MATEC Web of Conferences 134, 00027 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201713400027 LOGI 2017

The Impact of 3D on

Lukáš Kubáč*1, and Oldřich Kodym2 1Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic 2College of Logistics, Přerov, Palackého 1381/25, 750 02 Přerov, Czech Republic

Abstract. technology has emerged as one of the most disruptive to impact the logistics and the global supply chain. Some claim that the technology merely enhances some aspects of production process, while others argue that technology will revolutionize and replace existing . Whether revolutionary or evolutionary, 3D printing technology is recognized as an important trend that will significantly impact supply chains. The objective of this article is to explore basic issues related to 3D printing technology and possibilities for altering manufacturing and supply chain.

1 Introduction Since the Industrial Revolution, manufacturing has been synonymous with factories, tools, production lines and economies of scale. So it is startling to think about manufacturing without tooling, assembly lines or supply chains. However, that is what is emerging as the future of 3D printing services takes hold. Today you can make parts, appliances and tools in a wide variety of materials right from your home or workplace. Using a computer, simply create, modify or download a digital 3D model of an object. 3D printers are being used to economically create custom, improved, as well as design of parts that could not be manufactured before, and right there where they will be used. A single can produce a vast range of products, sometimes already assembled.

1.1 What is 3D printing 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing – AM (the terms 3D printing and additive manufacturing have become interchangeable), is an additive technology used for making three dimensional solid objects up in layers from a digital file without the need for a mould or cutting tool. 3D printing uses a computer aided design (CAD) to translate the design into a three-dimensional object. The design is then sliced into several two- dimensional plans, which instruct the 3D printer where to deposit the layers of material. Additive process, of depositing successive thin layers of material upon each other, producing a final three dimensional product [1]. A wide variety of materials can be utilized

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). MATEC Web of Conferences 134, 00027 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201713400027 LOGI 2017

Fig. 1. Generalized additive manufacturing process. Source: [2]

1.2 Basic advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing Advantages • • • • • • • • Disadvantages • • • • • • • • •

the manufacturers trust them and are prepared to give them the 3D data models. What’s certain is that in future, the “value” of a product will reside in a digital file. Manufacturers

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gloal industr, 3D rinting must e ale to mass produce goods in the same volumes as traditional manufacturing techniues. 2 Challenges ie an disruptive new opportunit, ondemand M manufacturing networs have challenges that must e addressed . hallenges eist in three maor areas

Technology and • Different design principles and stress data for each different M technolog • ntensive investment in engineering training and process maturit is needed • light changes in material properties can mae onetoone replacements difficult sometimes • tensive postprocessing heattreat, …) are presently at lower levels of Fig. 1. Generalized additive manufacturing process. Source: [2] Data Management 1.2 Basic advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing • uture geographical andor organiational separation of the design and production organiations reuires a secure transfer of approved design data i.e. uild file, Advantages material specifications • • Design ma onl e printed on a ualified printer and must e authoried to print the • part • • Design and uild data must e traceale against source reuirements • • Business Impacts • • ocal printing in comparison to centralied printing offers significant • availailitlead time advantages for spare parts suppl • • upporting platforms over decades of use Disadvantages • ntellectual propert protection for design and printing data • • pens the door to new usiness models and modes of operation • • Designs ma e licensed for print authoried end users • • uscription models for parts catalogues • • 3 Impact of 3D printing on the Supply Chain • • he impact of M technologies on the gloal setup of suppl chains can e ver disruptive. • he technolog has the potential to eliminate the need for oth high volume production • facilities and lowlevel asseml worers, there drasticall reducing suppl chain cost . n terms of impact on inventor and logistics, we can . Meaning we the manufacturers trust them and are prepared to give them the 3D data models. What’s dont have to have the finished product staced on shelves or staced in warehouses certain is that in future, the “value” of a product will reside in a digital file. Manufacturers anmore. Whenever we need a product, we ust mae it. nd that collapses the suppl chain down to its simplest parts, adding new efficiencies to the sstem. hose efficiencies run the entire suppl chain, from the cost of distriution to asseml and carr, all the wa to the component itself, all the while reducing scrap, maimiing customiation and improving asseml ccle times.

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3.1 Traditional supply chain vs AM model he spply chain traitional moel is fone on traitional constraints of the instry, efficiencies of mass proction, the nee for low cost, high volme assemly worers, an so on t printing ypasses those constraints printing fins its vale in the printing of low volme, cstomer specific items, items that are capale of mch greater compleity than is possile throgh traitional means his at once eliminates the nee for oth high volme proction facilities an low level assemly worers, therey ctting ot at least half of the spply chain in a single low rom that point of view, it is no longer financially efficient to sen procts across the gloe when manfactring can e one almost anywhere at the same cost or lower he raw materials toay are igital files an the that mae them are wire an connecte, faster an more efficient than ever n that emans a new moel of spply chain ith spport local sorcing, the printing technology has the potential to tear estalishe gloal spply chain strctres apart an reassemles it as a new, local system rthermore, the technology creates a close relationship etween esign, manfactring an mareting he technology col transform the gloal spply chain to a gloally connecte, t totally local spply chain ets tae a loo at the ifferences in toays more traitional spply chain verss what it col loo lie in the ftre with more printing an the spply chain

Fig. 2. Supply chain – Traditional and AM model. Source: [8]

Traditional Supply Chain • rocts are mass proce e,g in hina) • Manufactured goods are ‘pushed out’ and distributed through warehose networ to cstomers • ong lea time • igh transport costs • arge caron footprint

Additive Manufacturing model • stomise proction • ‘Pulled’ by end customer demand • ocally printe an istrite • hort lea time • ow transport costs • ow caron footprint

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3.1 Traditional supply chain vs AM model eneralied processes in traditional supply chain and dditie Manufacturing model see ig he spply chain traitional moel is fone on traitional constraints of the instry, efficiencies of mass proction, the nee for low cost, high volme assemly worers, an so on t printing ypasses those constraints printing fins its vale in the printing 3.2 Advantages of AM model of low volme, cstomer specific items, items that are capale of mch greater compleity than is possile throgh traitional means his at once eliminates the nee for oth high Cost Savings volme proction facilities an low level assemly worers, therey ctting ot at least • liminate the need for large bul inentory half of the spply chain in a single low rom that point of view, it is no longer financially • liminate the need for high olume production facilities efficient to sen procts across the gloe when manfactring can e one almost • educe transportation cost anywhere at the same cost or lower he raw materials toay are igital files an the • liminate penalty for redesign machines that mae them are wire an connecte, faster an more efficient than ever n • educe the sie of an economical lot that emans a new moel of spply chain • More economical and effectie pacaging solutions ith spport local sorcing, the printing technology has the potential to tear • etting out designs offer customied designs at lower cost estalishe gloal spply chain strctres apart an reassemles it as a new, local system • educe labor inputs eliminate low leel assembly worers rthermore, the technology creates a close relationship etween esign, manfactring • educe reuired tooling and machining centers an mareting he technology col transform the gloal spply chain to a gloally • conomical mass customiation connecte, t totally local spply chain Speed Responsiveness ets tae a loo at the ifferences in toays more traitional spply chain verss what • liminate the time lag between design and product it col loo lie in the ftre with more printing an the spply chain • horter lead time • nabling ondemand manufacturing • mproing process fleibility • upply chain disintermediation Quality Improvement • educe production waste • mproe uality • ncorporate customer feedbac • More optimum products across many industries • liminate ecess parts that cause drag and add weight • Management of demand uncertainty Environmental Impact • ess negatie impact on enironment • educe carbon footprint • educe the waste that accrue in traditional manufacturing Fig. 2. Supply chain – Traditional and AM model. Source: [8] ith printing manufacturing will become more agile and better able to react to Traditional Supply Chain customer demands his means there will be less worinprogress and finished product in • rocts are mass proce e,g in hina) transport and in stoc and less obsolescence of eisting stoc lthough the cost per unit • Manufactured goods are ‘pushed out’ and distributed through warehose networ to may be higher with reduced storage and less outdated product the oerall supply chain cstomers system costs may be lower than that of traditional manufacturing supply chains Products • ong lea time can be made closer to the consumer printing supports a buildtoorder mass • igh transport costs customiation enironment and in some cases it will allow for product differentiation to be • arge caron footprint postponed in the supply chain process here will be a dramatic increase in information transmission he feedstoc often ery ersatile and useful for seeral products becomes Additive Manufacturing model the inentory his process is ideal for small batches and uncertain demand • stomise proction pportunities for printing are not entirely captured by the reduction of • ‘Pulled’ by end customer demand manufacturing costs een though it is liely for lowolume parts that the manufacturing • ocally printe an istrite costs can be reduced because of lower setup and tooling costs M offers opportunities for • hort lea time new mareting strategies and distribution channels nstead of manufacturers producing • ow transport costs products based on forecasted demands printing allows for manufacturing based on real • ow caron footprint

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3.3 Implications for the logistics industry • Asia markets could be ‘nearsourced’ to North America and Europe. This would • • retailers will either cease to exist or become ‘shop windows’ for manufacturers, • and movement of the raw materials which ‘feed’ the 3D Printers. As 3D Printers •

3.4 Applications in Industries Supply Chain

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3.3 Implications for the logistics industry • Fig. 3. Even basic 3D printers can be reprogrammed to create new designs at near zero marginal cost. Asia markets could be ‘nearsourced’ to North America and Europe. This would Source: [13] • 4 Conclusion • 3D printin started, mainl as a means to create prototpes. The recent technoloical advancements and applications of 3D printin suest that the technolo has potential to retailers will either cease to exist or become ‘shop windows’ for manufacturers, revolutionie man facets of everda life. The impact of A on suppl chains takes man forms, includin simplified production processes, reduced material waste for leaner manufacturin, increased flexibilit, reduced costs, faster reactions to demand, and the • abilit to decentralie production. and movement of the raw materials which ‘feed’ the 3D Printers. As 3D Printers 3D printin opens up new opportunities and is slowl emerin as a valuable wa to improve suppl chain efficiencies. A has the potential to reduce costs and increase profits. As a result, suppl chain can uickl react to chanes in the marketplace. t opens • up new opportunities and provides man possibilities for companies lookin to improve manufacturin efficienc. A sinificantl streamlines traditional methods and has the potential to become the norm over decades to come. The technolo provides freedom of desin usin standard AD software, and it is not limited to manufacturin technolo. t also enables cost effective product customiation. The technolo has improved processes in man industries, includin aerospace, 3.4 Applications in Industries Supply Chain automotive, industrial products, consumer products, defence, architecture, or healthcare. Experts believe that this technolo will keep rowin at a fast pace and pla a maor role in the future of suppl chains. owever before that, 3D print technolo has to overcome one bi obstacle. To provide more information amon people about all its abilities and innovations, there are still views the 3D printin from the time of its beinnins more than ears ao. Toda the situation is different, and the claim that 3D printin increases the consumption of raw materials is misleadin. The opposite is true. 3D printin will reatl impact waste loistics. ut positivel. A welldesined production process usin 3D printin results in sinificant savins in consumed material and the amount of waste enerated. As production will be closer to the consumer, there will be less need for packain and shippin materials than ever before. And less waste in production is then iven b the ver essence of the additive process. Another erroneous view of 3D printin is that its main potential is for products made of and usuall components to final products. Thats not true. The main potential of the technolo is the use of a wide rane of materials, not ust plastics. or instance etal 3D Printin has the abilit and bi potential to produce intricate, streamlined components with phsical properties that can sometimes exceed those of parts

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manufactured b traditional means. onseuentl, the technolo has the potential to completel shift the wa that we fabricate critical components. ith it, we can create lihtweiht obects with uniue eometries capable of decreasin material waste and ener consumption. In other words, there’s a “knowledge gap” between the technology available and the people must close before 3D printin can be a common method of manufacturin product.

This paper is supported by the research project “From horsedrawn railway to intermodal transport” within iserad und.

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