...... s Richard III Society, Inc. Volume XXXVII No. 4 Winter, 2007 BARNARD CASTLE

The Second Duke And Duchess Of Buckingham

page 4 REGISTER STAFF

EDITOR: Carole M. Rike 48299 Stafford Road • Tickfaw, LA 70466 985-350-6101 ° 504-952-4984 (cell) email: [email protected]

RICARDIAN READING EDITOR: Myrna Smith 2784 Avenue G • Ingleside, TX 78362 ©2007 Richard III Society, Inc., American Branch. No part may be (361) 332-9363 • email: [email protected] reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means — mechanical, electrical or photocopying, recording or information storage retrieval — ARTIST: Susan Dexter 1510 Delaware Avenue • New Castle, PA • 16105-2674 without written permission from the Society. Articles submitted by members remain the property of the author. The Ricardian Register is CROSSWORD: Charlie Jordan published four times per year. Subscriptions are available at $20.00 [email protected] annually. In the belief that many features of the traditional accounts of the character and career of Richard III are neither supported by sufficient evidence nor reasonably tenable, the Society aims to promote in every In This Issue possible way research into the life and times of Richard III, and to secure a re-assessment of the material relating to the period, and of the role in English history of this monarch From The Chair The Richard III Society is a nonprofit, educational corporation. Wayne Ingalls ...... 3 Dues, grants and contributions are tax-deductible to the extent The Second Duke & Duchness of Buckingham allowed by law. Susan Higginbotham ...... 4 Dues are $35 annually for U.S. Addresses; $40 for international. A Tall Tale Each additional family member is $5. Members of the American Marion Davis ...... 13 Society are also members of the English Society. Members also Ricardian Puzzle receive the English publications. All Society publications and items for sale may be purchased either direct at the U.K. Member’s price, or Charlie Jordan ...... 14 via the American Branch when available. Papers may be borrowed 2008 Ricardian Tour from the English Librarian, but books are not sent overseas. When a Pam Butler & Linda Treybig U.S. Member visits the U.K., all meetings, expeditions and other Our Day in York activities are open, including the AGM, where U.S. Members are Virginia Poch ...... 22 welcome to cast a vote. Chapter Contacts...... 24 Advertise in The Ricardian Register Your ad in the Register will reach an audience of demonstrated mail Membership Application ...... 24 buyers and prime prospects for books on the late medieval era, as well as for gift items and other merchandise relating to this period. They are also prospects for lodging, tours and other services related to travel in England or on the continent. Classified advertising rates for one-time insertions: Full Page: $150; Half Page: $75; Quarter Page: $50. Send copy with your remittance payable to Richard III Society, 48299 Stafford Road, Tickfaw, LA 70466. E-mail inquiries or digital files to [email protected].

Copy Deadlines: Spring March 15 Summer June 15 Fall September 15 Winter December 15

Society Internet address: http://www.r3.org For web status updates, check http://www.r3member.blogspot.com

Changes of address and dues payments to: Pamela J. Butler 11000 Anaheim Ave. NE • Albuquerque, NM 87122-3102 Address changes may be made on-line at http://www.r3.org/form/address.htm.

Winter, 2007 Page 2 Ricardian Register EXECUTIVE BOARD From the Chair

CHAIRMAN: W. Wayne Ingalls 704 NW Euclid Ave • Lawton, OK 73507 (580) 353-6315 • [email protected] Huzzah, King Richard!

VICE CHAIRMAN: Carole M. Rike We are still sev eral months out, but I am alr eady get- 48299 Stafford Road • Tickfaw, LA 70466 ting ex cited about our up coming Annual Gen eral Meet - (985)350-6101 • [email protected] ing (AGM), Sept. 26-28 SECRETARY: Dave Lutwiler in Florida. 1268 Wellington Drive • Victor, NY 14564-1507 I am also quite en - [email protected] cour aged by the strength TREASURER: Maria Torres and in no va tions in many 3216 Fillmore Avenue • Brooklyn, NY 11234 of our chapters. While [email protected] we try to get the word MEMBERSHIP CHAIRMAN: Pamela J. Butler out about Good King 11000 Anaheim Ave. NE • Albuquerque, NM 87122-3102 Richard at the nation al (505) 856-6186 (Leave Message) • [email protected] level, the ded i ca tion wit- IMMEDIATE PAST CHAIRMAN: Bonnie Battaglia nessed at many Ricardian chapters is the real strength of 5191 Hanks Exchange Road • Placerville, CA 95667 our Soci ety. To that end, I en cour age each of you to seek (530) 622-6470 • [email protected] out your loc al or re gional Ricardian chapter and get in - volved. In some cases, chap ters of the past folded as COMMITTEES people moved away or the cares of ev ery day life took CHAPTERS ADVISOR: Eileen C. Prinsen pre cedence over Ricardian par tici pa tion . I can speak for 16151 Longmeadow Drive • Dearborn MI 48120 the Amer ic an Branch Ex ecu tive Board in say ing that we (313) 271-1224 • [email protected] resol ve to sup port lo cal and regional ef forts to re-plant LIBRARIAN: Audio/Visual: Yvonne Saddler those fallen and forgotten standards. 719 Apple Brook Lane • Poulsbo, WA 98370 We continue to look for new ways to raise awareness (360) 697-1278 • [email protected] about the wrong ful attac ks on the rep u ta tion of Ricardus LIBRARIAN: Fiction: Gilda E. Felt Rex (and the Yorkists of old). If you have a great idea, 3054 Lantana Court SE • Kentwood, Michigan 49512 please share it on the Richard III Soci et y Amer ic an email:[email protected] Branch members-o nly email list. You can also read and LIBRARIAN: Research & Non-Fiction: discuss *other mem ber’s* great ideas! All you have to do Brad Verity is get a free Ya hoo! ID and join the mem bers-only Ya - 425 S. Sunrise Way # H7 • PMB 115 Palm Springs, CA 92262-7663 hoo! group at the fol lowing web link: (310) 313-4480 • [email protected] http://groups.yahoo.com/group/richard3/

ON-LINE MEMBER SERVICES: Pamela J. Butler 11000 Anaheim Ave. NE • Albuquerque, NM 87122-3102 Loyaulte me lie, (505) 856-6186 (Leave Message) • [email protected] Wayne

RESEARCH OFFICER: Dr. Sharon D. Michalove 307 South McKinley Avenue • Champaign, IL 61821 On The Cover [email protected] Barnard Castle, © Ben Gamble, licensed for reuse under Creative Common License. This view taken from the bridge over SALES OFFICER: Charlene Conlon 605 Thayer Ave • Silver Spring, MD 20910 the Tees. [email protected] Standard of Henry Stafford: Heraldic Standard and badge of Sir SCHALLEK MEMORIAL/GRAD: Laura V. Blanchard 2041 Christian St. • Philadelphia, PA 19146 • (215) 985-1445 Henry de Stafford, K.G., second son of Henry, second Duke of FAX (215) 985-1446 • [email protected] Buckingham (executed in 1483). It is charged, first, with a cross of St. George: then, on a field per fesse sable and gules (the VOLUNTEER CO-ORDINATOR: Peggy Allen 1421 Wisteria • Metairie, LA 70005 colours of the Duke’s livery), the White Swan of the De Bohuns, (504) 837-0974 • [email protected] with the silver Stafford-knot badge, differenced with a Crescent gules for Cadency; the Motto is HVMBLE: ET: LOYAL; and WEBMASTER: Laura V. Blanchard 2041 Christian St. • Philadelphia, PA 19146 • (215) 985-1445 the fringe, of the same colours as the field, componée sable and FAX (215) 985-1446 • [email protected] gules.

Ricardian Register Page 3 Winter, 2007 The Second Duke And Duchess Of Buckingham

Susan Higginbotham n the fall of 1483, Henry Stafford, sec ond Duke of IBuckingham, re belled against Richard III, break- ing faith with a monarch whom he had helped to bring to power just months before. Much has been written about Henry’s con duct dur ing 1483, but com par a - tively lit tle has been written about the rest of his life—and about his duchess, Kather ine Woodville, sister to Queen Eliza beth Woodville. Sadly, the house hold records that would give valu able insight into the lives and perso nal i ties of this cou- ple—show ing, for in stance, what they spent their money on and with whom they asso ci ated—were de stroyed in 1483 and 1485 by sup port ers of Rich ard III, either dur - ing the re bel lion that bears Buckingham’s name or in raids fol lowing the bat tle of Bosworth.1 We are left older sister of the king’s mother, Cecily, Duchess of largely with scat tered re cords of con tem po rar ies and York. chron i cle ev i dence. In Febr u ary 1464, Edwar d IV pur chased Harry’s Born on Septem ber 4, 1455,2 Henry Stafford was the wardship and marr iage from Anne Stafford. He then old est son of Humphrey Stafford and Mar ga ret Beau fort placed Harry in the cus tody of Anne, Duchess of Exeter, (who is not to be con fused with her better-known first Ed ward IV’s older sister . cousin of the same name, mother to Henry Tu dor). He Later that year, Edward IV secr etly marr ied Eliz a - signed him self “Harry,” and that is what we shall call him beth Woodville, a wido wed daughter of Richard here, to avoid con fu sion with the other Henrys who fig - Woodville and Jacquetta of Lux embourg , Duchess of ure into this his tory. Harry had royal connec tions, be ing a Bedfor d. The duchess’ s marr iage to a mere squire years de scen dant of Ed ward III through both Thomas of be fore had produced a large brood of chil dren, of which Woodstock and John of Gaunt (via John’s legit i ma tiz ed Kath er ine Woodville was prob a bly the youn gest. A chil dren by Kath er ine Swynford). He also had sound post-mor tem inqui si tion for her brother Rich ard in Lancastrian ones. Both Harry’s father and grandfa ther 1492 iden tifies her as “aged 34 and more,” placing her had been wounded fighting for that house at the first bat- birth year at around 1458.4 tle of St. Albans in 1455, and Harry’s grandfa ther died Edward IV announced his marr iage to his council in guarding Henry VI’s tent at Northampton in 1460. Septem ber 1464, and Eliz abeth Woodville was for mally Harry’s mother, Mar ga ret, was a daugh ter of Edmund presented to the coun cil and other wor thies at Beau fort, first Duke of Somerset, who was killed at St. Michaelmas (Sep tember 29). She was crowned on May Albans in 1455. Mar gar et’s three broth ers car ried on the 26, 1465. Lancastrian cause: Henry Beaufort, secon d Duke of Some where in this pe riod, young Harry Stafford and Somerset, was exe cuted by Yorkist forces af ter the battle Kather ine Woodville were marr ied. In 1483, Dominic of Hex ham in 1464; Edmund Beau fort, the third duke, Mancini, an obser ver of English af fairs dur ing this time, was exe cuted af ter the battle of Tewkesbur y; John Beau- dec lared that Harry “had his own reasons for de test ing fort, the youngest brother, died in the battle of the queen’s kin; for, when he was younger , he had been Tewkes bury. forced to wed the queen’s sis ter, whom he scorned to wed Harry’s father died of the plague in 1458,3 pre de ceas - on account of her hum ble or i gin.”5 Re cently, his to ri ans ing his own father , the first Duke of Buckingham, also have been less inc lined to take this comment at face known as Humphrey Stafford. Harry in her ited his value, given the anti-Woodville pro paganda that was be- grandfa ther ’s dukedo m when the first duke was killed at ing cir culated by the Duke of Glouces ter , the fu ture Northampton on July 10, 1460. As Harry, not quite five, Rich ard III, at the time.6 was a mi nor, he and his es tates passed into the custody of In fact, at nine years of age, Harry was likely to have his grand mother the Duchess of Buckingham. Anne taken his cue from his el ders, who on the Stafford side at Stafford, the duchess, was Edward IV’s aunt, being an least appear to have been on cor dial terms with the

Winter, 2007 Page 4 Ricardian Register Woodvilles and with the king. The dowa ger Duch ess of for the duke’s main tenance were later made retro active Buckingham and Kather ine’s mother, the Duchess of to Easter, he had proba bly been liv ing in her house hold Bed ford, were old ac quain tances, who had of ten been in at least since then.11 The queen was granted 500 marks the receipt of gifts from Henry VI’s queen, Marga r et of per year from Harry’s estates for the mainte nance of him Anjou. They and their husband s attended Cor pus and his brother. Eliz abeth ’s house hold ac counts for Christi pag eants in her com pany in 1457.7 In 1460, the 1466-67 show that three people were paid for their ser - two duchesses and Lady Scales were dele gated by the vices to Kath er ine, who was being raised in the queen’s cit i zens of Lon don to ne go ti ate with Mar ga ret of Anjou. household alongside her husband . The queen engaged a The dowa ger Duchess of Buckingham played a prom i- tu tor, John Giles, to teach gram mar to Henry and nent role at Eliz a beth Woodville’s coro na tio n, bearing Humphrey. (Giles was evi dently good at his task, for he the queen’s train. In 1470, the duchess lent the queen later bec ame a tutor to the Prince of Wales and his youn- money af ter Edwar d IV was forced to flee the countr y.8 ger brother.)12 Humphrey passes out of the re cords af ter Her sec ond husband, Wal ter Blount, Lord Mountjoy, this time, appar ently hav ing died young. and her two sur viving sons, Harry’s unc les, were loyal to De spite the in qui si tion post mor tem, the cor o na tion Edwar d IV in 1470–71. Thus, if the nine-year-old duke de scrip tion, and Eliz a beth Woodville’s house hold re - did re sent his marr iage at the time, his feelings do not cords, all of which indi c ate that Kath er ine was a child at seem to have been shared by his Stafford re la tions. The the time of her marr iage to Harry, a number of writ- perso n who prob ably was upset about the marr iage was ers—es pe cially Ricardian ones—maintain that she was a Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known as the grown woman and cite this suppos ed age differ ence as a “Kingmaker,” who with the duke’s marr iage to Kath er - shock ing ex am ple of Woodville greed and cor rup tion.13 ine lost an em i nently suit able hus band for one of his own One Ricardian novel even de picts Kath er ine as a two young daugh ters.9 pedophile and an “ag ing slut,” forcing the hap less The ar range ments re gard ing Harry’s wardship and twelve-year-old duke into her bed as a sex toy with the marr iage, in fact, made sound sense. Given Harry’s blessing of the evil Eliz abeth Woodville. Harry is found Lancastrian con nec tions (es pe cially his Beau fort kin) in a state of shock by the up right Richard, Duke of and his wealth, Edward IV had ev ery rea son to want him Glou ces ter, who chiv al rously rescue s the lad from his to be reared by people Edwar d could trust unr eser v edly, wife’s per verted clutches by whisk ing him off to Wales.14 like the king’s sis ter and his queen. Mar ry ing Harry to (Of course, the ingrate Harry betrays Rich ard anyway .) one of Warwick’s daughters, moreo ver, would have Back in the realm of re alit y, eleven-year-old Kather - joined the vast Stafford estates to the vast Warwick ine Woodville’s life took a terr i fy ing turn in 1469, when ones, al lowing the earl to expand his influ ence even fur - the Kingmaker, acting in concer t with Edward IV’s ther at a time Edward IV was dec lar ing his inde pend - younger brother, George, the Duke of Clar ence, took ence from Warwick. advan tage of unr est in the countr y to mount his own re - In May 1465, the young duke and duchess par tici - bel lion and to rid himself of his po liti c al ene mies. Nam- pated in Eliz abeth Woodville’s cor o na tion, where both ing the Woodvilles and oth ers as fa vor ites who were were car ried on the shoul ders of squires. That they were cor rupt ing the king, and remind ing those who read his marr ied by then is ev ident from a con tempo rar y account man i festo of the de posed rul ers Ed ward II, Richard II, of the event, where Kather ine is described as “the youn- and Henry VI, Warwick gathered troops, some of which ger Duchess of Buckingham,” and her prom inent place met the king’s forces at Edgecote on July 26, 1469, de- in the pro ces sion, im me di ately be hind the dow a ger feat ing them. Af ter the battle, Wil liam Her bert, Earl of Duchess of Buckingham, the Duchess of Suf folk (Ed - Pembroke and one of Warwick’s ene mies, was beheaded . ward IV’s sis ter Eliz abeth), Mar gar et of York (Ed ward As John Gillingham points out, this ex e cu tion was il le - IV’s youngest, then un marr ied sister), and the Duchess gal, as Warwick still recog niz ed Edward IV as king and of Bed ford.10 At the banquet af ter ward, the dowa ger Pembroke had merely been coming to his aid.15 Three Duchess of Buckingham and the new Duchess of days later, Edward IV himself was captur ed by Buckingham sat at the same ta ble, near the newly cre - Warwick’s brother, George Neville, and taken to ated Knights of the Bath, among whom were Harry, Warwick Cas tle, then to Middleham. Meanwhile , Duke of Buckingham, and his youn ger brother, Warwick’s men cap tured Kath er ine Woodville’s fa ther, Humphrey. Richard, and one of her older broth ers, John. They were Edwar d IV trans ferred cus tody of the Duke of beheaded without trial on Au gust 12, 1469. Like Buckingham from the Duchess of Exeter to Eliz abeth Pembroke, they were exe cuted en tirely ille gall y. To add Woodville in Au gust 1465, but as pay ments to Eliz abeth to the mis ery of the Woodville famil y, one of Warwick’s

Ricardian Register Page 5 Winter, 2007 T he Second Duke and Duch ess of Buckingham follo wers accused Jacquetta, Duchess of Bedfor d, newly ex e cuted af ter the bat tle. Harry’s other mater nal unc le, wid owed and mourn ing the death of a son as well, of sor- John Beau fort, per ished in the battle, also fighting for cery. (The duchess, how ever, fought the charges vig or- the house of Lan cas ter. One wonders what the youthful ously and was acquit ted in early 1470 by a commit tee duke thought of the de struc tion of his mother’s broth ers that included Harry’s stepgrandfather, Walter Blount.) at Yorkist hands and whether this figured into his Where the young Buckinghams were dur ing this pe- actions in 1483. riod is un known, though Eliz abeth Woodville and her Not sur pris ingly, due to her age and gen der, Kath er - little daughters were in Norwich when her father and ine Woodville’s whereabout s dur ing this time are unr e - brother were killed, and Kather ine may have ac compa - corded. She is not mention ed specif i c ally as being with nied the queen there. her sister the queen in sanc tu ary, so per haps she was liv - Things were not work ing out for the Earl of Warwick ing with her hus band’s grandmother. as he had planned, how ever. His cap ture of the king had In Jan u ary 1473, Harry, only sev en teen, was al lowed ush ered in a pe riod of law less ness that Warwick could to come into his in her i tance, one of the rich est in Eng - not contain with Ed ward IV in cap tivit y. He was there - land, although Harry would have to wait a number of fore forced to release the king, who enter ed Lon don in years to en joy all of it. Most of the land he re ceived then grand state in Oc to ber 1469. John Paston re ported that was in Wales, as his grand mother, who lived until 1480, “the Lordes Harry and John of Bokyngham” as well as held many of his Eng lish es tates in dower; other lands Wal ter Blount were among his entou rage. John would had been set aside to pay the dower of his aunt, a debt have been John Stafford, a younger son of the first Duke owing from Henry’s grand fa ther’s day.21 He was made a of Buckingham. “Harry” may refer to the four - Knight of the Garter in 1474. teen-year-old Duke of Buckingham, though some be- Despite these marks of favor , the role the adult Harry lieve it refers to his unc le Henry Stafford, brother of John Stafford.16 Harry spent the Christ mas of 1469 as a guest of his unc le Henry and his aunt Marga r et Beaufort at Guild - ford.17 Meanwhile , the freed Edward IV and Warwick patched things up, but only tempo rar ily. In Septem ber 1470, Edwar d IV fled the countr y, and Henry VI was nomi nally on the throne, controlle d by Warwick. With Eliz abeth Woodville and her chil dren in sanc tu ary, cus- tody of Harry was transferred to his grandmother and to his stepgrandfather, Wal ter Blount.18 Dur ing Lent of 1471, Warwick took the pre cau tion of arr esting a number of suspected Yorkist sym pathiz ers, in clud ing, ap par ently, Harry, whose stepgrandfather and unc le John were also arr ested.19 Some of these men were Brecon Castle, Wales kept in the Tower; when Edwar d IV arr ived in Lon don on April 11, 1471, they over power ed their cap tors and went out to join his forces. Three days later, Ed ward IV would play in Ed ward IV’s court would be al most en - de feated Warwick’s army at the Bat tle of Barnet, where tirely cer emo nial. He and his wife were present at the Warwick was killed. grand events of Ed ward IV’s reign, such as the wel com- Nothing indi c ates whether Harry, not yet sixteen, ing of Louis of Gruthuyse to Eng land in 1472 and the fought at Barnet or at the bat tle at Tewkesbur y that fol- marr iage of Edward IV’s younger son, the Duke of York, lowed. He cer tainly must have been with the king’s army, to lit tle Anne Mowbray in 1478. He en joyed no in flu - for when the tri umph ant Ed ward IV returned to Lon - ence at court, howe ver. He acco mpa nied Ed ward to don in May 1471, the duke was among those who ac - France in 1475, when the anti c limac tic Treaty of com pa nied him.20 The expe r ience must have been an Picquigny was signed, but is re corded as having gone 22 un set tling one for Harry, whose fam ily had be come home prema tur ely, for un known reaso ns. Michael hope lessly split be tween York and Lan cas ter: While the Jones has spec u lated that he may have shared the Duke fam ily of Harry’s father supported Ed ward IV, Harry’s of Glou ces ter’s dis taste for the treaty and that he re mon- mater nal unc le, Edmund, third Duke of Somerset, led strated with Edward IV about it, thereby consign ing 23 Mar ga ret of Anjou’ s forces at Tewkes bury and was himself to oblivion for the rest of that king’s reign.

Winter, 2007 Page 6 Ricardian Register Other ex pla na tions for Ed ward IV’s ap par ently aloof year of Harry’s life. The turning point was the death of behav ior to ward Buckingham abound. Some ar gue that Edward IV, follo wing which Harry and Rich ard, Duke Buckingham was squeezed out by the Woodvilles, while of Glou ces ter banded to gether at Northampton to seize oth ers sug gest that Ed ward IV dis liked him per sonal ly, An thony Woodville, Earl Rivers, to whose care Edward re garded him as un sta ble or un trust wor thy or in com pe- IV had entrusted the Prince of Wales, the uncro wned tent, or dis trusted him be cause of his Lancastrian con- Edward V. nec tions or be cause of his royal an ces try. For his own Richard and Harry, who was nearly three years youn - part, Buckingham must have bitter ly resented Edwar d ger than the Duke of Glouces ter , were cous ins. Cecily, IV’s refusal to hand over his share of the Bohun in her i - Duchess of York, Richard ’s mother, was a youn ger sis ter tance, to which Buckingham had a claim af ter the deaths of Anne Stafford, Harry’s grandmother , and it was into of Henry VI and Ed ward of Lan caster in 1471. As Anne’s care that Cecily and her three youngest childr en Carole Rawcliffe points out, doing so would have not had been placed by Henry VI in 1459. By that time, only cost Ed ward IV over a thou sand pounds per year in Harry’s father had died, leaving him the heir to the lost inco me but would have em phasized Buckingham’s Buckingham dukedo m, so he may have been living with claim to the throne through the house of Lan cas ter.24 In his grand parents as well. It is quite pos si ble, then, that this re spect, it proba bly did not help that Buckingham in the four-year-old Harry met the seven-year-old Rich ard 1474 had sought and received per missio n to use the at that time. Their paths had cer tainly crossed since arms of his an ces tor Thomas of Woodstock.25 then, as when they both ac compa nied the vic to ri ous Ed - In 1478, Buckingham’s re la tions with the crown took ward IV into Lon don in 1471 and attended the marr iage a brief upswing . Buckingham was made high stew ard of of Richard, Duke of York, in 1478, but how close they Eng land for the pur pose of pronounc ing a death sen - were befor e 1483 is unkno wn. Richard had spent most tence upon Edwar d IV’s trouble so me brother, George, of his time in the North, Harry proba bly on his great Duke of Clar ence. That same year, Edwar d IV granted estates in Wales and its borders. him the manor of Ebbw and the lordship of Cantref Buckingham’s motiv es for join ing to gether with Rich- Mawr. ard are unkno wn. As noted ear lier, Buckingham was said Both Harry and his duchess had at tended the wed - by Mancini to have de tested the Woodvilles because of ding of Richard, Duke of York, to Anne Mowbray in his “forced” marr iage to one, but Mancini is demo nstra bly Janu ary 1478, with the Duke of Buckingham joining the wrong on other points (for in stance, his claim that Rich- Duke of Glouces ter in lead ing the small bride to the ard shunned the court af ter the death of George) and may wedding ban quet. Kather ine was heavily preg nant at the well be wrong on this one, per haps influ enced by the time, for on Febr u ary 3, 1478, she gave birth to the cou- anti-Woodville pro paganda being cir culated at the time. ple’s first son, Ed ward—just a few days befor e the Duke D. E. Lowe has noted that Bucking ham served as a of Buckingham sen tenced Clarence to death. Ed ward IV feoffee of Anthon y Woodville, and Buckingham con- served as godfa ther to Edward and gave a gold cup for veyed es tates in 1481 to feoffees with strong ties to An - the occasion. thony.27 Cer tainly Anthon y, not known to be credu lous or The cou ple later had two other sons, Henry and reck less, did not take any precau tions when he met with Humphrey; they also had two daughters, Eliz abeth and his two broth ers-in-law, as he surely would have had he Anne. All but Humphrey, who appar ently died in early re garded ei ther man as being hos tile to ward him. It seems childhood, mar ried and sur vived into Henry VIII’s more likely that Buckingham, see ing at last the chance to reign, though that king would be fatal to Edward, the gain power and the Bohun inher itance, sprang at the op- third Duke of Buckingham, who was exe cuted in 1521 por tu nity of fered him by Richard. Whether Richard ’s on du bi ous grounds.26 subse quent ac tions were at the urg ing of Buckingham, In Au gust 1478, Wil liam Paston re ported that the or whether Buckingham fol lowed Richard ’s lead, can Duke of Buckingham was making a pilgr image to only be guessed. It seems un likely, howe ver, that Rich- Walsingham and would be visit ing his “sis ter” Lady ard, three years Buckingham’s se nior and far more ex pe - Knyvet at Bokenham (actu ally his pater nal aunt, who ri enced mil i tarily and ad min is tra tively, would have had marr ied Wil liam Knyvet af ter her first mar riage was al lowed himself to be manip u lated by Harry. dis solved). Walsingham had strong as so ci a tions with The succeed ing events are too well known to requir e childbear ing; per haps Buckingham was giving thanks re count ing in de tail.28 Anthon y Woodville, Richard for the birth of his first son. Grey (the queen’s sec ond son by her first hus band), and Buckingham dropped back into obscu r ity af ter that, Thomas Vaughan (Edward V’s chamber lain since his in- not to emerge until 1483, the last and the most cru cial fancy), were seized and arr ested. Edward V was taken to

Ricardian Register Page 7 Winter, 2007 T he Second Duke and Duch ess of Buckingham London by his unc les Glou ces ter and Buckingham, who jus tice and cham ber lain of north and south Wales for life. lodged him in suitably royal quar ters in the Tower at He was also made consta ble, a her edi tar y Bohun of fice, Buckingham’s sugges tio n. On June 13, 1483, Wil liam and chamber lain—and he was granted the cov eted Hastings, Edward IV’s clos est friend, was seized at a Bohun es tates, with a promise that the grant would be council meeting and exe cuted without trial on the pre - con firmed at the next Par liament. text that he had been plotting against Richard. Eliz a - Meanwhile , Richard III’s nephe ws had disap pear ed beth Woodville, who had fled to Westmin ster sanctu ary from public view, never to be seen again. Ru mors quickly upon hear ing of the ar rest of her brother and her son, spread that they had been murdered, with both Richard was persuaded on June 16 to hand over her youngest boy, III and Buckingham being named as the kill ers by con- Richard , Duke of York, to Glouces ter . Buckingham met tem po rary sources. Buckingham has be come the fa vor ite the boy at West min ster Hall, af ter which he was greeted sus pect of those who wish to exon er ate Richard from any by Glou ces ter and es corted to join his brother in the guilt in the matter , but the case against him can be proven Tower. The next day, it was announced that the no more than that against Richard. coronation had been postponed until November. Just weeks af ter Rich ard’s cor ona tion , plans were made Be ginning June 22, ser mons were preached to the ef - to rescue Ed ward IV’s sons from the Tower by start ing fect that Edward IV’s marr iage to Eliz abeth Woodville fires in the city of Lon don. The plan failed, and four men was invalid and their childr en therefor e ille git i mate based were ex e cuted,31 but the countr y was at last emerging on a supposed precontract be tween Ed ward IV and one from the stu por into which it had been plunged by the El ea nor But ler—both par ties be ing con ve niently dead. events of June. Another scheme arose, this time to take Buckingham and Richard were present at one such ser - Eliz abeth Woodville’s daughters out of sanctu ary and mon, preached by Dr. Ralph Shaw. send them abroad. Richard thwarted it by posting an Buckingham ap peared at the Guild hall on June 24, armed guard around Westmin ster Ab bey. By Au gust, where he made a speech, attended by the mayor and nu- how ever, the con spir acy—in volv ing mostly gen try who mer ous other prom i nent cit i zens, urg ing that Rich ard be had been loyal to Edward IV—was spreading through the crowned king. Though the speech was “so well and el o - south. As ru mors be gan that the princes in the Tower quently ut tered and with so an gelic a coun te nance, and were dead, Eliz abeth Woodville, her sons Lionel and ev ery pause and time was well or dered, that such as heard Rich ard, Buckingham’s re la tion Mar ga ret Beau fort, him mar veled and said that never be fore that day had they Buckingham’s pris oner Bishop Mor ton, and Buckingham heard any man, learned or un learned, make such ora- himself became involv ed. Accor ding to the Croyland tion,”29 the re sponse was not en thu si as tic. Chroni c ler, in Octo ber 1483, Buckingham, having joined The next day, Rivers, Grey, and Vaughan were exe - the rebels, in vited Mar gar et Beaufort ’s son, Henry Tu dor, cuted at Pontefract. Back in London, on June 26, a pe ti - liv ing in ex ile abroad, to come to Eng land and to assume tion for mally setting out Rich ard’s title to the throne was the throne.32 (Richard ’s act of attain der is less specific. It pre sented to Richard at Baynards Castle. Richard agreed states only that the re bels planned to depose and kill to take the throne. Richard, not that Tu dor was the in tended re place - Buckingham had the main part in orga niz ing the cor- ment—pre sumably a no tion Richard did not wish to im- ona tion , held on July 6. He bore Rich ard’s train in the plant in his sub jects’ heads.33) proces sion to and from West min ster Ab bey, gave the king Buckingham’s motiv es for join ing the re bel lion af ter a pall and a pound of gold at the al tar, and helped him re- re ceiving so much from Richard re main a myster y. Some move his cer emo nial robes and replace them with pur ple have sug gested that he aimed at the crown himself (and robes. His step fa ther, Richard Darell, his cousin Ed ward killed the princes as a step to ward that ulti mate goal), Stafford, Earl of Wiltshire, and his unc le by marr iage, oth ers that he was ma nip u lated by Bishop Mor ton Wil liam Knyvet, also attended. 30 One famil y member , and/or Mar gar et Beau fort, still others that he belie ved how ever, was sig nif i cantly ab sent: Kath er ine Woodville, that Richard ’s reign was doomed and wanted to shield whose brother An thony and nephew Richard Grey had him self from repr i sals by join ing the re bels. Yet others been exe cuted and whose sister the queen was still in belie ve that he was a latent Lancastrian who finall y had sanc tu ary. Whether Kath er ine was pur posely ex cluded the chance to show his true col ors. The no tion that he from the coro na tion or chose her self to avoid it is was appalled by Richard ’s kill ing of the princes has been unknown. dis counted by his to ri ans as of late, but it should not be Richard III richly re warded Buckingham for his re jected out of hand (as suming , of course, that Richard kingmaking ser vices. Having held no posi tion of impor - did indeed kill them). Buckingham may not have had tance dur ing Edward IV’s reign, he now was cre ated chief dif fi culty condon ing the death of grown men, but

Winter, 2007 Page 8 Ricardian Register infan ti cide may have been an entir ely differ ent thing to con fused with the Vaughan who had died at Pontefract) him. Horror and the fear that he had imper iled his im - seized Brecon Castle, looting its con tents and doing his- mor tal soul by his complic it y with Rich ard could explain tor ians a great disser vice by destro y ing many of the his willing ness to risk all of his long-cov eted gains for an Stafford records. Buckingham’s young daugh ters and uncer tain futur e with an ob scure and un tried ex ile. The their la dies were taken to Tretower, the Vaughans’ home. Croyland Chron i cler’s statement that Buckingham was The fleeing duke sought shelter at the home of a re - “repen tant of what had been done”34 may well be the tainer, Ralph Bannis ter , in Wem. Either out of fear or truth. out of greed for the price on Buckingham’s head, Ban - What ever Buckingham’s mo tives, his own part in the nister betrayed Buckingham and was later re warded by re bel lion failed mis er a bly, due to Rich ard’s swift re- Richard III with a manor. sponse, Buckingham’s inabil it y to inspir e loyalt y in his Buckingham was taken to Shrewsbury, where on Oc - Welsh ten ants, and hor rendous rains and flood ing that tober 31 he was handed over to the ubiqui tous James ham pered his forces’ passage. Leav ing his daughters at Tyr rell and to Chris to pher Wellesbourne, who took him his cas tle of Brecon in Wales, he went with his wife and to Salisbur y. In Salisbur y, his pleas for an audi ence with sons to Weobley in Herefordshire, where Sir Wal ter Richard III were refused , leaving what he meant to say Devereux, Lord Ferrers had a home. Lord Ferrers’ role or do had he been ad mit ted to the king’s presence as yet in this epi sode is a mys tery. He was not named as being a an other myster y to ponder . Buckingham’s son Edward is re bel, and later fought and died for Richard III at said to have claimed that his father car ried a dagger up Bosworth, but he had shelter ed the young Henry Tudor his sleeve with which he would have stabbed Rich ard af - in 1470 when the boy was in the care of Anne, Count ess ter kneeling befor e him. The suppos ed remar k, how- of Pembroke, Wal ter’s sis ter. Ferrers had also control led ever, was attr ibuted to Edward by a hostile witness in Buckingham’s lord ships of Brecon, Hay, and Hun ting - connec tio n with Edwar d’s own trial for trea son in Henry ton while Buckingham was a minor . It was pre sumably VIII’s time, as an illus tra tion of Edward ’s own sup posed these connec tions that led Buckingham to him. Per haps mur der ous in ten tions to ward Henry VIII,36 and for that Ferrers was an un will ing or absent host; per haps the rea son should be viewed with a certain amount of presence of the duchess and the couple’ s small sons al - skepticism. lowed him to tell Rich ard later that he had acted merely On No vem ber 2, 1483, All Saints’ Day, Buckingham out of consideration for their plight. was beheaded in Salis bury mar ket place. He had ap par - Kath er ine’s presence at Weobley with her hus band ently been al lowed by his cap tors to make a will, as both and sons raises its own questions. If she re ally were the a 1485 Act of Par liament assign ing his widow a jointur e despised wife that Mancini de scribes, would Harry have and Wil liam Catesby’s testa ment re fer to a will by brought her along for his last, doomed stand be fore he Buckingham. took to flight? Kath er ine’s broth ers Lionel and Richard Over the years, sev eral sites have been put forth as a had also joined the rebel lion; per haps Kather ine played a final resting place for the late duke. The first was the role in con tact ing them once Harry de cided to throw his Church of St. Pe ter in Britford, just out side of Salis bury. lot in with the rebels. In 1836 in The Gen tle man’s Mag a zine, R. Colt Hoare Af ter spending a week speak ing to the lo cal men, pre - wrote that the tomb bore the shield of Stafford and sumabl y in a fruit less attempt to gain suppor t, Rivers.37 He added, Buckingham—now with a re ward of a thou sand pounds I am inc lined to suppose that the fig ures on the base on his head— disguised him self and fled, leav ing what of the tomb al lude to a mel anchol y event which took was left of his army be hind. Be fore this, ac cord ing to a place at Salisbur y. There are six niches, five of which memoir by a famil y re tainer,35 he en trusted his heir, con tain male and female figur es; the first is vac ant, five-year-old Edward Stafford, to Richard Delabeare to which I think was design ed for the un for tunate Duke. I keep until he sent for the boy. With them to Kynardsley consider the female figur e in the secon d niche, having a went Wil liam Knyvet, who was marr ied to crown on her head, as rep resent ing the Duchess, his Buckingham’s aunt and who had also served as one of wife. The next figur e is evi dently an ec cle sias tic or Buckingham’s coun cil ors. Buckingham had taken the bishop deplor ing the unfor tunate fate of the Duke; and pre cau tion of having a frieze coat—a coat of a coarse at this pe riod Widvile, brother of the Duchess, was cloth that would not or di narily have been suit able for a bishop of the see. The fourth figur e repr esents a fe male duke’s child—made for his son. While the duke and crowned like the sec ond, hold ing a sword in one hand, duchess and their re maining son, Henry, were still at and in the other a cap or bonnet, probably that of the Weobley, members of the Vaughan famil y (not to be Duke.

Ricardian Register Page 9 Winter, 2007 T he Second Duke and Duch ess of Buckingham The fifth figur e repr esents the exe cu tio ner with the Wellesbourne, who with the brother of John Huddleston, sword in his hand. prob ably Rich ard Huddleston (marr ied to Queen Anne’s The last figur e repr esent [sic] a fe male holding up her half-sister , an out-of-wed lock child of the Earl of hand in appar ent grief, and with a child in her arms, as Warwick), took the duchess to the king in Londo n. al luding to one of the unfor tunate Duke’s offspring. Kath er ine’s sta tus af ter she was brought to Richard One D.H., howe ver, also writing in The Gen tle man’s III is unc lear. Some writers have claimed that she was al- Mag a zine in 1836, would have none of this. Dissent ing lowed to join her sis ter Eliz abeth in sanctu ary, but I have in a gentle manly man ner (as one might expect), he wrote not found their source for this state ment; as Richard III that the fig ures proba bly repr esented saints, not family was try ing to get Eliz a beth out of sanctu ary, it seems un- members of Buckingham, and he doubted that the likely that he would have let yet another Woodville in. shields repr esented the House of Stafford. Later writers On Decem ber 19, 1483, howe ver, Richard III did is sue have sug gested that the Britford tomb might have been an or der al lowing the duch ess to conve y her chil dren and erected in Buckingham’s mem ory, but does not contain ser vants from Wales to “these parts,” mean ing London, his remains. from where the order was issued. 41 Whether Kath er ine The pictur e grew murkier in 1838, when accor ding to was stay ing on her own in Lon don at the time or was liv - a re port in the Salopian Jour nal, dur ing ren o va tions at ing as a pris oner or un der close su per vi sion is unkno wn. Salisbur y’s Sar acen ’s Head Inn, a skele ton was found be- Pre sum ably the youth ful fu gi tive Ed ward Stafford was neath the floor ing, missing its head and right arm. The in cluded in this order and was brought out of hiding to skel e ton un der went an ex tremely un sci en tific ex am i na - join his mother and siblings. tion by the loc als, with the land lord mea sur ing a rib By April 1484, Richard III had granted Kath er ine an against his own and con cluding that the de ceased was of an nu ity of 200 marks to be paid to her out of the is sues “large dimen sio ns,” a maidser vant “laying irr ever ent of Tonbridge.42 This has been of ten cited as an instance hands upon the neck-bones,” and an other per son of Richard ’s self less gen er os ity,43 but it should be noted “seiz[ing] . . . that hon oured left leg, once enco mpass ed that a widow of an attainted trai tor was legall y enti tled with the glitter ing insig nia of the most noble Order of to receive any join ture that had been set for her. In an act the Gar ter.” Un der the assump tion that the skele ton be - passed dur ing Henry VII’s first Par liament, it is indi - longed to a long-ago murder vic tim, the work ers cated that Buckingham in his will had set Kath er ine’s knocked the frag ile bones about so that they merged jointur e at 1,000 marks. If this was the case, Richard III into the sur rounding clay. A few 19th-cen tury an ti quar i - ig nored Kath er ine’s rights to jointure , and his grant to ans sug gested that this was Buckingham’s skel e ton; they her should be viewed in that light in stead of sim ply as an noted that the Sar a cen’s Head Inn stood on the site of in stance of disinterested benevolence. the Blue Boar Inn, the yard of which is given by some Back in March, Eliz abeth Woodville had agreed to sources as the site for Buckingham’s ex e cu tion. It is pos - leave sanc tu ary and had been given an annu it y of 700 sible that Richard III, fur ious at Buckingham’s betrayal, marks. She seems to have been placed under the super vi- might have or dered that his erst while ally be bur ied ig - sion of John Nesfield, who had pre vi ously been guarding nomin i ously in stead of in conse crated ground, but how her in sanctu ary.44 Per haps Kath er ine and her chil dren to explain the missing right arm?38 were simi lar ly living under the watchful eye of a royal Fi nally, the Chroni cle of the Grey Fri ars of Lon don official. states, “Thys yere the duke of Buckyngham was Wher ever her living quar ters, Kather ine now faced be-heddyd at Salsbery, and is burryd at the Gray freres the prob lem of rais ing four chil dren on her small an nu - [in Salisbur y].”39 As noted in a foot note by John Gough ity—small, at least, for the widow of one of the richest Nichols, this is proba bly the most log i cal rest ing place land hold ers in Eng land who had hith erto wanted for for Buckingham. It was nearby, and as Rich ard III had noth ing. With the pros pect of Richard III sit ting on the af forded other ex e cuted op po nents of his, no ta bly Wil - throne for years to come, she must have won dered how liam Hastings, honor able burial, he proba bly did so with she was go ing to pro vide for her land less sons’ futur es Buckingham as well.40 and find appro pr iate husbands for her daughters. Kath- With Buckingham dead, a search began for his wife er ine may have ap pealed to Wil liam Catesby, Richard and sons. Search par ties failed to find young Edward , III’s royal coun cilor and a man who had served whose care takers moved him from place to place and Buckingham as well. Richard III had granted Catesby dressed him as a lit tle gen tle woman (com plete with and oth ers a num ber of man ors out of which to pay the shaven fore head) to avoid detec tion . Kather ine and her duke’s debts. Catesby seems to have been der elict in dis- other son, Henry, were found at Weobley by charg ing his re sponsi bil it y, howe ver, for in his will, made

Winter, 2007 Page 10 Ricardian Register as he was facing exe cu tio n af ter Bosworth, he left Kath- befor e Febr u ary 24, 1496, was an early exam ple of Rich- er ine 100 pounds “to help herr chil dren and that she will ard’s dip lo matic skills—or sex appeal. ) Henry VII fined se my lordes dettes paid and his will ex e cuted. And In the cou ple two thou sand pounds for their presump tion, especialle in suche lond as shold be amortesid to the al though it was ul ti mately Kath er ine’s son Ed ward who hous of Plasshe.”45 Pleshey Col lege had received gifts bore the burden of pay ing the fine. Kather ine would from Buckingham’s for bears; pre sum ably Buckingham have proba bly known Richard for some time, as there had remembered the institution in his will. were alr eady ties between the Wingfields and the As it was, Kather ine’s finan cial worr ies ended in Woodvilles: Kath er ine’s wid owed sis ter Anne had mar - 1485 at the Bat tle of Bosworth. Af ter Henry VII took ried Edward Wing field, a brother of Rich ard, while the throne, he re versed Buckingham’s attain der and as- Richard ’s mother was connected to Mary FitzLewis, signed Kath er ine join ture. Prob a bly the gen er ous treat- An thony Woodville’s sec ond wife. Two of Richard ’s ment ac corded Kath er ine—her lands more than broth ers, and per haps Rich ard him self, had served in satis fied the amount of her jointur e46—was due to Kath er ine’s house hold,51 and some of Richard ’s older Henry’s desir e to ben efit his unc le, Jasper Tu dor. The brothers had rebelled against Richard in 1483 and latter , newly created Duke of Bed ford, marr ied Kather - fought for Henry VII at Bosworth. ine befor e No vem ber 7, 1485. In his mid dle fif ties, he Kather ine died on May 18, 1497, barely a year af ter had never been marr ied pre viously . Be fore Henry VII’s her third marr iage, having had no sur viving childr en by cor o na tion, seven- year-old Ed ward Stafford, now the Wing field (or by Jasper Tu dor). Richard Wing field re - third Duke of Buckingham, was made a Knight of the marr ied, but in his will in 1525 requested that masses be Bath. With Edward re stored to his famil y’s es tates, his said for Kather ine’s soul as well as for those of other de - wardship had becom e a very desir able one. It was given ceased fam ily members and friends. Her burial place is to Henry VII’s mother, Mar gar et Beau fort, and he and unknown. his brother grew up in her household. In 1920, a Book of Hours was sold at auc tion by As Duchess of Bed ford—the title her mother had Sotheby’s. In scribed “M. Richard Wing field,” it had be- held—Kath er ine was prom i nent in the cer e mo nies sur- longed to the first Duchess of Buckingham and had ap - round ing the coro na tion of her niece, Eliz a beth of York, parentl y passed from her to her grand son Harry to in 1487. She and sev eral other la dies, car ried in two Kather ine to her Wing field in-laws.52 chairs, follo wed the queen as she pro cessed to Westmin - Of the many chil dren born to Rich ard Woodville and ster the day befor e her cor ona tion , and at break fast the Jacquetta of Luxem bourg , Kather ine was the last sur viv- day af ter, Kather ine sat on the left of the queen, with ing. Through her sis ter’s marr iage and through her own, Mar ga ret Beau fort on the right.47 At the chris ten ing of she had achieved high es tate, en joyed great wealth, and Henry and Eliz abeth ’s first daughter , Mar ga ret, Kather - ex pe ri enced the tre men dous trag edy so typ i cal of the ine car ried the train of the baby’s man tle, as sisted by great ladies of her age. In her lifetime of less than forty Lord Strange.48 She is not men tioned by name as at - years, her fa ther, her brothers An thony and John, her tend ing her sis ter Eliz a beth Woodville’s funeral, though nephew Richard Grey, and her hus band Harry one of Kath er ine’s daughter s was pres ent.49 Per haps the Buckingham had lost their heads. For tu nately, she did timing of the queen’s funeral, held a few days af ter her not live long enough to wit ness the be head ing of her el - death on June 8, 1492, al lowed Kather ine too little time dest son by Henry VIII in 1521. to receiv e the news and to travel to Wind sor for the cer- e mony. Kath er ine is said to have spent most of her time References at Thornbury, a manor in Gloucestershire on which Ed- 1. Rawcliffe, The Staffords, p. 2. ward Stafford later lavished his atten tion and money.50 2. Harris, p. 250 n. 94. On Decem ber 21, 1495, Jasper Tu dor died, aged 3. Rawcliffe, The Staffords, p. 27. He is of ten repor ted to have about sixty-four. Kather ine, only about thirty-seven, died at the first bat tle of St. Al bans three years be fore, but very hastil y marr ied Richard Wing field, a man twelve he was only “greatly hurt.” James Gaird ner, ed., The Paston years her junior , without a royal license. Part of a pros- Let ters, A.D. 1422-1509, p. 29–30. perous but very large Suf folk gentr y fam ily that had had 4. Cal en dar of In qui si tions Post-Mor tem, Henry VII, no. close ties to Edward IV, Rich ard, the elev enth of twelve 283, “Rich ard, Earl of Rivers.” Spe cial thanks are due to sons, would go on to have a dis tin guished dip lomatic So ci ety Non fic tion Li brar ian Brad Ver ity for his de tailed ca reer in Henry VIII’s ser vice, but at the time he must re ply to my in quiry re gard ing ge ne a log i cal in for ma tion have had few mate rial re sources. (Per haps persuad ing about the Woodville sib lings. the rich duchess to the mar riage, which took place 5. Dockray, p. 43.

Ricardian Register Page 11 Winter, 2007 6. E.g., Lander, p. 114 n. 111; Rawcliffe, The Staffords, p. 28. 33. Hammond and Sutton, p. 162. As Lander also points out, the word “forced” is mis lead ing: 34. Dockray, p. 86. “His mar riage had been dis posed of like that of any other 35. A transcrip tion of the memoir , which was written for child of the feu dal classes whether in wardship or not.” Harry’s son Edward and was found among Stafford fam ily 7. Smith, p. 47. pa pers at Thornbury, ap pears in Farrar and Sutton. 8. Laynesmith, p. 211, 36. Harris, p. 183. 9. Har ris, p. 20 37. Gomme, pp. 215–16 10. Smith, p. 16. 38. Bate, pp. 56–58. Gill, while noting the compet ing sites for 11. Okerlund, p. 71. Buckingham’s burial, writes that the skel e ton “is stuff for 12. Myers, pp. 471–72, 475. Thanks to Soci ety mem ber Kate the imag i na tion” and sug gests that Rich ard might have Skegg for her as sis tance in Latin trans la tion. taken out his frus tra tion by hav ing the right arm sev ered 13. E.g., Geoffrey Rich ardson, “The Gull ible Duke of (p. 68). Buckingham,” Ricardian Reg is ter (Summer 2003), p. 15, 39. Nichols, pp. 23–24. de scribes Kather ine as “much older” than Harry. Roxane 40. Debenhams de part ment store in Salis bury, which Murph in her in troduc tio n to Richar d III: The Making of a Buckingham’s ghost is said to haunt, marks the site of Leg end , Metuchen, NJ: Scarecro w Press, 1977, repr oduced Harry’s ex e cu tion with a plaque. on the Richard III Soci ety’s Amer i can Branch website, states that Harry was “a dozen or more years [Kath er ine’s] 41. Horrox and Hammond (Harleian 433), p 63. Farrar and ju nior.” Sutton sug gest that the chil dren were taken into Rich ard III’s or his queen’s house hold, but the au thors appear to 14. Mary Dodgen Few, Un der the White Boar (Atlanta, Droke have been un aware of the or der al lowing Kather ine’s ser - House, 1971), p. 55–57. vants and chil dren to be brought to her in London. 15. Gillingham, p. 164. 42. Horrox and Hammond (Harleian 433, pp. 130, 213. 16. Kleineke, p. 79 & n. 89. 43. For exam ple, Paul Murray Kendall in Richar d the Third 17. Jones and Under wood, p. 140. (New York: Norton, 1983), p. 382. 18. Rawcliffe, p. 122 n. 57. 44. Okerlund, p. 239; Hampton, p. 277. 19. Kleineke, p. 79 & n. 89. 45. Wil liams, p. 49; Roskell, p. 172. 20 Hammond, p. 111. 46. Rawcliffe, The Staffords, p. 127. 21. Rawcliffe, The Staffords, pp. 125–26. 47. Nicolas, pp. lxxiii, lxxv. 22. Barnard, p. 14. 48. Green, p. 52. 23. Jones, p. 98. 49. Okerlund, p. 258. 24. Rawcliffe, The Staffords, pp. 30–31. 51. Davies, “Stafford, Henry.” 25. Har ris, p. 21. 52. Davies, “Stafford, Henry.” 26. Henry, later created Earl of Wiltshire, died of nat u ral 53. Wing field, p. 250. causes in 1523, hav ing sur vived a couple of close calls with Henry VIII. Eliz abeth and Anne served as at ten dants to Sources: Catherine of Aragon, becom ing in volved in a court scan - Da vid Baldwin, Eliz a beth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in dal in 1510 when Wil liam Compton, one of Henry VIII’s the Tower. Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2004. fa vor ite courtiers, made ad vances to Anne, in cit ing the Fran cis Pierrepont Barnard, Ed ward IV’s French Ex pe di tion of rage of Anne’s hotheaded brother Edward and leading to a 1475: The testy exchan ge of words be tween him and the king. 27. Lowe, pp. 571–72. About the Author Susan Higginbotham works as an editor for a legal 28. I fol low the timeline of events de tailed by Sutton and publisher and has published two historical novels set in the Hammond. fourteenth century: The Trai tor’s Wife: A Novel of the Reign 29. Dockray, p. 63. of Edward II and Hugh and Bess: A Love Story. She is 30. Sutton and Hammond, pp. 270–74, 332, 364, 397. cur rently work ing on a novel set dur ing the Wars of the 31. Horrox, p. 149. Roses. Visit her at http://www.susanhigginbotham.com. 32. Dockray, p. 86-87.

Winter, 2007 Page 12 Ricardian Register A Tall Story From the Newsletter of the Mid Anglia Group Marion Davis Once upon a time Sir Robert Brakenbury had a BEARDS AGAIN ! priest. It was no ordinary priest. When it heard — or at least, very flour ish ing moustac hes! of the little princes’ dolorous dooom, it grabbed its This inter esting `por trait’ of Richard III (on the left trusty, never rusty, shovel. Snapping its fingers it — just in case you didn ’t imme di atel y rec ogniz e him) vanished from sight, sailed through the air, and landed was pub lished in 1547, by a Swiss art ist with the un - precisely where the princes were secretly buried. promis ing name of Johannes Stumpf. Richard appears to Ev ery one in the cas tle—er, Tower—fell into a deeep be about to load his golden scep tre and fire it from his sleeep. long bow at Henry VII (who has unwisel y turned his Brackenbury’s intr epid priest dug up 1,000,000,000 back, and who is depicted — also in very heavy disguise cubic yards plus .0000000001 cubic inches of earth with — on the right). a flick of its wrist. Gently it lifted the pitiful corpses from their 10-foot-deep grave. Gravely it re filled the pit. Swiftly it car ried its lamen ta ble burden to a se cret burial place fit for the sons of kings. Grimly it dug a new grave and reburied the princes, dis placing 1,000,000,000 cubic yards plus .0000000001 cu bic inches of earth. Then it mounted its trusty shovel and retur ned to the world be yond the seven moun tains and seven seas. When the cock crowed, ev ery one in the Tower woke up. Nobod y no ticed 2,000,000,000 cubic yards plus .0000000002 cubic inches of dis turbed earth No body missed Brackenbury’s priest. Only Sir Thomas More was imm une to the priest’s REPUTATIONS spell. In Good King Charles’ golden days, offi cials misin - Compare him [Richard III] now, judiciall reader, ter preted the chest of bones dug up dur ing a Tower ren- impartially with other Princes. Judge truly of all theire o va tion pro ject. actions, theire forme of government, theire lawes and Hor ace Wal pole, blinded to the sig nifi cance of ordinances, the uphoulders, the streinth, the sinews of Brackenbury’s priest, didn ’t mention it in his best-seller, goverment, and thou shalt finde him as inocent of cruelty, His toric Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richar d III. extortion and tirranye as the moste, as wise, politicke and (No doubt, Alison Weir was compel led to cover-up the valiant as aney. If soe, censure his actions, his ordinances priest’s signif i c ance in “The Princes in the Tower.”) accordinge to theire desertes, and this my Encomium as a To day the priest’s spell still blinds many to the wild charitable wellwisher to an opressed 85 defamed kinge. im prob a bil i ties of the Tu dor ver sion of events. The above (with punc tu a tion slightly mod ern ised) is But the Fat Lady is still sleeping , and the story’s not the conc luding para graph of Sir Wil liam Corn wallis the over ‘til the Fat Lady sings! Youn ger, En co mium of Rich ard III written circa 1580. The En co mium is the ear li est known de fence of Richard. It is thought to have been writ ten as a re sponse to the then still ex tant account by Car dinal Mor ton, to which Corn wallis prob a bly had ac cess through his con nec tions with the famil y of Sir Thomas More.

Ricardian Register Page 13 Winter, 2007 HERALDRY

The Ricardian Puz zlers are Char lie Jor dan, Lorraine Pickering, Marion Davis, and Nancy Northcott. The Ricardian crosswor d puzzles are intended as a fun method of learning about Richard and his life and times. Each puzzle will have a theme and clues are drawn from widely avail able sources. Sugges tio ns are welco med; please send comments to Char lie at char lie.jor [email protected].

So lu tion: Page 23

Winter, 2007 Page 14 Ricardian Register Across Down 2. “As It Plese God” was the motto of Thomas Bourchier, 1. In 1484, Richard established the _____ College or, as it’s Archbishop of ______. known today, the College of Arms. 5. Arms were originally a method by which combatants 3. In heraldry, this mythical beast represented “Extreme could _____ each other on the battlefield. courage.” Used as one supporter in the current royal 7. Ralph Fitzherbert’s alabaster effigy shows the Yorkist arms. livery collar of suns and ______. 4. The name of the traditional heraldic color associated with 9. Edmund of Langley used a falcon within a ______as a red is ______. badge. Also, “Within the ______” a novel by Ricardian 6. “Honi soit qui mal y pense” is the motto of the Order of the Brian Wainwright. ______. 10. The components of arms (as shown by two mermaids 8. Which powerful northern family (known for switching found gripping the shield in figure 1) are called sides) used an Eagle and Child as its badge? ______. 9. One of Richard, Duke of York’s animal emblems was a 12. Another term for the shield in an achievement of arms. ______. 17. In a “coat of arms,” a ______is a three-dimensional 11. Coats of arms are not granted to families; arms are object at the top of a helm. granted to ______. 19. When they weren’t wearing ceremonial tabards, heralds 13. Any design or shape placed on the shield in an identified themselves with a ______of office, which achievement of arms. was supposed to give them immunity when working in 14. After becoming Margaret Beaufort’s daughter-in-law, enemy territory. Elizabeth of York used this 20. The name of the traditional heraldic color associated motto:______with gold is ______. 15. Widely admired as a knight and a scholar, this Yorkist 23. Together all the components of one’s arms are called a used the motto: “Nulle La Vault.” He was full _____ of arms. ______. 24. The use of puns of names or titles symbolized in heraldic 16. “Arms” as one component refers to the ______in the art. design. 25. A junior, or probationary, herald was called a 18. Originally, heralds acted to organize and proclaim ______. (By becoming acquainted with knight’s 28. The name of the traditional heraldic color associated arms at these, the herald’s duties changed over time.) with blue is ____. 21. Heralds’ work in identifying arms and ensuring that 29. “Loyaulte me lie” was Richard’s ______. descendants have a right to use the arms equips them 30. The name of the traditional heraldic color associated with a great knowledge of ______. with silver is _____> 22. The only surviving relic of Warwick the Kingmaker is 31. In his youth, Richard III wrote this motto in his copy of said to be a ring engraved with a bear and ragged staff “Ipomedon.” and this motto: ______. 32. Richard’s badge was a white ______. 24. Richard granted the new Herald’s College a house in ______which Henry Tudor later usurped for his 33. This French king wasn’t “accompanied by heralds and trumpeters as are most princes.” He tricked Edward IV mother. by sending a valet disguised as a herald to negotiate 26. The name of the traditional heraldic color associated during the English invasion of 1475. with green is ______. 34. Edward IV used a white _____ as a badge; commonly 27. William, Lord Hastings’ emblem was a mythical beast used as a badge by the Mortimer Earls of March. that had a lion’s body with a human face. This beast was 35. In Richard, Duke of Gloucester’s, copy of the French called the ______prose “Tristan,” ______wrote the 31. In heraldry, this hunting dog represented “Courage, motto: “Without Changing” above her signature. vigilance and loyal fidelity.” It shared its name with the first Earl of Shrewsbury, who won many victories in 37. George, Duke of Clarence’s animal emblem was a France before dying at the Battle of Chastillon. ______34. The color white in Richard’s badge of the white boar 38. In the 15th century, a herald’s ceremonial garment, probably symbolized ______. bearing his master’s arms, was called a ______. 36. Warwick the Kingmaker’s animal emblem was a 39. Edward IV used this as one of his mottos - “Comfort et ______. liesse” which translates to “Comfort and _____.”

Ricardian Register Page 15 Winter, 2007 2007 Ricardian Tour

Pam Butler, Linda Treybig & Virginia Poch he 15th An nual Tour for mem bers and friends of A short tour through the lower Yorkshir e Dales, with a Tthe Richard III Soci ety took place from June 23 stop for lunch in an at trac tive Dales market town, brought through July 3, 2007. The tour coor di na tor was Linda us to our hotel in Leeds. Af ter an af ter noon rest ing or Treybig; tour mem bers included Pamela J. But ler, visit ing the Royal Armouries nearby, we enjo yed a de- Kathryn M. Davidson, Nancy Detrick, Jamie Kim, light ful, some what clam or ous din ner with mem bers of Dikki-Jo Mullen, John J. O’Farrell, Virginia Poch, the Yorkshire Branch in the ho tel’s din ing room. Among Carol Rondou, Leona Rondou, Alison Walsh Sackett, those meet ing us were John Audsley, Ger ald and Moira Susan W. Vaughn, Joan Urry, and Sarah Walsh. Habberjam, Mar jor ie Hodgkinson and Lynda Tel ford. The sites we visited which had asso ci a tion s with Rich - Carol Rondou remar ked that meeting the Yorkshi re ard III inc luded Middleham, Bolton, Warwick, Corfe Branch members was one of her favor ite memo r ies. Sev - and Arundel cas tles and the par ish churches of eral in ter est ing new the o ries about var i ous things Middleham, Sutton Cheney, and Bere Regis, as well as Ricardian were shared, and let’s just say that no one was at glor ious Wells Cathe dral. We made our annual pil grim - a loss for words. What fun! Vir ginia Poch had brought a age to Bosworth Bat tle field. tour mascot, “Cedric the Boar” to enter tain us on our ad- Other venues were Berkeley Castle, the unique clois - ven tures; he became the tour mascot. tered ru ins of Mt. Grace Prior y, two engag ing medi e val We spent the fol low ing gray morn ing in the at trac tive manor houses, leg end ary Glastonbury Ab bey, the fasci - lit tle town of Middleham, where we ex plored both the nating “plague vil lage” of Eyam, and Had don Hall, Eng- rug ged cas tle that was Richard ’s favor ite home and the land’s most out standing medi e val stately home. We were par ish church of St. Mary and St. Alkelda. accom panied by Ricardian friends from var ious English Pam: It’s a great lit tle church which has windows and décor branches and groups on sev eral oc ca sions — al ways a spe - which have been describ ed elsewhere. A repro duc tion lf the cial treat for all of us! We made a rare ex cur sion into the Middleham jewel can be seen there. England ’s West Coun try, where we met up with friends Leg end has it that Alkelda was a Chris tian Saxon from the friendly Devon & Cornwall Branch while vis it- prin cess who was murdered by two Dan ish women in ing Cotehele House and Buck land Abbey , home to Sir A.D. 800. Just seven years ear lier, Vikings had in vaded Fran cis Drake. and destro yed the set tle ment on the Holy Is land of Lin- dis farne, and noth ing had se ri ously im peded the progress Yorkshire Dales of the in va sion across north ern Eng land. Bones be lieved Linda Treybig: On an overcast, drizzly day, I stepped off the to be those of St. Alkelda were bur ied in the southeast plane at Manches ter Airport, ready for my part of the church. much-an tici pated annual foray into the world of Rich ard Richard founded and in cor po rated a col lege here in III. Un beknown st to me, this weather was a harbin ger of Febr uar y, 1477; in 1482, it was exempted from ecc lesi as ti - what was yet to come – a week and a half of unset tled and cal jur isdic tion . It bec ame known as the “King’s Col lege, often rainy weather, which is most unusual for June. Middleham” af ter Richard ac ceded to the throne, but af - Un for tu nately, a few of us also came down with a flu bug and ter his death, lost that title, even though the col lege con- several others suffered small acci dents of one sort or another tin ued to op er ate. dur ing the course of the tour. Sadly, one of our group Middleham Castle: The church brochur e states: “Un - members, Nancy Detrick, a devoted Ricardian and great der the Tudors Thomas Crom well, under the sanc tion of group mem ber, ar rived nurs ing a re spi ra tory in fec tion that Henry VIII as Head of the Church, li censed the Dean to not only failed to improve but later re sulted in her grant probates of wills, decide ecc le sias ti c al suits, and ex- hospi tal iza tion in Devon and eventu ally in her death several er cise all the other priv ileges within his jur isdic tion , thus weeks later. confirm ing the power and exemp tio ns en joyed by the That eve ning, I met five other group mem bers, all of Col lege. Couples could be marr ied in the church with out us early arr ivals, over din ner at our pleasant small hotel a license or pub lic ation s of banns, so that by the eigh- nearby and we began to get acquainted . The next morn- teenth centur y Middleham had beco me a kind of Gretna ing, we greeted the rest of those who were to be our fel low Green.” trav el ers, met our driver, Paul Portasman, boarded our For lunch, we went to the Wheatsheaf Inn in comfor t able coach, and were fi nally on our way! Carperby, where James Herriot and his wife Helen spent

Winter, 2007 Page 16 Ricardian Register their hon ey moon in 1941. This is lo cated just north of and it seems to be less “cluttered” with monu ments than Aysgarth and a short dis tance south west of Bolton Cas - other cathe drals, making it seem more spacious. There have tle. They still serve great food there; I had a superb veg e - been a series of churches at this loca tion; ac cording to the table-based soup with salad, and enjo yed the special beer Vener a ble Bede, it began as a wooden chapel which was built pro duced by the Black Sheep Brewer y in nearby for the pur pose of baptiz ing King Edwin of Northumbria in Masham. Other tour mem bers sen si bly chose more 627 A.D.. In later years, Saxon, Dane, and Norman health ful bev er ages, but I saw this as an op por tu nity to struc tures su per seded it. How ever, later ex ca va tions re vealed try something not available at home. that Roman buildings had been here prior to that, and the Linda: Next, we paid a call on Castle Bolton, home of Scrope evi dence can be seen in the crypt tour. Fam ily, friends and fol low ers of Rich ard III, and later one of Mary, Queen of Scots’ many pris ons. Classi fied as a forti fied Peak District of Derbyshire manor house, this impres sive structure re ally is more castle Linda: Up bright and early on the next day, June 26th, we than manor house (even having the requi site dungeon!) and boarded our coach and said farewell to Yorkshire. The heavy, offers breath-taking views out across Wensley dale. unre lenting rain of the day and night before resulted in heavy Pam: This was my third visit to Bolton Castle, and the first flood ing across a large area, so we were obliged to take a time that no “live reenactments” were go ing on. Quite often rather hap hazard detour around Sheffield the next morning one will en coun ter huge school groups in pe riod cos tume as we made our way south to Eyam in the Peak District of (16th or 17th century) learning first-hand how it would have Derbyshire, with its touch ing story of brav ery and been to have lived in the past. self-sac ri fice. Here we were joined for the day by Pauline Our first full day ended with a visit to fasci nat ing Pogmore of the Yorkshire Branch, who was ea ger to share Mount Grace Prior y, a medi e val Carthusian founda tion her knowledge of the legend ary “plague village. ” in which the monks lived in self-con tained, little apart- Pam: In Sep tem ber of 1665, a bolt of cloth from ments, in hermitic sec lu sion, some what like medi e val plague-in fested Lon don was de liv ered to Eyam’s tailor condos! Stand ing in a fully re stored unit, one can gain George Viccars, and this bolt is believed to have carried fleas. some insight into medi e val mo nastic life as lived up Viccars very quickly became ill and died, and the disease through Richard ’s era. Leona Rondou said, “I was began spreading to other resi dents of the village. Rector amazed at the size and beauty of the Prior y.” William Mompesson and a colleague, Thomas Stanley, I was pleased to be able to reach this so via the tour, as called upon the villag ers to isolate themselves from the it’s a bit more chal lenging to reach by public transport. I out side world in or der to pre vent the spread of the dis ease. espe ciall y liked the one cell which was rebuilt and refur - Ex actly how the plague spread was not known at that time. nished to look like an actual function ing place, complete Most of the res i dents agreed to what was almost certainly a with bed, table, chair, dresser, and a styliz ed monk figur e death sentence, and 260 of the 350 in habit ants died from the looking out a windo w. A steep set of stairs led to upper afflic tion over the next 15 months, until it could run its cham bers where some of the work was done: the spin ning course. We can never truly know how many other peo ple wheel was some thing of a sur prise. outside the village were saved by this act of self-sacri fice. They at least did n’t die from starva tion, as the lord of nearby City of York Chatsworth agreed to pro vide food. See Virginia Poch’s more complete description on York. The Church of St. Law rence has a crude Saxon font Linda: Perhaps not un expect edly, we met with strong winds in side. In the church yard stands a well-pre served Saxon and torren tial rains the next day which we spent at leisure in cross, not far from the tomb of Mrs. Mompesson, one of York, but we didn’t let it dampen our spirits! Pur chasing the victims of the plague. cheap rain pon chos and dodg ing in and out of pro tec tive En route to Had don Hall, we were treated to two ex - ar eas, every one managed to remain cheerful and to pack a lot amples of well-dressing next to a church; I believ e this of sight see ing into our time in this wonder ful an cient city. was in the town of Bake well, al though I can’t re call the Pam: Magnif i cent York Min ster, 250 years in the making, land marks of the town which I’d seen on pre vi ous visits. and fin ished around the time of Richard’s mar riage to Anne, This custom of deco rat ing wells with ex qui site art work is the largest gothic cathe dral in northern Europe (accord ing using only natu ral substan ces seems to be a featur e limited to sev eral sources.) It seems that every cathe dral claims to Derbyshire, and is done to ex press grat i tude for the gift having the big gest or best of some archi tec tural feature, and of good water . Seeds, leaves, flower petals, etc. are exten - they’re all wonder ful, but my favor ite aspect of York Minster sively used, and a lot of plan ning goes into the ef fort, as is how bright and airy it is. Light co mes in from the tower the results are stunning . and clerestory windows , the stone is a re flective white color,

Ricardian Register Page 17 Winter, 2007 Well-dressing is believ ed to be of pre-Ro man Celtic by the famil y, and in time, Haddo n Hall came to be or igin. The Celts in these remote hills may have been owned by the Earls of Rutl and. able to re sist be ing totall y absorbed into the var ious con- We contin ued our jour ney south ward through Mat - quer ing cul tures of Romans, Sax ons, Danes, and Nor- lock and into the Mid lands. mans and thus able to re tain cer tain aspects of cultural Linda: Due to partial clearing as we contin ued on our unique ness (al though this is just a the ory.) journey, the sun did manage to peek through the clouds a few Linda: We next visited lovely medieval Haddon Hall, and times, and we arrived at the charming Sysonby Knoll Ho tel Pauline continued sharing her knowledge with us. This rare in Melton Mowbray under clear skies, where we enjoy ed as 12th century structure, home to the Dukes of Rutland and our reward a deli cious dinner! possibly the earliest of co-called “stately homes” in the country, has undergone amazingly few changes through Visiting Bosworth Battlefield restoration and modernization over the centuries. Set Linda: Due to the on go ing ex ca va tions in pur suit of the amidst heavenly gardens and surrounded by lovely accu rate site of the Battle of Bosworth, it’s become a little countryside, it never fails to charm its visitors. ticklish to know what to expect when the group arrives at the Pam: Af ter crossing the bridge to the en trance to Had don Bat tle field Cen tre. Af ter hang ing our an nual me mo rial Hall, we noticed some inter est ing topi ary figures to our left, wreath at Sutton Cheney Church, we were treated to an one being of a gigan tic boar’s head. Then we turned right excel lent guided tour — of even greater in terest now that it and climbed up to the entrance of the house itself . Af ter also in cludes in for ma tion on the al ter na tive bat tle field site of get ting through “se cu rity,” many of us headed straight on Dadlington. through the courtyard to the chapel, where we were treated Virginia Poch, on the memorial stone: We were all, on that to views of faded medi eval paintings on the walls. There is overcast blustery Tues day, gathered around the grey roughly an ef figy of a boy who died young. dia mond-s haped stone memo rial to King Rich ard’s last feat Crossing the court yard again to the main living quar - of honor at Bosworth Field where several members waited to ters, we en ter into the Banquet ing Hall which dates to c. lay a single white rose). Suddenly, a prolonged ear-piercing 1370, with a large fire place, a minstr el’s gal lery, deco - scream shattered the rela tive peace of the place. Look ing up, rated with tapes tr ies and the antlered stags’ heads. Some we saw a lone Royal Air Force jet dive into view, touch ing of the large tap estries were gifts from Henry VII and low as though it were making a pass straight at the memo rial. Henry VIII to the Vernon fam ily, which served the mon- One could imag ine it was dip ping its wings in honor of its archs faith fully. Henry Vernon had served as a tu tor to ancient warrior king. As quickly, it roared away, trailing its Prince Art hur. concussive rum ble with it and vanish ing into the steely skies The huge kitchen is just a few steps away and has sev - as though slipping time and space. eral spe cialty rooms attached to it: pantr y, baker y, butter y, Pam: Getting to the me morial stone was easier this time, as and a room for salting baths. we rode the bus to the Shenton Sta tion area to avoid a long The Long Gal lery, with oak paneled-walls and dia - walk in the rain. We were still able to see the her aldry signs mond-paned windo ws, has beauti full y carved fur nitur e for Sir John Savage and the earl of Oxford. and would have been a good place to get exer cise in the Some of the Lotter y funding for Bosworth Battle field winter months. We began to see costume dis plays from appears to be al lotted for the building of a me die val-style the recent Jane Eyre pro ductio n by BBC which was vil lage called Ambion Parva. These struc tures are being filmed at Haddo n Hall: the beau ti ful clothing made for built with authen tic medi e val techniques, with adjust - the char acters “Mr. Roches ter , Jane, Blanche, and Adele” ments made to meet cer tain modern safety regu latio ns. could be in spected closely. The beau ti ful flower-filled Paul Parker, of Les Routiers des Rouen, was drill ing gardens are best viewed, in my opinion , from the some school childr en in medi e val mili tar y tactics when we balustraded terrace. ar rived, but af ter wards treated our group to a demon stra - There’s a fa mous story about how Dor o thy Vernon, tion of the many ways var i ous weap ons (such as hal berds) daughter of H. Vernon, who was in love with Sir John could be used. Man ners, sec ond son of the Earl of Rutl and, but was for - Lunch in the “tithe barn” was great, al though my bidden by her par ents to see him. He would sometimes Cornish pasties took a lot of time to prepare. Given the dress up as a commo ner to meet her secr etly. Dur ing a time lim i ta tions, it’s better to buy some thing ball given to cele brate the en gagement of her el der sister ready-made. I very much enjo yed having hot tea with to Thomas Stan ley, Doro th y and John slipped away to get milk, though, along with our bus driver Paul, who loved marr ied in Leicestershire. They were even tu ally forgiven tea and had no tol er ance for cof fee. In the meantime, Carol Rondou contin ued conve rs ing with Paul Parker,

Winter, 2007 Page 18 Ricardian Register who gave her a can non ball to hold. This had been dis - tomb of Fulke Greville, who was murder ed by an un- cov ered in the area recently . happy ser vant in 1628. His ghost is said to have been Linda: We next visited the city of Leicester, where we were seen in what is now the “ghost tower” of the cas tle. able to catch a glimpse of Bow Bridge as we paid a visit to The entrance to Warwick Castle is par ticu larly spec- the Castle Gar dens to view the marvel ous statue of Rich ard tacu lar, with a large gatehouse & bar bic an flanked by III that was contrib uted by the Soci ety. Guy’s Tower to the right and Caesar’s Tower to the Pam: To get the eas iest access to Cas tle Gardens , we were left. The first sight on enter ing the motte built even be- dropped off in front of St. Mary de Castro Church, where fore Wil liam the Con queror arr ived in 1068—the hill Chaucer is said to have been married to Philippa Swynford. mound was built in 914 A.D. on the orders of This makes sense to me, as it is ad ja cent to the mound Ethelfleda, Queen of the central Anglo-S axon kingdo m which once con tained part of John of Gaunt’s cas tle. On of Mercia and daugh ter of Al fred the Great, to guard our way to see the statue of Rich ard, we passed a group of and defend against the Danish in vaders. Wil liam the teen boys clustered under a bit of shelter who called out to Conqueror added extra for tifi c ation s built on top and us to apolo gize for the rain. That was a bit un ex pected from built the cas tle. such a group, yet many of the Eng lish made the same Among the things to do at Warwick Castle are to apol ogy to us. climb the two towers, for great views, or to climb the Linda: Gem of the Day: In leaving Leicester, as our driver motte for a view of the Avon River and the gar dens and made a route adjust ment, sev eral of us looked around and fields be yond; to visit the “Kingmaker” ex hibit and its were aston ished to spy a prom i nent sign posted on the display of medi e val life; to visit “A Royal Week end Party, corner marking the property as be longing to the Richard 1898” to see figur es of Edwar d VII, Winston Chur chill, III Nursery School! What? Some one had the au dac ity to and a num ber of ladies getting ready for a party, or to name an insti tu tion for childcare af ter that hunchbacked visit the display or ar mor and weapon s, or the dungeon monster who killed the dear little princes and heaven it self. knows how many other in no cent people? Need less to day, The Kingmaker dis play shows scenes of the this made our day! We all laughed so hard that one of us Kingmaker and his army getting ready to make the final al most fell off her seat. trip of his life—-to Barnet. The Kingmaker figur e has one of those Henry V “bowl” haircuts, and holds a sword Warwick and Berkeley Castles aloft to inspir e his men. Some are loading weapon s & Linda: Oh, joy! We finally wake to a sunny day! First call equip ment, others are prepar ing the horses or ar mor, was the town of Warwick, where we visited the no table with women mak ing pen nants or mend ing tents. Beauchamp Chapel and the Colle giate Church of St. Linda: Dur ing the early af ter noon we made a lei surely trip Mary’s. We spent the re mainder of the morning explor ing through the mel low, golden coun try side of the (oh, so quaint!) fabu lous Warwick Cas tle, a World Heri tage site and home Cotswolds. of Warwick, the Kingmaker. Birthplace of Anne Neville Pam: It’s all green to me! We passed through the (Richard’s queen), Warwick Castle was the set ting for rapidly-grow ing town of Chip ping Campden, then had our pub many histor i cal events over the centu ries and also played lunch at “The Baker’s Arms,” in Broad Campden just south of host to Rich ard III dur ing his cor ona tion prog ress. there, great for its soup, bread, sand wiches, and beer—and Pam: The Beauchamp Chapel has ex quisite wall paintings, proba bly every thing else. win dows, and tomb ef fi gies. The fa mous brass ef figy of Linda: We made our way to his tori cal Berke ley Castle. Rich ard Beauchamp is here, and nearby are the tombs of Though ar riving at an unex pectedly early closing time, the Robert Dudley, a favor ite of Eliz abeth I, and his wife Lettice staff were kind enough to not only al low us en try but also to Knollys, a cousin to the Queen. Robert’s brother Ambrose es cort us through this mar vel ous prop erty and an swer our Dudley’s tomb is just steps from Beauchamp’s, and Robert many ques tions. Full of his tory (most no ta bly the Dudley’s son “The No ble Imp” is also here. impris on ment and death of Ed ward II) and owned by the Outside the Beauchamp Chapel, in the chancel, is same fam ily for over 850 years, Berke ley Castle features both the dou ble-tomb of Thomas Beauchamp (died 1369), a medi eval kitchen and magnif i cent Great Hall and is who had seen mili tar y action at Crécy and Poitiers, and surrounded by a fine terraced Eliza be than garden. his wife Kath er ine Mortimer, daugh ter to Roger Pam: The barn-shaped great hall with its im pres sive beamed Mortimer the traitor . These are Rich ard Beauchamp’s ceil ing witnessed the gather ing of the bar ons in 1215 while they grand par ents. The tomb is special not only due to her were prepar ing to confront King John with the Magna Carta. headdr ess fash ion, but because the couple is holding In 1327, it was re ported that Ed ward II was mur dered here, and hands. To the north of this, in the chap ter house, is the that his screams of ag ony could be heard across three coun ties,

Ricardian Register Page 19 Winter, 2007 al though some his to ri ans ar gue that he was n’t mur dered, but The oldest object in the ca thedral is the Saxon font, escaped abroad. I sup pose we should never look at his tory as over 1000 years old, built with the honey-color ed lime - be ing set in stone; it’s more like writ ing in the sand. We were stone which was used in build ing the ca thedral. It was shown the room in which Ed ward II was alleg edly mur dered, moved here from the Saxon ca thedral which once stood but were n’t al lowed to go into it. nearby. The cover is crown-shaped and painted in red and In 1399, Edmund Duke of York, Richard III’s gold. great-grand father , was forced at this loc ation to submit to The stone pil lars to the west of the font have ex - Bolingbroke’s supe r ior forces and renege on his al legiance pertly-carved capi tals showing figur es which depict ev - to Rich ard II. eryday life or hu mor ous scenes. One shows a man with a Many of England ’s monar chs have visited Berkeley tooth ache, and an other shows grape thieves get ting Castle over the centu r ies. Queen Eliz abeth I was one of caught and re ceiving “justice.” them, and the bedspr ead (counter pane) she used is on Other note wor thy char ac ter istics are the steps to the dis play as one of the cas tle’s trea sures. Sir Fran cis Drake chap ter house, the choir, and the clock in the south tran - was also a fre quent visi tor; his cabin chest is here. The sept. Actu ally, the north transept has a clock both in side other dis plays of fur ni ture, por traits, tap es tries, china, and out side. The fa mous 1392 clock in side the north and sil ver are also impr essive. tran sept is a 24-hour model, with “noon” being at the top It is belie ved that Wil liam Shakespear e was commis - and “midnight ” at the bottom . Ev ery quar ter-hour, the sioned to write “A Midsum mer Night’s Dream” in 1595 “knights” come out in cir cular fash ion to ring the time. or 1596 for the wed ding of Sir Thomas Berke ley and Vir ginia and I spent most of our allot ted time at the Eliz a beth Carey. Bishop’s Pal ace next door, and had to see the In the Eng lish Civil War, a cur tain wall suffered dam- ca thedral hur riedly at the last mo ment. The Bishop’s age from the bom bard ment that the Par lia men tar i ans Palace affor ds great views of the ca thedral, and the source were giving the cas tle, and the Royal ists surr ender ed af ter of the water . The town of Wells it self is quite charm ing, 3 days. Par liament for bade the re pair of this wall. and a whole day should be spent see ing it. Britain ’s last mot ley fool was murder ed here in June of Linda: Af ter a lei surely morn ing spent ex plor ing the splen did 1728. Dicky Pearce, dwarf and court jester to the earl of ca thedral and shop ping in its book store, we traveled a few more Suffolk, was tell ing jokes from the halls minstr el gal lery. miles down the road for an af ter noon visit to leg end ary One of the barons there did n’t like his jokes and tossed Glastonbury Abbey. Rich in re ligious and his tori cal him from the gal lery, the legend goes. The jester was con nec tions and one of Eng land’s ear li est cen ters of bur ied in the church yard near the castle. Chris tian ity, Glastonbury Ab bey is be lieved to be the burial site Histor ical reenactments routinely take place here in of King Ar thur and Queen Guinevere – al together an in trigu ing the warm weather months, and the ghost tours will soon place to visit. be a reg u lar activ it y at the cas tle. We stayed in a hotel in Pam: This area ap pears to have been a site of pre-Christian the outskir ts of Bris tol that eve ning. wor ship, and Glastonbury at tracts New Age vis i tors, par tic u larly dur ing the sum mer sol stice cel e bra tions on the 21st Wells Cathedral and Glastonbury Abbey of June. The town became an early mag net of Christian wor ship Linda: The next day, it was “all aboard” again for the small city as well; it is tra di tion ally con sid ered the first Chris tian sanc tu ary of Wells. Wells Ca the dral is an ar chi tec tural gem is still in Brit ain. sur rounded by much of its me di eval com plex – both the old and Legend has Joseph of Arimathea and his great-nephew new Bishop’s pal aces and the fine chap ter house, as well as a Je sus build ing Glastonbury’s first church of wat - charm ing lit tle lane of me di eval cot tages called Vicar’s Close, tle-and-daub. This church was recorded as still stand ing in many inhab i ted today by the cathe dral chori sters. 600 A.D. (al though it burned down in 1184 AD when the Pam: The west front en trance con tains an amaz ing num ber Ab bey itself burned to the ground in Henry II’s reign.) Af ter of saintly figures. On go ing inside, the cathe dral feels light the Cru ci fix ion, Joseph is said to have retur ned to the area, and bright—very welcom ing. The famous “scissors arches,” known as the Isle of Avalon (as the hill was still sur rounded installed 600 years ago to support the tower, are one of the with wa ter at that time) and to have bur ied the Holy Grail, first features to catch the eye. The brochures there tell us which had captur ed some of Christ’s blood from the Cross, that this was the first cathe dral to be completed in the gothic for safe keep ing at the bot tom of the Tor, and soon a spring style; many other cathe drals we’ve visited have had a mix of burst forth. This be came known as the Chal ice Well, whose Roman esque/Nor man style and the later Eng lish/gothic wa ter con ferred health and youth ful ness. Weary from the style. trip, Joseph planted his staff in the ground before resting, and by morn ing, it had taken root and bloomed into a tree,

Winter, 2007 Page 20 Ricardian Register the sa cred Glastonbury Thorn. It is lo cated be hind St. Pat- Cotehele House ap pears to have been left un touched by rick’s Cha pel (and the vis i tors’ museum.) war, and my guess is that it was be cause no one could find it. Saint Dunstan was ed u cated at Glastonbury Ab bey, and The walls of the mail hall are cover ed with display s of ar mor, as its abbot in troduced the Ben edic tine Rule. He went on to spears, and guns. Gor geous tap estr ies ap pear to cover just become the Archbishop of Can ter bury. about all the avail able wall space in the rest of the rooms, and The monks disco v ered the remains of King Ar thur some of the carved wooden fur ni ture was regarded cov et- and Queen Guinevere about “seven feet under ” in 1191, ously. There is no elec tric light in the house, al though, of it is reported. Under neath a stone slab located between course, there is elec tric ity in the restau rant area, which later two massive pil lars was foot-long lead cross with a Latin served us hot tea and lunch. inscrip tion stating (in transla tion ): “Here lies bur ied the Sir Richar d Edgcumbe began build ing this Tu dor house reno wned King Ar thur in the Isle of Avalon.” There were in 1485 using the pro ceeds awarded him by Henry VII for smaller bones nearby, and a scrap of hair which in stantly ser vices rendered at Bosworth Battle field; the fam ily had crum bled to dust; these were explained as belo nging to owned the land since 1353. Sir Richard ’s daughter even tu ally Guinevere. In 1278, the bones were reburied in a black be came a grand mother to Sir Wal ter Raleig h, and a few gen - mar ble tomb in the chancel while King Ed ward I and era ti ons later, Queen El ea nor were making a state visit. Af ter the Dis- Mar ga ret Edgcumbe bec ame a favor ite maid of honor so lu tion had de stroyed the church it self, these bones re- with Queen Eliz abeth I. (Mar gar et marr ied a Mr. mained until they were vandal iz ed, and no one has seen Denny later.) Sev eral gen er a tions of the fam ily have or heard of them since then. served in Par liament. These leg ends at tract vis i tors to the area, and were per - A chapel has been in the house since it was first built; haps de vel oped for the pur pose of en cour ag ing pil grim ages there are three squints look ing into it; one from the so lar to the Ben edic tine Mon as tery. room up stairs. (A “squint” is a place to peek into adjoin ing At the time of the Dis solu tion, King Henry VIII had the rooms.) The cha pel also con tains a clock, but not the kind abbot arr ested and hanged. Henry watched the burn ing of which has a face; it’s the kind which times the ringing of the abbey from the top floor of the George and Pil grim Inn bells, a sim i lar con cept to the clock at Salis bury Ca the dral. on nearby High Street. The museum near the en trance dis - The chapel clock is the ear li est domes tic clock in Eng land, plays ar ti facts and tells of the histor y of Glastonbury Ab bey; and un al tered and in its orig i nal po si tion—and is still in it also in cludes a model de pict ing how the abbey would have work ing or der! The me di eval kitchen is tall (there were looked at the height of its glory. once vents near the top for letting out smoke) and the fire - Near the ticket coun ter, we were invited by a poster to place used to cook is 10 feet wide. The famil y seat was find “Sir Richard Pol lard” on the grounds, dressed in a lav- moved to Plym outh in 1553, which proba bl y ac counts for ish, fur-lined Re nais sance cos tume, “to get a tour of the ru - the pres er vation of its me di eval qual i ties. Be fore we said ins of the ab bey he worked to destro y.” We found him good-bye to this charm ing house, a few of us discov er ed a between the Ab bot’s Kitchen and the Lady Cha pel, and had bird’s nest in the la dies’ restroom and were amused at its a nice chat. choice of shel ter. The Tour Report will continue in the Spring Register Devonshire: Cotehele House and Buckland Abbey Linda: Then, it was on to Devon, where we spent the next two nights in a small country hotel that had everything going for it – a cheery, helpful staff, charming cottage-style rooms, delicious food, a wonderful location that was only a short walk from Buckfast Abbey, and glorious views of Dartmoor. Pam: We next vis ited Cotehele House, north of Plym outh in the Tamar River Val ley. We crossed the Tamar River on a spec tac u lar bridge into Saltash, Cornwall be fore turn ing north, which ap peared to be a faster route, as it avoided most of the Plym outh traf fic. Nev er the less, nearer to Cotehele, the roads be come small, twist ing lanes into a for est with deep un der growth. Here we were met by sev eral mem bers of the Devon & Cornwall Branch, with whom we en joyed our visit to this mar vel ous 15th cen tury knight’s dwell ing. Sometimes the dragon wins . . .

Ricardian Register Page 21 Winter, 2007 Our Day In York

Virginia Poch Walking York’s Walls But, even so, visi tors can vote. The tal lies decid ed ly are ork on the day we visited was all and vari ous kinds not in the king’s fa vor. He has much ‘suading to do. Yof rain, a pene trating kind of wet you feel in early One finds the dis play floor filled with enough mem o - spring or late fall. Walk ing some of the two mile ram- ra bilia and signage to cheer the heart of Ricardians on parts of the 2000 year-old wall sur rounding the Medi - this gloomy day. A close look around at the poster eval Town of York was a lonely af fair with most boards, the ancient arches of the ceil ings and ribbed sup- sen si ble people headed in doors for a hot tea. Yet the ports, and walled blocks of gray stone re minds ev eryone an cient stones shown with a crys tal shim mer as the that sig nif i cant and se ri ous busi ness once oc curred here. rain danced off crags and crev ices alike of the massive slabs, small pools danced with the rain drops, some - times sprightly, other times fiercely, as the rain ebbed but never let go. The vis tas of the town were an ap peal- ing jum ble of times, red and nat u ral stone apart ment and business buildings, gabled roofs, brilliant green lawns of en closed back yards snug gling com pactly to - gether. Tower ing over this were the weath ered white- washed spires of York Min ster, one side swathed in scaffold i ng. Walk ing up worn smooth stone stairs and down and up again, one passes once-for bidding turreted, slit win- dowed, tower gates, called bars, now open to the in va- sion of the outer world and its traffic be low. Around a cor ner, out of the hard mist, ap peared a fa - miliar face on a poster resting along a stone wall, Rich- York Minster view from the City Walls ard III. Water y visio n blurred the images on the Krystian Hasterok succeed ing painted posters, the atr ic al, vivid in the grey, This file is licensed under Creative Commons each un mis tak ably an nounc ing the looked-for but sud - York Minster denly-ap pear ing desti na tion of Monk Bar and the Rich - Moistur e must have invaded the cam era housing as ard III Museum. Duck ing through the arched door way a the in door pictur es of the museum and York Cathe - full sized, fully costumed figur e greets vis itors to the dral pres ent a ghostly glow, with two squar ish waifs ap - mu seum and por tends the one-man per formances pear ing on sev eral photos in side the Minster , one near that play on a reg u lar basis, but, alas, not today . an ancient tomb with pil lared can opy and late Renais - Monk Bar sance effig y. Monk Bar has three stor ies, the top it is said, added The Minster , soar ing in its quiet grace, cano pied ceil- by Rich ard him self as Duke of Glou ces ter and Lord of ings of molded stone, gorgeous carv ings and stained the North. The first floor of the mu seum is stuffed with glass, does not show as brightly as on a clear day, yet the goodies in the sales of fice, the sec ond, a dis play room beauty of the glass figur es can not be hidden. How stun - with any thing and ev ery thing York and Richard. The ning these could appear is visi ble in the display beneath cor ner turr ets fea ture a garderob e, an other holds a tiny the church, the under croft, as it is called. Sev eral sam- dungeon and one with spiral steep stairs the climb ing of ples were back-lighted and each detail, as well as the col - which a visi tor might end up losing his head if the ors, spoke of the lost skills of these long van ished art ists. headsman was not absent that day. Also dom inat ing one The under croft also fea tures a well laid out tour of the floor is the dark stained court room-styled wooden dock var i ous stages of constr uc tions of the mas sive build ing, in which an other fig ure of the royal de fen dant stands in changes in size from Ro man begin nings with so phisti - mute plead ing of his defense to an empty gal lery of cated base and suppor t con struc tion de sign, then An- chairs, the jury, which would not hear ar gu ments to day. glo-Saxon and Viking art, the high arched addi tion s of the Norman pe riod and later em bel lish ments. The

Winter, 2007 Page 22 Ricardian Register carved face of Emperor Constantine greets visi tors as Jorvik Viking Centre you leave the Roman sectio n. The path then leads A strangely mixed compo si tion of the ancient and through the elabo rate vaulted crypt with im posing mod ern was the expe r ience of the Jorvik Viking Cen ter. tombs with Latin script and chiseled effi gies of Bishops Past and re cent exc ava tion s on display in a tra dition al and Monks, once nota bles, but the wear of age blunt ing mu seum setting combine with a lavishly recr e ated Vi - stone and detail. king vil lage dat ing from 975 AD. But to time travel it is neces sar y to queue up to a moving cart conve yer ride that Barley Hall es corts in sis tently through the vil lage. Dis ney has in - Bar ley Hall is off the beaten path, easy to miss. Once vaded the Viking stronghold. Still, the sites, sounds and found, though, it is approached by a narro w al ley way smells pro vide a great sense of what life may have been and though sev eral close arches, open ing wide with its like, as the ar tifacts and ar che olog i c al studies bring a for- Tu dor style wood and daubed L-shaped wings, broad got ten pe riod viv idly to life. As one passes through the cobble stone court. But the welco me was a mirage and mu seum, large section s of near life- sized displays be- not avail able to the trav eler this time, being a day off for hind glass open on to a more lei surely viewed de tailed the staff. The long steep iron stair way led only to locked look into the lives of the res i dents: an amniotronic baker, doors. a black smith, a house wife and a shoemaker make their The view through an al ley pic ture windo w into the com plaints, bick er ing and in sider hints a commen tar y gaily-painted green and red-striped great hall on life in the vil lage, all with the press of a button. There with blond wood board ta bles sug gested a coz en ing are many inter active el e ments to ex plore in this Viking break from the weather; one could imagine brightly World ad ven ture. flick er ing torches and fire places re flecting color from There was much more to York one day is not the walls, ser vants car ry ing heavy trays of de lights, enough. Bro chures and post ers ad ver tised nu mer ous and well- dressed townsmen and la dies in rous ing good ghost tours for a walk on the wild side of his toric York, cheer. It is said Richard enter tained a banquet there, and but the subtler , more elusive kind did not have to be one might even imagine seeing him hold forth with his chased. They seemed to be like wise seeking shelter from ret i nue. the driv ing rain, re visit ing former haunts. York was wet, it was cold, but it was not to be missed. Merchant Adventurers’ Hall A 650-year-old rect an gu lar me di eval guild hall, young by York stan dards, was this next stop. Built in the daub and timber ed style for the upper two-thirds, the struc ture boasts twin shin gled ga - bled roofs. Peel ing red painted nat u ral brick formed its base floor. A glazed black wrought-iron gate marked its green moated ter ri tory from the ad ja cent noisy moder n street, but opened to a short stair way and pathway around the shel tered entrance side. Silent and haunted with the activ i ties of banquets, meetings and business of old was the Adven tur ers and Mer chants main Hall. Dark, age-stained, wooden beams, sus pended elab ora te embr oider ed ban ners, tapes tries, huge now cold stone fireplace s for cooking and warm ing and a parquet floor all spoke of the hall’s role in York’s long story. For some reason, the tour ists, the pa trons, the staff were not so much about and its for mer busy ness stilled. Upper floors held of fices and re cep tion rooms both his tor i cal and modern filled with the imple ments of daily life. Was it the shelter from the rain, the remem ber ed im- por tance of the place in the lives of the mer chant com- mu nity or, again, the glow from a wet digi tal cam era sensor that seemed to bath ev ery thing in a soft light?

Ricardian Register Page 23 Winter, 2007 Chapter Contacts

ARIZONA NEW YORK-METRO AREA Mrs. Joan Marshall Maria Elena Torres 10727 West Kelso Drive • Sun City, AZ 85351 3216 Fillmore Avenue • Brooklyn, NY 11234 (623) 815-6822 E-mail: [email protected] EASTERN MISSOURI NORTHWEST Bill Heuer Jonathan A. Hayes 111 Minturn • Oakland, MO 63122 3806 West Armour Street • Seattle, WA 98199-3115 (314) 966-4254 • E-mail: [email protected] (206) 285-7967 • E-mail:[email protected] ILLINOIS ROCKY MOUNTAIN Joyce Tumea Chapter moderator wanted 4040 Venard Road • Downers Grove, IL 60515 Please contact: Editor, Eileen Prinsen E-mail: [email protected] 16151 Longmeadow St - Dearborn MI. 48120 313-271-1224 • E-mail: [email protected] MICHIGAN AREA Larry Irwin SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA 5715 Forman Dr. • Bloomfield Hill, MI 48301 Joseph Wawrzyniak E-mail: [email protected] 3429 Chalfont Drive • Philadelphia, PA 19154 MINNESOTA (215) 637-8538 Margaret Anderson E-mail: [email protected] 3912 Minnehaha Avenue S. #29, Minneapolis, MN 55406. SOUTHWEST (612) 729-4503 • E-mail : [email protected] Roxane C. Murph NEW ENGLAND 3501 Medina Avenue • Ft. Worth, TX 76133 Joan Szechtman (817) 923-5056 • E-mail: [email protected] 917 Ward Lane • Cheshire, CT 06410 E-mail: [email protected] If you are interested in forming a chapter, contact Eileen Prinsen, Chapter Co-ordinator (see page 3 of this issue)

Membership Application/Renewal r Mr. r Mrs. r Miss

Address:

City, State, Zip:

Country: Phone: Fax:

E-Mail:

q In di vid ual Mem ber ship $35.00 Contributions: q In di vid ual Mem ber ship Non-US $40.00 q Schallek Fellowship Awards: $______q Fam ily Member ship $35 + $5/member q General Fund (publicity, mailings, etc) $_____ $______Contributing & Sponsoring Memberships: Total Enclosed: $______q Hon or ary Fotheringhay Mem ber $ 75.00 q Hon or ary Middleham Mem ber $180.00 Family Membership $35for yourself, plus $5 for each q Hon or ary Bosworth Mem ber $300.00 additional family member residing at same address. q Plantagenet Angel $500.00 q Plantagenet Family Mem ber $500+ $_____ Make all checks payable to Richard III Society, Inc. Mail to Pamela J. Butler 11000 Anaheim Ave. NE • Albuquerque, NM 87122-3102

Winter, 2007 Page 24 Ricardian Register