Pacific Affairs

Vol. 58, No. 1 Spring 1985

Victims of China's Cultural Revolution: The Invisible Wounds Part I1 Anne F. Thurston 5

External China as a New Policy Area Wang Gungwu 28

Government and Economic Strategy in Contemporary South Korea Paul W. Kuznets 44

Soeharto's Indonesia: Personal Rule and Political Institutions R. William Liddle 68

Source Materials on the Institute of Pacific Relations Bibliographical Note William L. Holland 91

The Other Side of Burma's Struggle for Independence Review Article Josef Silverstein 98

Book Reviews (listed overleaf) 109

IN DEFENCEOF CANADA,VOLUME 5. Indochina: Roots of Complicity. By James Eayrs. Ramesh Tltakur THEPOLITICS OF CANADIAN-JAPANESEECONOMIC RELATIONS, 1952-1983. By Frank Langdon. R.D. Walton SECURITYIN EASTASIA. Edited by Robert O'Neill. Sheldon W. Simon GERMANYAND REPUBLICANCHINA. By William C. Kirby. James E. Sheridan SEEDSOF DESTRUCTION.Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937-1949. By Lloyd E. Eastman. James E. Sheridan FOODGRAIN PROCUREMENT AND CONSUMPTIONIN CHINA.By Kenneth R. Walker. Bruce Stone THEFAMILY RICE BOWL.Food and the Domestic Economy in China. By Elisabeth Croll. Bruce Stone CHENVILLAGE. The Recent History of a Peasant Community in Mao's China. By Anita Chan, Richard Madsen, and Jonathan Unger. Graham E. Joltnson LABORAND THE CHINESEREVOLUTION. Class Strategies and Contradictions of Chinese Communism, 1928-48. By S. Bernard Thomas. Lynda Norene Shaffer WOMEN,THE FAMILY,AND PEASANTREVOLUTION IN CHINA.By Kay Ann Johnson. Elisabeth Croll THEUNFINISHED LIBERATION OF CHINESEWOMEN, 1949-1980. By Phyllis Andors. Elisabeth Croll L'ENVOLDU COMMUNISMEEN CHINE.Memoires de Peng Shuzhi. By Claude Cadart and Cheng Yingxiang. Reni Goldman CONFUCIANISMAND AUTOCRACY.Professional Elites in the Founding of the Ming Dynasty. By John W. Dardess. Tom Fisher SOCIALORGANIZATION IN SOUTH CHINA, 191 1-1949. The Case of the Kuan Lineage in K'ai-p'ing County. By Yuen-fong Woon. Royert Y. Eng CHINA:THE 80s ERA.Edited by Norton Ginsburg and Bernard A. Lalor. Karen Minden DISCOVERINGHISTORY IN CHINA.American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past. By Paul A. Cohen. Paul M. Euans CHINA'SMODERNIZATION AND TRANSNATIONALCORPORATIONS. By N.T. Wang. Samuel P.S. Ho TUN-HUANGPOPULAR NARRATIVES. By Victor H. Mair. Daniel L. Ouermyer DIRECTOROF OFFICIALSAND ORGANIZATIONSIN CHINA, 1968- 1983. Bv Malcolm Lamb. Heath B. Chamberlain JAPANESE POLITICAL CULTURE.Change and Continuity. By Takeshi Ishida. Scott C. Flanagan 135 COLLECTIVEDECISION MAKING IN RURALJAPAN. By Robert C. Marshall. Robert J. Smith 136 HISTORYIN THE SERVICEOF THE JAPANESE NATION.Edited by John S. Brownlee. Sliaron Nolte 137 JAPAN'SECONOMIC SECURITY. Edited by Nobutoshi Akao. Dauis B. Bobrow 138 JAPAN'SQUEST FOR COMPREHENSIVESECURITY. Part One: DefenceIPart Two: DiplomacyIPart Three: Dependence. By J.W.M. Chapman, R. Drifte, and I.T.M. Gow. Dauis B. Bobrow 138 NORTHEASTASIA AND THE UNITEDSTATES. Defense Partner- ships and Trade Rivalries. Edited by Richard F. Kosobud. Dauis B. Bobrow 139 STATEAND DIPLOMACYIN EARLYMODERN JAPAN. Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu. By Ronald P. Toby. Mark D. Ericson 14 1 ARTISTAND PATRONIN POSTWARJAPAN. Dance, Music, Theater, and the Visual Arts, 1955-1980. By Thomas R.H. Havens. Brian Moeran JAPANESE WOMEN.Constraint and Fulfillment. By Takie Sugiyama Lebra. E. Patricia Tsurumi NORTHKOREA. A Political Handbook. By Tai Sung An. Gavan McCorntack MONGOLIAN-ENGLISH-RUSSIANDICTIONARY OF LEGALTERMS AND CONCEPTS.Compiled and edited by W.E. Butler and A.J. Nathanson. Francoise Aubin ROOSEVELT,GANDHI, CHURCHILL. America and the Last Phase . of India's Freedom Struggle. By M.S. Venkataramani and B.K. Shrivastava. T.A. Keenleyside RE-PROMULGATIONOF ORDINANCES. A Fraud on the Constitution of India. By D.C. Wadhwa. Granuille Austin THROUGHINDIAN EYES. 19th and Early 20th Century Photography from India. By ~udith~ara~utman. M. Zachariah PLANNINGSTRATEGY FOR TRIBALDEVELOPMENT. By M.L. Patel. Walter Huber ENCYCLOPAEDIAOF INDIAN CULTURE. Volumes I & 11. By R.N. Saletore. Fritz MJoanna Lehmann THECHANGING ROLE OF WOMENIN BENGAL,1849-1905. By Meredith Borthwick. Syluia Hale MAHADEVIVARMA AND THE CHHAYAVADAGE OF MODERN HINDIPOETRY. By Karine Schomer. Richard Ban KRISHNA,THE BUTTERTHIEF. By John Stratton Hawley. Kathryn Hansen JINNAHOF PAKISTAN.By Stanley Wolpert. Saleem MM. Qureshi ISLAMIN SOUTH-EASTASIA. Edited by M.B. Hooker. Michael C. Williams SHIPPING.ENERGY. AND ENVIRONMENT:SOUTHEAST ASIAN PERSPECTIVESFOR THE EIGHTIES.Edited by Mark J. Valencia, Edgar Gold, Chia Lin Sien, and Norman G. Letalik. K.J. Keith INTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUM ON THE NEWLAW OF THE SEAIN SOUTHEASTASIA. Developmental Effects and Regional Approaches. Edited by Douglas M. Johnston, Edgar Gold, and Phiphat Tangsubkul. KJ Keith 162 COMPLETINGA STEWARDSHIP.The Malayan Civil Service, 1942-1957. By Robert Heussler. A.J. Stockwell l63 THEPOLITICAL ECONOMY OF MALAYSIA.Edited by E.K. Fisk and H. Osman-Rani. R.S.Milne 164 POVERTYAND LANDLESSNESSIN KELANTAN, MALAYSIA. By Syed Husin Ali. Edited by Hans-Dieter Evers, Georg Elwert, Georg Stauth, and Claudia von Werlhof. P.P. Courtenay 165 INDONESIANCHINESE IN CRISIS.By Charles A. Coppel. Judith Strauch 166 CONTROLOF LANDAND LABOURIN COLONIALJAVA. A Case Study of Agrarian Crisis and Reform in the Region of Cirebon during the First Decades of the Twentieth Century. By Jan Breman. Peter Carey 168 PHILIPPINESOCIAL HISTORY. Global Trade and Local Transformations. Edited by Alfred W. McCoy and Ed. C. de Jesus. Villia Jefremouas 169 VIETNAM:HISTORY OF THE BULWARKB2 THEATRE.Volume 5: Concluding the 30-Years War. By Tran Van Tra. Translated by the Joint Publications Research Service David G. Marr 170 CAMBODGE1. Edited by Marie Alexandrine Martin. Hiline Legendre 172 THEPOLITICS OF EVOLVINGCULTURES IN THE PACIFICISLANDS. Compiled by The Institute for Polynesian Studies. William H. Alhire 173 THEFIRST TAINT OF CIVILIZATION.A History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands in Pre-Colonial Days, 1521-1885. By Francis X. Hezel. William H. Alhire 174 TIKHOOKEANSKIIREGIONALIZM: KONTSEPTSII I REALNOST [PACIFICREGIONALISM: CONCEPTIONS AND REALITY].Edited by V.I. Ivanov and K.V. Malakhovskii. JoW Stephan 174 NEZAVISIMYEGOSUDARSTVA OKEANII [INDEPENDENT STATES OF OCEANIA].Edited by K.V. Malakhovskii and V.P. Nikolaev. John]. Stephan 174 TAIRORACULTURE. Contingency and Pragmatism. By James B. Watson. Roy Wagner 176 MAGICIANSOF MANUMANUA.Living Myth in Kalauna. By Michael W. Young. Frederick H. Damon 177 WHATROUGH BEAST? The State and Social Order in Australian History. By the Sydney Labour History Group. Heniy S. Albinski 178 STRIKESIN AUSTRALIA.A Sociological Analysis of Industrial Conflict. By Malcolm Waters. Henry S. Albinski 178 CLASSCONSCIOUSNESS IN AUSTRALIA. By Chris Chamberlain. Henry S. Albinski 178 INTERNATIONALSOCIALISM AND AUSTRALIANLABOUR. The Left in Australia, 1919-1939. By Frank Farrell. Henry S. Albinski 178 PRIMEMINISTERS AND DIPLOMATS.The Making of Australian Foreign Policy, 1901-1949. By P.G. Edwards. Margot Z. Simington 181 NEWZEALAND AND THE PACIFIC.Edited by Roderic Alley. Steve Hoadley 182 NON-ALIGNMENT.Origins, Growth and Potential for World Peace. By Rikhi Jaipal. Stanley A. Kochanek 183 LOCALDEMOCRACIES. A Study in Comparative Local Government. Edited by Margaret Bowman and William Hampton. Robert J. Williams 184 BRIEFLY NOTED

ZHOUENLAI AND DENGXIAOPING IN THE CHINESELEADERSHIP SUCCESSIONCRISIS. By David W. Chang. Frederick C. Teiwes 185 SENSINGTHE ENEMY.By Lady Borton. John S. Conway 186

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE ANNEF. THURSTON,Associate in Research, Fairbank Center for East Asian Research, Harvard University, U.S.A. Co-editor (with Jason Parker) of Humanistic and Social Science Research in China: Recent History and Future Prospects (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1980) and (with Burton Pasternak) of The Social Sciences and Fieldwork in China: Views from the Field (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983). She is currently working on a book about the victims of the Cultural Revolution, under a grant from the An Wang Institute of Graduate Studies Fellowship Program in Chinese Studies. WANGGUNGWU, Professor of Far Eastern History, Australian National University. Author of China and the World since 1949: The Impact of Independence, Modernity and Revolution (London: Macmillan, 1977) and of Community and Nation: Essays on Southeast Asia and the Chinese (Sydney: Alien & Unwin, 1981); co-editor (with C.K. Leung and J.W.~ Cushman) of Hong Kong: Dilemmas of Growth (Canberra: Australian National University, 1980). PAULW. KUZNETS,Associate Professor of Economics, Indiana Univer- sity-Bloomington, U.S.A. Author of Economic Growth and Structure in the Republic of Korea (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1977). R. WILLIAMLIDDLE, Professor of Political Science, Ohio State University, U.S.A. WILLIAML. HOLLAND,Emeritus Professor of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia, Canada. Formerly editor of Pacific Affairs, 1953- 78, and Secretary-General, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1946-60. JOSEF SILVERSTEIN,Professor of Political Science, Rutgers University, U.S.A. Author of Burma: Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977) and of Burmese Politics: The Dilemma of National Unity (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1980). Pacific Affairs

Vol. 58, No. 2 Summer 1985

Commercial Reform and State Control: Structural Changes in Chinese Trade, 198 1-1983 Dorothy J. Solinger 197

A Nuclear-Weapon-Free South Pacific: A New Zealand Perspective Ramesh Thakur 2 16

The United States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-1 967 Peter Dale Scott 239

Legislative Behavior and Ethnicity in a Third World Democracy-Sri Lanka Robert C. Oberst 265

The Jewel in the Crown Review Article W.H. Morris-Jones 287

War Crimes and Command Responsibility: From the Bataan Death March to the MyLai Massacre Review Article Kurt Steiner 293

Book Reviews (listed on pp. 194-6) 299

Contributors to This Issue 383

- pp

ISLAMIN ASIA.Volume I: South Asia. Edited by Yohanan Friedmann. Francis Robznson 299 ISLAMIN ASIA. Volume 11: Southeast and East Asia. Edited by Raphael Israeli and Anthony H. Johns. Francis Robinson 299 CHURCHESIN CONTESTATION.Asian Christian Social Protest. By Parig Digan. Cyril Powles 30 1 STUBBORNSURVIVORS. Dissenting Essays on Peasants and Third World Development. By Rex Mortimer. Edited by Herbert Feith and Rodney Tiffen. R.H. Barnes 302 THEEMERGING PACIFIC COMMUNITY. A Regional Perspective. Edited by Robert L. Downen and Bruce J. Dickson. Malcolm Sn~zth 303 TRANSFORMINGTRADITIONALLY. Land and Labor Use in Agriculture in Asia and Africa. By Kusum Nair. T.Scarlett Epstezn 304 CHINAAND THAILAND,1949-1983. Edited R.K. Jain. Charles Burton 305 CHINAAND JAPAN.New Economic Diplomacy. By Chae-Jin Lee. Samuel P.S. Ho 306 MAOZEDONG. A Preliminary Reassessment. By Stuart R. Schram. Ronald C. Kezth 307 THEWHITE-BONED DEMON. A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong. By Ross Terrill. Wzlliam A. Joseph 308 VERDICTIN PEKING.The Trial of the Gang of Four. By David Bonavia. Wzlliam A. Joseph 308 TOWARDSTHE ENDOF ISOLATIONISM.China's Foreign Policy After Mao. By Michael Yahuda. Alien 3. Whzting 3 1 1 HANKOW.Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796- 1889. By William T. Rowe. Parks M. Coble, Jr. 3 12 TRADEAND SOCIETY.The Amoy Network on the China Coast, 1683-1735. By Ng Chin-keong. Parks M. Coble, Ji. 3 12 AN EXPOSITIONOF BENEVOLENCE.The Jen-hueh of Tan Ssu- t'ung. Translated by Chan Sin-wai. Rzchaid Shek 3 15 THEMANAGEMENT OF MONOPOLY. A Study of the English East India Company's Conduct of Its Tea Trade, 1784-1833. By Hoh-cheung Mui and Lorna H. Mui. Robeit P. Gardella 31 6 CLASSAND SOCIALSTRATIFICATION IN POST-REVOLUTION CHINA.Edited by James L. Watson. Rtdiard Krau 3 17 CHINESEMEDICAL MODERNIZATION. Comparative Policy Continuities, 1930s-1980s. By AnElissa Lucas. Karen Mznden 3 19 THECHINESE HOSPITAL. A Socialist Work Unit. By Gail E. Henderson and Myron S. Cohen. Karen Mznden 3 19 MIDDLECHINESE. A Study in Historical Phonology. By E.G. Pulleyblank. Edward H. Schafer 322 CHINA'SUNIVERSITIES. Post-Mao Enrollment Policies and Their Impact on the Structure of Secondary Education. By Suzanne Pepper. Julza Kwung 323 ZHONGGUOXINWEN NIANJIAN 1982, 1983 [Almanac of Chinese Journalism 1982, 19831. Edited by the Journalism Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Biantly Womack 324 EXPERIENCESAND LESSONSOF ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT IN TAIWAN.Edited by K.T. Li and T.S. Yu. Robert Wade 325 THEBARRIER AND THE JAVELIN. Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies, February to June 1942. By H.P. Willmott. Kyozo Sato 327 THEJAPANESE COLONIALEMPIRE, 1895-1945. Edited by Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie. Gavan McCormack 327 THEJUSTICE OF THE WESTERNCONSULAR COURTS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURYJAPAN. By Richard T. Chang. Jean-Pierre Lehmann 329 INJURIOUSTO PUBLICMORALS. Writers and the Meiji State. By Jay Rubin. Earl H. Kinmotzt11 THECONTEMPORARY JAPANESE ECONOMY. By Yutaka Kosai and Yoshitaro Ogino. Translated by Ralph Thompson. on hapier JAPANESE SOCIETY.Tradition, Self, and the Social Order. By Robert J. Smith. ROSSE. Mouer HERITAGEOF ENDURANCE.Family Patterns and Delinquency Formation in Urban Japan. By Hiroshi Wagatsuma and George A. De Vos. Patricia G. Steinlcoff JAPAN'S RESHAPINGOF AMERICANLABOR LAW. By William B. Gould. Malcolm Smith MODERNJAPANESE POETS AND THE NATUREOF LITERATURE.By Makoto Ueda. L~i~iteKutsukake POSTWARKOREAN SHORT STORIES: AN ANTHOLOGY.(Second Edition.) Translated and edited with an Introduction by Chong-un Kim. Kicl~ungKittt INDIAUNDER PRESSURE. Prospects for Political Stability. By Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. Roderick Church INDIA'SSEARCH FOR POWER.Indira Gandhi's Foreign Policy, 1966-1982. By Surjit Mansingh. Robert L. Hardpave, Jr. GANDHI.Soundings in Political Philosophy. By Ramashray Roy. Judith M. Brown TOTALDEVELOPMENT. Essays towards an Integration of Marxian and Gandhian Perspectives. By K.J. Charles. Det~izisDalton TOLSTOYAND GANDHI,MEN OF PEACE.A Biography. By Martin Green. Dennis Dalton JAWAHARLAL NEHRUAND THE CRIPPSMISSION. By V.T. Patil. W.H. Morris-Junes GANDHI,NEHRU, AND THE QUITINDIA MOVEMENT. A Study in the Dynamics of a Mass Movement. By V.T. Patil. W.H. MoriÂ¥is-Jone MEASURINGTHE CONDITIONOF INDIA'SPOOR. The Physical Quality of Life Index. By Morris David Morris and Michelle B. McAlpin. C.A. Bay[? A NEWFACE OF HINDUISM.The Swaminarayan Religion. By Raymond Brady Williams. Kenneth W.Jones THECULT OF THE GODDESSPATTINI. By Gananath Obeyesekere. Antho~z? Good A HISTORYOF CHRISTIANITYIN INDIA.The Beginnings to AD 1707. By Stephen Neill. Klaus K. Klostermaier REHEARSALSOF REVOLUTION.The Political Theater of Bengal. By Rustom Bharucha. Katlttyt Hansen RELUCTANTDEBUTANTE. Response of Bengali Women to Modernization, 1849-1905. By Ghulam Murshid. Meredith Borthwick SOUTHASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 198 1. Edited by Bridget Allchin, with assistance from Raymond Allchin and Miriam Sidell. Kenneth A.R. Kennedy ARMEDCOMMUNIST MOVEMENTS IN SOUTHEASTASIA. Edited by Lim Joo-Jock and Vani S. Michael C. Williams ADVICEAND SUPPORT:THE EARLY YEARS, 1941-1960. By Ronald H. Spector. David P. Chandler AN INTERNATIONALHISTORY OF THE VIETNAMWAR. Volume I: Revolution versus Containment, 1955-61. By R.B. Smith. David P. Chandler PEACEKEEPINGIN VIETNAM. Canada, India, Poland, and the International Commission. By Ramesh Thakur. D.R. SarDesai MILLENARIANISMAND PEASANTPOLITICS IN VIETNAM.By Hue- Tarn Ho Tai. Daniel Hime1-y PEASANTPOLITICS AND RELIGIOUSSECTARIANISM. Peasant and Priest in the Cao Dai in Viet Nam. By Jayne Susan Werner. Daniel Himei-y THETALE OF KIE'u. A Bilingual Edition of Truyen Kieu. By Nguysn Du. Translated and Annotated by Huynh Sanh Thong, with a Historical Essay by Alexander B. Woodside. Hue-Tarn Ho Tai POLITICS,PATRONAGE, AND CLASSCONFLICT IN CENTRAL LUZON.By Willem Wolters. Kit Macl~udo 365 PEASANTSIN THE HILLS.A Study of the Dynamics of Social Change among the Budhid Swidden Cultivators in the Philippines. By Violeta Lopez-Gonzaga. Robert Lawless 366 JAMOYAWONRITUAL. A Territorial Concept. By Jesucita L. Sodusta. Robert Lawless 366 HONOURABLEINTENTIONS. Talks on the British Empire in South-East Asia delivered at the Royal Colonial Institute, 1874-1928. Edited and Introduced by Paul H. Kratoska. Nicholas Tarlzng 368 THESOCIOLOGY OF PRODUCTIONIN RURALMALAY SOCIETY. By Conner Bailey. Rudulphe De Koninck 369 WIVESAND MIDWIVES.Childbirth and Nutrition in Rural Malaysia. By Carol Laderman. Lenure Manderson 37 1 WOMEN'SWORK AND WOMEN'SROLES. Economics and Everyday Life in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Edited by Lenore Manderson. Aihwa Ong 373 MANNERSAND MEANINGIN WESTSUMATRA. The Social Context of Consciousness. By Frederick K. Errington. Michael Peletz 374 ARMS,DISARMAMENT, AND NEWZEALAND. Edited by T.J. Hearn. Stephen Leuine 376 FIJI. A Short History. By Deryck Scarr. James A. Buutilier 377 MELANESIA:BEYOND DIVERSITY. Volumes I & 11. Edited by R.J. May and Hank Nelson. Paula Brown Click 378 E.H. NORMAN:HIS LIFEAND SCHOLARSHIP.Edited by Roger W. Bowen. Richard H. Minear 380

BRIEFLY NOTED

ISLAMIN TRIBALSOCIETIES. From the Atlas to the Indus. Edited by Akbar S. Ahmed and David M. Hart. Flitz Lelt1tian7i 38 1 THEARTS OF CHINA.Third Edition. By Michael Sullivan. James 0. Caswell 382 RAFFLES:THE STORY OF SINGAPORE.By Raymond Flower. Diane K. Mauzy 382 Pacific Affairs

Vol. 58, No. 3 Fall 1985

PAGE

The Security Debate in Japan Frank Langdon 397

SARC, But No "SHARK": South Asian Regional Cooperation in Perspective Lok Raj ~aral 4 1 1

The Fruits of Ambivalence: China's Urban Individual Economy Linda Hershkouztz 427

China's New Banking System: Changes in Monetary Management Hiroyuki Imai 45 1

The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula Gerald Chan 473

A Documentary Survey of the People's Republic of China, 1949-1979 Review Article Tang Tsou 491

Correspondence 495

Book Reviews (listed overleaf) 497

IMAGINEDCOMMUNITIES. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. By Benedict Anderson. Anthony Reid 497 THESTANDARD OF "CIVILIZATION"IN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY. By Gerrit W. Gong. Robert E. Bedeski 499 THIRDWORLD CHALLENGE TO PSYCHIATRY.Culture Accommodation and Mental Health Care. By Howard N. Higginbotham. Tsung-yi Lin 500 BRITAINAND CHINA,1941-47: IMPERIALMOMENTUM. By Aron Shai. Dennis B. Smith 501 SOVIETSTUDIES OF PREMODERNCHINA. Assessments of Recent Scholarship. Edited by Gilbert Rozman. Steven I. Levine 503 CHINA.Compiled by Peter Cheng. Reni Goldman 504 CHINAPOLICY FOR THE NEXTDECADE. Report of the Atlantic Council's Committee on China Policy. Edited by U. Alexis Johnson, George R. Packard, and Alfred Wilhelm, Jr. Arthur Huck 505 THECRITIQUE OF ULTRA-LEFTISMIN CHINA, 1958-1981. By William A. Joseph. David Zweig 506 ANTIFOREIGNISMAND MODERNIZATIONIN CHINA, 1860-1980. Linkage between Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy. By Kuang-sheng Liao. Foreword by Alien S. Whiting. Stephen C. Thomas 508 CHINA'SOPEN DOOR POLICY: THE QUEST FOR FOREIGN TECHNOLOGYAND CAPITAL. A Study of China's Special Trade. By Samuel P.S. Ho and Ralph W. Huenemann. Christopher Howe 509 THEMINORITIES OF NORTHERNCHINA. A Survey. By Henry G. Schwarz. David Deal 51 1 MANAGINGTHE ENVIRONMENTIN CHINA. Edited by Qu Geping and Woyen Lee. Baruch Boxer 5 12 LIVES.Chinese Working Women. Edited by Mary Sheridan and Janet W. Salaff. Delia Dmin 5 14 WEI YUANAND CHINA'SREDISCOVERY OF THE MARITIME WORLD.By Jane Kate Leonard. W.E. Cheung 5 1.5 A COMPLETEBOOK CONCERNING HAPPINESS AND BENEVOLENCE [Fu-hui ch'uan-shu]. A Manual for Local Magistrates in Seventeenth-Century China. By Huang Liu-hung. Translated and edited by Djang Chu. AGRICULTUREIN CHINA'S MODERN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. By Nicholas R. Lardy. AGINGIN POST-MAOCHINA. The Politics of Veneration. By Ada Elizabeth Sher. Foreword by Victor W. Sidel and Ruth Sidel. Charlotte Ikels 520 STUDIESIN CHINESEART. By Cheng Te-k'un. lames 0. Caswell 520 THEORIESOF THE ARTSIN CHINA.Edited by Susan Bush and Christian Murck. lames 0. Caswell 52 1 CHINESEMIDDLEBROW FICTION. From the Ch'ing and Early Republican Eras. Edited by Liu Ts'un-yan. With the assistance of John Minford. Gilbert Foizg 522 PEOPLEOR MONSTERS?And Other Stories and Reportage from China after Mao. By Liu Binyan. Edited by Perry Link. Richard King 524 ROSESAND THORNS.The Second Blooming of the Hundred Flowers in Chinese Fiction, 1979-80. Edited by Perry Link. Richard King 524 SHADOWSOF HIROSHIMA.By Wilfred Burchett. Paul Buyer 526 THEIAPANESE MIND. The Goliath Explained. By Robert C. ~hristo~her. Bernard Saint-Jacques 527 SMARTBARGAINING. Doing Business with the Japanese. By John L. Graham and Yoshihiro Sano. R. Alan Brown 529 JAPAN'SECONOMY IN A COMPARATIVEPERSPECTIVE. Edited by Gianni Fodella. Peter N. Davies 53 1 THEHISTORY OF THE JAPANESEWRITTEN LANGUAGE. By Yaeko Sat0 Habein. R. Alan Brown THENOH THEATER. Principles and Perspectives. By Kunio Komparu. Leon Zolbrod AUDIENCEAND ACTORS.A Study of Their Interaction in the Japanese Traditional Theatre. By Jacob Raz. Leon Zolbrod SECURITYIN SOUTHERNASIA. By Zalmay Khalilzad, Timothy George, Robert Litwak, and Shahram Chubin. Stephen P. Colten POLITICS,TECHNOLOGY, AND BUREAUCRACYIN SOUTH ASIA. Edited by Yogendra K. Malik. JAWAHARLALNEHRU: A BIOGRAPHY.Volume Three: 1956- 1964. By Sarvepalli Gopal. Richard Cashman THEMAKING OF COLONIALLUCKNOW, 1856-1877. By Veena Talwar Oldenburg. Holden Furber THETURKISH REVOLUTION AND THE INDIANFREEDOM MOVEMENT.By Mohammad Sadiq. THEAUNDH EXPERIMENT. A Gandhian Grass-roots Democracy. By Indira Rothermund. David C. Potter ASSAM:ATTITUDE TO FEDERALISM.By Girin Phukon. Roderick Church THEHERITAGE OF THE SIKHS.By Harbans Singh. Kenneth W.Jones THEBHANGIS IN TRANSITION.By Shyamlal. Owen M. Lynclt HALFWAYTO EQUALITY.By Partap Chand Aggarwal. Duncan B. Forrester IMAGEOF MAN.Ideology and Theory in Indian Sociology. By Yogendra Singh. Sylvia Hale THEISLAMIC SYNCRETISTIC TRADITION IN BENGAL.By Asim Roy. THERIGHTEOUS DEMON. A Study of Bali. By Clifford Hospital. Kenneth E. Bnant ORIENTALISM,POETRY, AND THE MILLENNIUM.The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751-1830. By Rosane Rocher. David Kopj A HISTORYOF URDULITERATURE. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. By Muhammad Sadiq. Alqir Hashmi EMERGENCEOF BANGLADESH AND ROLEOF AWAMILEAGUE. By Md. Abdul Wadud Bhuiyan. Kirsten Westergaard THEPOLITICAL ECONOMY OF CHINA'SCHANGING RELATIONS WITH SOUTHEASTASIA. By John Wong. Donald H. McMillen CHINAAND MALAYSIA,1949-1983. Edited by R.K. Jain. Donald H. McMillen UNFINISHEDAGENDA. The Dynamics of Modernization in Developing Nations. By Manning Nash. Laurence D. Stifel POLITICSIN THE ASEAN STATES.Edited by Diane K. Mauzy. Michael Leifer SMALL-AND MEDIUM-SCALEINDUSTRIES IN THE ASEAN COUNTRIES.Agents or Victims of Economic Development? By Mathias Bruch and Ulrich Hiemenz. Inge Bailey CENTERS,SYMBOLS, AND HIERARCHIES.Essays on the Classical States of Southeast Asia. Edited by Lorraine Gesick. Foreword by Clifford Geertz. Victor Lieberman THERISE AND DEMISEOF DEMOCRATICKAMPUCHEA. By Craig Etcheson. Milton Oshorne A HISTORYOF MODERNTHAILAND, 1767-1942. By B.) Terwiel. Lurraine Gesick THEMALAYSIAN ECONOMY. Structures and Dependence. By Khor Kok Peng. David Lim WORLDWITHIN. A Borneo Story. By Tom Harrisson. lh6me Rousseau POLITIEK-POLITIONEELEOVERZICHTEN VAN NEDERLANDSCH- INDIE.Bronnenpublikatie. Deel 11: 1929-1930. Edited and introduced by Harry A. Poeze. Heather Sutherl(iii~1 ZWISCHENREFORM UND REBELLION.~ber die Entwicklung des Islams in Minangkabau (Westsumatra) zwischen den beiden Reformbeweeruneen der Padri (1837) und der Modernisten (1908). Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte dir Islamisierung Indonesiens. By Werner Kraus. Paul W.van der Veui BRIEFLY NOTED RURALENERGY TO MEETDEVELOPMENT NEEDS. Asian Village Approaches. Edited by M. Nurul Islam, Richard Morse, and M. Hadi Soesastro. G. Gwtaaf van Beers 567 CHINAIN CANADA.A Dialogue on Resources and Development. Edited by R. Louis Gentilcore. Vaclm Smil 568 THECOLUMBIA BOOK OF CHINESEPOETRY. From Early Times to the Thirteenth Century. Translated and edited by Burton Watson. Daniel Bryant 568 TAIWAN.A Comprehensive Bibliography of English-Language Publications. Compiled by J. Bruce Jacobs, Jean Hagger, and Anne Sedgley. Stephan Feuchtutang 569 THEFAR EAST AND AUSTRALASIA,1983-84. Fifteenth Edition. Edited and compiled by Europa Publications. Terry G. McGee 569 THEFAR EAST AND AUSTRALASIA,1984-85. Sixteenth Edition. Edited and compiled by Europa Publications. R.S. Milne 570

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE FRANKLANGDON, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, University of British Columbia, Canada, where he is currently a senior research fellow at the Institute of International Relations and co-director of the project on "Security Options of the Western Allies in the Asia Pacific Region." His most recent book is The Politics of Canadian-Japanese Economic Relations, 1952-1 983 (Vancouver: University of British Co- lumbia Press, 1983). LOK RAJ BARAL,Professor and Chairman, Department of Political Science, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Fulbright visiting professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, August 1984-June 1985. Author of Oppositional Politics in Nepal (New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1977), Nepal's Politics of Referendum: A Study of Groups, Personalities and Trends (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1983), and Nepal and SARC: The Politics of Balanced Interdependence (forthcoming). LINDAHERSHKOVITZ, Ph.D candidate in Geography at the University of British Columbia, Canada. She is currently completing her thesis at the Universities Service Centre, Hong Kong, and is director of the China Exchange Program of Friends World College, U.S.A. HIROYUKIIMAI, Ph.D. candidate in Economics at the Johns Hopkins University, U.S.A. GERALDCHAN, Postgraduate student in the School of Modern Asian Studies, Griffith University, Australia. TANGTsou, Homer J. Livingston Professor of Political Science, Univer- sity of Chicago, U.S.A. Author of America's Failure in China (University of Chicago Press, 1963) and co-authorlco-editor of China in Crisis (University of Chicago Press, 1969). His most recent book is The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms: A Historical Perspective (Uni- versity of Chicago Press, forthcoming, 1986). Pacific Affairs

Vol. 58, No. 4 Winter 1985-86

PAGE The Decollectivization of the Chinese Countryside: A Survey of Twenty-eight Villages Jonathan Unger 585

Local Cadre Accommodation to the "Responsibility System" in Rural China John P. Burns 607

Obstacles to a Political Settlement in Indochina Michael Leifer 626

The Orang Asli: Aboriginal Policies in Malaysia Gordon P. Means 637

Dividing the Jewel: Mountbatten and the Transfer of Power to India and Pakistan Review Article John R. Wood 653

Why Westmoreland Gave Up Review Article Edwin E. Moise 663

Book Reviews (listed on pp. 582-4) 674

Contributors to This Issue 756

Index to Vol. 58 (1985) 757

MUSLIMPEOPLES. A World Ethnographic Survey. (Second Edition, Revised and Expanded.) Edited by Richard V. Weekes. Maps by John E. Coffman. Fritz C3 Joanna Lehmann SUICIDEIN ASIAAND THE NEAREAST. Edited by Lee A. Headley. With a Foreword by Norman L. Farberow. Toyomasa Fuse THESOCIAL SCIENCES AND FIELDWORKIN CHINA. Views from the Field. Edited by Anne F. Thurston and Burton Pasternak. Dauid Zweig THECHINESE MOSAIC. The Peoples and Provinces of China. By Leo J. Moser. June Teufel Dreyer THEWALLED KINGDOM. A History of China from Antiquity to the Present. By Witold Rodzinski. Edgar Wickberg EMBASSIESAND ILLUSIONS.Dutch and Portuguese Envoys to K'ang-hsi, 1666-1687. By John E. Wills, Jr. Edwin J. Van Kley SINO-RUSSIANRELATIONS. A Short History. By R.K.I. Quested. Jan J. Solecki FOREIGNINTERVENTION AND CHINA'SINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT,1870-191 1. By Stephen C. Thomas. Shannon R. Brown CHINA:SOCIALIST ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Volume I: The Economy, Statistical System, and Basic Data. Volume 11: The Economic Sectors-Agriculture, Industry, Energy, Transport, and External Trade and Finance. Volume 111: The Social Sectors-Population, Health, Nutrition, and Education. Compiled by the World Bank. Samuel P.S. Ho CHINESEBUSINESS UNDER SOCIALISM. The Politics of Domestic Commerce, 1949-1980. By Dorothy J. Solinger. Ralph W. Huenemann SCIENCEAND CIVILISATIONIN CHINA. Volume 6: Bioloev", and Biological Technology 1 Part 11: Agriculture. By Francesca Bray (Joseph Needham, series editor). Audrey Donnithome 687 RETURNTO A CHINESEVILLAGE. By Jan Myrdal. Photographs by Gun Kessle. Foreword by Harrison E. Salisbury. Translated from the Swedish by Alan Bernstein. Mark Selden 688 MORALITYAND POWERIN A CHINESEVILLAGE. By Richard Madsen. Hill Gates 690 PHILOSOPHYOF MINDIN SIXTH-CENTURYCHINA. Paramartha's "Evolution of Consciousness." By Diana Y. Paul. Leon Huruitz 691 THEDEVELOPMENT AND DECLINEOF CHINESECOSMOLOGY. By John B. Henderson. Dauid Gedalecia 692 POPULARCHINESE LITERATURE AND PERFORMINGARTS IN THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA,1949-1979. Edited by Bonnie S. McDougall. Richard King 693 CONTEDE PRINTEMPS[A TALEOF SPRING].By Yu Luojin. Translated by Huang San and Miguel Mandarts. Rene Goldman 695 THEENTREP~T TRADE OF HONGKONG WITH SPECIAL REFERENCETO TAIWANAND THE CHINESEMAINLAND. By Ronald Hsia. W.E. Cheong 696 BEYONDWAR. Japan's Concept of Comprehensive National Security. By Robert W. Barnett. Dauis B. Bobrow 697 JAPAN'SFOREIGN RELATIONS. A Global Search for Economic Security. Edited by Robert S. Ozaki and Walter Arnold. Davis B. Bobrow 697 CAUGHTIN THE MIDDLEEAST. Japan's Diplomacy in Transition. By Michael M. Yoshitsu. Edward A. Oken 699 AGAINSTTHE STATE.Politics and Social Protest in Japan. By David E. Apter and Nagayo Sawa. James W. White 701 THECHALLENGE OF JAPAN'S INTERNATIONALIZATION. Organi- zation and Culture. Edited by Hiroshi Mannari and Harumi Befu. Alexander Dean McLeod 702

582 THEAMERICAN MAGIC. Codes, Ciphers, and the Defeat of Japan. By Ronald Lewin. Alvin D. Coox 703 MIRACLEAT MIDWAY.By Gordon W. Prange. With Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon. Alvin D. Coox 703 INSTITUTIONSFOR CHANGEIN JAPANESE SOCIETY.Edited by George De Vos. Ross E. Mouer 705 RETREATFROM REFORM.Patterns of Political Behavior in Interwar Japan. By Sharon Minichiello. Gordon Bennett 707 JAPANESE AND U.S. INFLATION.A Comparative Analysis. By Ching-yuan Lin. Leon Hollerman 708 U.S.-JAPANESEENERGY RELATIONS. Cooperation and Compe- tition. Edited by Charles K. Ebinger and Ronald A. Morse. Leon Hollerman 708 THEEARLY JAPANESE LABOR MOVEMENT. Labor and Politics in a Developing Society. By Robert A. Scalapino. Sheldon M. Garon 7 10 CRANESAT DUSK.By Hisako Matsubara. Translated from the German by Leila Vennewitz. Ted Goossen 712 KOREAAND THE UNITEDSTATES. A Century of Cooperation. Edited by Youngnok Koo and Dae-Sook Suh. Hilary Conroy 7 13 U.S.-KOREANRELATIONS, 1882-1982. Edited by Tae-Hwan Kwak, in collaboration with John Chay, Soon Sung Cho, and Shannon McCune. Hilary Conroy 7 13 THEU.S.-SOUTH KOREAN ALLIANCE. Evolving Patterns in Security Relations. Edited by Gerald L. Curtis and Sung-joo Han. Hilary Conroy 7 13 POLITICSAND POLICIESIN DIVIDEDKOREA. Regimes in Contest. By Young Whan Kihl. Yung Park 716 TIBETON THE IMPERIALCHESSBOARD. The Making of British Policy towards Lhasa, 1899-1925. By Premen Addy. Barry A. Leach 718 SMALLNUCLEAR FORCES AND U.S. SECURITYPOLICY. Threats and Potential Conflicts in the Middle East and South Asia. Edited by Rodney W. Jones. Ashok Kapur 7 19 FROMMARTIAL LAW TO MARTIALLAW. Politics in the Punjab, 1919-1958. By Syed Nur Ahmad. Edited by Craig Baxter, from a translation from the Urdu by Mahmud Ali. Paul Wallace 720 COMMUNISMIN INDIA. The Politics of Fragmentation. By T.R. Sharma. Robin Jeffrey 723 THEASSAMESE. Religion, Caste and Sect in an Indian Village. By Audrey Cantlie. F.G. Bailey 724 RELIGIONAND SOCIETYAMONG THE LINGAYATSOF SOUTH INDIA.By K. Ishwaran. Anthony Good 725 RELIGIONAND POLITICSIN MUSLIMSOCIETY. Order and Conflict in Pakistan. By Akbar S. Ahmed. Sheila McDonough 726 THEWORKS OF AKHTERHAMEED KHAN. Volume I: Development of a Rural Community. Volume 11: Rural Development Approaches and the Comilla Model. Volume 111: Rural Works and the Comilla Cooperative. Compiled by the Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development. Benedict Stavis 727 A QUIETVIOLENCE. View from a Bangladesh Village. By Betsy Hartmann and Jarnes K. Boyce. Harry Blair 728 ORGANISINGVILLAGERS FOR SELF-RELIANCE.A Study of Deedar in Bangladesh. By Jayanta Kumar Ray. Harry Blair 728 NEPAL'SPOLITICS OF REFERENDUM.A Study of Groups, Personalities and Trends. By Lok Raj Baral. John T. Scholz 730 SOUTHEASTASIAN AFFAIRS 1983. Edited by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. T.G. McGee 732 SOUTHEASTASIAN AFFAIRS 1984. Edited by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. T.G. McGee 732 POPULATIONCHANGE IN SOUTHEASTASIA. Edited by Wilfredo F. Arce and Gabriel C. Alvarez. T.G. McGee 733 583 SOUTHEASTASIA DIVIDED. The ASEAN-Indochina Crisis. Edited by Donald E. Weatherbee. Charles Burton ASEAN SECURITYAND ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT. Edited by Karl D. Jackson and M. Hadi Soesastro. Donald K. Crone VIETNAMRECONSIDERED. Lessons from a War. Edited with an Introduction by Harrison E. Salisbury. Davzd P. Chandler THAILAND.A Short History. By David K. Wyatt. Clark D. ff Arlene B. Neher MARXISMAND RESISTANCEIN BURMA,1942-1945. Thein Pe Myint's Wartime Traveler. By Robert H. Taylor. Josef Szlverstezn BURMESEADMINISTRATIVE CYCLES. Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580-1760. By Victor B. Lieberman. John F. Cady PHILIPPINESOCIETY AND THE INDIVIDUAL.Selected Essays of Frank Lynch, 1949-1976. Edited by Aram A. Yengoyan and Perla Q. Makil. Davzd L. Potter PROSPERITYWITHOUT PROGRESS. Manila Hemp and Material Life in the Colonial Philippines. By Norman G. Owen. Jose S. Arczlla THEGHOST THAT DIEDAT SUNDASTRAIT. By W.G. Winslow. Andre Ausems THECASSAVA ECONOMY OF JAVA.By Walter P. Falcon, William 0. Jones, Scott R. Pearson, and others. F. Harry Cummzngs MARKETTRADE IN RURALJAVA. By Glen Chandler. F. Harry Cummzngs SETTLERSAND THE AGRARIANQUESTION. Foundations of Capitalism in Colonial Australia. By Philip McMichael. Robert Kubzcek EDUCATIONALPLANNING IN A DECENTRALISEDSYSTEM. The Papua New Guinean Experience. By Mark Bray. Edward R. Beauchamp RETHINKINGWOMEN'S ROLES. Perspectives from the Pacific. Edited by Denise O'Brien and Sharon W. Tiffany. Colleen Lundy RITUALIZEDHOMOSEXUALITY IN MELANESIA. Edited by Gilbert H. Herdt. John Barker

BRIEFLY NOTED DENGXIAOPING: SPEECHES AND WRITINGS.Introduction by Robert Maxwell. Foreword by Deng Xiaoping. Parris H. Chang 752 CHINESERELIGION IN WESTERNLANGUAGES. A Comprehensive and Classified Bibliography of Publications in English, French, and German through 1980. By Laurence G. Thompson. Danzel L. Overmyer 752 WOMENIN CHINA.Bibliography of Available English Language Materials. Compiled by Lucie Cheng, Charlotte Furth, and Hon-ming Yip. Gail Hershatter 753 RECENTJAPANESE STUDIES OF MODERNCHINESE HISTORY. Edited and translated by Joshua A. Fogel. Dennis B. Smith 753 THESHOGUN AGE EXHIBITION. From the Tokugawa Art Museum, Japan. By the Shogun Age Exhibition Executive

Committee. a John F. Howes 754 ELECTIONSIN INDIA.Data Handbook on Lok Sabha Elections, 1952-80. By V.B. Singh and Shankar Bose. Davzd Van Praagh 754