SALIMA IKRAM AND AlDAN DODSON

THE MUMMY IN ANCIENT EGYPT ...... Equipping the Dead for Eternity

With 485 illustrations, 37 in colour

THAMES AND HUDSON Contents

PREFACE Chaprer 8 SARCOPHAGI CHRONOLOGY Chaprer 9 INTRODUCTION CANOPIC EQUIPMENT

Part I Part Ill Chapter I THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN BURIAL

Chaprer z GLOSSARY THE RESURRECTION OF THE MUMMIES THE CEMETERIES OF EGYPT

Part II MAPS

GAZETTEER OF THE ROYAL CEMETERIES 314 Chapter 3 MUMMIES AND THE ART OF MUMMIFICATION 103 THE ROYAL BURIAL CACHES 316

Chapter 4 THE KINGS Of EGYPT: THEIR MUMMIES, AMULETS. JEWELLERY AND OTHER COFFINS AND SARCOPHAGI ORNAMENTS 137 THE ROYAL MUMMIES: A DESCRIPTIVE Chapter r CATALOGUE WRAPPINGS MUMMIES IN THE MEDIA Chapter 6 ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY MASKS AND EXTERNAL ORNAMENTS SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS Chaprer 7 COFFINS INDEX Index

I'agc numbers in iiaIr~irefcr ro illusrra- Ahmose-Hcnurramehu 316 animai mummies 84, 131-7 iinnr on pp. jzi-9 Ahmorc-lnhapi 316 ankh 14'; ill. 158: pt. XV Ahmosc-Merycyernmun 316 Ankhefenamun 63 Almdiyeh j11.313 Ahmorc-Nrfcrriv 91, 104, 208, jr6, Ankhefenkhanru ill. jo! Abdel-Larif 64, 13, 322; ill. 412 Ankhaenpepy ill. 343 Abdei-Rarrul (various) 78.84.102 Ahm~re-Sipariri 316 Anklrncmcfeiibre 268: ill. 383 Abdel-Rasrul, Ahmcd 77.78.82 Ahmore-Sirkamure 316 Ankhpakhcrcd 102 Abd el-Rarrul. Mohammed 78 40, 73, 8~6,95, xi-14. Ankhrhepeoweper 132 AbuGhdcb po. jzj 260, 284. 2.85. 315, 318, 124; ills. 34. 318. 3". illr. 191. 36~4;pis. Anlemani 268 Abu k& 277, 310. jl3: ill.400 j66a. 4~3~.419 XVIII. XIX Anther, Kudolf 10% Abu Rowash jto. j13, 114: numbered Akhmim 190, 197, ~II,313: illr. 223.4, hncno~hirIV: rrrAkhenaren Anubir 18. ji. 139. 187. ioj. 261. 164, monumcnrr: 1..1 IHuni!) 314; L.11 2~6.3~3.393 hncnri 16,162,308 308: ills, TO!, 210, 221. 222. 267. 281- (Djcdefre) 246.314 Alexander111 (rheGrear) 49, r3o Ameny 266 1,361, 363, 366c.429:pla. 11. Ill AbuSimbel 331,312 Alexander, Duke of Hamilron: ire Ameny-Qcmau 251". 254, 315, 1'8: ill. h~uhislm~r 18, 256. 281. 308: ills. Aburir 88, 310. 313. 314; ill. 17: ""m- Hamilron. Dukeof 348 bercd monummrr: L.XVII1 () Nexandrir 50, 5%.65. 270. 310. pi, 313, Ammenemer 1 116, jrj 314. j17: ill. 17; LXY (Niurerre) 314; 314: ills. 18, 389 Ammenemei 11 83, 84, 167, 198, 251, ills. 359. 377 ill. 17; L.XXI () 314; ill. Alexandria, Gncco-Roman Murcum 280. j~j.318: ills. 25. 82. 244, 408: Anubis Nebradjcrer 281, 309 17; L.WI () 31.4 nllmbered objecrr: 15781 ill. 397: p!*. Xll, X111 An~rbirTcpdjeref ~81,309 Aburir cl-Meleq 310, jq 27808 ill. 125 Ammenemer 111 31, 83, 84, 116, 167, Apriel 95 Abydos 22, 86, 129, 1j2, ial, 311. jr2, Nrenmuller, Harnvig 95. 265 252, zij. 279, PT. 318: ill. 347b Apir 107. Ijl-3. ~67,289,308:ills. 140- j13.3,i; ills, 11,IZ. 3s. 390 hada $1,. 31% ill. 293 Ammenemer lV jrj I, 426 Al,ydu5 (Umm cl-Qab) numbcred Amara 3II,)I* Ammenemes V 3%: Apii, Morher of 134; ill. 144 monumrnfi; Broirji~9(Horur Aha) hama,'rtllel- 40,311,312. jB. 315 "U" Ammir 140. 308: pl. I1 Ap,pir 308 315: 0 (Horw ) 109.148. 3'5. 317. bered monuments: TA.26 (Akhen- Amorir 35, 96. 118. 12%.207. 208, 316, Apria 314.319 320: P (Serh Peribsc13 jq: Q (Horus arm) yj. 318: ills. j66a. 4r9; TA.17 318, 321, px ills. 125. 265,412 Armant ,j*-4 Qaa) 315; T (Horus DC") 315: ili. ro: (Smenkhkarc?)315; TA.28 (Smenkh- amulet 137.48: ills. 150-68; p].. XIV-XV hasif 46, 91,312: numbered monu- U (Horus Semerkhcr) 315; U-j9s: V kart!) jrr; TA 29 CTuiankhaien?)p( amulet-frame 146 menrr: HC 37 ill. 290; MMA 729 (Horur and Serh Khawkhemwy) 315; Amasir 314 Amunl-Re) 140. 143, 144, 145, jo8 (Nefcrkhauer) 122; MMA Pit 3 ill. X (Horus Anedjih) 315: Y (Meryrr- Ambras, Papyrus 163 Amunhorpe(Prierr) ill. jai 196 ncirh) 315: % (Horur Djer) 315 Amenemhat (Berrha 21) ill. 246 Amunhorpc ISrcward) ill. 290 hhaycr 114-15, 202. 150, ~ZI:ills. 175. acacia L,> Amenemhrr (BH z) ill. 18c Amunhorpc-Huy (temp. Amenophis 344 Adaimn 113 Amenemhat (Ki"gr): i<

346 INDEX

club-foot loo: ills. 98-9 Davir, TheodoreM 84,89,102.314 XXIV, XXXV: ,re nho Horur, Four Florence. Archaeologiial Museum, CM JE 37563 ill. 247 DeMo1gan,Jaccques 83,9z.,oz, $21 Sons of numbered object: 2181 ill. 346 CM JE 17564 ill. Z45 DcadSea 117 Duffccrin and Ava. Marqlucrr of 102 Fontnine, Guydr la 65 corainr g5 Dcbeira East 311,312 Duhig,Carinne 98 food offering 16 coffin 193-q3. 244, 250, 276, 288, 317- Deir el-Bahari 15. 38, 44, 45, 61, 77, Durham, Oriental Mureurn 103: num- Fouqucr, Du~iel92 19, 322, alld pasrim: ills. 49. 23j.329: 82, 88. 89. 96, 114. 160. 250, 311. 312. ber& objects: N.1988 ill. 436; N.1989 Francis I. King 64 pli. XXV-XXVII.XXIX-XXXI 315; 320-29, 331; ills. 2j.4. 116. 308, ill. 436: Uo~umberedloan ill. 4s frankinccnre 106 cofin,'black' 38.40.193, "0-16, XI 313, 378: pl. XXXI: numbered mon- Fusinr: srtBarn el-Baqara coffin,'whire' 38.193, 208-10, 238: ills. uments: DBX1.14 (Menruhotep I11 Eberr, Papyrus 98 267.9 IL~.317. 3'8, pi: ill. 24; DBXI.17 Edfu Ii3, 31,. 3x2, 313 Gabra, Sami 73 coffin, 'ycl~or~'40, 41, 44, 193, ZiF33, (khryer) illr. 175.344; DBXI.*j 116; Edgar. C~mpkllCowan 102 Garrrang.John 86,102 243; illr. 293.304 psrim: pl. XXVII DBXLi4 114; DBX1.26 irq: hlMA Edinburgh. Royal Museum of Scut- Gauthier, Henri 102 coffin, anthropoid 34,35,40.4~47. 47, 507 (slain soldiers) 117-16: MMA 79 land. numbered ohjccrr: 1887.597 Geb 308: ill. 239 49. 50, I9i-4. 202-4. 142-5 261, 263: (Hcnrrahy) 12% MMA 60 (Hcnr- ill. 285: 1956.163 ill. 69: 1956.164 ill. Gebel BarM (Napata) 311,312 111. ..xi: rrrnl-ocofin. 'whirc': cofin. ray C. er al.) 89: Bahcl-Garur 44. 70; 1956.165 ill. 71 Gehel el-Siirilr j~i 'yellow': coffin, 'black': coffin, ri& 82-3.89, 91 Edward [VIII, PiinreofWaler 69, 77 Gebel el-Teir el-Bl~ari310,313 cufin, pottery 19.1, "3: illr. 135. 192, Deir el-Buhi". Roynl Cache: rrp'lheban Edwin Smirh Papyrus 98 Gebel Sheikh el-Haridi 311,313 293 Tomb 320 Egypt Explorarion FundLSuciery 86.88 Gcbclcin 86, 194, jir, 313 coffin, rrihi 35. 38, 43, 45. 193, 204-8. I)eir cl-Ballas 311.313 Egyptian Research Account 86 Gcrumbc, Farhcr 67 214, 126. 229, 237: illr. 258, 259, 263, Deir cl-Beoha 87,114, 279. 3". 313; 111. Ehnariyael-Medinr ;IO,~IZ,313 Germer. Reliare 112 26.1, 265. 166, 278. 297, 301: pl. 114: ill. XXV; numhcicd momlrncnr: El-Badari 312 Gerreh 310,313 XXVl 21 ill. 246 CI-Hagarra 95, 311, jrj goso 308 Coffin %CS 17, 30. 36, 120, 14% 196. Deir el-Gebrawi 311, 313 EI-Hawx'mirh 311, 313 Gim 24, 87, 130. 101, I,*, 249, ~77, 308 Deir el-Medina 8z.124. IZI,31% num- El-Hiba 310, j13 310, 313, 314; ill. 337, 339: p1.V coffins. mznuf~crurcnf qr-3 Ixied munumenir: ,159 160; iw3 n-Kab 311, 31% 3'3: ",""bered monu- Gira 984 98; numbcred monuments: Copcnhugen, Narionalmun;cr, num- ill. 383: 2005 69: ill. 182 ment: EK 3 (Paheri) ill. 3 G.l/Grrar Pyramid (Khcopr) 146. bered ohjrcrs: 3890 ill. 381; 3909 pl. Deir Rifeh 86, 101, 156, 198, 311, 313: El-Kurm p, 3, 15: liumbrred 314, 317; ill. 15; pl. V: G.ll/Sccond XWll ill. 255 monumcnri: Ku.15 (Sliahuka) 315, Pyramid (Khephren) 74. 246, 278, Copenhrgcn, Ny Carlrberg Glyptorek, , Harus ;IS: ill. 10 319; Ks.16 ('i'anuramun) 315, 319; 314, 317: ills. 15, 335: PI. V: G.I11/ numbered objecrr: EIN 298 ill. denristry 98 Ku.17 (Piyc) 315. 319: Ku.18 (Sha- Third Pyramid (Mykerinas) 74.24, 31% pl. XXlX Decry, Douglas 92, 320.1 bar&) 3'7. 319: ill.~i 1'4. 317. 320: illr. 15, 317. 316: PI. V: corn mummy IZO: ill. 121 Deihrrheh 9%.112, ZL~,116,139.3io. 313 El-Magar 64 G~ojjbXill. 173: GzzmB ~iliill. 174; cowrieamuler pl.XV Dcrhri ill. 34% El-Mahmna 3i1.113 G7woXz7,; ill. 401; G7410 ill. 334; 131,136: illr. 148-9 Dcsqerdcs 242 El-Qarra g8.310, 313 G~uoZ 14%; 6753ot7540 (Mere- cunei 71-3 Dijk.Jacobur van 9.1 El-Qurn FI. IX rankh 111) 104, 320; 67810 ill. 340: Diodorur Sicular 64.10j.4. ro?. 117 EI-Rizciqar rrr, 313 67820 ill. 340; LG BJ'Cainpbell'~ Dagi ill. ,X* Diorcoridcs 64 Ei-RubaWnr 1lo.113: PI. XXll Tomb'ills. 319,387 Dam 250 Dim Abu'l-Nagn 61. 7.1, 31,. 3'2, 3,s. ElL'l'arif 62. 311. 3% 3115; named mon- Goncim, zak?ria 92-3.101 Dahrbur %+,8j.+ 114, 1r6,rq7.r48,198. 32,; ill. ,50: pl. XXVI omcnra: SaffDawaha (Inyotefl) 2x0, Gr.&am, Cyril G. 102 281, 310, 313, 315: illr. 56. 81 j,408: +dl>illar 139: ill. zj3 315; Saff el-Bag- (Inyuref 111) qo, Gmy, 13.H.K. 96 rlumbered monuments: L.Ll/Whire Djedharriofankh ills. 106.437 m;Saffrl-Qisiya (InyotefII) 315 GrCbaur, Eug6ne 81,102 Pymnid (hnmcnemcr 11) 83,167,251. Ilicddjhuriufankh PI. XXXI EI-Zir 276 Gurob 3,0,3Ij ZXO,p5, 318: i11.15: PIS. XI[, XIII: Djededkv 266 emhalmri 153 Ghyn, Ncll 66 L.LIV (Ammenemcr V!) 3,s: I..I.Vl/ 314 embalmrrs'depiir iop7 Bent Pymrnid (Scneferu) 315, 320: Djedhor ill. 161 embalming plaque 1z8 Habschi. Lubib 102 L.LVlll/Rlark Pyramid (Ammen- Djrdhoriufankh ill. 6 Emery, Wairer Bryan 22.89, 93 hacmvtite 137 clncs 111) 81, 315, 318: ill. 347b; Djrdkaie: seclrni enema 133-4: ill. 143 Hale. J. 65 l..l.Vlll:~ (Hod 84, 1r6, 254, z81, Djedptahiufankh qz.316 Ennad, Great ill. 239 Hamilton, Dukeof 71 317. 318, 3x1; ills, zo3, 409; L.LVIII:z Djehury IO<.Z~~.318; ill. 353 Ennead, Little ill. 239 Harnrnamar. Wadi qo (Nubhercprikhcicd) 116; L.XLIX1 Djehurynakhte 87, 114. 279; ill. 114; Esna 86, 113. ~II,3% 313 Hanover, Krrrner Museum 88 Rcd Pyramid (Seneferu) 92, III, 315, pl. XXV Hapy 18, 40, 256, 278. 284 308: ills. 117, 3io; L.XLVlI (Sesorrrir 111) 83, Djer, Horur 109,148,155, 3'5, 317,320; faience 137. L,*: ill. 428 239, 268, 286, 321, 322, 33o 356-7, 245, z52, 315, 31& ills, 81, 331, 347%. ills, 12,172 Flconcr, Willism 65 35" 399; pls. XXXIII, XXXV; re 406, 407, 408: LXLVI1:iii ills. 406, , Horus 3,:; ills. 12.13 Farag. Naguib 93.lOi ~lioHO~US, rollr sons 407 Djhurmorc ill. 365 Faras 311, 312 Hapyme,l (Abydor) i32 Dihrhur, Sourh 3'0. 3x3, 3,:: num- Djorer 2%. 109. 247. 252. 315. 317. 320: Farina, Guilio 86 Hapymen (BM EA 269: illr. 358. bercd monuments: A 3'5: R 3'5: C ill. 14; &>l. 1V Farouk I go 386 (Ameny-Qemau) 152, -4. 315. 318: DNA too-, Fayoun~ 50, 5%.312 Harageh 31O.jI3 ill. 348 dog i3r feldspar iql Harhorpc 250 D&laOasis 311, 312 Dreyer. Giinrci 97: ill. IT tig 242 Hani&hre 90. IU. 266: ill. 377 Dandara 13,120,3r1.31~313 Drioran, Erirnnc 101 Rlcr, Joycr g8 Hamcdjyorefills. 326,317 Ihra 311.313 Droverri, Brrnardinu 73, loi tii 116 harpon amulet PI. XV Daresry. Georgei 82,89,102 drug-raking 95 Firth, Ceril B. 88 Hniiir A. Papyrus 62 Dariur I ill. 387 Duamuref 18, 40, 256, z78. r84, 308; 136 Harrir.James C. 96, 98 David, Roslie g5,,o, illr. z39, 286, 321, 363, 399, 416: plr. Fletchei,John 65 Hariicsc (A) ~35,;15,319.3;0: ill. 310

148 INDEX HaniescM ill. jr4 195, 314. 315. 317 Kmawari, Naguib 95, roi Lcmery, Nicholar 6q hachirh 95 Husein,Abdel-Salnln 9%. 102 Kanopos ~4,255:ill. qoa Leapold ll-Amherri. Papyrrs 61,63 Hasran,Selim 87.8. loi hypoccphalur 144: ill. 162 Karanir 310, 313 Lrpsiur, Karl Richard 74.102 Hathor 160, 308 Kaicncn 156 Lerhirullier, Williarn 66 Harir 89 ibamuler: rrrheart amulcr Kareher 216: ill. or; pl.XXX Leropolir (KumAurtm) 310. 313 Hatnofret 124. 157.160. 170.2l0, 284 Ibi j~j Kaw~tIZ~. l50 Lerterr ra the Dead 18 Harrhcprur 37.38.84. 88,89,124.160, ihir r34 Kemrir ~4.250 lichen 106,121 I 210. i(i, 258. 284, jr~.318: ills. 303. Ibn Tulun, Mosque of. re< Cairo. Kephacsr ill. 3ti: pl. XXIX Lidu 31, 35, 116, 145, ~65,r98. 110. 313. 3j4.356.156.360,4'3h. 414.430 Mosque of lhn Tulun Kerma 96, 111,312 315: numbered monuments: L.LX Hawaid ji. 86, 189. 1'0. j~j.315; ills. Ihu qi Kha 88. ~10,111;illr. (Ammenema I) rsn, 35; 1 1 XI 190, ~7,437: FI. XXIII: numberrd ibw 108 Khrba, Hurur 314 LScrosrrir I) zro, 279, 315. 318:~ monument: I..IXl/lI (Ammenemer i1npalement ill. (4 W~acfre:re< Khephren L.W-North Matab~(anonymous) 111) 253,315. 3i8 lmrcri 18, 40, 256, 278. 281, jo8: illr. Khaelnhar ill. j~h 279; ills. 345.405 Hayer, William C. 89. roi 239, 286, 321. 3~2.363. 399: S" also Khacmwaet (vizier) 62 liver 178 head~rritamulet pi. W Horur, FourSunr of Khvemwaser A (Prince) ill. ioq Liverpool Uaiversiry, School ofArchae- lhearr amulet 142; ill. l57 Immunnef~~cbuill. jq Khnemwarcr C (Prince) 265 alo~.Clasricr and Oriental Srudier, Hcdhatiru illr. jzr-2 incense 105 KhargaOaris 311, pl; ill. 325 numhered objects: E.si ill. 253; Hckaemrrf ills, 44, 45 inririon, cmhalmen' ir8-ao Khacckhemuy. Horur md Srrh 22, jts: F. $x~ili%.146. Hcliopolir 132, jio, 312. 313 lnrni 37 ill. 12 Liverpool, Institute of Archaeology Hclwali 310, 313 inrerrincr 278 Khayar, Dr 96 86: re also Liverpool Uaivcrriry, Henhcncr 11q.3~1 Inyoref I yo. 3rj khcih~rmorif264: ill. 373 School ofArihacology. Claiicr and Heni ill, 251 lnyorefli 315 Khendjei 253. 254. 315,317 OrienralStudia Hcnrrawy(MMA5g) 128 lnyoreflll 250, 315 Kl~enrkheryemiaf 279: ill. 408 locking ryrrern, Old Kingdom rar- HenrrawyA 126. 219, 329; ill. 131 IrryotefV jI5.318 Khentyamentiu 134,308: ~ernLoOriris cophagus 149; ill. j4' HenrrawyC 61 InyofeFVI 147. i6o. 254, 315. 318: ill. Khrops iro. q6,j14.317; ill. 15:pl. V Lond~sborou~h,Lord 147; ill. 64 Hrni~rmehyr 116:ill. 283 150 Khephren :78.314, 317:ill. 15: p1.V London British Mwum ill. 5% num- I3cnurmire 215 InyorefVll 31j.318 Khcry ill. 18b bered abjccrs: EA 10 ill. 389; L4 17 Henurwedjehil 89 lpi ill. 1,s Khncmer 84, 147-8: illr. 26. 82: pis. 218; LA y ill. 386: EA ji ill. 383: EA Heqaernrheh ill. pa IputI 321 XII.XIII 19 73; ill. 2q:EA 90 ill. 184: EA 1001 Herakleopolii: rreEhnasiya el-Medina Ipur ll ill. j4j Khnu~nhorpcill. 21 ill. 277; LA 1384 ill. 319: EA 3161 pl. Heimopolir: r

312 INDEX