The Hydrogen Combustion Engine As the Most Effective CO

Presentation at TU-Berlin, 21.11.2019 The Hydrogen Combustion Engine

as the Most Effective CO2-Reduction Technology Today

Alvaro Sousa, CTO

The Hydrogen Society

www.keyou.de From a CARBON based to a HYDROGEN based Economy

CLEAN ENERGY SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE MOBILITY

Improve how to Improve how to • PRODUCE H2 • BUILD • STORE ENERGY • POWER VEHICLES • CONVERT • RECYCLE

Hydrogen compared to Batteries Hydrogen compared to Batteries >20 x >20 x LOWER COST HIGHER ENERGY DENSITY

Sources: • Battery Storage: Manufacturer's specifications, Fraunhofer Institut ISI: Gesamt-Roadmap Energiespeicher für die Elektromobilität 2030 / IKT für Elektromobilität, Abschlussbericht 2015, gefördert durch Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie • Battery-Storage: Manufacturer's specifications / Market Research (i.e. specification given by Akasol, Daimler) • Hydrogen Storage: Manufacturer's specifications, Fraunhofer ISI, Fraunhofer IML, PTV Group,: Teilstudie „Brennstoffzellen-Lkw: kritische Entwicklungshemmnisse, Forschungsbedarf und Marktpotential“

High Energy Li-Ion Batteries 0km 200km 400km 600km

Assumptions: E-Truck - gravimetric energy density 100 Wh/kg, efficiency of battery propulsion twice as ICE, consumption 88kWh/100km

Range 450 km

Hydrogen Storage Tank 0km 200km 400km 600km (350 bar)

, Hydrogen tank and KEYOU-Inside Technology (350 bar) - gravimetric energy density 2530 Wh/kg, Tank size: 30 kg H2 consumption 6,8 kg H2 / 100 km

http://whtc2019.jp/

World Hydrogen Technologies Convention 2019

Press Conference on WHTC2019 “World Hydrogen Technologies Convention 2019” will be held at the Tokyo International Forum from June 2nd to 7th, 2019. Prior to holding this Environmentalinternational Protection conference, Press Conference§ willStrategic be held from Roadmaps 15:00, June 2nd (Sun), 2019. In holding the WHTC2019, representatives of the Hydrogen Energy System Society of Japan and the WHTC 2019 Organizing Committee H Energy Securitywill present the purpose and outline of the§ WHTCImplementation 2019. Targets 2 At the same time, the sponsoring companies who have given support will also introduce the expectations for the WHTC2019 and the future of Economichydrogen Growth energy technologies, etc. § Expert Committees

Press Conference Outline www.keyou.de page 6 Date: Sunday, June 2, 2019 about 1 hour from 15:00 ( Registration begins at 14:30) Venue: Glass Building G Block conference room G505 TOKYO INTERNATIONAL FORUM Address : 3-5-1 Marunouchi,Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo,100-0005 https://www.t-i-forum.co.jp/en/ Contents: Greetings of the Organizing Committee Representative Introduction of WHTC2019 Introduction of Sponsors Expectation for WHTC by the sponsors Q&A (Questions and Answers) Entry: Please apply after reading the attached WHTC2019: Guidelines for Media. Contact us: WHTC Registration Desk (c/o Japan Convention Services, Inc.) E-mail: [email protected] 2.

The Hydrogen Engine

www.keyou.de Combustion engine: core competency of the automotive industry

• Existing high tech production infrastructure and mature supply chain • Robust for all different types of vehicles • No precious, rare or toxic raw materials

Most cost-efficient propulsion system with the highest customer value.

’Zero emission heavy-duty vehicle’ means a heavy-duty vehicle without an internal combustion engine, or with an internal combustion engine that emits

less than 1 g CO2/kWh as determined pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 and its implementing measures, or which

emits less than 1 g CO2/km as determined pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 and its implementing measures;"

Battery H2 Fuel Cell H2 Engine

Electric Vehicles Electric Vehicles Vehicles

DIESEL ENGINE NG ENGINE BATTERY FUEL CELL H2 ENGINE Total Cost of Ownership

Driving Range

Payload

Reliability

Service Life

Climate Protection Air Pollution Control

Zero Emission

Hydrogen Price: 5 €/Kg Diesel Battery Fuel CellF Hydrogen Euro 6 EV EV Engine Range (km) > 350 < 250 > 350 > 350 Purchasing Price 230.000 € 450.000 € 600.000 € 270.000 € Heating Engine Diesel Burner Electric Engine Air Conditioning Engine Electric Electric Engine Max. number of passengers 95 80 80 90 Operational lifetime (years) 12 6 (Battery) 6 (FC and Battery) 12

Consumption (100 km) 38l 160 kwh 8 kg H2 10,8 kg H2 TCO (12 years) 750.000 € 1,1 Mio € 1,2 Mio € 860.000 €

Assumptions: Diesel: 1,16 €/L - Battery: 13C/kWH, 140 Wh/kg, 400 €/kWh – Hydrogen: 5 €/Kg

Zero Emission

Hydrogen Price: 5 €/Kg Diesel Battery Fuel CellF Hydrogen Euro 6 EV EV Hybrid Range (km) > 350 < 250 > 350 > 350 Purchasing Price 230.000 € 450.000 € 600.000 € 330.000 € Heating Engine Diesel Burner Electric Engine Air Conditioning Engine Electric Electric Engine Max. number of passengers 95 80 80 85 Operational lifetime (years) 12 6 (Battery) 6 (FC and Battery) 12

Consumption (100 km) 38l 160 kwh 8 kg H2 7,6 kg H 2 TCO (12 years) 750.000 € 1,1 Mio € 1,2 Mio € 820.000 €

Assumptions: Diesel: 1,16 €/L - Battery: 13C/kWH, 140 Wh/kg, 400 €/kWh – Hydrogen: 5 €/Kg

40 t Truck

Consumption: 9.9 kg H2 / 100 km Tank: 50 - 90 kg H2 @ 350 bar Range: 500 - 900 km 18 t Truck

Consumption: 6.8 kg H2 / 100 km Tank: 34 - 55 kg H2 @ 350 bar Range: 500 - 800 km 12m Bus

Consumption: 10.8 kg H2 / 100 km Tank: 40 - 55 kg H2 @ 350 bar Range: 370 – 500 km Coach Bus

Consumption: 9.5 kg H2 / 100 km Tank: 40 - 55 kg H2 @ 350 bar Range: 420 – 570 km

About KEYOU

www.keyou.de KEYOU’s Team Experience

BMW Hydrogen 7 MAN Lion’s City H2 Aston Martin Rapide S H2

Production of 100 series vehicles Production of 14 demo-fleet vehicles Construction of prototype car

2006-2011 2006-2014 2013 Costumer-use worldwide demonstration Service-lines operation in Berlin Finisher at 24h-Nürburgring race

More than 70 years of combined experience developing H2-engines and H2-vehicles

Hydrogen Combustion Development H2

Attainment of Zero Emissions + high Peak Power + Low-end Torque + highest Efficiency.

Hydrogen’s unique Properties to manage in an internal combustion engine:

- Widest flammability range (4-75%): stable combustion with very lean mixtures: high efficiency

- Highest flame velocity (up to 5 times higher than gasoline): high efficiency; retarded ignition timing

- Lowest ignition energy (0,016 MJ): prone to abnormal combustion (incl. backfire) due to hot spots

- Combustion temperature can be low enough to avoid any NOx formation (< 1800C): emission-free

- Highest diffusion coefficient and kinematic viscosity: challenging to reach effective homogenization

- Highest auto-ignition temperature (580C): high knocking limit allowing high power densities

1. H2-Lean Combustion with EGR ü Ultra low NOx-formation ü Avoiding Knocking ü High Efficiency

2. H2-Injection Strategy ü High Power & Torque ü High Efficiency

3. Optimized Turbo-Charging ü High Power & Torque

4. NOx-Emission Control System ü Reduction of any NOx Emissions

H2-Lean Combustion Effective Range

No Operation Operation at full load

• EGR reduces already low NOx-values

treatment • NOx Reduction Option for - higher flexibility for transient operation Formation - Reduction NOx NOx NOx WITHOUT after Part-load operation

EGR • Ultra-low NOx-formation

0.7 1.1 2 Air-Fuel-Ratio 1.8 2.8

Design 1D/3D Simulation

Hardware & Software Components Performance

180 Cylinderpressure 2200 RPM Cylinderpressure 2000 RPM 160 Cylinderpressure 1700 RPM Cylinderpressure 1450 RPM Cylinderpressure 1200 RPM 140 Cylinderpressure 1000 RPM Cylinderpressure 800 RPM

] 120 r a b [

e r

u 100 s s e r P

r 80 e d n i l y

C 60

0 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Crank Angle

Fastest Results • Combustion Process Validated F F • Testing Infrastructure Ready • Key Partnerships Built

Lowest Cost • Pre-Development Completed • KEYOU Co-investment in Core Components Development • Optimized Development Plan

Lowest Risk R • Proven Concept • KEYOU & Partners Experience • Customized Core Components Supplied by KEYOU

From Start to Field Test: ~ 30 Months 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

Demonstrator Vehicle Field Tester Fleet SOP

Phase 1: PROTOTYPE

Phase 2: PRE-SERIES

KEYOU leading OEM supporting Phase 3: Industrialization OEM Leading KEYOU supporting

INJECTION PRESSURE System IGNITION System REGULATION System CHARGING System

CONTROL EXHAUST System AFTER-TREATMENT System

Heavy-Duty Vehicles

FUEL CONTROL EXHAUST & SAFETY System System

H2 STORAGE System

HYBRID System

Engine Adaptation

From Diesel to H2

www.keyou.de Engine Adaptation

New H2 Core Components

After Pressure Turbo- ECU Injection Ignition Treatment Regulator charging

Hardware adaptation

Adaptation of Cylinder Air combustion chamber head supply

Software adaptation

ü New Functions ü Customized Operating Strategy KEYOU-inside

TCD 7. 8 D i e s e l TCG 7.8 H2 From Diesel to Zero-Emission with KEYOU-inside

1100 220

1000 200

900 180 Peak Power: 180 kW @ 2000 rpm Max. Torque: 950 Nm @ 1300 rpm 800 160

700 140

600 120 Priority Applications: Power / kW Torque / Nm 500 100

400 80 • 12m City Bus • 18t Truck 300 60

200 40

100 20 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Engine Speed / min-1

1100 WHTC (World Harmonized Transient Cycle)

1000 44.5 44.1 43.2 41.1

900 44.0

800 37.4

700 44.0 40.0

600 42.0 41.0 44.0

Torque / Nm 500 42.0 40.0 400 38.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 300 38.0 34.0 34.0 200 34.0 30.0 30.0 24.0 100 0.01.0 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 Engine Speed / min-1

KEYOU GmbH | Copyright 2019 www.keyou.de page 30 Raw NOx EmissionsSCR CatalysticAchievementinvestigation Low NOx engine map spec. NOx raw emissions [g/kWh] 1100 • Specific NOx emission areas > 0.1 1000 0.10 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.14 g/kWh are red! 0.20 0.10 900 0.10 0.05 0.05 • Instead of the LET and a few full load 800 0.10 0.05 points all map points are < 0.1 g/kWh 0.05 700 0.05 → Reducing the maximum engine tourque 600 to 910 – 920 Nm

Torque / Nm / Torque 500 0.27 0.05 0.05 400 No SCR Catalyst is needed to fullfill 300 our targets! 200 0.05 0.05 100 0.05 600 800 1000 0.051200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 Engine Speed / min-1

2400

2200

2000

1800

DEUTZ 1600 Diesel Base Engine ] m p p [

1400 n o i t a r t 1200 n e c n o

C 1000 - x O N 800

600

400

200 Adapted H Engine Keyou 2 0 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 Engine Speed [1/min]

0,0 lokale Emissionen beim H2-Motor mit KEYOU-inside: Diesel Motor H -Motor Bus 12m 2 Euro VI mit KEYOU-inside

CO2 [g/kWh] 1.000 0,08 EU Definition von Gesetzliche Grenzwerte ZERO EMISSION: ✔ 70 < 1 g CO2/kWh NOx [g/kWh] 0,46 0,046

PM* [g/kWh] 0,01 0,002

HC** [g/kWh] 0,16 0,01 H2-Engine

CO [g/kWh] 4 0,01

* Particulate Matter, Bezeichnung / Einheit / Standard für Feinstaub ** flüchtige, organische Substanzen wie Kohlenwasserstoffe

H2-Motoren mit KEYOU-inside erfüllen EU-Standard für Zero Emission Nutzfahrzeuge zu 100%

Gen 1 Gen 2

Case Study „12m Bus“

Engine MAN H2876 UH01 (2006) DEUTZ TCG7.8 H2 PFI (Today) DEUTZ TCG7.8 H2 DI (Future) Cylinders 6 6 6 Displacement 12,8 Litres 7,8 Liter 7,8 Lite r Charging Naturally Aspirated Turbo Charged Turbo Charged Power 150 kW 180 kW DOUBLE 210 kW +130 % Power Density Power Density Torque 760 Nm 950 Nm 1.100 Nm Combustion Concept Stoichiometric Lean Lean

NOx Control 3 Way Catalyst EGR + H2 SCR EGR + H2 SCR HALF -60% Consumption 21,6 kgH2 / 100 km 10,7 kg H2 / 100 km Consumption 9,7 kgH2 / 100 km Consumption

H2 Engine Development towards the road

www.keyou.de Motorentwicklungsprojekte - Überblick

Entwicklung Motor OEM Reifegrad Zeitschiene Öffentl. Förderung Status

Vorserie – Zulassung für den 30 Monate ü Vertrag Betrieb unterschiedlicher verschiedene 1 TCG 7.8 H2 PFI DEUTZ ü Entwicklung läuft Pilotfahrzeuge Start Q2 2018

Vorserie – Zulassung für den Europäischer 30 Monate 2 Betrieb unterschiedlicher ü Vertrag Hersteller Kundenauftrag 13,5 L DI Pilotfahrzeuge ü Entwicklung läuft Start Q1 2019

24 Monate Europäischer Konzeptvalidierung Kundenauftrag ü In Vorbereitung 16 L DI / PFI Hersteller auf Prüfstand Start Q4 2019

24 Monate Asiatischer Konzeptvalidierung ü In Vorbereitung Kundenauftrag 12 L DI /PFI Hersteller auf Prüfstand Start Q4 2019

Fahrzeugtyp Motor Reifegrad Zeitschiene Öffentl. Förderung Status

ü OEM Partner Zugelassene Vorserie für 24 Monate BayEMA / Bayer. 12 m ü Entwicklungspartner Demonstration Wirtschaftsministerium 7.8L PFI ü Endkunde Stadtbus und Validierung Start Q3 2019 (STMWI) ü Wasserstoff

SME-Instrument ü OEM Partner Zugelassene Vorserie für 18 Monate (EurA AG) 13.5L PFI ü Entwicklungspartner Demonstration Reisebus ü Endkunde und Validierung Start Q3 2019 + Kundenfinanzierung ü Wasserstoff (VIKING)

ü OEM Partner Zugelassene Vorserie für 24 Monate ü Entwicklungspartner 7.8L PFI Demonstration 18 t LKW ü Endkunde und Validierung Start Q3 2019 ü Wasserstoff Mobilitäts- und Kraftstoffstrategie der Bundesregierung / BMVI Zugelassene Vorserie für 36 Monate ü OEM Partner 40 t LKW 13.5L / 15L Demonstration ü Entwicklungspartner PFI / DI und Validierung Start Q3 2019 ü Endkunde ü Wasserstoff

BMW Factory Leipzig

■ Joint project to develop, build, and operate 18t and 40t trucks for regional and long-haul delivery PROJECT PARTNERS 18 t Truck BMW Logistics

■ Strong network of project partners, including all relevant players in value chain 40 t Truck

■ Project funding of up to 50 % by the German Federal Government

Similar project is being set up for

H2 Engine Buses BMW Factory Dingolfing

Hydrogen Direct Injection

• 10-15 % increased power possible by eliminating the disadvantageous volumetric air displacement of hydrogen in the combustion chamber during port fuel injection

• 2-4 % increase in efficiency through combustion process optimisation and ensuring high operational stability.

• 15-20% increased Low-end Torque

• No back-firing limitations • Increased knocking limit • Even lower NOx formation

Battery Energy storage H2-Storage system Hybridization

• Decreased consumption • Higher durability KEYOU H2-DI Engine Electric Motor • Lowest noise emissions Propulsion system • Best TCO results

KEYOU GmbH Gutenbergstraße 3 D-85716 Unterschleißheim Munich / Germany T +49 89 3270889 E [email protected] W www.keyou.de