced in Los countries on various scales all over overpasses of beltway (highway- Angeles in the 1980s, the world in order to mitigate the motorway) collapsed, 7 the loss of life was risks considering various disasters. unstrengthened viaducts located in minimum in the the same area went down. Whether they are conducted in earthquake which developed or developing countries, Apart from decreasing the loss of occurred in 1994. or in underdeveloped countries, life, the general fact that one dollar risk and damage mitigation works spent before the disaster make safer schools, hospitals, prevents 7 dollars loss has been emergency service buildings, approved in the example of Los infrastructure systems, public Angeles. buildings and private properties as well as cultural heritages thanks to India different kind of methods. In India, of which 60% of the lands With the purpose of meeting the have a severe risk of earthquake financing of the projects 23000 people were died the steps taken with the support of in 7 massive earthquakes the international institutions may which occurred between 1990 and sometimes vary on the basis of the 2009. Thus, in India “National projects. Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project” is being conducted. The United States of America The project aims to create a In the study conducted by World capacity considering the partners, Bank regarding the risk mitigation to increase social consciousness, to works, the instance of Los Angeles reform the regulations, to support was given together with ISMEP as the research and safety operations a successful example, because the regarding the seismic safety, and to risk mitigation works performed enhance the project management in the 1980s minimized the loss mechanisms as well as to of life in the earthquake which strengthen the critical structures. occurred in 1994.

ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 31

An Example of Retrofitting Work on Historical Buildings, ChiristChurch Cathedral, New Zelland

In the expected earthquake which In one of the components of the These buildings which have would occur in the biggest city project, which is considered in a endured the compelling of India, Mumbai, which has 13 very detailed way, it is aimed to environmental conditions for long million citizens, between 25000 - reduce the potential exposure to years must be covered under the 42000 loss of life and demolition the hazards of the buildings with retrofitting works against potential of hundreds of buildings are highest priority. disasters considering the high risk predicted. of collapse they have. Under the scope of the conducted On the contrary, the works works, in addition to the buildings By allocating a budget of performed under the scope of belonging to the institutions giving approximately 3 million dollars, national project the retrofitting disaster and emergency response the retrofitting of historical and works against structural risks service, 53 more buildings with architectural monument of Iasi mitigation are only rare. high priority, comprising of health, City Hall is being planned in education and public buildings, Romania. In the regions bearing a high risk, have been included in the project. in order to attract the attention of For the retrofitting works of the people the retrofitting of 14 For the financing of structural these kind of buildings, more hospitals were completed. risk mitigation works, the limited expertise and technological source used for the projects comes innovation is required compared Romania from the funds of the state to the strengthening of ordinary and credits of World Bank which buildings. Similar to ISMEP, the Romania only equals to an amount of 75 Hazard Risk Mitigation and million dollars in total. Within the scope of ongoing Emergency Preparedness Project project, the technique of seismic is being conducted with the The retrofitting of the cultural foundation isolation has been support of World Bank. heritage buildings can be given as resorted for the retrofitting of an example for that the performed historical structure. These kinds of Romania, where is the hive works should be specific to the novel technological techniques of seismic activity in Europe, buildings. have superior advantages is subjected to earthquakes compared to the conventional abundantly because of a fault line engineering methods. near Bucharest. 32 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

People’s Republic of China With the help of 510 million of In addition to the strengthening credit granted by World Bank, works of the school buildings Until recent times in China risk and as part of the works realized rapidly, the funds were granted mitigation works are conducted thanks to many national and to the owners of private property more commonly with the scope international sources 2,2 million depending on the extent of damage of retrofitting activities rather rural houses were repaired and and thus they were given the than structural damage mitigation strengthened while 1,45 million opportunity to strengthen and works which have been performed houses were rebuilt. Moreover, the reconstruct their buildings. before the danger. concerned basic infrastructure systems were recovered. As in the example of China the The countries which want to necessity of retrofitting works turn the destructive effects of the Italy following the destruction cannot disaster into an opportunity to be underestimated. build safer settlements struggle to Similarly, a source of 1 billion mitigate the risk while repairing euros is being planned to be However, another significant fact the damaged buildings or allocated for the works, which which should be noted is that the constructing new buildings as in will be realized following an advantage of the risk mitigation the Sichuan Region of China which earthquake occurring in Italy, works conducted before the cause 10 million people ended up during the next 7 years. disaster is much further. homeless. In 2009, in the works commenced Following the earthquake after the occurring earthquake not occurring in 2008, the priority only the risky structures have been was given to the reconstruction reinforced, but also the standards of the residence and to the have been reformed in order to enabling of basic infrastructure prevent the future disasters. systems (i.e. ways, drinking water, communication and energy) in the Next after the earthquake 35 conducted repair and maintenance school buildings with mild damage works. have been strengthened and 32 prefabricated school buildings were constructed temporarily.

ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 33

Studies in Turkey

Turkey is a country located amidst In the light of the experience When the Turkey the most active fault zones of the obtained in the consequence of seismic zone maps world, and is always subjected to a what happened in Turkey and in are considered 96% massive earthquake hazard and risk. other parts of the world, it is an of the country have explicit fact that unless a competent different levels of When the seismic zone maps preparation is not planned, the cost earthquake, and 98% of of the earthquake will far exceed are considered, 96% of the lands the population reside in of Turkey have earthquake risk the amount which is predicted to these regions. in various levels and 98% of the be spent for the preparations before population reside in these regions. the earthquake. 66% of these regions are 1st and 2nd degree earthquake zones, The researches prove that one namely they are within the active dollar spent before the disaster fault zones. prevents 7 dollars loss.

Following the Earthquake of 17 Therefore, the limited sources of August, which gave rise to massive Turkey must be utilized in the most loss of life and property, efficient way and the investments Istanbul attracted the attentions which will minimize the costs of because the scientists were predicting the earthquake must be prioritised a huge earthquake hazard which and given significance. would occur in İstanbul. The works which will minimize The number of buildings built the effects of a possible earthquake in İstanbul has already reached must be grouped into two. The to the peak, and a considerable works performed to strengthen the number of these buildings have resistance of the buildings are as to been constructed unauthorized the essential solution point of the and illegally. Even though they are first group. authorized, they are built without any soil study because the building If the buildings are earthquake- audit and supervision is not efficient. resistant, the destruction will be And these facts demonstrate that only transient and in smaller scale. the predicted earthquake will cause a total destruction in İstanbul.

34 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The Criteria of Seismic Performance of the Buildings • The buildings must survive from the small magnitude earthquakes without any damage. • In the moderate magnitude earthquakes, even though it is an acceptable situation that there may occur some damage on the parts excluding the load-carrying elements, it is unacceptable for the load-carrying systems to be damaged. • In a massive earthquake, it is acceptable that both load carrying elements and not carrying systems may be damaged at a certain level. However, even then the building shouldn’t collapse. • At the consequence of a massive earthquake, it is impossible from the economic perspective that not a single building which will not get any damage can be built. Thus, the basic logic is founded upon that during a large scale earthquake the building will not collapse and not a single loss of life will occur.

This can only be realized In this respect, from Marmara Accordingly, in frequently if the existing construction stocks Earthquake (1999) several lessons occurring mild earthquakes not are made resistant to earthquake were taken and it is objected to only the load-carrying system of and the new buildings are built to maintain the overall control and the building but also the elements be earthquake-resistant. the buildings to be constructed which don’t carry the load are resistant according to the aimed not to get any damage (i.e. The second group of works bear a regulations. interior walls). In medium scale vital importance until especially earthquakes, the load-carrying the first group of works are The Regulations on Buildings to be and not load-carrying elements completed and the construction Built in Earthquake Zones define are expected to get only a minor stock of İstanbul is built to be safe. the qualifying conditions about damage or at a repairable level of what kinds of buildings should be damage. The second group of works is to built, reconstructed or expanded evaluate the existing construction in the earthquake regions, as In rarely occurring severe stocks and cover all the relatively well as about their designs and earthquakes, it is acceptable that short term works to minimalize constructions. the load-carrying systems of the the destruction under these buildings may get at a level of conditions. “The Regulations on Buildings irreparable damage. to be Built in Earthquake Zones” The most primary and significant came into effect in 2007, covered However, this must never be at a provision for İstanbul to be the issues about the determination level which will lead to loss of life, prepared for a probable earthquake of seismic performance and the and the unity of the construction fully is to make safe the existing retrofitting of the behaviours should be preserved and it should structure stock against earthquake. considering the performance not collapse and remain standing. based design in a newly added At this point, the objective is to Therefore, without any delay chapter which was not found in the control the collapse, and to save several detailed soil studies and previous earthquake specifications. the lives of the people in the a comprehensive risk evaluation building. must be conducted for the whole In the seismic design code, three construction stock depending on categories of earthquake (mild, the priorities. medium and severe) were defined with respect to the earthquake- resistant building design.

ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 35

Earthquake Zones Map

1nd Degree Earthquake Zones 2nd Degree Earthquake Zones 3rd Degree Earthquake Zones 4th Degree Earthquake Zones 5th Degree Earthquake Zones Source: B. Özmen, M. Nurlu, H. Güler, “Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi ile Deprem Bölgelerinin İncelenmesi”, 1997

Current Situation However, the cost of the load- in Turkey carrying system of a building • The construction of the doesn’t exceed the total construction buildings without a project

cost more than 35%. According to the “The Report of • New structures which are Housing Problems and Housing Most of the existing buildings were added to the building which Need in Turkey” prepared by the don’t exist in the project not built in compliance with the Chamber of Civil Engineers in current provisions of standards and addition to the data of Turkish • Certain removal of the regulations. Statistical Institute (TSI), in buildings which don’t exist in the project Turkey approximately 17 million This fact relatively increases the risk construction stocks are available and for the existing old buildings. • The soil features which are while 67% of these are unauthorized not considered properly and illegal, 60% of the constructions The problem originates from during the project phase are over 20 ages old. 40% of the the fact that most of the existing buildings must be strengthened • The inappropriate features buildings were neither constructed against the earthquake. and quantity of the materials in compliance with the provisions of Briefly, due to the deficiency of the the standards and regulations which • The irregularity of the lateral legal regulations, and the loopholes were effective during the time they plane of the building (in the project) in the audits, unhealthy housing were built. spaces become widespread. Thus, • The irregularity of the The reason of the biggest destruction the “building supervision” is of the vertical plane of the building highest priority. occurring following the earthquakes (in the project) are improper structuring with the On the other hand, the fact that up current specifications and lack of • The damage occurring to 80% of the life losses occurring supervision. Depending on the time in the building during time in earthquakes result from the and environmental conditions as damages in the instalments well as the effects of the occurring • The damage occurring in the building during earlier depending on the damage on the earthquakes, the seismic load earthquakes load-carrying systems is a crucial capacity of the existing buildings title for the mechanical engineering decrease and the risk increases. • Insufficient isolation departments. of the steel buildings The several reasons covering the mentioned effects and increasing • Closeness of the building the structural risk are as such: to the fault line 36 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Model A Model B

119 km

7.5

The Costs of Marmara earthquake (Billion Dollar)

COSTS TÜSİAD State Planning Organization World Bank

DIRECT COSTS 10 6,5–10,5 3,1–6,5

HOUSING 4 3,5–5 1,1–3

COMPANIES 4,5 2,5–4,5 1,1–2,6

INFRASTRUCTURE 1,5 0,5–1 0,9

INDIRECT COSTS 2,8 2–2,5 1,8–2,6

LOSS of ADDED VALUE 2 2–2,5 1,2–2

EMERGENCY AID EXPENDITURES 0,8 - 0,6

TOTAL LOSS OF DAMAGE 13 9–13 5– 9 13 (ROUNDED VALUE) SECONDARY EFFECTS

GENERAL LOSS OF VALUE 2 - 3

FINANCIAL COSTS 2 5,9 3,6–4,6

Source: OECD, Economic Effects of the 1999 Turkish Earthquakes: An Interim Report, Economics Department Working Papers No. 247, 2000, p.37.

The Organization for Economic Secondary effects are the effects For example, while the total cost Cooperation and Development of the earthquake on the long- is 17 billion dollars according grouped into three the costs as term and short-term economy in to TÜSİAD, SPO estimates it to direct costs, indirect costs and general; for instance, it represent be 15–19 billion dollars and the secondary costs in the research the financial policies, balance prediction of the World Bank is which it conducted about of payments, inflation, and between 12–17 billion dollars. The the effects of 1999 Marmara unemployment. detailed numbers related to these earthquake on the economy. The data can be seen in the upper table. direct costs demonstrate the effect In several studies prepared by of the earthquake on the capital TÜSİAD, SPO and WB the In terms of Gross Domestic assets and stocks while the indirect Marmara Earthquake give close Product (GDP) the economic costs show the loss of production numbers as to the economic effects damage equals to the 9% of the and income as well as emergency of the earthquake. GDP in the light of given data. expenditures.

ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 37

Model C Model D

174 km

7.7

Source: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Istanbul Metropolitan Municiplaity (IMM), The Study on A Disaster Prevention/Mitigation Basic Plan in Istanbul including Seismic Microzonation in the Republic of Turkey (2002); Earthquake Scenarios

In Turkey, in the retrofitting Studies In Istanbul In 2001, Istanbul Metropolitan process conducted following Municipality and Japan disasters similar approaches Istanbul, Bursa, Kocaeli and International Cooperation were showed after the Marmara Sakarya meets 53,7 TL of 100 TL of Agency (JICA) signed a working Earthquake, too. public economy source. agreement titled “Disaster Prevention / Mitigation Basic Within the scope of Marmara Economically Istanbul is the Plan” and the plan was completed Earthquake Emergency leading power of Turkey, and in 2002. At the end of the plan four Reconstruction (MEER) which when it is considered that it is at different models were considered was conducted by Prime Ministry the head of the zones which have for Istanbul. Project Application Department the risk to be affected mostly by with the support of World Bank the earthquake, and that it covers In these models, the predictions the retrofitting works were the regions including both first about the loss of building and life continued in the region which did and second degree seismic hazard, showed explicitly that Istanbul undergo a massive destruction. it is not difficult to estimate how is vulnerable for a massive massive the loss would be. destruction. ISMEP project which commenced to be conducted in the light of the Following the 1999 Marmara There are different researches experiences learnt form Marmara Earthquake, with the help of conducted to predict what parts of Earthquake can be considered to increasing consciousness as to Istanbul would be affected to what be a cornerstone for Turkey. the disaster risks, for Istanbul extent if an earthquake not less which is expected to undergo an than 7 degrees magnitude occurs Thanks to ISMEP, the approach earthquake having destructive in Marmara Sea and it is possible as to the disaster risks has been effects in the future several to reach presumable results with changed radically, and moreover measures are started to be taken. the available data. the efforts exerted during the At the end of various studies retrofitting and reconstruction conducted to reveal the risks of stages have left their place the disaster in a scientific way works conducted previous to the striking numbers are reached. disaster.

38 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

LOSS OF LIFE AND INJURED (Model A ve C)

MODEL LOSS OF LIFE INJURED

MODEL A 73.000 (%0.8) 120.000 (%1.4)

MODEL C 87.000 (%1.0) 135.000 (%1.5)

In the table, two of these four At the end of the studied Under the scope of strengthening models (most probable and completed in 2002, the data and reconstruction works the worst scenario) are given. shows that the conducted damage conducted in the B component of According to it, the loss of life mitigation works bring to positive ISMEP it is aimed to mitigate the expected in Istanbul around conclusions. predicted damages. 73,000-87,000. However, for Istanbul it is evident Through the works, particularly It is predicted that there will occur that there will occur the schools and hospitals as well loss of life equalling to between a devastating destruction which as dormitories, social service 0.8% (Model A) and %1 (Model can’t be underestimated. In the buildings and administrative C) of the population in Istanbul. table below, several predictions service buildings were Moreover, far greater numbers are given about the conducted two strengthened and reconstructed of people will be injured severely researches. again. Moreover, for the historical because of the earthquake. and cultural heritage buildings The analysis which are valid strengthening, restoration and The results of the buildings for İstanbul helped to set the restitution projects are being analysis are not optimistic. predictions in a scientific conducted under the scope of this For the 2 models, more than framework. component 50,000 buildings will be severely damaged. Especially the south And this supported the regions of the city will be affected assumption of destruction on more adversely and the results will a large scale which is accepted be more devastating. already.

Apart from the loss of life Rather than taking such a economic and social structure destruction risk in Istanbul, which will be upside down. All the data is the heart of Turkey, the works to proves the necessity of damage mitigate the risks mitigation works. have been evaluated and ISMEP has been put into practice to The results of the report Updating mitigate the structural risks as Probable Earthquake Losses for vital step. Istanbul (Istanbul Earthquake Scenario) conducted by İBB in 2009 are given below. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 39

Damaged Buildings (Model A and C)

MODEL SEVERE SEVERE + MEDIUM SEVERE + MEDIUM + MILD

MODEL A 51.000 (%7.1) 114.000 (%16) 252.000 (%35)

MODEL C 59.000 (%8.2) 128.000 (%18) 300.000 (%38)

Under the scope of the projects Potential Losses (Model C) the public building have a strategic importance to mitigate the risks 10,000 - 30,000 LOSS of LIFE of the buildings because they must remain standing following the 2,500 - 10,000 SEVERELY DAMAGED / 13,000 - 34,000 SEVERELY DAMAGED BUILDINGS earthquake considering the fact that there is the necessity that 85,000 - 150,000 MODERATELY DAMAGED / 250,000 - 350.000 MILDLY DAMAGED BUILDINGS the people will need the service given in these buildings as in 20,000 - 60,000 HOSPITAL TREATMENT/ 50,000 - 140,000 SLIGHTLY INJURED hospitals. 530,000 HOUSINGS for URGENT ACCOMODATION During the earthquake, the buildings which are made safe 80 - 100 BILLION TL TOTAL FINANCIAL LOSS for the people sheltering there in order to prevent the loss 400 BUILDINGS DAMAGED because of INFLAMMABLES and EXPLOSIVES of life will also provide the infrastructure which Istanbul 450 DAMAGE of DRINKING WATER and 1500 DAMAGE of WASTE WATER will need to recover from the 650 NETWORK DAMAGE/ 17,000 DAMAGE of GAS POT effects following the earthquake.

LOSS OF LIFE of ISTANBUL POPULATION 0.1% - 0.2%, There is the need for safe buildings in order to continue to provide BUILDING which can’t be used (VERY SEVERE, SEVERE, MILD), 10% - 15% heath, accommodation and safety services.

Retrofitting and reconstruction works serves to this object. 40 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Topkapı Palace ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 41

ISMEP’s Works 42 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The Activities within ISMEP

“Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation ISMEP’s Retrofitting and Furthermore, the risk assessments and Emergency Preparedness Construction Works of cultural heritage buildings Project (ISMEP)” is a risk are included in the scope of this mitigation project conducted by component. the Governorship of Istanbul It is expected that many public Special Provincial Administration buildings will be able to survive, Objectives of the Program Istanbul Coordination Unit and continue to render services (IPCU). without any interruption even This component includes the after the most major potential priority public buildings and the The specific objective of this earthquake in Istanbul thanks to others that are regularly used in project is to improve the city of the retrofitting and reconstruction response and rescue operations by Istanbul’s preparedness for a works within the scope of ISMEP’s large masses of people, and provide potential earthquake. The project “B” Component. important civil services at the time initially came into effect with of a disaster. a budget of 310 million Euros This component covers the funded by the World Bank. activities related with the These buildings are comprised retrofitting or reconstruction of of schools, hospitals, emergency ISMEP involves supportive and state hospitals, schools and public response and information centres, preventive practises directed buildings. along with administrative and towards preparedness, mitigation, public institutions. response and recovery works Considering the fact that required before, during and after the buildings are proposed The principal objective of this a disaster. It has now reached the to be designed to withstand component is to maintain the budget of 1, 5 billion Euros with earthquakes, they will not only functions of the above-mentioned the additional funds granted by save people, but also be used as buildings, and to mitigate the World Bank, the European a place to meet the urgent needs potential earthquake damage. Investment Bank, and the of the victims at the time of an European Council. earthquake. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 43

Moreover, based on the intended One of the urgent issues It has been stated by the objectives, the risk assessments addressed within the ISMEP is the Government of Turkey that nearly have been able to meet another retrofitting of the priority public 3,600 of these buildings require important prerequisite, that is, the facilities required to render service retrofitting. future vision of ISMEP. after an earthquake.

Progress of Program Upon the enactment of the law A prioritisation selection has been - which assigns the duties of started to identify the buildings It was observed on the 1999 Düzce risk mitigation and emergency in need of retrofitting and and Kocaeli Earthquakes that there response to the local authorities reconstruction by using the budget is a stock of existing buildings with and the municipalities - the allocated for the ISMEP’s “B” seismic vulnerability in Istanbul local administrations, notably in component. and throughout the Marmara Istanbul, have made significant region. progress in disaster vulnerability The prioritisation list was initially assessments and investments in prepared by the Istanbul Special In addition to loss of life and seismic retrofitting. Provincial Administration property damage, many essential followed by a consultation with facilities and instruments The Earthquake Master Plan for the local management institutions including hospitals, fire brigades Istanbul (EMPI) completed in from different sectors. and rescue equipments became 2003, and covers a building stock either useless, or were destructed. with almost 1, 5 million structures. 10,000 of these are classified as After a series of meetings with the As a consequence, the necessary priority public buildings, e.g. participation of the Governate of aid to the victims was either hospitals, schools, emergency Istanbul, the relevant stakeholders, received late, or ultimately not sent management and administrative and academicians, the inventory out in such a chaotic atmosphere. centres, which serve in response and the prioritisation process took and rescue operations. their final forms. Afterwards, the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and the Governate of Istanbul started to take actions in order to reduce disaster vulnerability. 44 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The Categories of the Public Buildings Received Approval for Retrofitting within the ISMEP

CATEGORY A CATEGORY B CATEGORY C CATEGORY D

HEALTCARE BUILDINGS EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS SOCIAL SERVICE BUILDINGS

• Hospitals • Schools • The communication and • Child Protection Centres • District Polyclinics • Dormitories coordination facilities along • Orphanages with the other buildings vital • Nursing homes for the management of the masses at risk after a disaster

The 840 of 2473 buildings The activities under the scope of identified in the prioritisation list Component B are divided into two have been proposed to strengthen sub-categories: against earthquakes with the 303.85 support of the fund granted by the The first category is “Retrofitting million $ World Bank. or Reconstruction of the Priority Public Buildings”. Definition of the Project On the other hand, the second The Budget for Component B covers the activities category is “Supporting the Studies Retrofitting or regarding the four building on National Disasters”. Reconstruction of categories essential in response the Priority Public and rescue operations along with In parallel with the scope of Buildings the other public services. this component, seismic risk mitigation activities, retrofitting or Based upon the criteria identified reconstruction of important public within the project framework, this facilities have been conducted, and component has been financing the extended with the contributions of retrofitting or reconstruction of the local administrations. the selected 840 public buildings. The feasibility and design studies Furthermore, Component B specific to each sub-project are 2.45 supports the risk assessments being carried out, and innovative million $ of the buildings with vital methodologies related with seismic importance and the preparations risk and earthquake damage of vulnerability inventories for the mitigation are currently included heritage buildings. in these studies. The Budget for Supporting National Disasters Studies ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 45

The Results of the Prioritisation Process (The Number of the Buildings)

TYPE OF BUILDING LONG LIST SHORT LIST % OF THE LONG LIST

HOSPITALS 308 130 %42

POLYCLINICS 241 14 %6

POLYCLINIC 1783* 598 %34

ADMINISTRATIVE 68 45 %66

DORMITORIES 46 26 %57

SOCIAL SERVICES 27 27 %100

TOTAL 2473 840 %34

* +/- 100 additional school buildings have been established or still under construction.

The Prioritisation Criteria for The prioritisation criteria are Plan, the regional population, the Retrofitting and Reconstruction given below: general population and the facility Works type. Furthermore, all relevant • The functionality and criticality features and criteria of each sector The selection process commenced of response and rescue are taken into account through a with the preparation of a long operations in case of transparent prioritisation process. list in four different building emergencies, categories. The prioritisation process • Social security area population includes the workshops with The list contains 2473 buildings and high risk groups, the participation of the regional with 12,000 public structures. directors and the selected • Economic cost-effectiveness or academicians in order to negotiate Following the weighting and the cost-benefit analysis, on facility characteristics and their prioritisation studies, a shorter list divisions within the sectors. with 840 buildings was prepared. • Harmonisation and long- term sectoral plans with respect The aforementioned criteria The figures before and after the to technical feasibility and are identified in line with their prioritisation of the buildings retrofitting measures priority within the Istanbul are compared in the table shown Emergency Management Plan, and above. A comprehensive critical facilities for other sectors. The coefficients inventory has been prepared under of the measurements are also taken The inventory and prioritisation the leadership of the Governorate into consideration criteria were developed in a series of Istanbul and the relevant of meetings with the Governate stakeholders. The inventory is of Istanbul, the stakeholders, comprised of the technical data along with the selected of buildings, the transportation academicians and experts. data (i.e. hospitals and schools), the buildings’ distance to fault lines with particular attention to their importance within the Istanbul Disaster Management 46 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The Stages of Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works

Building Detection Seismic Analysis and Project Design The first stage starts with building detection under the authority of the Seismic analyses are conducted Provincial Directorates of National to detect the current status Education, Security, Health, Social of buildings by the selected Services and the Higher Education consultant firms. If a decision is Credit and Hostels Institution. taken to demolish a building based Buildings are ranked with respect on the results, another consultant to some criteria such as household firm is selected for reconstruction/ capacity, the number of floors, re-design and inspection. distance to fault lines and their Following an independent locations in a disaster plan. A inspection process, the next stage prioritisation plan is prepared in will be the project design. connection with the results.

1 2 3 4

The Selection of Consultant Firms Planning Subsequent to building detection, consultant firms are identified The households are taken into by the IPCU in line with the consideration, with particular purchasing procedures of the attention to their requests. World Bank, the international A time schedule is then prepared competition standards and the for retrofitting/reconstruction methodologies based on quality and projects without interrupting the cost selection. The selected firms are services of the public buildings responsible for the feasibility studies as much as possible. (seismic analyses). ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 47

Briefing and Preparations Completion of a Project

In accordance with the briefings, The provisional approval of the the preparations start off. reconstructed buildings is granted Throughout the process, social after the necessary analyses. The counselling workshops take place deficiencies should be fulfilled within not only in the schools under the one-year maintenance (warranty) retrofitting and reconstruction, but period effective from the date of the also the others hosting the guest provisional approval. The final approval students. is issued by the consultant firms, and the project is then finalised.

5 7 9

8 Selection of Inspectors and Contractors Retrofitting and Inspections Reconstruction Works The next stage of The progress of the Retrofitting and Following the necessary the retrofitting and Reconstruction Process preparations, the reconstruction works is is the selection of the consultant and the monitored by the IPCU inspectors and contractors contractor firms start the and the consultant firms. by the IPCU in compliance constructions. At each stage, the works with the admission A counselling study is also are examined by the criteria and the tender carried out in the same consultant firms, and in the management. time period. independent laboratories to check their compliance with the scientific conditions. 48 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

In order to achieve The Stages of The buildings are ranked with effective risk mitigation, Retrofitting and respect to some criteria, such as household capacity, the number of it is required to Reconstruction Works include the relevant floors, distance to fault lines and stakeholders, and start the building’s location in a disaster Building Detection to work on the most plan. At the end of this stage, a prioritisation list is prepared for prioritised buildings in The scope of the seismic risk each sector. compliance with the mitigation of the priority public aforementioned criteria buildings covers the selected public The lists are submitted to the throughout the process. and cultural heritage structures World Bank by the IPCU, and such as schools, hospitals, used as reference data in the loan polyclinics, healthcare centres, agreements. social service and administrative buildings. The progress of the necessary works is monitored through these Further, it necessary to detect lists during the process. the buildings which were constructed before the release of In order to avoid any concern the “Regulation for the Buildings with respect to the prioritisation to be Constructed within the ranks of constructions, the Seismic Zones”. This regulation relevant institutions are involved was entered into force in 1998 and in the prioritisation studies, and updated in 2007. the rational criteria are applied in the preparations of the lists. The building detection starts Besides, it may become possible with the participation of the to effectively mitigate the risks by Provincial Directorates of National early intervention on the top most Education, Security, Health, Social prioritised buildings. Services and the Higher Education Credit and Hostels Institution.

ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 49

Anchorage

Selection of Consultant Firms Seismic Analysis and Following the detection of Project Design building features, a construction Seismic analysis is defined as modelling is prepared with the use a study which calculates the Seismic (feasibility) analyses of engineering softwares in order response of the detected building are conducted by the selected to calculate the potential seismic structures, i.e. whose inventories engineering firms in accordance load on the structure. have been completed, to potential with the priority ranks of the earthquakes, and is used to buildings listed in the inventory. It may then be possible to measure determine the necessary structural the respond of the building to interventions. First of all, a building survey is potential earthquakes with the carried out for the structures results of the analyses. In order Seismic analyses are considered without any construction project. words, the results can show the as specialist, comprehensive and possibility or the extent of seismic long-term studies. Therefore, A building survey is comprised vulnerability. In case of a building the IPCU is responsible for the of all relevant features, including with high vulnerability, the selection of the relevant consultant not only structural system (i.e. necessary structural interventions firms for the analyses. conveyor system and framework), are taken in compliance with the but also architecture, mechanics relevant regulations. The specialist consultant firms and electrical system of buildings. are selected in compliance with Further, the proposed additions the purchasing procedures of the An investigation of ground of structural elements are visually World Bank, the international conditions is performed to detect created on engineering softwares competition standards and the ground parameters. In order to to observe the changes on seismic methodologies based on quality- determine rebar spacing and the vulnerability. On condition that cost selection by tender offers. class of iron, a concrete sample the respond of the building to an The local, international or joint is taken, and an analysis with earthquake reaches its required venture engineering companies ferroscan detector is carried out. level, the next stage would be participate in tender offers. It the cost management. Assuming may also be possible to transfer After all, the ground parameters that the cost of the structural the knowledge and experience of along with the material and intervention model is too high, a international firms to Turkey. structural features of the building decision is taken to demolish and are identified. re-construct the building.

50 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The cost benchmark for The project details regarding the In compliance with the minimum retrofitting is based on over technical conformity and the design standards established by the a 40% of the reconstruction affordability for retrofitting works Ministry of National Education, cost of a building with are finalised by the consultants, a preliminary design is prepared, the same dimensions. It is and the necessary actions for and submitted to the school technically possible to carry construction are immediately administration and the Provincial out reconstruction works for all taken. It is then possible to and District Directors of National buildings. However, this method move the planning stage for risk Education. Following a revision is implemented to make the mitigation without losing time. on the proposed design according works more affordable. to the feedbacks, the next stage In case that, based on the results, would be the implementation of The comprehensive seismic a decision is taken to reconstruct the project. analyses may take long a building, a call for tender periods, i.e. 8 to 12 months, is made to select a different The time allocated for a under the responsibility of the specialist consultant firm to be reconstruction project may vary consultant firms. The analyses responsible for the reconstruction from building to building. For are submitted in the form of design. The tender process is instance, school reconstructions technical reports after their similar to the afore-mentioned typically take 6 months. Considering approval from the expert ones, and the selected firms are hospitals, it appears that their researchers of the universities, expected to prepare the designs in current physical status is far below including the Istanbul Technical collaboration. than the required standards. University, the Bogazici University and the Middle-East After this, the due diligence of Therefore, it is necessary to Technical University. the buildings is conducted. As demolish and re-construct an example, a due diligence of a some large hospitals in order to In addition, some parts of school includes a detailed review eliminate their disadvantageous the studies are assessed by of physical features, the number conditions, such as inconvenient the international consultants of students and classrooms, patient rooms, insufficient working with the IPCU, and mechanical and electrical ventilation systems and improper the IPCU’s construction infrastructure along with the sterile and non-sterile areas. engineers. In order to move to requests of the school managers. the next stage, the studies must be approved by all relevant authorities.

ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 51

The design process of hospital In the course of some stages, the For this reason, the works may reconstructions generally take representatives give presentations be extended over the semesters, longer. The consultant firm is to the Ministry of Health in and the students are required primarily required to conduct Ankara. The workflow progresses to temporarily continue their a status and needs assessment through a project management education in a nearby school in followed by an operational based on the participation of all line with the schedules of the planning. stakeholders. Provincial Directorate for National Education. In case that there is The project design is developed in The time allocated for the project no convenient host school in the accordance with the requests of the design of hospitals may vary, and region, the students are transferred relevant hospital authorities and it can take up to 1-1, 5 years to to another, and the transportation various experts, the limitations of finalise a comprehensive work in fees are paid by the relevant construction area, the minimum large hospitals. authorities. design criteria of the Ministry of Health, and the international Planning Similarly, there are different standards. The project progress solutions implemented for meetings are organized with the After the completion of seismic different institutional structures. participation of the representatives analyses, the next stage is the For instance, another building from the Health Department of the construction planning. The is rented, and the residents are Provincial Special Administration, planning stage is applicable for temporarily moved those places the Provincial Health Directorate, the buildings whose projects are in the course of the construction the hospital administration, the already ready for retrofitting, works conducted in the boarding relevant experts and the Technical and whose designs are ready for houses of the Social Services Department of the IPCU. The reconstruction. The affiliated Department. meetings take place every 2-3 public institutions are informed, weeks, and give the participants and an evacuation schedule is On the other hand, there is a the opportunity to exchange their prepared in consensus. Particular more complex procedure for views. attention is paid not to interrupt hospitals. In order to complete the the services of the public buildings projects without any interruption In this context, it is also necessary as much as possible. in healthcare services, the to highlight the importance construction works are divided of the medical experts of the It is observed that summer into stages in the hospitals with international firms. Their periods are not sufficient enough more than one building. knowledge and experience are to complete retrofitting and considered as a great value. reconstruction works in schools. 52 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The retrofitting works are carried Following the completion of the The controversial issues regarding out in some parts of the buildings, new buildings in the feasible areas the building lands are solved and thereby the services are of the premises, the healthcare with the participation of various rendered in the other parts. services are transferred to the new institutions invited by the IPCU. As soon as the newly retrofitted units, and the old buildings are units are open to public, the left demolished and reconstructed All issues with respect to ones will be under construction. in compliance with the project the development rights and design. annotations of land sites, The most challenging projects are including the expropriation of the reconstruction of the large The necessary efforts are given private properties, integration or hospitals even unable to close some not only in the planning of the separation of different parcels, the of their units. construction works, but also lands belonged to the public way or to enhance the functionality of the existence of occupied lands, are It is possible to carry out a the hospital premises, and its resolved at this stage. construction work in the three compliance with the regional largest hospitals in Istanbul (i.e. features. After achieving the most Kartal, Göztepe and Okmeydanı favourable conditions, it becomes Training and Research Hospitals), There are numerous important possible to proceed to the last where there is a free area, e.g. car factors taken into account at the stage, that is, the call for tenders park, within the premises. stages of both project design and for constructions. planning. These are the hospital’s However, even the planning environment, infrastructure, Apart from large hospital projects, of such construction works transportation access, traffic, the scope of tenders does not cover requires expertise in the relevant energy efficiency, opportunities for merely the building structure. field due to the hospitals’ hectic vulnerable patients and impacts Different tender packages are environment, and the patients still on the region. Therefore, it is listed by considering various being treated in the other units of intended to construct hospitals factors, such as the square meter of the same building. which will be able to operate in buildings, construction costs and long-term. There are also instances location. in which it becomes unlikely to start construction works without solving the problems related with the building land. These issues are addressed at the stage of planning. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 53

Reconstruction Site Visit

As a recent example, the The tender notices can be followed In order to get through the retrofitting projects for 40 schools from the releases of the World projects, it is deemed necessary in 2013 summer have gone out to Bank or the European Investment to keep the criteria regarding the tender with 6-8 different packages. Bank. Apart from the local firms turnover and work completion in Turkey, there are various capacity of the firms high. On the other hand, considering the international firms from the USA, large-scale of hospital projects, it Japan, New Zealand, Italy and Another reason for selecting large- is possible to go out to tender for Spain participating to the bidding scale firms is that their quality merely 1 or 2 hospital buildings. process. of work, financial status and organization capacity are better Selection of Inspectors and The joint ventures with local than their small-scale equals. Contractors and international firms are also welcomed in order to effectively For example, the contractors Following the planning process raise the knowledge transfer from are expected to have a previous based on a participatory approach, international organizations to experience in a similar-scale the relevant firms to be responsible the country, and to enhance the hospital construction, and it is for the projects are selected. quality of works. necessary to keep the bar high in the reconstruction of large The contractors that will carry out The tender process is built on hospitals. the construction works, and the a transparent and competitive consulting firms as independent environment, and there are In addition, rather than the inspectors are decided by the IPCU different criteria applied in the personal experience, the in compliance with the purchasing selection of consulting firms and institutional work experience of procedures of the World Bank, contractors. the contractors is considered as and the international competition valid. standards. Ultimately, the firm which offers the lowest price and meets the In consideration of the consulting required qualifications with the firms, the technical competence necessary documents, wins the is graded out of 80%, and the contract. financial capacity out of 20%. 54 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Additional Works on the Retrofitted Buildings in compliance with the Regulations

• Installation of Natural Gas Heating System • Thermal sheathing, • Central Heating System Improvement • Changing the Roof, • Changing boilers • Maintenance and Painting • Electrical Installation Improvement • Installation of Lighting Conductor • Drainage • Placement of handicapped toilets • Installation of insulated glazing

Whereas it is important to The quality of construction work Preparation and Informing select big contractor firms to is also improved on condition that achieve good quality of work, the the firms with high knowledge The managers responsible for the experience, technical capacity and experience are selected as building are regularly informed and human resources are the inspectors. about the construction work priority criteria in the selection of schedule prepared in collaboration consulting firms. In line with the procedures of with the IPCU and the relevant the tender process, the firms institutions at the stage of As an example, with regard to the conducting seismic analyses may planning. tender packages for schools, the be assigned as inspectors in their consulting firms are informed own or another firm’s retrofitting The managers and school about the expected organizational project. administration begin the necessary structure. preparations and the evacuation Otherwise, a new firm which has plans of the buildings to be Therefore, the minimum not participated in the previous retrofitted or reconstructed. number of the staff including stages of the project could be project managers, engineers and assigned as a consultant. The construction works in schools technicians are determined in line and dormitories that are closed with the scope of tender packages, In the reconstruction projects, the during summer vacations are and the offers are evaluated by designer consultant can also act as scheduled to be completed as soon taking the firm’s organizational an inspector firm. as the academic year ends. structure into account. However, the selection procedure In case of any delay, there are Similar with the selection is different in the large-scale alternative solutions including the procedure of contractors, the hospital projects. student transfer or renting another previous experience in the relevant The architecture of hospitals building, to be arranged at the field is considered as an asset for is considered more important, stage of planning. the consulting firms. and thereby the expert designer consultants are different from the In other words, the more inspector firms. experience a firm has, the more technical score it may receive. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 55

Briefing for School Managers

In order to inform the relevant Retrofitting and Furthermore, the recent public communities, and manage Reconstruction Works regulations, such as the the retrofitting and reconstruction Regulation on Fire Protection works effectively, the Provincial Initially, the principal objective and Energy Performance, are Directorate of National Education of ISMEP was the seismic risk considered important to fulfil in Istanbul organizes information mitigation of the priority public the shortcomings of the existing and awareness-raising events along buildings. However, as the buildings. They appear to be useful with social counselling workshops. project has progressed, different in terms of cost-effectiveness and These events take place not only interventions such as structural safety. in the schools under construction, retrofitting and renovations have but also in the other host school. been included. The solutions are determined at These trainings are intended the stage of reconstruction design to inform all stakeholders (i.e. Based on a participatory approach, in order to achieve the intended school managers, parents, teachers the requests, the needs and objectives. and students) affiliated with the the recommendations of all retrofitting works. stakeholders have been taken The concerns related with the into account in the course of the retrofitting works, and the needs At the end of the trainings, an retrofitting and reconstruction of the buildings are evaluated, assessment study related with projects. To illustrate, the schools and all or some parts of the the activities is carried out to get which do not conform to the above-mentioned works could be feedback from students, teachers minimum design standards preferred. and parents. stated by the Ministry of National Education, have been renovated. Following the evacuation of The results and the feedbacks are There are also similar examples buildings, the works are started taken into consideration, and the in which the hospitals have been under the responsibility of the necessary measures are identified designed in accordance with contractors and the consulting in order to resolve the problems. the standards of the Ministry of firms selected during the tender Health. In consideration of seismic process. risk mitigation, the regulations regarding the buildings to be There are also particular constructed on the earthquake challenges of the construction zones are the key elements of the works started in an intensive built- projects. up area.

56 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The principal aim of Challenges of Retrofitting and To a certain extent, it may be inspection system is not Reconstruction Works possible to examine the basic to use it a method for structural system of a building in punishment, but rather It may be difficult for the use in the course of the seismic as a system to avoid contractors to find free slots analyses for the retrofitting the mistakes before to establish construction site projects. However, the building’s facilities, such as the places for system can be thoroughly analysed they happen. storage, construction material with the onset of constructions. preparation, and the residence areas for the workers. There are instances in which the results of the seismic analyses The retrofitting and reconstruction are different from the authentic works of the public buildings structure of the building. In case require detailed planning of this, the seismic analyses are re- compared to the common done, and necessary revisions are constructions. Therefore, it made in the main project. may be necessary to develop problem- specific solutions for The logistics difficulties the challenges encountered in the are common notably in the construction site. reconstruction works conducted in the dense population areas. Considering the locations of the construction sites which are It becomes also difficult to bring founded next to the buildings in construction materials and use (e.g. the construction site of equipments to the site, and to carry hospitals), additional measures the soil removal works and the need to be taken to provide the debris to the dump sites located safety of people, neighbourhoods, in the distant regions of Istanbul patients and tourists within the because of the unfavourable road surrounding area. conditions. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 57

Retrofitting Work

Moreover, it may not always be The inspector firms selected for The quality of the projects are possible for the trucks to carry the retrofitting projects may have significantly improved by the construction material and soil previous experience in seismic sample room tests, and the analysis removal works to the site at all analyses or not. On the other conducted by the independent hours of the day and night. hand, the designer firms in the laboratories. The materials used reconstruction projects also take at each stage in the construction Thus, it is necessary to receive part in inspections. site, and the issues reported by the permission from the relevant consulting firm are validated. As authorities in order to determine In large-scale hospital projects, an example, the samples of iron the working hours of the trucks. the designers and inspectors are used in construction are regularly selected from different firms. sent for analysis. The challenges are overcome with the collaboration between the Inspector firms are responsible for The projects are not allowed to IPCU and both the consulting the monitoring of the materials proceed without any approval. firms and the contractors. used by the contractors, and their Ultimately, the buildings with activities in the construction sites. Apart from the necessary analyses, less seismic vulnerability can be Additionally, the technical team sample rooms are arranged in constructed. of the IPCU regularly visits the order to validate the quality of site, and becomes a part of the construction materials. Inspections inspection process. Before using any construction In the course of construction The IPCU is also responsible for material, the contractors are inspections, the IPCU is obliged to the monitoring of the consulting obliged to submit three samples select consulting firms by tender firms. of each material to the consulting offer as stated in the legislation of firm. The materials complied with the World Bank. An independent The principal aim of inspection the technical specifications are inspection mechanism is system is not use it a method for approved by the consulting firm. implemented to monitor the punishment, but rather as a system contractors and report the to avoid the mistakes before they inspections to the relevant happen. authorities. This mechanism is more preferable than to assign only one organization for the whole project. 58 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Emine and Hasan Aytaçman Elementary School (Reconstruction Completed)

After the approval, a sample of Completion of the Project It is expected from the authorities the relevant material is analysed that any observed deficiencies in the sample room established The completion of the contractor’s should be communicated to the in the construction site. At the work is not sufficient to hand the authorities within the one-year further stages, the other materials building to its users. period. are compared with the samples in this room, and might be tested if The consulting firms carry out The one-year duration is necessary. Only after its validation, some tests before the handing- considered as a warranty period, the material can be used in the over, and the equipments such the contractor responsible for the construction. as electrical and natural gas construction work is required to installations are delivered to the fulfil the deficiencies. Apart from the standard controls relevant authorities. during the construction, the At the end of this period, the improved or newly installed All relevant documents including buildings without any deficiencies central heating, water, electrical the user manuals and the are received their permanent wiring, natural gas and ventilation warranties of installations, approval by the consulting firm. systems are tested before using, removable materials and and delivered after their approval. equipments are submitted to the users. The independent inspection mechanism under the In addition, the necessary responsibility of the consulting instructions are hanged on the firms continues from the walls, and some workshops are beginning of the retrofitting or organized to train the staff about reconstruction works to the final how to use these systems. approval of the buildings. On condition that there is nothing found to interrupt the services of that building, the consulting firm gives the temporary approval. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 59

Retrofitting and Reconstruction Implementations

The Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works of the IPCU (The Number of the Buildings)

PUBLIC BUILDINGS PUBLIC BUILDINGS PUBLIC BUILDINGS PUBLIC BUILDINGS TYPE OF BUILDING (RETROFITTING (RETROFITTING (RECONSTRUCTION (RECONSTRUCTION COMPLETED) ONGOING) COMPLETED) ONGOING)

SCHOOLS 640 39 152 34

HOSPITALS 29 7 1 1

CLINICS 50 9 2 - ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS 38 1 1 9 DORMITORIES 20 5 - 7

SOCIAL S. BUILDINGS 16 - 6 -

TOTAL 793 61 162 51 60 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The Retrofitting Works in Educational Buildings The Reconstruction Works in Educational Buildings

TOTAL NUMBER OF BUILDINGS 679 TOTAL NUMBER OF BUILDINGS 327

COMPLETED 640 COMPLETED 152

ON-GOING 39 ON-GOING 34

IN BIDDING PROCESS - IN BIDDING PROCESS 141

OTHER - OTHER -

THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS 732.374 THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS 369.651

TOTAL NUMBER OF CLASSROOMS 13.727 TOTAL NUMBER OF CLASSROOMS 6.414

TOTAL AREA OF CONSTRUCTION SITE 1.932.408 m2 TOTAL AREA OF CONSTRUCTION SITE 1.126.568 m2

TOTAL COST 361.643.756 TL TOTAL COST 726.454.269 TL

It has been possible to Educational Buildings In the reconstructed schools, it is create projects which stated that the student capacity has protect our economy, Within the scope of ISMEP, 567 approximately increased 1, 7 fold, history, environment and schools have been retrofitted and the number of classrooms has historic fabric. In the against earthquakes, and 148 increased 1, 8 fold compared to the retrofitted schools, this schools have been demolished and previous figures. has been achieved with re-constructed from the academic year of 2007 to 2012-2013. Furthermore, as stated by the the improvements in Ministry of National Education, mechanical installation, Currently, 40 schools are still the student capacity in a classroom electrical wiring and has been limited to (max.) 30 thermal sheathing. In the under retrofitting, and 27 schools are under reconstruction. students with single-grade reconstructed schools, education in some of the schools. there are other practises Throughout the construction It has been possible to create such as the building works, the students have projects which protect our design preserving the temporarily been moved to economy, history, environment historic fabric, solar another school in order not to and historic fabric. In the energy systems based interrupt their studies. retrofitted schools, this has been on energy efficiency achieved with the improvements in and the use of exposed Upon the completion of these mechanical installation, electrical concrete without projects, more than 1, 1 million wiring and thermal sheathing. colouration. students safely will continue their In the reconstructed schools, studies in their own schools. there are other practises such as the building design preserving The scope of the retrofitting and the historic fabric, solar energy reconstruction works does not only systems based on energy efficiency cover structural retrofitting, but and the use of exposed concrete also renovations and improving without colouration. the existing capacity of buildings. All of these achievements have enabled the students to continue their studies in a safer environment, and apparently are considered as the factors which have increased the quality of education. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 61

“Kocatepe Elementary School” (Reconstruction Completed) 62 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Prioritisation Criteria for Schools

NO CRITERIA SCORE

1 ACCESSIBILITY IN CASE OF A DISASTER (x0.10) 10

ACCESSIBILITY RISKS (BETWEEN) 0-100

2 TECHNICAL FEATURES OF THE BUILDING (x0.40) 40

YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT (X0.20)

(A)BEFORE 1965 (100) BETWEEN 1965-1980 (60) (C) AFTER 1980 (40)

THE NUMBER OF FLOORS (X0.20) (A) > 5 FLOORS(100) (B) 3-4 FLOORS (60) (C) 1-2 FLOORS (20) (40)

3 DISTANCE TO CENTER-RADIUS (x0.10) 10

DISTANCE TO FAULT LINE >20KM. (40)

DISTANCE TO FAULT LINE <20KM. (100)

4 IMPORTANCE IN THE DISASTER PLAN (STRATEGICAL LOCATION) (X0.10) 10

5 NUMBER OF STUDENTS (X0.20) 20

NUMBER OF STUDENTS BETWEEN 0-500 (30)

NUMBER OF STUDENTS BETWEEN 500-1000 (60)

1000 STUDENTS OR ABOVE (100)

6 WORKING HOURS(X0.10) 10

HALF DAY (60)

FULL DAY (100)

TOTAL 100 ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 63

“İhsan Hayriye Hürdoğan Elemantary School” (Retrofitting Completed) 64 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The Retrofitted and Reconstructed Educational Buildings

Sarıyer 13 Çatalca 2 Arnavutköy 9 Eyüp 20

Kağıthane 23 Sultangazi 13 Şişli Gaziosmanpaşa 21 12 Beşiktaş Bayrampaşa 17 Başakşehir 6 Esenler 14 Beyoğlu 15 14 Bağcılar 37 Esenyurt 12 Güngören 18 44

Bahçelievler 28 Fatih Zeytinburnu 17 Silivri 2 35 Avcılar 18 Büyükçekmece 13 Küçükçekmece 22 Beylikdüzü 4 Bakırköy ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 65

Within the scope of ISMEP’s B Component, 792 schools located in the 39 districts of Istanbul have been either retrofitted or demolished and then reconstructed to become more resistant to earthquake forces since 2013. The schools have been re-opened to the use of 1,102,025 students and teachers. A construction area of 3,058,976 m2 have been completed in total.

2 Şile

25 Beykoz

Çekmeköy 4

25 Ümraniye

54 Üsküdar 15 Sancaktepe

Ataşehir 32 11 Sultanbeyli 47 Kadıköy

31 Maltepe

43 Kartal 50 Pendik Adalar 1 20 Tuzla 66 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The Retrofitting Works in Hospitals The Reconstruction Works in Hospitals

TOTAL NUMBER OF BUILDINGS 44 TOTAL NUMBER OF BUILDINGS 17

COMPLETED 29 COMPLETED 2

ON-GOING 7 ON-GOING 6

IN BIDDING PROCESS 6 IN BIDDING PROCESS 3

OTHER 2 OTHER 6

TOTAL BED 2.154 TOTAL BED CAPACITY 3.839

DAILY OUTPATIENT 20.855 DAILY OUTPATIENT 20.412

TOTAL CONSTRUCTION AREA 217.685 m2 TOTAL CONSTRUCTION AREA 884.598 m2

TOTAL COST 143.568.498 TL TOTAL COST 1.300.000.000 TL

Healthcare Buildings In some of the reconstructed Within the scope of ISMEP’s hospitals, it will be possible to retrofitting, maintenance and (Hospitals, Polyclinic and Family generate a significant amount of replenishment project, the Health Centres) electricity through a trigeneration Marmara University Training and system powered by natural gas. It Research Hospital has become one In case of a potential disaster in is also intended to heat and cool of the world’s biggest hospitals Istanbul, it is crucial for hospitals the buildings with the use of waste improved the same technology. and other healthcare institutions heat generated by the same system. to render services. Further, Göztepe and Kartal Some of ISMEP’s investments As a result of ISMEP’s works Training and Research Hospitals in healthcare facilities are as aimed to preserve healthcare are the first three healthcare follows: Umraniye Paediatric and facilities from potential damages, facilities, which have applied for Maternity Hospital, Kartal Lütfi 31 buildings have been retrofitted U.S. Green Building Council’s Kırdar Training and Research or demolished and then LEED Certification. The buildings Hospital, Okmeydanı Training reconstructed. On the other hand, with this certification are approved and Research Hospital, Göztepe 9 buildings are still retrofitting or as Green Buildings which has a Training and Research Hospital under reconstruction. healthy and environmentally- and Marmara University Training friendly atmosphere, is more and Research Hospital. ISMEP has Similar with the other public economical in terms of put its signature under important buildings, energy efficiency operating costs and achieve high developments in health sector with is achieved through the performance compared to the these projects. improvements in mechanical common structures. installation and electrical wiring, After the completion of all thermal sheathing, the use of There won’t be any service projects, it is expected to reach photoelectric taps. interruptions in case of an 923.1 m² total area and 3,736 beds. earthquake with the use of “seismic isolation” technology in both retrofitted and reconstructed buildings. Therefore, the vital healthcare services are able to be rendered during and after a disaster without interruption. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 67

Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital Project 68 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Retrofitted or Reconstructed Polyclinics/Family Health Centres

TOTAL NUMBER OF BUILDINGS 61

COMPLETED 47

ON-GOING 14

THE DAILY NUMBER OF OUTPATIENTS 22.523

TOTAL AREA OF CONSTRUCTION SITE 108.584 m2

TOTAL COST 46.356.621 TL

Prioritisation Criteria for Hospitals

NO CRITERIA SCORE

1 ACCESSIBILITY IN CASE OF A DISASTER(x0,20) 20

ACCESSIBILITY BY AIR (X 0,05) (YES)-100 (NO)-0

2 TECHNICAL FEATURES OF THE BUILDING (x0,20) 20

ESTABLISHED AFTER 1980 (40)

ESTABLISHED BEFORE 1980 (100)

3 DISTANCE TO CENTER-RADIUS (x0,10) 10

DISTANCE TO FAULT LINE >20KM. (40)

DISTANCE TO FAULT LINE <20KM. (100)

4 IMPORTANCE IN THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN(STRATEGICAL LOCATION)* (X0,40) 40

5 CAPACITY (BED) (X0,10) 10

0-100 YATAK (30)

100-500 BEDS (60)

500 BEDS OR MORE (100)

TOTAL 100

Prioritisation Criteria for District Polyclinics

NO CRITERIA SCORE

1 DISTANCE TO CENTER-RADIUS (x0.20) 20

DISTANCE TO FAULT LINE >20KM. (40)

DISTANCE TO FAULT LINE <20KM. (100)

2 IMPORTANCE IN THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN (STRATEGICAL LOCATION)* (X0,50) 50

3 THE POPULATION RENDERED SERVICE (X0.30) 30

0-100 PEOPLE (30)

100-500 PEOPLE (60)

500 PEOPLE OR ABOVE (100)

TOTAL 100 ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 69

Levent District Polyclinic (Reconstruction Completed) 70 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Retrofitted and Reconstructed Healthcare Buildings

Sarıyer 4 Çatalca 2 Arnavutköy 1 Eyüp 2

Kağıthane 1 Sultangazi 1

Gaziosmanpaşa 1 1 Şişli Beşiktaş Bayrampaşa 2 Başakşehir 1 Esenler 2 Beyoğlu 6 1 Bağcılar 1 Güngören 1 2

Bahçelievler 4 Fatih Zeytinburnu 1 Silivri 8 1

Büyükçekmece 1 Küçükçekmece 3 Beylikdüzü 1 Bakırköy ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 71

Within the scope of ISMEP’s B Component, 85 healthcare facilities located in the 39 Districts of Istanbul have been either retrofitted or demolished and then reconstructed in order to become more resistant to earthquake forces in 2013.

3 Şile

8 Beykoz

2 Ümraniye

Ataşehir 4 2 Sultanbeyli 2 Kadıköy

6 Maltepe

5 Pendik

1 Tuzla 72 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Reconstruction Works in Administrative Buildings

TOTAL NUMBER OF BUILDINGS 92

COMPLETED 39

ON-GOING 10

PLANNED 4

OTHER 39

TOTAL AREA OF CONSTRUCTION SITE 209.027 m2

TOTAL COST 102.565.566 TL

As a part of ISMEP, Administrative The services will be rendered the establishment of Buildings without interruption because the two command and technological infrastructure of the control centres which center will support the information As another part of the service of the Provincial Disaster will support each other reconstruction and retrofitting have been planned. and Emergency Directorate and works, 39 public buildings the other command and control The construction of have been either retrofitted or center still under construction. Hasdal Command and reconstructed. Control Center has The Akfırat Disaster and been completed, and On the other hand, 10 public Logistics Centre, which is under equipped with state-of- buildings are still retrofitting or construction in Istanbul’s Tuzla art technology. under reconstruction. District, has also the capacity As a part of ISMEP, the to operate without interruption establishement of two command thanks to its generators with back- and control centres which will ups. The center has also fuel tanks support each other have been with four-day fuel capacity. planned. The construction of Hasdal Command and Control The other administrative Center has been completed, buildings whose retrofitting and and equipped with state-of-art maintenance works have been technology. completed within the ISMEP are as follows: provincial and The center is not only easily district police headquarters, accessible by road and air, but police academies, central police also has a communication authorities, public security branch and information technology offices and government offices. infrastructure with 500 staff capacity.

ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 73

Pendik District Police Headquarter (Retrofitting Completed)

Prioritisation Criteria for Administrative Buildings

NO CRITERIA SCORE

1 TECHNICAL FEATURES OF THE BUILDING (x0.20) 20

ACCESSIBILITY RISKS BETWEEN 0-100

2 TECHNICAL FEATURES OF THE BUILDING (x0.40) 40

YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT (X0.10)

(A) BEFORE 1965 (100) (B) BETWEEN1965-1980 (60) (C) AFTER 1980 (40)

NUMBER OF FLOORS (X0.10) (A) > 5 FLOORS (100) (B) 3-4 FLOORS (60) (C) 1-2 FLOORS (20) (20)

3 DISTANCE TO CENTER-RADIUS (x0.10) 10

DISTANCE TO FAULT LINE >20KM. (40)

DISTANCE TO FAULT LINE <20KM. (100)

4 IMPORTANCE IN THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN (STRATEGICAL LOCATION) (X0.50) 50

5 NUMBER OF STAFF (X0.10) 10

0-50 (30)

50-200 (60)

MORE THAN 200 (100)

6 WORKING HOURS (X0.10) 10

8 HOURS (60)

MORE THAN 8 HOURS (100)

TOTAL 100 74 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Retrofitted or Reconstructed Dormitories and Social Service Buildings

TOTAL NUMBER OF BUILDINGS 51

COMPLETED 38

ON-GOING 6

PLANNED 7

THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS 11.793

TOTAL AREA OF CONSTRUCTION SITE 299.634 m2

TOTAL COST 91.808.454 TL

Atatürk Dormitory Dormitories and Social The Ataturk Dormitory is one of Campus located in Service Building the prominent student residences Istanbul’s Zeytinburnu thanks to its accessibility to District, is one of the various universities in this region. Up to date, 20 dormitories and Considering its location, the prominent student 38 social service buildings have residences thanks dormitory can also be used as a been either retrofitted against shelter in case of an earthquake. to its accessibility to earthquakes or reconstructed various universities within the scope of ISMEP. In the course of the construction, in this region. the state-of –art fire protection Considering its The construction works in the systems have been installed, and location, the dormitory Atatürk Dormitory is still on- the necessary interventions have can also be used as a going. been done to use renewable energy shelter in case of an sources in compliance with the earthquake. Known as Istanbul’s biggest building code. The dormitory is dormitory, the construction being constructed in accordance works in the Atatürk Dormitory with the national and international located in Zeytinburnu District green building standards. is expected to be finished within the year of 2014. The dormitory will have a capacity of 3500 students. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 75

Zeytinburnu Ataturk Dormitory for Girls (Reconstruction Ongoing) 76 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

The Prioritisation Criteria for Dormitories and Social Service Buildings

NO CRITERIA SCORE

1 ACCESSIBILITY IN CASE OF A DISASTER (x0.10) 10

ACCESSIBILITY RISKS BETWEEN 0-100

2 TECHNICAL FEATURES OF THE BUILDING (x0.40) 40

YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT (X0.20)

(A)BEFORE 1965 (100) (B) BETWEEN 1965-1980 (60) (C) AFTER 1980 (40)

THE NUMBER OF FLOORS (X0.20) (A) > 7 FLOORS (100) (B) 4-6 FLOORS (60) (C) 1-3 FLOORS (20)

3 DISTANCE TO CENTER-RADIUS(x0.10) 10

DISTANCE TO FAULT LINE >20KM. (40)

DISTANCE TO FAULT LINE <20KM. (100)

4 IMPORTANCE IN THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN (STRATEGICAL LOCATION) (X0.15) 15

5 NUMBER OF STUDENTS OF PEOPLE (X0.25) 25

0-500 STUDENTS (30)

500-1000 STUDENTS (60)

1000 STUDENTS OR ABOVE (100)

TOTAL 100 ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 77

Kadırga Dormitory (Retrofitting Completed) 78 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Recently, 176 buildings Cultural Heritage The database including the including 26 structures Buildings archives related with the Ottoman (e.g. the Topkapı and Empire has been delivered by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Yıldız Palace) have been The works related with the examined and saved into historical and cultural heritage a special data base. The database which is comprised within the scope of ISMEP’s B of many searchable illustrations, component, and the inventories photos, analyses upload by and seismic analyses of the different organizations is accessible buildings in Istanbul under the to universities, institutions, authority of the Ministry of organizations and other users. Culture and Tourism have been accomplished. The earthquake vulnerability performance of the main and In accordance with the data, the additional buildings of the preparations of some buildings’ Archaeological Museum, the Hagia retrofitting projects have been Irene, and the Mecidiye Mansion included within the scope. has been completed. A retrofitting project against earthquakes has The main stages of the project is been developed for each building. comprised of literature review, field study, restitution plan, seismic These three buildings with risk analyses, risk mitigation different structural typologies are measurements and the use of expected to present as an example GIS (Geographical Information for future works. Systems) databases.

Recently, 176 buildings including 26 structures (e.g. the Topkapı and Yıldız Palace) have been examined and saved into a special data base.

ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 79

The Mecidiye Mansion within the Topkapı Palace (Retrofitting Completed) 80 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Beylerbeyi Palace ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 81

Conclusions and Gains 82 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Conclusions and Gains

“Study for Providing As part of the project, a majority containing all the stakeholders, Information, Awareness of the goals set for the retrofitting with a vast accumulation of and Social Guidance in and reconstruction works running knowledge ranging from building Schools” was initiated in since 2006 has been achieved by construction works to the social cooperation with IPCU 2013. guidance leg of the project, and Istanbul Provincial enhanced together with all Buildings secured through stakeholders as part of the project. Directorate of National component works stand out as At this juncture, IPCU and its Education in order to future-oriented investments, stakeholder relations are a project support the Retrofitting while efforts for providing social featuring high work performance and Reconstruction guidance and information to with uncompromising work works psychologically and prospective residents are among principles and quality. sociologically. the other gains of the works. In stakeholder relations, new During the works, informing both perspectives were gained thanks the employees of the consulting to national and international and constructing companies, partnerships and significant and the beneficiary groups about enhancements were made on work processes; transparency; the existing capacity. National increased technical capacity; and international examples were and experience gained in project examined to jointly create an up- management contribute greatly to-date literature about the works. to the qualification of project Consultants’ different opinions stakeholders to international and alternatives concerning the standards. construction system, construction element or any other subject were Sustaining its own development taken into consideration, best together with all of its practices in international and stakeholders, the project team national studies were implemented continues to provide its services at after being jointly selected and international standards. developed. ISMEP project has not only been an education and self- improvement process for IPCU, it has simply become an academy ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 83

Comparison of Expectations and Performance concerning the Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 92,8 90,0 89,2 89,1 87,1 87,9 87,3 83,8 81,5 80,5 65,8 54,6 50,4 49,8 48,0 46,1 44,0 40,5 38,2 39,3

Allocation Being Support Being given Being informed Provision of Provision Being informed Being informed Being of classes to informed in for shuttle enough by an authority space for of space about the in writing informed students, in time services notice for storing school for storing additional regularly the hosting preparation furniture materials such responsibilities during school as pinboard arising from the operations transfer 2009 Expectation Performance

In the project, examples examined Social Guidance Study At the end of the research, under the leadership of an expert it was revealed that for the staff were compared with the participators, allocation of classes demands and opinions of the The operations conducted to students and provision of timely site’s user then a joint design was necessitated to inform students, information were on the top in created. teachers, school administration terms of importance. and parents. Projects were based on shared These are followed by the transport wisdom that provided maximum To this end, the Governorship of children by shuttles driving benefit, rather than on of Istanbul conducted Impact them to and from school, as the individualistic approaches. Assessment for the Study on third most important need. In the project, all stakeholders Retrofitting and Improvement were consulted and a collective of Schools primarily on Depending on these items effort was made to put forth the parents, teachers and school determined in light of these right project. administration, together with an studies conducted in 2009, steps independent research company were taken promptly to meet Knowledge and experience of in 2009 to assess the expectations these needs/expectations. Using the stakeholders working on from the retrofitting works. the solution offers developed for international good practice the expectations in question, the examples and standards were In the research, expectations “Study for Providing Information, utilized to incorporate national were listed in the following order: Awareness and Social Guidance stakeholders and provide them allocation of classes to students, in Schools” was initiated in with information, skills and being informed by an authority in cooperation with IPCU and experience. time, being given enough notice Istanbul Provincial Directorate of for preparation, provision of space National Education to support the for storing school furniture, being Retrofitting and Reconstruction informed about the additional works psychologically and responsibilities arising from the sociologically. transfer, being informed regularly during works, providing support in shuttle service. 84 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Assessment of Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 70,2 63,1 60,5 58,9 55,5 54,6 53,6 53,5 50,6 50,2 49,1 45,9 43,6 42,9 26,0 26,5 21,3 20,4

Sufficiency Satisfaction Overall Structural Satisfaction Satisfaction Degree of Risk for parents Risk of providing of the of children satisfaction conformity with the with trust towards and students education when information with the of the school transfer information the school in case of the existing provided hosting building to procedures provided about building earthquake, problems of school earthquake the project in case of in the current the school are regulations earthquake conditions of considered the school 2009 Expectation Performance

Social Guidance Study can Expectations prior to the Study Based on the assessment study determine how the retrofitting for Providing Information, conducted after the retrofitting works conducted in schools Awareness and Social Guidance in works performed in the schools that will be under risk in case Schools as well as the performance of parents, teachers and of an earthquake in Istanbul, assessment of the works conducted directors, it was observed that are perceived and assessed to meet these expectations are the school buildings become by the education personnel, given in the table above. As it is stronger, that they will not stakeholders and parents, while understood here, the research collapse during an earthquake aiming individuals to assess these reveals that approximately 50% of and that children are safe. operations in return. the expectations were met. Accordingly, in the 2010 school With the study, all parties that This research was conducted both term, 49.1% of the parents will be directly affected by on schools that were subject to display their trust to school the retrofitting works (school retrofitting and on those that were buildings after the retrofitting administration, parents, teachers, not. and improvement works, by an students) are informed. Thus, a increase of 6.2%. guidance study is provided taking As a result of the interviews and into account the possible social surveys carried out before and This increase in the positive and psychological experiences of after the retrofitting, with parents, values shed light on the fact students, who will continue their students, teachers, directors, and that the reliability of the works education in another school. technical personnel taking part increased. in the retrofitting, it was revealed that people’s views about the retrofitting changed positively, as it can be seen in the table on the next page. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 85

In the Social Guidance Study, Information is Given on the Following Topics • What is retrofitting? • Why is it important to retrofit our school? • How is the decision to undertake retrofitting made? • How will our school be retrofitted against earthquakes? • Why is our school being retrofitted? • How many months will the works continue? • What is the main purpose of retrofitting works? • Will education be interrupted? • Which procedures are applied on buildings • How can we support our children? through retrofitting?

Social Effects of As it can be understood from Psychological Effects Retrofitting and this analysis, those who rather of Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works associate retrofitting with pyhsical Reconstruction Works circumstances and think that it is performed starting from According to the results of the the foundation up, describe the In the first stage of retrofitting, research conducted to assess the buildings as “resistant” or “strong”. it was observed that parents and perception towards retrofitting In the eyes of students, school administration in almost schools against a possible retrofitting the building and all schools made efforts to improve earthquake in Istanbul, retrofitting making it more resistant against schools’ appearance. refers, as a positive concept, to earthquakes created quite a turning a nonresistant object into positive affect, as well. Although transfer of children a resistant one, fortifying a weak studying in the schools to be object, taking precautions against For some students, the retrofitting retrofitted to other schools as earthquakes, giving a form, and process caused problems and guests created negative effects in repairing/renovating. inconveniences since their existing the beginning, it was observed that schedule, class arrangement and afterwards the students had more People who approach retrofitting transportation were disrupted; for trust in the physical structure of from its negative aspects, on others, going to another school as the building and that they felt the other hand, consider the guests was described as a change more comfortable under that roof. retrofitting and reconstruction and novelty, and an enjoyable works as disruption of the existing process. In addition, the thought of these order and as being away from works being conducted as a school, with the retrofitting Furthermore, it was revealed that precaution for earthquakes is process perceived as nothing other receiving education in a more effective in reducing concerns than repair/renovation or falling earthquake-resistant building about the physical structure of the behind classes. made it more bearable for some school. students to study in another school. 86 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Design Compatible with Historical Texture, Üskudar Mustafa Noyan Primary School

The thought that the building can Characteristics of Similar to other retrofitted and function as a shelter not only for Retrofitting and reconstructed schools, the capacity students but also for other people Reconstruction Works of Mustafa Noyan Primary School in times of disasters creates quite was increased as well. a positive effect on the attitude of especially primary school students Designs Compatible with Number of classrooms in the toward retrofitting. Historical Texture school was increased from 10 to 18, and its area of usage was increased Return of the students to their own Uskudar Mustafa Noyan Primary from 1600 m2 to 4000 m2. schools after the modifications are School was demolished and completed, with their guest status reconstructed as part of ISMEP’s Energy Efficient Smart School ended, reveals a new situation: B component since it carried high returning to a retrofitted school risk. Energy Efficient Smart School and studying under a more aims at encouraging new practices resistant roof, which reinforced Uskudar Mustafa Noyan Primary by raising awareness on energy students’ sense of trust. School is located on the same efficiency through sustainable street as Valide-i Atik Mosque and infrastructure systems, and on Social Complex built by Mimar energy production through natural Sinan in 1583. energy resources.

The school was recontructed with Kazım Karabekir Primary the project that was realized upon School was selected for the the approval of Cultural and implementation of the project, Natural Heritage Preservation which will be one of the important Board, and it was made physically examples in Turkey and in the compatible with today’s world, since it featured the conditions, while being compatible best equipped energy efficient with the historical texture in terms infrastructure among the schools of appearance. reconstructed as part of ISMEP together with Istanbul Project Coordination Unit (IPCU) and Istanbul Provincial Directorate of National Education. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 87

Energy Efficient Smart School, Bahçelievler Kazım Karabekir Primary School

An Energy Efficient Smart School At the end of the project, it is Thus, the attempt will be to (The Smartest School) is a school aimed to assess and share with invite the related institutions and that is equipped with energy the public the energy saving and organizations to live in an energy efficient infrastructure systems gain obtained from a primary efficient world and to show that an such as rainwater harvesting school which has energy efficient environment can be created which system, photoelectric faucets, infrastructure and is supported provides more healthy and efficient solenoid valves, thermostatic with systems producing energy resources for both agricultural radiator valves, condensing from natural resources. and commercial productions that boiler, air conditioning plants, will contribute to the country’s exterior coating, hydrophores For those who would like to keep economy. with frequency coverter for water themselves up-to-date with the pumps, circulation pumps with project, the amount of energy to be The project also aims at giving frequency converter, central stored by energy-storing Solar Tree individuals a sense of energy ventilation with variable flowrates, and solar panels can be followed efficiency and encourage for computer controlled building with a digital counter. creating energy efficiency in their automation system, energy own environment. efficient electrical connections. Through the counter, which can also be followed on Enakilliokul. As part of the Energy Efficient As part of the Energy Efficient org, it is aimed to sustain Smart School Project, trainings Smart School Project, a “Solar awareness on the contribution of are provided to school personnel, Tree” and solar panels producing energy efficiency by providing up- students and families on energy solar energy were installed to the to-date information on the amount efficiency and renewable energy. school’s roof and garden. of solar energy to be produced. Training manuals which were prepared by project experts and The Smartest School can thus save Another aim of the Energy professional instructors, and energy through its energy efficient Efficient Smart School Project contain practical information are infrastructure in addition to is to point out our country’s used during trainings, which take producing its energy by itself. geographical advantages in terms approximately three hours. of sustainable energy resources. 88 INTRODUCTION WORKS AROUND THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY ISMEP’S WORKS CONCLUSIONS AND GAINS

Dissemination and Continuity of Component B Studies

It is one of ISMEP’s In addition to the Retrofitting and The primary requirements of greatest desires that Reconstruction Works performed such an arrangement involves the experience gained as part of ISMEP’s B Component, establishing units that will plan throughout the project it is crucial to not limit the risk the characteristics of each city in can be shared and this assessment and inventory works accordance with the city’s specific knowledge lights the way conducted under the title of problems, taking into account Support for National Disaster the possible damage that city may for similar events. Work to Istanbul, they should suffer in case of a disaster, and will instead be extended to entire set up projects accordingly. Turkey so that we dwell in more earthquake-safe buildings and Furthermore, employing in also safeguard our historical and these units individuals who are cultural heritage. experienced in disaster preparation and disaster management and As part of the Safe Life Culture, have the necessary qualifications coordinated efforts for community will increase the efficiency of the trainings and reducing non- works; similarly, it is essential structural risks must be that the authorities in local sustained alongside the structural administrations who approve improvements discussed in this engineering-related plans are book, and a society-based disaster trained and appreciate the management approach must be importance of the issue. quickly adopted and extended in our country. In addition, Safe City Safe Life Trainings prove to be successful trainings that can be provided prior to urban transformation works to raise people’s awareness and to eliminate any question they may have on their minds concerning the necessity of these work. ISMEP GUIDE BOOKS RETROFITTING AND RECONSTRUCTION WORKS 89

Innovative methods, designs Extension of the work will prevent compatible with historical casualties, and it will surely texture, and practices increasing decrease economic loss in case the quality of education and of a disaster that occurs in a city health services noticeably, consisting of structurally resistant which have been introduced buildings. through the Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works as part Besides, service buildings which of ISMEP, set an example for the can continue their operations in local administrations or events case of a disaster can perform that may want to carry out similar crucial tasks in the chaos caused risk reduction work in their own by the disaster, and thus allow regions in the future. our society to recover from the negative effects of the disaster in a It is one of ISMEP’s greatest short time. aspirations that the experience gained throughout the project can be shared and this knowledge lights the way for similar events.

IPCU has received many requests from other municipalities of Istanbul and different parts of the country for the extension of the works carried out as part of ISMEP. However, extension of this project, which has reached its aim and is renowned for the deeds it has delivered, depends on the budgets allocated. 90

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Sözen, S., Piroğlu, F., Okay, N., Ünal, Y., Söylemez, T., (2001) “Zarar Azaltma Yöntemler, İTÜ Afet Yönetim Merkezi”, İTÜ Press Yayınları, İstanbul.

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