Rangeland Problems of the Kainji Lake Basin Area of * by J.S.O. AYm, M.Sc.(Nairobi), Ph.D.(Ibadan) Head, Wildlife Ecology andRange Management Division, Kainji Lake Research Institute, P.M.B. 666, New Bussa, Kwai a State, Nigeria.

(NRBDA). Surveys of wildlife populations within the INTRODUCTION the Lake Basin area of Nigeria Kainji Lake National Park area were carried out with V.pevelopments in the Kainji the coordination among several use of high-winged Cessna aircraft flying 300 m above Sarly.ind-using indicate agencies. the need The foragencies which are interested in ground. Similar aerial survey of livestock populations out between longitudes 40 and 5' East and i6e area include, primarily, the National Electricity was carried 0 in the Basin. The procedures rower Authority (NEPA), the River Basin latitudes 90 and 11 North census were similar to those evelopment Authority (NRBDA), the Kainji Lake adopted in the aerial (1980). Aerial surveyhours of esearchcal Government Institute Council(KLRI), through and, indirectly, the local farmersthe Borgu and livestockdescribed wasfor carriedthe Park out by for Ayeni 5days during the cool of late April 1980, just before the Fulanis commenced storalists. the Kainji Basin. There events leading to the establishment of the Kainji migration northwards away from The of early rains duri, , the period of ...droelectricity Lake have been described in detail by were scattered showers adjustment problems this survey. )lagunju (1972). The social and grazing reserves in establishment of the dam and the Information on the development of rttendant on the was presented by of human populations have been investi- the Kainji Lake Basin area (KLBA) Ifsplacementgted by Oyedipe (1980). The KLRI's Library at New Ayeni (1979), and information in that Technical Report improvement of stocks publications on the pre- was used as a basis for the discussions on Bussa currently within the Basin. tipoundment studies (lmevbore & Adegoke, 1975), as pasture and range conditions wk11 as reports on the successful resettlement of the splaced people, and on continuous monitorin- of OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS lpacts of the dam on plant and animal life withi.i the Physical and Agricultural Developments isin area. Fig. I shows the location of towns and major drainage I!Despite the fact that the resettlement programme in systems within the Basin area before the of the most w0 e4 00 kainji has often been referred to as one W.o iccessful known, two major aspects have been neglected. iese are: lack ofprovision of health-care facilities for the ' . G" !!settled people (Adekolu-John, 1979), and lack of adequate facilities for livestock and Fulani populations (yeni, 1979). Also, there was no separate agency charged A ,F *fth the overall development and planning activities Kobe da within the Basin. The latter shortcoming is already we3oI- Lo 1,30 reulting in over-fishing on the Lake (Ita, 1978), as there 'Y am no means of enforcing or regulating the number of t __._,_ tmhermen and the types of fishing-gear used. 9"a Objectives andScope". . N- o-,a yLThis paper is intended to present the picture of Kainji :Ake Basin as regards trends in land-use. It surveys the W.00 -0 /t,00 16cation and population of the livestock and large wild we:1 -pammalsM a ooccurring r woi.ewithin 50 km of the Lake,vntawith a view Fck-t u .. guidelines for the eventual es-P' tsuggesting possible the Fulanis and .0 K* tablisihment of permanent settlements for their stock. 4,'The paper seeks to highlight the predicament of Fulani ,3 ,.30 KEY Domads in the light of current land-use changes and ,,ns 4v4, developments. Suggestions are also sought for reducing -Ro -:ds;:_ , of conflict between the different users of land "ahills tie-Within areas the Basin area.

Ifraterialsand Methods -IUS J ZTrends in agricultural expansion and development in g.D . 51... the Basin Lrea were determined through discussion with 00 . . River Basin Development Authority teNiger F'o. I. Sketch-map showing'caionof townsandmajordrainage the impoundment of Kainji Lake. • See POSTSCRIPT on page 245.-Ed. systems before 239 in Switzerland. 1983 The Foundation for Environmental Conscrvation-Printed klkon,nntalconseration,Vol. 10, No. 3, Autumn 1983--o 240 Environmental Conservation impoundment of Kainji Dam. The western section Conflicts Between Farmers and Nomads between the River Niger and the Republic of is At present the Fulani cattle, . and goats, pass drained into the Lake by a series of rivers-mainly the through peasants' farms along the Lake. The Fulanis Rivers Doro, Timo, Menai, Swashi, and Kpan, situated graze their livestock on after-harvest residues such as north of the Kainji Dam. 3elow the dam the same section leaves of Guinea-corn (Sorghum vulgare), cotton, is drained into the River Niger by the Rivers Ohi and legumes, and other crops. During the grazing, the Moshi. As the Rivers Oli, Doro, Timo, and Menai, flow livestock droppings help to manure the peasants' farms. through Kainji Lake National Park (KLNP), most of Conflicts result when the Fulanis are not allowed free their lengths cannot be developed for agricultural and access to the farms--either because they arrive too early livestock uses. Only the Swashi River has a great potential from the north due to early drought, or when the Fulanis for irrigation agriculture, and for this purpose the are too late in returning from the south, by which time the NRBDA is developing the Kubli Reservoir on the River current years' crops have 'oeen planted. (cf. Fig. 2). With the development of a dam at Jebba It would be desirable ior the Federal Departr.,nt of (soon), the water-level in the Rivers Oli and Moshi are Meteorology to help b', announcing weather treids, so bound to rise and further increase the prospects of that the Fulanis knoN in advance when vegetation developing reservoirs along them outside the Park. conditions are already green enough for them to return In the eastern section of the Kainji Lake area, there northwaids during the rains, as well as to warn the is extensive irrigable land between Ngaski and Auna farmers in the Basin of impending southward movement (Fig. 2). Besides the development of the proposed of the nomads and their livestock. During the dry season Kontagora Reservoir and tunnel, the NRBDA will at any rate, provision of water, concentrates, feeds further extend irrigation potential on the eastern shores including silage, and hay supplies, are necessary in the of Kainji Lake. The completion of the Jebba dam will grazing reserves located north of the Kainji Lake Basin­ similarly increase the water levels of the Rivers to delay arrival of the Fulanis within the Basin area before Kontagora, Maigyara, and others between Jebba and (he the crops have been harvested. local clam-site, thus offering new possibilities for Moreover in the past, some token grazing-fee jangali' agricultural etc. development, was paid by the Fulanis to the local villagers. This practice of paying jangali' was recently abolished 'officially' in f many States; but the issue continues to constitute another , . .r - .. ~area of'silent' conflict. The farmers do not see any reason _ ,"why the nomads should be allowed to graze freely on their ,V.. TATL farms and no longer pay the traditional token fees for the "1,( \ facilities offered. more 0h In view of the developing trends in agriculture, must be provided for the ---grazing t reserves than formerly ...... livestock, and a time-table for arrival and departure must

;U' sob, be arranged between the NRBDA, the peasant farmers, ' .and the Fulani nomads. Currently the Fulanis arriving X' 'Jl- from the north are provided with free fodder as %%ellas ..... water for their livestock at tlic Bin Yauri Grazing Reserve .,,(A LAIIE KTICA,, .'jNnIL by Kainji Lake Research Institute, to prevent the stock from roaming into the farms in the Basin area. Similarly, .. r, ,. Fulanis arriving from the south are provided for at

V:%'09Coo Yashikira Grazing Reserve by the Institute. Un­ Ar ] . ZUWPMA SET 4 ',O fortunately, the facilities at Yauri and Yashikira are Emi'-g Pccd, b t.- - AJNJ'LAAE I ~AL, population of livestock XE, R(- '/, PARK.,"',!' inadequate to cope with the high passing through the Basin at the peak period, but " " nevertheless have helped to reduce the conflicts in the K,n,,WeL, N 'ePk V' vicinities of the reserves. Livestock Populations and Developments of Sketch-map sliaiwingphysical development and proposals Fig. 3 indicates the overall distribution-pattern FI. 2. Lake and around Kaityi Lake. The scale isapproximately 10 kin to 1 cm. livestock within approximately 50 km of Kainji and the River Niger between Yelwa and Jebba. Figs 4, 5, re!ationships between the number of cattle, Fig. 2 is a map of physical development and proposals 6, show the respectively, and the distance of for immediate improvement of agriculture by the sheep, and goats, Lake and the River Niger (below NRBDA. The terms of reference and the functions of the observation from Kainji NRBDA include the provision of suitable land and water the Dam). for this report, some 327,440 resources for agriculture. If the present trend continues, During the aerial survey estimated, comprised mainly of more farmers will eventually have farm holdings close to domestic animals were 101,520 sheep, and about 25,440 Kainji Lake, Jebba Lake, and a series of small dams frori about 200,480 cattle, donkeys, dogs, etc.). which drawdown as well as irrigated agriculture will other livestock (goats, horses, resident breeding pOpu­ become possible all-year-around. Besides these aerial counts, the Area of Nigeria 241 Ayeni: Rangeland Problens of the Kainji Lake Basin

OVERALL ,.-*o.

5.00

£m I

1O1-2 1-o * ,.** il

I-SO m0 71

. W , emf mOme 1-1(c . P- We,-", ,.1,.. Kani101-200 0.0m i n. 201-300 .- , ,, "**, . 300 .- . '. -' PI"INot surveyed numbers FIG. 5. Histograms showing relationships between of sheep and distances awayfrom Kninji Lake and River Niger. Scol, 1:1000 km- (See alho explanatio. ofkeys in Fig. 4.)

KEY -. 5, Towns and Villages - Roads Railway line River Niger other Rivers

.h.,-. _ 0o'.- L C , .... ,1 LiI-- ai7. 8r7 1 !11 1 4"1. do ) IL??O o$I 7 i t S

6. Histograms showing rdarionships between numbers 3.Map showing the ranges of numbers of livestock animals FIG. goats and distances away from Kainji Lake and River Niger. !emnduring partial aerial survey of Kainji Lake Basin area. of (See also explanation ofkeys in Fig. 4.)

sheep were observed moving along the drainage systems in the mornings and late in the evenings. The . 6early restricted movements of goats in particular were less with cattle. to neighbouring the villages essential than characteristics was the case of livestock 0 Table II shows Kainji Lake and the River Niger -. numbers in relation to (below the Dam). of livestock congregated _ On the whole, a large number the Lake. at the mouths of the rivers draining into the livestock popu­ ,.-,,,-,,- .... .Between the dam-site and Jebba,

" ...... - -TABLE I Breeding Stock of Resident Livestock ...... -Population of of in Yauri Local Government Area* (1965-73). 4. Histograms showing relationships between numbers Lake and River Nigcr. fatlean4 distances away from Kainji Goats Camels Year Cattle Horses Donkeys Sheep from the 1965 36,050 420 67 27,270 14,210 5 htion of domestic animals, based on records 8 from 1966 37,216 462 875 28,145 15,140 Yfluri Local Government Area (1965-73), increased 16,245 7 to 35,121 sheep 1967 37,840 520 1,008 29,665 4,050 to 44,029 cattle and from 27,270 862 30,127 14,875 5 of livestock animals 1968 37,972 415 gable 1). Thus a huge population 876 30,212 8,652 2 annually. 1969 38,055 387 be inferred to utilize the Basin area 342 1,002 30,890 8,260 ­ association with 1970 40,125 Cattle distribution showed a strict 300 1,045 31,126 8,123 7 during the dry season. 101! 42,274 7 wn sources of surface water 43,115 316 1,438 33,761 8,000 within reasonable proximity 1972 35,121 7,864 ­ cattle were also located 1973 44,029 399 2,349 to which the Fulanis sold their •ilages and towns, the Ngaski, Gungu, to buy essential * 'Vauri Local Gover.ment Area includes e and milk in exchange for money districts. goats and Shanga, Kainji, Bin Yauri, and Yelwa, 11nuisites for their nomadic existence. The 5 242 Environmental Conservation TABLE II the River Niger. Livestock Numbers in Relation to Distancefrom Kainji Lake and

Items Regression Coefficient of Significance correlation P < 0.05 Y x equation 7 Total livestock y=918.74-17.63x r=0.8 Catle o Y = 700.60-13.84x r=0.87 Cattle Distznce to Kainji Lae y= 164.37- 3.x r=0.75 Goats Y= 10.89- 0.22x r=0.70 Y=618.50- 9.90x r=C.68 0 Total livestock 3.14x r=0.36 Cattle Distance to River Niger Y29423-Y= 286.35-- .34x r=0.55 Goats Y= 6.44- 0.10x r=0.40 --

Highly significant • Significant Not Significant lations also congregated on the islands along the courses Wildlife Development the animals were of the River Niger. At these locations animals counted and on the lush Table III shows the total number of seen grazing on the weeds by the Lake in the Borgu Section of the watercourses. during four aerial surveys (1976-80) bushes growing along the mouths (cf. Fig. 2). In each of islands in the of the Kainji Lake National Park The animals actually swam to the area was the transects on average 20% of the ground grazing on the floating weeds (Pistia as the Elephant process of Island. 'counted'. For some large mammals such stratiotes and Echinochloa spp.) around Forge caana),and Lake in 1968 (Loxodonta africana),Hartebeest (Alceplalus Observations since the impoundment of the counts-%ere weed Roan Antelope (Hipr otragusequinus), aerial have indicated the failure of Pistiato constitute a shores extremely suitable. Aerial under-counting is, however, problem on the Lake. However, along the Lake such as Water whicii are inevitable in some cases becau'i- animals there are numerous 'mats' of Echinoclloaspp., leo), and Hippo of the Buffalo (Bubalus bubalus), Lion (Felis most numerous at Forge Island and at the mouths when an both (Hippopotams amphibius), do not run (flush) rivers draining into the Lake. The mats withstand and airplane flies over them. and rainy seasons, spreading horizontally dry smaller game species which are usually extending to a depth of about II m. The plants are being Moreover, under cover, such as duikers (various harvested by the natives, and marketed as encountered regularly bovid artiodactyles) and Kob (Adenola fodder for cattle within the Basin. A solar kiln fo" drying cephalophine along the rivers, are better counted by road census Echinochloafor feed supplies to the Fulanis was recently kob) by aerial census. Nevertheless the aerial censuses installed at New Bussa by the KLRI, for large-scale than that the bulk of the wildlife populations in the drying and production of nutritious hay. show TABLE III Transectsin the Borgu Sector Cumulative Numbers of Wildlife in Four Coi: its over Seventeen of Kainji Lake NationalPark (1976-80).

Average Esite TRANSECTS per for whok 13 14 15 16 17 Total count park 1 2 3 4 5 6 78 910 11 12 1,625 27 59 31 25 22 22 5 - 1 420 105.00 Hartebcest 4 - 28 33 76 65 6 16 74.50 1.861 29 28 10 16 14 33 16 19 21 22 - 298 Roan 8 - 3 1 19 59 11.75 291 8 8 3 1 4 -- 4 - 47 Kob - - 7 13 7 82 20.05 510 4 16 8 l0 - 9 - 12 3--- Elephant - 2 9 - 65 16.25 405 2 1 7 5 10 8 3 4 - 3 1 8 Oribi I 14 6 8 2 93 23.25 580 - 4 6 3 1 3 9 4 8 7 6 2 Grey Duickcr 5 1 5 2 1 - 17 4.25 105 --- - - I I - Bushbuck - I - - 47 11.75 291 - 1 3 3 5 3 4 !1 7 1 3 5 50 Wart-hog 2 - I - I 8 2.00 Red Duicker - 2 I 72 18.00 450 36 4 - - 10 - 22 Buffalo - -- 2 2 - 2 - 17 4.25 105 ------4 1 2 1 _- 3 Baboon troupe- 7 ---- - 7 1.75 41 Water-buck------3 0.75 -i1 Hippo------3 ------92 72 101 44 105 36 59 10 1,176 294.00 6,330 GrandTotal 13 2 42 49 162 163 75 85 66 Sampling intensity = 0.25%. Ayeni: Rangelknd Problems of the Kainji Lake Basin Area ofNigeria 243 ZVji Lake Basin reside within the National Park area prevent cross-parasitic infestations. Also, fast transpor­ the To the west of the Lake lies the Borgu Section of tation may be arranged to cross the Park-provided .2). bulk of park, and to the east of the Dam is the Zugurma Fulanis pay only a token charge and the costs arc met by the Federal Government. [ ion of the Park. The Borgu Section is 3,924 kw." in transportation 1,386 km2 in area. ,p and the Zugurma Section is DISCUSSION [fhe Kainji Lake National Park is fast becoming a 0jor tourist attraction, where numerous varieties of Development of Grazing Reserves aeRsac nttt a salse w IbkdsOstter asBuffalo, well asRoan large Antelope, herbivores-Elephant, Hartebeest, etc.-and Hippo, TheTeKij Kainji Lake Research Institute has established two "tr Bexperimental stations, one at the Grazing Reserves in .* carnivores such as Lions and other big cats, are Yashikira (Mweri) and the other at Yelwa (Bin Yauri). iolarly sighted. Ayeni (1979) explained the philosophy behind the es­ of these grazing reserves [ nflicts between Nomads and Park luthorities tablishment and development National Park laws prohibit the destruction of and experimental plots. The grazing reserves provide [ Cdatial ark la models for Kwara and Sokoto States, respectively, on wild animals and vegetable matter within the Park. Apart how best to develop pasture and water resources, and fiom illegal entry and grazing of livestock in the Park, the prevent overgrazing and misuse of fre, in the States' Fulanis also cut down branches of leguminous trees as p ree verazid me ofLare, intheSa fodder for their livestock while passing through the Park. grazing reserves outside the Kainji Lake Basin area. Understandably, the Fulanis attempt to defend their lives e phhes b hi d then f those of their livestock by killing wild carnivores. The jid should have rightful grazing and resting possession of hunting equipment by Fulanis within the (a) The Fulanis lands on their annual migratory routes. Yelwa and park also constitutes a very serious offence. The Fulanis zhe or Yashikira being major stopping-points along rSregularly aarrested, piroutesprosecuted, and imprisoned of the nomads, have been selected for this heavily fined, for the offences mentioned above, demonstration. ,.As the Park covers practically the whole section (b) The grazing reserves should serve as demonstration between the western shoreline of the Lake and the and extension areas for Fulanis and State authorities. Nigerian boundary with the Republic of Benin (Fig. 2), Thc~e Falanis accepting improved range conditions diere isonly a very small gap for livestock to move from and adequate health facilities offered at the Institute's k north to the south in this section without passing grazing reserves, may be persuaded over along period to avoid pas.ing through of time to settle down on similar ones that are being irough the Park. Thus in order Livestock the Borgu Sections of the Park, some established under States' and Federal the Zugurma and the Kainji Lake Basin area. and their stocks only utilize the eastern section of Departments outside Fulanis should be located near villages the Lake, and pass westwards through the bridgehead at (c) The grazing reserves Fulanis, rather than and towns, so that Fulanis may be reached by medical Kainji Dam-site (Fig. 2). In fact nost If they so desired, their the Park, actually graze their stocks and veterinary assistance. take trouble to avoid children might be given specialized education based by passing through it, hoping to escape arrest and on 'cattle culture' (F.P.A. Oyedipe, pers. comm.). prosecution. The possible veterinary problems of the nomadic Sociological Problems stocks passing through the Park include tsetse-flies Byfarthemostseriousproblemsofrangemanagement (Glossina spp.) causing sleeping sickness to the Fulanis and developnefent in Nigeria today are sociological. In and death to the livestock. There isalso a possibility of northern Nigeria previously, the larger portion of land cross-infestation of the livestock by external pests and was crown land, and as most ofthe marginal land was not Parasites such as ticks and fleas oi ;vildlife. Utilization of put to any specific State use, it constituted 'no man's land' te same waterholes by wildlife and livestock certainly through which the Fulanis roamed their stocks. The increases the risks of transfer of zoonotic diseases. ecological advantages of extensive pastoralism not­ ' The distance between Yelws and Yashikira is too far withstanding (Yesufu, 1980), the tendency in Nigeria is for livestock owners to be restricted to going by the major towards increasing urbanization and mechanization of road passing through the Park. If two grazing reserves agriculture. The land-tenure system is undergoing Were established at the points where the road enters and social revolution at present in Nigeria. Although leaves the Park, then the Fulanis might be made to carry these urbanized developments have certain ecological their journey and be restricted to drink at disadvantages, their social and economic significance at rood for for pecified waterholes on their way through the Park. present indicate that Fulanis may not be nomadic • In respect of the Borgu Section of the Park, a grazing ever. It can only be hoped that the transformation from i'erve should be established between Babana and nomadic to semi-settled culture will not be too sudden for while another should be established between the Fulanis. gwara, many and the National Park Boundary. Waterholes Around the Kajnji Lake Basin, and indeed in New Bussa Federal Could be developed on the Rivers Timo, Menai, and States in the north, land is no longer 'free'. The Doro-along the road where shade may be provided for and State Governments are indeed seeking means of animals to re.t. increasing the areas of gazetted reserves, but the people I The facilitics provided for livestock within wildlife who are likely to be displaced by proposed grazing-lands areas should be adequately fenced-off from tourists' insist on getting adequate compensation for their tradi­ !Outes, and also made to exclude wildlife in order to tional farmlands. Conservation 244 Environmental such as those The Fulanis, on the other hand, are not willing to own long way towards sorting out problems observed within the Kainji Lake Basin area. land, believing that, by their trade, 'all lands' along their to them. Inability to acquire traditional routes belong CONCLUSIONS sufficient lands for grazing reserves may spell doom ultimately for the cattle industry in Nigeria; for when the The major conclusions arising from the piesent paper Fulanis see reason in settling down, the cost of land could (1)are Therethat: is conflict in the planning and use of land in havegrazing-reservesbecome so inprohibitive Nigeria would that thebe impracticable.creation of large Kainji Lake Basin. The agencies mostly affected by The greatest threat to the livestock industry in the the land-use conflicts are forestry (Wildlife Services), loss of traditional grazing-lands. Agriculture, and Livestock, Departments at both Kainji Lake Basin is the and State Government levels. creation of Kainji Lake for the supply of hydro- Federal The of the Fulaiiis and in the creation of a huge body ofwater (2) There is room to improve the lot , 'm electricity resulted meat industrythroughtheestabli4 . ent km2), which flooded most of the riverine pasture theNigerian (125 ofgrazing reserves within and outside the Kainip Lake between New Bussa and Yelwa (Fig. 2). Although the lot of the local Basin area. nothing tangible was*done about as the of over (3) Because the River Niger below the dam, as well population having a total resident stock Island and the rivers displaced by the drawdown areas around Forge 44,000 cattle, other inhabitants into the Lake, provide pasture and aquatic into Government-constructed draining flood were resettled weeds, respectively, that are suitable for grazing villages and towns. stock, there isa great scope for harvesting and drying to supplement feed at the The larger proportion of the settled communities this source of vegetation reserves. have since improved their lot, changing from shifting grazing cultivation to more intensive agriculture using farm The implications of this study have national signifi- supplied by Government departments. The The plicains of th a ninalbsin machinery areas which constitute new pattern of the!.nd-use stalishentofte hasNgerRivebeen furtherBain complicated Dvelpme by t cance,tt areparticularly located in in the respect savanna of the major river basins the establishment of the Niger River Basin Development about 80% of the land-area of Nigeria. In such savanna large area of land around ake Kainji for mechanized areas it is essential that the Federal Government as a carry out: agriculture (MINCO, 1977) The present and future land- matter of urgency should Nigeria to provide a the areas of 'no (1)Survey of livestock throughout use and development increasingly restrict of the total strength of the national nomadic Fulanis traditionally precise estimate grazeman's theirland' stock.on which the livestock resources; locations and patterns of move­ loss o'traditional grazing-land (2) Survey of seasonal Besides the continuous ment of the livestock, so as to establish bases for the to be used and routes, the prospects of increasing conflict between determination of legal and rational routes farmers and the Fulanis is an ever-present problem. by the nomads; States (e.g. Gongola) are reintroducing the (3) Mapping of all possible land-areas that might be Already some into grazing reserves in the jangali' (tax for grazing cattle) and '-aziers are suitable for conversion apprehended and sentenced for passing most critical areas; frequently training of manpower in rural socio­ through and grazing in national parks, game reserves, (4) Acceleration of veterinary medicine, range management, and and farms (Ayeni, 1980). logy, opor- ecology,relevant whichto the aresurvival the disciplines of the Nigerianmost immediately livestock spite of the Inlossosssiteof off severalsverl he traditional-usetaditona-us oppor- and In of Kainji Lake, apart industry; tunities to Fulanis, the creation two-thirds of the electricity from providing over of intergovernmental as well as inter­ has increased opportunities for (5) Encouragement problem of consumed in Nigeria, in departmental cooperation in solving the commercial fishing (Babalola, 1976) and prospects who currently are responsiblein Nigeria. for about comrcaal forishiwowngBaagric~lolaagricualturee a(Amaugo, 19776.pu, esthe1977). 80%nomads of the livestock population some areas for drawdown and rational industry is to survive But if the livestock policy be initiated on dcvelopment and improvement of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS economy in animal protein, the Federal aerial surveys Nigeria's from The observers with me during the Government should be able to reinvest the profits Kaduna, cf. 1979), Power Authority were Dr K.R.N. Milligan (ILCA, the mines and power (National Electric and Mr E.Obot (both of Kainji Lake in renewable resources such Dr R.E.O. Chachu, and the petroleum industry) Institute, New Bussa). The Director of the Research the as the livestock industry. Lake Research Institute generously supported the Federal Government must Kainji of all the Towards this end carrying-out of the surveys. The assistance a matter of urgency, inter-State and inter- drafts of encourage, as people listed above, and of otherswho have read meetings to incorporate the views of the Departmental 'at the this paper, is thankfully acknowledged. local authorities, the peasants, and the Fulanis, grassroots'. A separate new Department for Wildlife and SUMMARY be established and charged, Range Management should of much-needed grazing reserves and with the problem of conservation The development among other things. in the Kainji Lake Basin area of Nigeria isbeing management of animals uAer natural conditions. pastures and initiated by the Kainji Lake Research Institute with Such a Department, with the required capital, would go a Ayeni: Ra7ngeland Problems of tIe Kainji Lake Basin Area of Nigeria 245

rous support from the States' and Federal Govern. AyE, J.S.O. (1980). Management problems ofthe Kainji Lake ts. However, there is a continuous overlap of interest National Park, Nigeria. Afr. J. Ecol., 18, pp. 97-111. results in conflict among land-users such as the BABALOLA, M.O. (1976). Fresh fish marketing around Kainji dic Fulanis, peasant farmers, and wildlife/foresty Dam. Nigerian Trade Journal, 23(3), pp. 41-5 and 23(4), iservation authorities. Currently the Kainji Lake Basin pp. 10-5. major 'food basket' for agricultural crop production IMEVBORE, A.M.A. & ADEGOKE, S.O. (1975). The Ecology of nigeria. The Basin is also an attractive big-game tout ist Lake Kainji: The Transitionfrom River to Lake. University tre and a traditional source of dry-season water and of Ife Press, Ile-Ife, Nigeria: 209 pp. pen grass for the migratory livestock. ITA, E.O. (1978). Some perspectives in reservoir fishery manage­ Suggestions are made for a rational resource-manage- ment and development: Kainji Lake experience. In Annual lgt approach within the Basin, with establishment of Report. Kainji Lake Research Institute, New Bussa, checking.] Cogeland reserves. Regular meetings between the Nigeria. [Not available for gof the Niger River Basin Development MILLGAN, K.R.N. (1979). An Ecological Basis for the Manage­ triresentative ment of Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria. Ph.D. thesis, .thority, Kainji Lake National Park, States' Depart- University of badan, badan, Nigeria. [Not available for vents of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and the checking.] local Governments in the Basin area, should go a long MINCO (1977). Kainji Lake Irrigation Projects (Consultarcy imy towards eliminating the sources of conflict. Report). Niger River Basin Development Authority, Ilorin, Nigeria. [Not available for checking.] REFERENCES OLAGUNJLI, S.O. (1972). Kainji Damn 126 Questions Answered. Niger Dams Authority, Cabinet Office, , Nigeria. i DEKOLU-jOHfN,tdevl-oment EQ.inO (19).(1979).La A communicationcomuato onoNea.th healthoiad and [Not[o availablevialefrcekn. for checking.) t: development inKainji Lake area of Nigeria. Ada Tropica, OYEDIPE, F.P.A. (1980). Resettlement and Social Change in New 36, pp. 91-102. Bussa. Ph.D. thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 1muc, G.O. (1977). Agricultural roles of reservoirs in drought [Not available for checking.] T situations-the case of Kainji, Nigeria. Paper publ. in YEsuru, H.M. (1980). Land-use, past and present, in Kainji Lake ;V. Proceedings of the Aftermath of the 1972-74 Drought. area. Proc. MAB Nigerian Savanna State of Knowledge :v Conference held by Federal Department of Water Workshop, 20-24 April 1980. Kainji Lake Research . Resources and Centre for Social and Economic Research, in Institute, New Bussa, Nigeria. [Not available for Ahmadu Bello University. [Not available for checking.]* checking.)' jlib-, J.S.O. (1979). Some aspects of the development of I grazing reserves in Kainji Lakc Basin, Nigeria. Technical * We regret using this device so frequently-inter alia to Report Series No. 3, Kainji Lake Research Institute, New reserve space in proof-but all attempts to contact the Author Bussa, Nigeria. [Not available for checking.] have failed.-Ed.

POSTSCRIPT

We were shocked to learn, when this paper was in final proof form with the issue fully made up, that one of different main title but based apparently on the same material, had already been published. To blame are evidently the 1sts, which failed to convey any warning of wider distribution of typescript copies or elicit any response from the Author until far too late after passage for press-hence also the incompleteness of several of his references.-Ed.