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How Foresight Can Support Civic Engagement

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How Foresight Can Support Civic Engagement Fuelling Our Civic Imagination: How Foresight Can Support Civic Engagement by Aurelia Dalinda Submitted to OCAD University for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Design in Strategic Foresight and Innovation Toronto, Ontario, Canada, August, 2016 © Aurelia Dalinda, 2016 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this MRP. This is a true copy of the MRP, including any final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I authorize OCAD University to lend this MRP to other institutions or individuals for the purposes of scholarly research. I understand that my MRP may be made electronically available to the public. I further authorize OCAD University to reproduce this MRP by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purposes of scholarly research. ii Abstract Civic engagement and foresight are connected ideas, as citizens utilize their civic imagination to work towards a picture of a better future – their preferred future. There are some key ingredients to enabling civic engagement – social capital, a sense of belonging, and trust – which are building blocks of the development of a sense of agency. Agency is the belief that one is capable of action, critical for the world of today. New ideas and issues are always emerging that have an impact on society, and communities, civil society organizations and institutions need to be monitoring for potential impacts or threats to our democratic ideals. By engaging with our civic imaginations, or our alternatives to current social, political, economic or civic environments, society can start describing what it is we are willing to work towards together. Through a horizon scan and trends analysis, several drivers, strategies, opportunities and recommendations are put forward to enable civic engagement, by invoking our civic imaginations in order to ensure it remains part of our collective future. Keywords: Civic Engagement, Citizen Engagement, Social Capital, Belonging, Trust, Agency, Civic Imagination, Foresight. iii Acknowledgements To my advisor, Jeremy Bowes, thank you so much for your ideas, insight, advice, and for helping me bring my biggest research endeavours into fruition. Thank you for your positivity and patience, and for being there for the better part of two years, from independent study to MRP. To my secondary advisor, Rosalyn Morrison, thank you for being involved in this project, and your support of my efforts. Your energy, enthusiasm, and tireless work in community engagement and philanthropy is inspiring. To Anne Sutherland, Geoff Cape, and John Brodhead, if not for your advice and encouragement, I wouldn’t be where I am today. Thank you for leading by example and always proving it is possible to get the hard work done. To all the experts interviewed, thank you for sharing your time, thoughts and insights. Keep doing what you are doing and making an impact. To everyone who has participated in 100in1Day, and made so many ideas come to life - from the enthusiastic volunteers to the creative urban intervention leaders. Thank you for your efforts in making your city a better, happier and healthier place. To the part-time 2013 cohort, for our time together in class, in groups and beyond - thanks for being cheerleaders, colleagues and friends. Special thanks to the MERP gang for your support in the last long stretch. To my parents, thank you for always believing in me, supporting me, and allowing me to grow into the person that I am. I owe it all to you. To Josh, my beloved. Thank you for being a bedrock and a light in my life. iv Dedication - To all the agents of change, you’ve shown what is possible when dreams come to life. v Table of Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Part I: Introduction 1 • 1.1 Overview & Rationale 2 • 1.2 Why is Civic Engagement Important? 5 • 1.3 The Future of Engagement 11 • 1.4 Methods & Methodology 15 Part II: Evaluating the Present 16 • 2.1 Key Ingredients for Civic Engagement 16 • 2.2 Social Capital 17 • 2.3 Belonging 21 • 2.4 Trust 24 • 2.5 Agency 27 • 2.6 Civic Engagement & Foresight 35 • 2.7 Civic Imagination 38 • 2.8 Internal Barriers to Civic Engagement 44 • 2.9 Stress 46 • 2.10 Sources of Stress 48 • 2.11 Commuting 49 • 2.12 Parenthood 50 • 2.13 Finances 51 • 2.14 External Barriers to Civic Engagement 53 • 2.15 Tokenistic Exercises 54 • 2.16 Professionalization 56 • 2.17 Are We all that Busy? 58 • 2.18 A New Hope 62 • 2.19 ROI of Civic Engagement 65 Part III: Trends in Civic Engagement 72 • 3.1 Horizon Scan and Trends Analysis 78 • 3.2 Drivers 80 • 3.3 Driver Identification 80 Part IV: Conclusion 87 • 4.1 Recommendations 89 Bibliography 93 Appendix A: Definitions of Civic Engagement 108 Appendix B: Timeline 109 Appendix C: Horizon Scan – Trend Descriptions 117 Appendix D: Drivers Analysis 147 vi List of Tables Table 1: Percentage of People Reporting High Stress pp 47 Table 2: Sources of Stress: Highly Stressed People pp 49 Table 3: Participation in Political Activities in Past 12 Months pp 64 Table 4: Driver, Strategy & Opportunity pp 86 vii List of Figures Figure 1: Social Capital: Bonding and Bridging pp 18 Figure 2: Core Properties of Agency pp 31 Figure 3: Conceptual Diagram of an Agent of Change pp 33 Figure 4: The Futures Cone pp 37 Figure 5: Civic Imagination and Nationhood pp 43 Figure 6: Sources of Stress: Finances pp 52 Figure 7: Daily Use of Screens by Canadians (per minute, 2014) pp 60 Figure 8: The Calculus of Engagement pp 66 Figure 9: List of Categorized Trends pp 79 Figure 10: Drivers of Change pp 82 Figure 11: What Will Your _____ Look Like? pp 88 viii Part I: Introduction “The world doesn't change one person at a time. It changes as networks of relationships form among people who discover they share a common cause and vision of what's possible.” - Margaret Wheatley Social change invokes ideas about human and societal progress as a result of transformations in behaviour, values and norms. My curiosity has always extended to the people part of social change, how they coalesce and take action. Take for instance, the Sixties - this decade signified new ideas and expressions, and massive cultural, political and social upheaval that has been unparalleled, arguably up until now. Over the last decade, we have been experiencing a similar uprooting of traditions, values, and norms, and challenges to the status quo, where people have come together and expressed a desire to move the needle and create change. The changes that we wish to see in society cannot happen without networks of citizens acting in concert with one another. Citizen engagement makes social change possible. 1.1 Overview and Rationale There are so many issues that deserve our attention; it is impossible to consider them all. What matters to each of us naturally differs, so does why we engage. Our motivations for our civic actions are deeply personal; whether based on the interests we have at stake, our hopes to see our preferred future made possible, where we have expertise or credentials to lend, or because we are in the pursuit of emotional fulfillment. (Chapman, Krontiris, Krontiris, Webb, 2015) Whatever this catalyst may be – I have come to the conclusion that it is the actions involved that are important. My intention was to study this pathway to engagement, in the hopes of tracing the similarities, to determine how the findings may be used to engage others. However, the differences for each individual are broad, and many of the motivations personal. For instance, a parent wants to improve their child’s school, and joins the PTA; or an animal lover without frequent access to pets volunteers at the local animal shelter; someone new to the city wants to meet people joins a local running club. Whatever the motivation, there are organizations, groups and resources out there to match your interest. In Canada, for instance, there are over 170,000 non-profits and charities with which to get involved, you just have to go out and find them. (Imagine Canada, 2003) The foundation of these causes and what has given them the traction to get established is citizen engagement. As a reinforcing lever of change, citizen engagement is a fundamental aspect of a healthy, democratic society. French political thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville noted that citizen 2 engagement was a distinguishing feature of the American way of life back in 1831, and it has been ever-present since. Although there have been fears of its decline, (Putnam, 2000) evidence of citizen engagement can be found all around us, as it is an underpinning factor of most great public spaces, social justice movements, strong communities, and vibrant cities. To better understand the practice of citizen engagement, I completed an independent study in 2014 entitled “Citizen Engagement and Social Entrepreneurship”. Eager to understand the landscape, I researched the various definitions, frameworks, and typologies used to describe citizen engagement, and documented the changing nature of engagement through several case studies. Through the research, I found that there is no agreed-upon definition of citizen engagement, which has a lot to do with the fact that the practice of civic engagement is quite young. (Adler, Goggin, 2005). For the purposes of this paper, I put forward my preferred definition of citizen engagement, which will be referred to through the document: Civic engagement refers to the ways in which citizens participate in the life of a community in order to improve conditions for others or to help shape the community’s future.
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