3 August 2017

ON THE COVER TABLE OF CONTENTS The Blue Plains Tunnel in Washington, D.C., is the recipient of the 2017 Tunnel Achievement Award for Project Excellence.

Departments 4 Publisher’s Message By Jim Rush 14 Tunnel Achievement Award – Blue Plains Tunnel 6 The pioneering Blue Plains Tunnel in Washington, D.C., is helping DC Water Business Briefs improve water quality in the nation’s capital. News from across North America and By Jim Rush around the world. 44 Features Business Cards 20 34 44 Groundwater: Risk-Based Integrated Cost and Schedule Calendar & Ad Index For Tunneling, It’s All about Control Analysis for Infrastructure Projects Effective groundwater control is one of The most recent step in advancing risk- the key factors to a successful tunneling based methods is to add full risk-based 46 project. critical path schedule and cost integration. Book Release – By Matt Kennedy, Ihab Allam and Nick Turus By Philip Sander, Martin Entacher, John Reilly The History of Tunneling in the and Jim Brady United States 24 Dewatering and the Geotechnical Baseline 38 Report – What You Need to Know Risk Management in Tunneling from the This article describes how a deeper TBM Manufacturer’s Perspective understanding of the interaction In TBM-driven tunnels, the machine and between the dewatering system and the the crew operating it are key components site geology can lead to improved GBRs. of the risk management strategy. TBM: Tunnel Business Magazine (ISSN 1553- By Gregory M. Landry, P.E. By Lok Home and Desiree Willis 2917) is published six times per year. Copyright 2017, Benjamin Media Inc., 10050 Brecksville Road, Brecksville, OH 44141. USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted by any means with- out written permission from the publisher. 26 42 One year subscription rates: complimentary in Intelligent Tunnel Design Upcoming Projects the United States and Canada, and $69 in other foreign countries. Single copy rate: $10. Subscriptions and classified ad- Intelligent Tunnel Design is a cooperative A look at some of the tunnels in the vertising should be addressed to the Brecksville office. POSTMASTER: send Changes of Address to TBM: Tunnel Business Magazine, 10050 effort whereby the Owner, Designer, and planning stages in the United States and Brecksville Road, Brecksville, OH 44141 USA.

Contractor work together in order to Canada. Canadian Subscriptions: Canada Post Agreement Number 40830553. provide a finished facility that has long- Send change of address information and blocks of undeliverable copies to: KML Logistics Group Inc., 118 Herald Ave., Oakville, ON L6L 1S2 Canada term value. By Dr. Gary S. Brierley and Dr. Arthur J. McGinn

TUNNELINGONLINE.COM TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 4 Publisher/Editor James W. Rush [email protected]

Improving the Image of the Contributing Staff Editors Sharon M. Bueno Tunneling Industry Brad Kramer Andrew Farr Mike Kezdi It seems like the tunneling industry gets a bad rap in the mainstream media. Tunnel projects are often characterized as being more expensive than surface options (true, at least when discussing construction cost vs. lifetime cost and not considering social Sales + Marketing costs) while also being susceptible to cost and schedule overruns (also true, but cer- Director of Marketing: Kelly Dadich tainly not unique to large-scale construction projects). [email protected] The specter of cost overruns was a key reason Jersey Gov. Chris Christie

PUBLISHER’S MESSAGE canceled the Access to the Region’s Core (ARC) project in 2010. The heart of the ARC Regional Sales Representative: Maura Dugan project is building new tunnels under the Hudson to provide added capacity and re- [email protected] dundancy for train service betwe d Gateway project that is moving forward will help accomplish those goals when com- Regional Sales Representative: Todd Miller pleted around 2026, that is of little solac ea residents who are suffer- [email protected] ing through what is dubbed as the “Summer of Hell” due to an overwhelmed transit system. Event Sales Manager: Brittany Cline With the demand for tunnels high, it is imperative that the industry does what it [email protected] can to improve its public image as well as strive to keep projects within budget and on schedule. This, of course, has been recognized and many talented individuals have been working on solutions over the past years, perhaps decades. Production + Fulfillment In this issue, we highlight some of those initiatives. In the article “Risk-Based Inte- Production Manager: Chris Slogar grated Cost and Schedule Analysis for Infrastructure Projects” by Philip Sander [email protected] Entacher, John Reilly and Jim Brady, the authors discuss a software tool that can be used in the planning and design phases to help establish a realistic budget for complex Graphic Designer: Deborah R. McManus tunneling projects, as well as aid in budget control with integrated risk/change order [email protected] management during project construction. In “Intelligent Tunnel Design,” Gary Brierley draws on his nearly 50 years of experi- Web/Interactive Manager: Mark Gorman ence in the tunneling industry to outline nine key elements that contribute to project [email protected] succ bly, Brierley states that Intelligent Tunnel Design is a cooperative effort between the project owner, designer and contractor in delivering a successful project. Fulfillment Specialist: Lillian Lopeman unneling fr er’s Perspective,” au- [email protected] thors Lok Home and Desiree Willis discuss how utilizing the latest in tunnel boring machine technology can help mitigate risk during construction. The authors write that advances in hybrid technology allow for traversing a range of ground conditions Editorial Council by switching from EPB to hard-rock mode, while ro e equipped with Gary Brierley, P.E - Dr. Mole Inc. drills for probing and grouting to help identify and address potential difficult ground. Randy Essex, P.E. - Mott MacDonald Finally blished a new Dr. Levent Ozdemir, P.E. - Ozdemir Engineer- book titled “The History of Tunneling in the United States.” ing Inc. The book was edited by Dave Klug, Colin Lawrenc e William W. Edgerton - McMillen Jacobs As- Roach with Brian Fulcher as the graphics editor. It is reminis- sociates cent of a coffee table book with stunning images recognizing Joe Gildner - Sound Transit all eras of tunneling in the country. Paul Roy - AECOM “We have an amazing history of projects that have been David Caiden - Arup built involving innovative engineering and construction techniques, but yet a majority of people who rely on the in- frastructure we build have no idea of the magnitude of the in- th frastructure or the effort it took to get it built. As an industry, 2 we have done a great job in getting things built, but we have not done a good job in 1992 - 2017 showcasing our work. In compiling this book, we set out with the goal to highlight what we do,” Klug said. Chief Executive Officer: Bernard P. Krzys The book is available for purchase thr [email protected] President: Robert Krzys [email protected] Regards, Controller: Marianne Saykes [email protected]

10050 Brecksville Rd. Brecksville, OH 44141 USA Jim Rush Ph: 330.467.7588 - Fax: 330.468.2289 Editor/Publisher www.tunnelingonline.com e-mail: [email protected]

Reprint Information: Wright’s Media Ph: 877.652.5295. - Fax: 916.983.6762

TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 TUNNELINGONLINE.COM

6

World Tunnel Congress 2017 Gathers in Norway

y from June dent Tarcisio Celestino. This paved the lion output in 2016 comparable to that of 9-15 by the International Tunnelling and way for the start of the congress. Europe ($10.8 billion). Also on the rise is Underground Space Association (ITA) From this point flowed presentations, the Indian market that has doubled in unnelling Society working groups, seminars and site vis- three years. The European market how- unnel Congress and its. With 340 technical papers and 120 ever remains stable. China by itself rep- 43rd ITA General Assembly were a mo- lectures, the World Tunnel Congress has resents about 50% of the world market. mentous occasion and an undoubted once again consolidated its position as success for the global tunneling industry. the world’s premier tunneling event. Nigeria Joins ITA During the six days, over 1,500 del- ficially welcomed as the

BUSINESS BRIEFS egates - experts, academics, civil and tun- Global Tunneling Market Study 74th member nation and represented by nel engineers - shared their experiences, During WTC 2017, the ITA released . Abidemi Agwor, President of Tun- methodologies and state-of-the-art its latest market survey highlighting the nelling Associa technologies on different aspects of tun- economic trends in global tunneling. memb A neling and underground construction. If 2016 was an excellent year, then the shows the strong determination of the Key issues faced by the industry were future is definitely bright. With a total Africa’s most powerful economy, which discussed in order to achieve a unified €86bn global output for tunnel and un- represents more than $500 billion with industry response to the surface chal- derground space construction in 2016, a capacity to grow at rates greater than 5 lenges that affect urban populations. which represents a 23% increase over percent yearly. A serene classical music introduction the figure for 2013, the industry’s pros- by the Holbergsuiten Grieg ensemble, pects for the coming years look to be Malaysia Wins WTC 2020 Bid and an opening speech given by His very positive. On Wednesday 14th June, during the Royal Highness Crown Prince Haakon A few noteworthy factors have ITA General Assembly, the 74 member y, were followed by emerged, notably the ris nations of the ITA electe ysia as the warm welcome given by ITA Presi- East as a strong market with its $11.3 bil- the host nation for WTC 2020.

RETC Descends on San Diego

Tunnelers and underground construc- tractor participation and issues related to Authority. Other functions include the tion contractors, suppliers, designers and constructing tunnels,” said Dave Kanagy, RETC Dinner, UCA Young Members Net- owners from around the world came to- executive director of the UCA of SME, the working Event and UCA of SME Break- gether at the 2017 Rapid Excavation Tun- show organizer. “We were pleased to have fast, in addition to receptions in the ex- neling Conference (RETC) in San Diego. more than 1,400 attendees, which was hibition hall. The RETC Dinner featured The biennial event drew more than nearly a record, and a packed exhibit hall.” speaker Doug Most, Editor, The Boston 1,400 attendees who visited nearly 200 In addition to the technical presenta- Globe, and author of “The Race Under- exhibitors at the Manchester Grand Hyatt tions and exhibition hall, RETC features ground.” June 4-7. Attendees and exhibitors net- a host of other activities including short In 2018, the North American Tunneling worked at a variety of events, attended courses and social functions. Among the (NAT) Conference returns after a hiatus four tracks of peer-to-peer technical pre- social functions were the annual opening in 2016 for the U.S.-hosting of the World sentations, and participated in various luncheon, featuring Michelle Boehm, So- Tunnel Congress. NAT will be held June committee and governance meetings. Cal Regional Director, and Randy R. An- 24-27 at the Marriott Wardman Park in “RETC continues to be the leading tun- derson, Statewide Engineering Manager, Washington, D.C., the site of RETC 2013. neling conference with regard to con- both of the California High Speed Rail RETC visits Chicago in 2019.

TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 TUNNELINGONLINE.COM 7 Lovsuns to Deliver First Chinese-Built TBM to USA

(From left) Walter Trisi, (CRS Tunnelling – Super Excavators’ Canadian division), Hongyu Xue (Lovsuns), Pete Schraufnagel (Super Excavators), Jeff Weakly (Super Excavators), Mike Garbeth (Super Excavators) and Sanjay Bribal (Lovsuns) commemorate the sale of a Chinese-built Lovsuns TBM at the Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference June 5 in San Diego.

Lovsuns is deliv American market. This 3.3-m double shield ro sold to Super Excavators Inc. for the $27 million Blacksnake Creek Stormwater Separation Improvement project in St. Jo- s ouri. The machine will be designed and engineered by LO anadian team and built by its parent company Liaoning Censcience Industry Co. Ltd. at its Liaoyang facilities, China. “This is a big step f O ing our goal of delivering high-quality tunneling machines to the et,” said Hongyu Xue, general manager of Lovsuns. Lovsuns, the successor company to Lovat Inc. and Cater- pillar Tunneling Canada Corp., had built approximately 300 t its Toronto facility since 1972 before making the an- nouncement in January that all manufacturing would shift to egan manufacturing own to be a leading player in the bur- geoning Chinese mark y of the ongoing metro projects throughout the country. etains experienced personnel from Lovat/Caterpillar/ Lovsuns f ources components from trusted international brands, according to customer preference. The Blacksnake Creek project will intercept and convey flows from the creek away from the combined sewer systems via a new tunnel system. The project comprises approximately 6,650 ft of 7.5-ft ID tunnel lined with precast, gasketed con- crete segmental lining, and one 125-ft, 7.5-ft ID crossing of the oad via auger boring. Five total shafts are included in the project. The tunnel will transition from soft ground to hard rock along each end of the tunnel alignment along with some mixed face conditions. Deliv ected by the end of 2017. The project is expected to last into the fall of 2019.

TUNNELINGONLINE.COM TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 BUSINESS BRIEFS 8 TBM: TUNNELBUSINESS MAGAZINE //AUGUST 2017 used in case a cutter becomes blocked. blocked. acutter becomes in case used be will cutters andsacrificial rippers Acombinationnel) inhardrock. ofdisc (about 65% ofthetun- longer section andthe ground section the shortsoft consideration with both configured for clude aversatile cutterhead that willbe the drills todeterminewhichmode usingtwoprobe donecontinuously be drillingwill shale.Probe in fullface formode theremainder ofthedrive shale before switching tohard-rock 183 m(600ft)longzoneofpartialface ground, transitioning(226 ft)insoft toa site andbuildthefirst68m portal deep from a12m(40ft) launched It willbe States. intheUnited used chine tobe EPBandHardRock SingleShield both tor Kenny-Obayashi JV. for engineer contrac- Chastka, project Ofiara, andDavid Dennis engineer Akron included present Akron. Those Tunnel Interceptor Ohio Canal (OCIT) in for ofthe (25 mi)south construction Ohio headquarters duringapress day initially unveiled at Robbins’ Solon, 30, 2016.Thegargantuanmachinewas underwent factoryacceptanc measuring 9.26m(30.4ft)indiameter Heading toAkron Robbins Crossover TBM 2017 for theAkron OCIT. Engineer ProjectDavid ChastkaKenny-Obayashi and Akron MayorOfiara, Daniel Horrigan speak at a press dayDennis in May Engineer Chief Robbins right) to left (From A Robbins Crossover (XRE) Unique aspects ofthemachinein- Unique aspects yor DanielHorrigan,Robbins chief y 25 before being shipped 40km shipped y 25before being es, isthefirstCrossover ma- e in. tures of y worked in factoriesandshipyards dur- theAmerican womenwho resenting honor ofRosie theRiveter, rep- anicon bins for operation b 100th suchconveyor byRob- supplied the conveyor willbe system—the setup the tunnelusingaRobbins continuous well asinourownshop.” fabricated withsub-suppliers, locally as east Ohioar ofthemachineinnorth portion have “We builtgood design process: zar isproud oftheutilization oflocal of more abrasivethe section rock. drive inordertomaximizeefficiency in prepared for theentireplan hasbeen and hardfacing.Awearmonitoring inwearplates similarly lined has been conveyortern, whilethescrew casing with hardfacinginacrosshatch pat- wear plates. Theaugershaftislined covered welded-in flight ofwhichis a durable conveyor, screw the first ofthedrive. segments mode torque for at theopen reduced speed permit highermotor configuration to reworked from anoriginalEPB been The motorsoftheXREmachinehave rotation ground. smooth courage insoft by25% toen- reduced cutters hasbeen The required rolling torque ofthedisc The machine was dubbed “Rosie”The machinewas dubbed in outThe muck of transported willbe Robbins Proje uck removal achieved with willbe y components were y components onstruction and Pablo Sala- - Dec. 31,2018. Dec. that thetunnelmust operational by be specifies decree structures. Theconsent andrelated sewers, tures, consolidation as welldrop shafts,diversion struc- andstoragemile) conveyance tunnel, includesthe1.89-km(1.17- dated project downtown Akron area. TheEPA-man- (CSOs) for several regulators inthe Combined SewerOverflowsto control andstorageconveyance tunnelsystem ofa oftheconstruction ron consists inAugust2017. to begin Tunnelft) ofboring. isscheduled boring tion for at leastthefirst1,000m(3,280 spare partsandpersonnel,” saidSalazar. for provide immediate support both Atthejobsite,wewillalso this point. they are very familiarwith through thetestingofmachine,so tofollowthe contractor very closely ofassembly hasallowed entire process “The infour pieces. terhead shipped loads tothejobsite,withlargecut- war effort. materials andarmamentsfor theAllied worked infactoriestoturnoutJacob, including Akron resident Rose of“Rosies,”ing WorldWarII.Hundreds Tunnel Interceptor (OCIT). Canal Ohio Akron the plete com to ground soft and rock hard both The RobbinsTBMwillbore insectionsof The OCIT Project forThe OCITProject theCityofAk- from Robbins Jobsite supervisors eing shipped intruck- eing shipped embly andexcava- TUNNELINGONLINE.COM y t - 9

Groundbreaking Ceremony Marks Start of Clean-up for Fort Wayne’s 3RPORT Project The groundbreaking ceremony of the Three Rivers Protection and Overflow Reduction Tunnel (3RPORT) project in Fort Wayne, Indiana, on June 15 marked the beginning of the largest construc- tion and public investment project the City has ever seen. Fort Wayne is the second largest city in Indiana with a population of 260,326. The tunnel, being constructed by Lane Construction’s S.A. Healy Company, and parent company Salini Impregilo, is a major portion the local workforce and the local business community and authori- of the effort to clean up Fort Wayne’s rivers and protect neigh- ties,” said Quarta. borhoods from basement back-ups and street flooding. It will do The groundbreaking was held at the hub of the tunnel construc- this by collecting and conveying combined sewer overflow (CSO) tion area near the planned working shaft and where the construc- from eight loca e Rivers. Once tion building will be. The building will be completed this fall and completed, the system will reduce 90% of CSOs – or more than 850 the working shaft will be completed next spring. In the summer billion gallons on average each year – into the rivers, which occur of 2018, pieces of the tunnel boring machine will be deliv- during large rain storms. ered and after assembly e put in the ground and is yor Tom Henry, members of the Fort Wayne City Council, expected to begin its journey in late summer of 2018. The project neighborhood leaders, and City Utilities staff members joined Gi- will also include nine drop shafts in several neighborhoods. Fort useppe Quarta, Executive Vice President of P3, Large Projects, and Wayne City Utilities is the largest municipally owned water and Tunneling of The Lane Construction Corporation and President of sewer utility in Indiana. S.A. Healy Company, and other members from the S.A. Healy Com- The project, which is expected to be completed in 2021, was de- pany and Salini Impregilo joint-venture construction contractors signed for a life expectancy of 100 years. The contract, valued at team, to break ground for the deep-rock tunnel. $188 million, was awarded to the joint venture partners, S.A. Healy “We are very excited about this project. This is the fourth Com- Company and Salini Impregilo, earlier this year. The JV is currently bined Sewer Overflow (CSO) we are building in the USA. Projects working on the Anacostia River Tunnel in Washington, D.C., and that improve quality of life, environmental projects, and renew- the Dugway Storage Tunnel project in Cleveland, Ohio. Together able energy projects are part of the values and the main core busi- the team has previously completed the West Side CSO project in ness of our group of companies. We look forward to working with Portland, Oregon.

TUNNELINGONLINE.COM TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 BUSINESS BRIEFS 10 TBM: TUNNELBUSINESS MAGAZINE //AUGUST 2017 Christine Keville, Keville Enterprises President, Vice struction Corp.; Second President, KirkD. LaneCon- Junco, town. Traylor ElectedPresident ofTheMoles Other officers elected are: FirstVice Other officers elected trol facilities,stormwater infrastructure. inletsandgreen div Blue PlainsAdvanced Wastewater Treatment Plant.Inaddition tothetunneland tunnel. Ultimately,conveyed allflowbe toDCWater’s bythesystem captured will tocapture flowsstructed sewer system from anddivert theexisting themintothe con- IslandAvenue. areaschronicDiversionbe alongRhode flood facilitieswill theground surfac to 160ftbelow approximately 23ftindiameter, segments, concrete 50 withprecast be constructed IslandAvenueof Rhode and6thStre inany given to7percent year.cent serves intheareas it from offlooding approximately thechance per- will reduce 50 overflows, sewer combined In additiontocontrolling thec percent. by98 overflows sewer Riverbe combined reduced totheAnacostia will Onc of Justice. in2005withtheU.S. signed Environmental AgencyandtheDepartment Protection DCWater Decree stipulated intheConsent 2023, twoyears aheadoftheschedule owner.with thecontract allowsforyears. Design-build more innovation contractor andgreater coordination byDCWater adopted $580 millionbidisforinrecent type design-build,acontract therefore proposal, andlowestprice value. providing score thebest The est technical Northeast Boundary Tunnel Boundary Northeast DC Water Awards $580MContractfor Traylor Work on the project is expected to begin in September 2017 with completion in in inSeptember 2017withcompletion tobegin isexpected Work ontheproject onthehigh- based A jointventure ofSaliniImpregilo andS.A.Healywasselected y 3a tiring President Richard therole fromsumed re- the year 2017-18.Heas- toserve asPresi- elected Bros. Inc.,hasbeen Co-President ofTraylor D Christopher S.Traylor, eting andDinner outh ofRFKStadiumandterminate at theintersection onnected to the other tunnels already constructed, totheothertunnelsalready constructed, onnected t the or or - o include the construction ofventilationo includetheconstruction con- years, Traylor Bros. hasdelivered large, in Evansville, Indiana.For more than70 foundedcorporation in1946,isbased California-Berkeley. from theUniversity engineering civil of in University andamasterofscience from Stanford engineering in civil ence than 20years. Hehasabachelorofsci- industryforin theconstruction more Port Au and Sergeant-At-Arms, JamesStarace, ald P. Dobbs,LaneConstructionCorp.; D’Annunzio &SonsInc.;Secretary, Don- Inc.; Treasurer Traylor Bros. Inc.,afamily-owned Traylor actively involved hasbeen system. increasing thecapacityofsewer Potomac rivers by andRock Creek water and quality oftheAnacostia $2.6 billionprogram toimprove the of thelargerCleanRivers a Project, River.Anacostia This workispart overflows sewer bined tothe (CSOs) tem that willbringrelief from com- ofthemassive tunnelsys-segment Boundary T and c todatecontract est for thedesign tors approved theAuthority’s larg- The DCWater BoardofDirec- oposed soft ground tunnelwill soft oposed d to intersect with existing withexisting d tointersect . ’Annunzio, Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Engineers ofCivil Society (CIRT), The Beavers, andtheAmerican the Construction IndustryRound Table eral industryorganizations, including York. Riv spanning theHudson ment bridgefor theTappan Bridge Zee partner intheJVbuilding replace- velopment. Traylor Bros. iscurrently a andwharfs,mine de- dams, ports tures, bridgesandhighways, and locks tunnels andotherunderground struc- includes arraycompany’s ofservices lic andprivate agenciesnationwide. The infrastructurecomplex topub- projects Traylor isan active member ofsev- America and overseas. America andoverseas. acr than 170tunnelprojects for more witnessservices and expert review, technical resident engineering, gation, management, design,project investi-which timehehasprovided inthetunnelingindustryduring ence three-year term. among eightcandidates toserve a from newExComembers elected three States, theUnited wasoneof senting World Tunnel Congress June9-15, Essex ElectedtoITA ExCo United States. United ontheExCorepresenting the served ing managerat WSP, hadpreviously ing Australia. AmandaElioff, engineer- Germany, represent- andArnoldDix, were LarsBabendererde, representing nia Berkeley. fromdegrees theUniversity ofCalifor- University ofRochester withmaster’s HeisagraduateEngineering. ofthe prestigious GoldenBeaver Awardfor ofthe cil andwasthe2016recipient ground Technology Research Coun- He ispastChairmanofASCE’sUnder- Reports forcal Baseline Construction.” ASCE’s 2007publication “Geotechni- Essex hasnearly40years ofexperi- Essex Other newly elected ExCo members ExComembers Other newlyelected istheprincipalauthor of Essex Essex Randy Essex, execu- Randy Essex, (ExCo) duringITA’s Executive Committee ling Association’s (ITA) International Tunnel- toserve onthe elected presidenttive at vice y. repre- Essex, TUNNELINGONLINE.COM

12

Vitale Is Mott MacDonald’s New Tunnels Fulcher Joins McMillen Jacobs Associates Tirolo served in the U.S. Army Corps of Practice Leader in North America Brian Fulcher, PEng, re- Engineers attaining the rank of captain. - cently joine ransit. pointed e Vitale to be Jacobs as a Principal Tun- He subsequently worked for a number of the Practice Leader of its nel Engineer based in the tunneling consultants until becoming the expanding Tunnels Prac- Pasadena, CA office. In chief engineer for a major heavy construc- tic this role, he will be sup- tion contractor. He has worked on several well-known leader in the Fulcher porting existing tunnel major tunnel projects including Boston’s Vitale tunneling industry, he and underground design “Big Dig” Central Artery/Tunnel project, has over 34 years of in- and construction projects and several ma- A’s Second Avenue Subway dustry experience. jor pursuits. (Phase 1), the 63rd Street connector, and Vitale is a contributing author on sev- Fulcher is a license chanical Engi- several A subway station, tunnel and eral industry publications and guidelines. neer with almost 40 years of experience reconstruction projects. His expertise has been gained from trans- on design-bid-build and design-build proj- Currently an adjunct professor at Co-

PEOPLE portation and water/wastewater tunnel ects located in the United States, Canada, lumbia University’s Fu Foundation School projects acr er- Taiwan, and Puerto Rico. These projects in- of Engineering, Tirolo has taught civil en- seas in loca , clude tunnels, shafts and caverns for metro gineering courses for more than 35 years. Chicago, Atlanta, Portland (Oregon), To- systems, hydro-electric schemes, roads, He earned a bachelor of engineering, civil ronto, London, Hong Kong, and Singapore. and utility systems. In addition, his expe- engineering degree and a master of civil Closer to home, Vitale has worked rience spans bridges, marine work, and engineering degree from City College of egional Sewer heavy structures as well as estimating and D ) on its tunnel system intensive project planning/constructabil- for over 21 years, including the award- obs, winning Euclid Creek CSO Tunnel. He and Fulcher was vice president of a national Stone Joins HNTB as Principal Tunnel his practice management tunnel and contracting firm engaged in Engineer America currently oversee nearly 200 complex projects throughout the United Charles A. Stone, PhD, PE, tunnels in various stages of design and States and Canada. TB Corp. as construction. Fulcher is a frequent contributor to the principal tunnel engineer tunneling industry at conferences, at short y 30. Stone will be courses, and in technical publications. He based in the firm O’Carroll joins Mott MacDonald’s Tunnels is a memb York City office and work Practice and the ITA, where he is chairman of the Stone with clients nationwide. - chanized Tunneling Working Group. Stone has more than pointed Joe O’Carroll as Fulcher earned his B.S. in mechanical en- 25 years of experience on tunneling, shaft Senior Vice President gineering from Queen’s University, Kings- and mining construction projects. His ex- and Regional Tunnels ton, Ontario. perience includes construction and design Practice Leader. He will of highway, rail, transit, water/wastewa- be responsible for the ter tunnels and deep mine shafts. His area O’Carroll firm’s strategic growth in Tirolo Joins STV Tunnels and Underground of specialization is the construction of un- this sector in Southern Structures Practice derground structures in rock, ranging from California and the western US. Vincent Tirolo Jr., a proj- large drill and blast underground subway O’Carroll has more than 35 years of ect manager and tunnel- cav en tunnels. experience in the heavy civil and under- ing/geotechnical engi- TB, Stone’s responsibilities will ground construction industry, specializing neer with more than 45 include investigating complex technical in tunneling with tunnel boring machines years of experience lead- problems and serving as a senior technical and project risk management. ing the design and con- specialist on major underground projects. O’Carroll has contributed to many Tirolo struction of complex He also will provide independent analysis noteworthy US projects such as Seattle’s transportation and infra- and quality control of underground work Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Tun- structure projects, has joined STV as tun- performed by other professionals. nel, San Francisco’s Central Subway Proj- nels and underground structures disci- TB, Stone served an- ect, and the P unnel Project. pline leader. other consulting firm where he worked Prior to settling in the United States, he Tirolo will oversee a number of the firm’s on the Ohio River Bridges (Louisville, Ken- worked on tunnel projects in Australia, tunneling proje egion. tucky), Hamilton Interceptor Improvement Singapore, and the United Kingdom, in- These include: Amtrak’s Gateway tun- Project (Hamilton, Ohio), Central Bayside cluding the Channel Tunnel between Eng- nel, which will expand capacity along the System Improvement Project (San Fran- land and France. econd phase of the cisco), and East Side Access West Bound O’Carroll has been very active in the Second Avenue Subway extending from Bypass Structure York). He is a reg- US tunneling industry and has authored 96th Street to Harlem’s 125th Street; and istered professional engineer in York, several papers on tunnel design, construc- the ongoing construction of the East Side Indiana and Kentucky. tion cost estimating, and contract procure- Access project to bring the Long Island Rail Stone earned a doctorate in mining en- ment. He recently coauthored the “UCA of Road to Grand Central Terminal. He will gineering/rock mechanics fr or Improve - also be involved with the Sound Transit Technological University; a master of busi- agement on Tunnels and Underground University Link connecting downtown Se- ness administration, executive manage- Projects in the United States of America,” attle to the University of Washington and ment, from Ashland University; a master’s and he is currently the conference chair the extension of the Los Angeles County degree in mining engineering/mineral pro- for the forthcoming Cutting Edge Tunnel opolitan Transportation Authority’s cessing and a bachelor’s degree in mining en- Conference, to be held in Seattle. Purple Line. gineering from the University of Kentucky.

TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 TUNNELINGONLINE.COM

14 COVER STORY COVER

By Jim Rush Tunnel Achievement Award – Blue Plains Tunnel

As the capital of the United States, would give the utility the highest prob- combines with sanitary sewer flows and Washington, D.C. is home to movers and ability for success. That decision paid off; any excess is discharged into local wa- shakers who provide direction for the the project was completed on time and terways, in this case the Potomac and country. Sewer utilities are not often under budget, setting the tone for the Anacostia Rivers, and Rock Creek. The among those who shake the founda- future works. consent decree, issued in 2005, requires tion of conventional thinking. DC Wa- For its successful completion, innova- the utility to reduce overflows by 96 ter, however, took a new approach to tion, teamwork and technical accom- percent. To accomplish this, DC Water is constructing its Blue Plains Tunnel and plishments, the Blue Plains Tunnel is the building a system of tunnels to store and proved that utilities can also be innova- recipient of the 2017 Tunnel Achieve- eventually treat overflows along with tive and creative. ment Award for Project Excellence. the installation of Green Infrastructure. A $2.6 billion, 25-year consent decree The Blue Plains Tunnel is DC Water’s program, required DC Water to build the Background first completed tunnel project. The proj- Blue Plains Tunnel Project by Decem- Like many older cities on the East ect is 24,300 lf of 23-ft ID tunnel along ber 2015. In performing their upfront .C., is with the construction of a 132-ft diam- preparation, DC Water leaders decided served by both combined and separate eter dewatering shaft, which will house that a design-build procurement, one of sanitary sewer systems. A combined a 250 mgd pumping station to dewater the first and largest such procurements sewer carries both sewage and runoff the tunnel system, and a 76-ft diameter for a sewer utility in the United States, from storms. During rains, storm water screening shaft at the Blue Plains Ad-

TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 TUNNELINGONLINE.COM 15 (LEFT) One of the benefits of the design-build approach became apparent on the construction of the Figure 8 launch shaft.

(BELOW) The Blue Plains Tunnel is part of a $2.6 billion, 25-year consent decree program.

vanced Wastewater Treatment Plant. approach to contracting. cy through its first design-build and the The two shafts also serve as the main “Using design-build was a game- largest capital project in its history. access point for the tunnel construction. changer for us,” said DC Water CEO and DC Water hired the PCO to assist in The tunnel project also included con- general manager George Hawkins. “The the planning and preliminary design of structing a 55-ft diameter drop shaft at Blue Plains Tunnel was our first design- the Blue Plains Tunnel. The PCO worked tion to serve as the build procurement, and it went against with DC Water to change the general terminus point for the Blue Plains Tun- the notion that utilities cannot be cre- conditions of the contracts to develop nel construction; constructing a 50-ft di- ative and innovative. Due to its success, the concept of short-listing contractors ameter drop/overflow shaft at the Joint using design-build is standard operating and to use best-value award criteria Base Anacostia Bolling (JBAB); and con- procedure unless there is a specific rea- (price plus technical proposal). structing a 55-ft diameter junction/drop son not to use it.” Once design-build teams were short- shaft at Poplar Point Pumping Station. DC Water recognized the importance listed, DC Water met with teams to A $330 million design-build contract of getting the project built successfully in discuss details of the project and each was awarded to a joint venture of Tray- terms of schedule and budget, and it be- team’s approach to building the job. “We lor/Skanska/Jay De gan exploring options to build the man- referred to this as a collaboration period,” served as the designer for the design- dated tunnel. “We were dealing with said Jacobs Associates’ Bill build team, while the Program Consul- the first major project in a multi-billion Edgerton. “During this time, we could tants Organization (PCO), comprised of dollar program, so we had to make sure talk to the teams and give them a chance Greeley and Hans obs that we needed to maintain our credibil- to ask questions of us. This helped to get Associates provided consulting services ity with our rate-payers,” Hawkins said. everybody on the same page and work for DC Water. “Additionally, the consent decree has through any potential issues before they absolute deadlines and milestones that arose during the actual construction.” Design-Build Approach must be met. So, with the stakes so high, While the project was a technical our team felt that the risk and reward Getting Underway success in terms of construction, nota- system in design-build was better struc- DC Water short-listed three design- bly including the Figure 8 dewatering tured than standard design-bid-build.” build teams before selecting the joint shaft/screening shaft that served as the DC Water hired leading experts, both venture of Traylor Brothers Inc., Skanska launch point, it all started with a new on staff and outsourced, to lead the agen- and Jay Dee, and its c

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(ABOVE) Crews lower the Herrenknecht TBM into the launch shaft.

(LEFT) The Blue Plains Tunnel was completed on time and under budget, setting the tone for the future works. (Photo by James Wonneberg.)

The Blue Plains Tunnel contract was awarded for $330 million in 2011. Design build was new for the owner and for the contractor. “It was our underground division’s first experience with design-build, so we definitely had to go through some growing pains, e Jatczak of Traylor Brothers. “One of things we learned early on was that there was not enough time in the schedule for design reviews, so we had to work in collaboration with the owner’s engineers to develop the design packages.” One of the benefits of the design-build approach became apparent on the construction of the Figure 8 launch shaft. Originally conceived as separate shafts connected by a 125-ft adit, the design-build team proposed construct- ing the shafts adjacent to each other to eliminate the cost and risk of con- structing an adit, acc ting the adit, however, complicated the design and required close coordination between the designer and contractor during construction. Further complicating the process was making sure that the design would meet the needs of a separate group within DC Water that would ultimately be operating the dewatering and screening facilities would ul- timately occupy the shafts. “Our shaft had to support follow-on internal loads, but all of the information was not available at bid time, so it was a challenging and dynamic process during construction,” said Brett Zernich of Traylor Brothers.

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18 COVER STORY COVER

The $30 million Herrenknecht TBM before being shipped to the project site.

Tunneling began in July 2013 using a them a reality,” Harding said. outcome has exceeded expectations, so Herrenknecht Earth Pressure Balance Lady Bird removed approximately 1.2 much so that we are doing all of our big T million tons of material. This was hauled projects by design-build,” Hawkins said. named “Lady Bird” and was completed away in nearly 72,000 truckloads over “We feel that this is the best approach to in July 2015, using precast segments the last two years. The tunnel was built minimize risk of missing schedule dates, designe arlton Ray, with 28,189 pre-cast concrete segments deadlines and sticking to the budget at Director of the DC Clean Rivers Project, which made up 4,027 full rings. hand. said, “Lady Bird performed as well as The ground itself was relatively forgiv- “But success doesn’t happen by acci- projected—having a one-day best mark ing, but there were sensitive structures, dent. We had careful forethought and of 150 ft. In her best week, she tunneled including old brick sewers, that needed put together a team – both in-house and 631 fe cess means we to be crosse consultants – to make sure we had the are one step closer to a cleaner Anacos- “There were some areas where grouting wisdom and experience to do the job tia River.” was done for precautionary reasons, but right. Design-build definitely requires Constructing the Blue Plains Tunnel the contractor was able to keep ground more work from the owner on the front with cast-in gaskets in segments marked movement within tolerance,”. end, but we feel like it has paid for itself one of the first times this was done in tenfold by how efficient and effective United States history, according to An- Moving Forward the process is.” thon edits With the successful completion of The ultimate goal, of course, is cleaner segment manufacturer Bay State Precast the Blue Plains Tunnel Project on time water and a healthier environment. As in making the cast-in segments a reality. and below budget, DC Water followed the Clean Rivers Project works its way “We were convinced that there were the same design-build approach for pro- toward completion, the next generation advantages of using cast-in gaskets, but curing the Anacostia River Tunnel, the of Washingtonians can reap the benefits. there was an investment in people and First Street T training by Bay State Precast in making Boundary Tunnel projects. “The project Jim Rush is editor of TBM.

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20 FEATURE STORY FEATURE

Access shaft for Bertha’s rescue required dewatering wells on the inte- rior and exterior of the shaft to control groundwater flow and pressure. Groundwater: For Tunneling, It’s All about Control

By Matt Kennedy, Ihab Allam and Nick Turus

Groundwater will go where it wants Rescuing Bertha for repair, and gain access into Bertha’s to go and will exert hydrostatic pressure Bertha, Seattle’s State Route 99 tunnel mechanical and structural elements. at the most inconvenient locations. Un- boring machine, broke through on April For these emergency repairs, STP and checked, groundwater can collapse tun- 4, 2017, completing its tunnel drive and olm constructed a 120-ft deep by ap- nel boring machine entry and exit points; marking the end of a 9,270-ft odyssey proximately 85-ft diameter semi-circular blow out shaft bottoms; carry soil along beneath Seattle. Her journey was not access shaft. The shaft consisted of secant with it and cause sinkholes; and, basi- without its trials and tribulations. Bertha piles and infill piles designed by STP/Bri- cally, create a mess. began mining on July 30, 2013. On Dec. 6, erley Associates as a non-reinforced com- Effective groundwater control is, there- 2013, crews began to experience difficul- pression ring. fore, one of the key factors to a successful ties with vancement. Bertha was The south Seattle waterfront sits on tunneling project. stuck. reclaimed land comprised of undocu- chemes are alike. But at their At the request of prime contractor mented fill, debris and various organic essence, groundwater control techniques Seattle Tunnel P olm deposits. These deposits overlie soft and operate either through extraction (pump- drilled a series of small-diameter explor- loose marine sediments that lie on top of ing the groundwater out to control flow atory probe holes in fr glacial till. and pressure) or exclusion (using walls or cutterhead and then drilled four 5-ft di- The complex glacial stratigraphy con- barriers to keep the groundwater out). Or ameter shafts to enable STP to perform trols the nature of the groundwater flow. some combination of both. additional inspection and investigation. The permeability varies by orders of mag- ecialty foundation After inspection and investigation was nitude in adjacent stratigraphic units. contr olm Drilling has been in- completed, STP restarted tunneling op- Consequently, there are multiple perched stalling innovative groundwater control erations in January 2014, but found that groundwater-bearing layers along the systems for several decades. As tunneling Bertha’s internal main bearing had been tunnel alignment. and underground projects have become damaged during the initial drive. Re- Piezometers installed near the south more complex, dewatering schemes have moval and repair of the main bearing and portal indicated pressure variations of advanced in sophistication and effective- seals would require an access shaft large up to 12 ft; some piezometers indicated ness. Here’s what we’ve learned on three enough to dismantle the entir t- artesian pressures of up to 4 ft above the of our recent projects. terhead assembly, raise it to the surface ground surface. Tidal fluctuations also af-

TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 TUNNELINGONLINE.COM 21 fected the groundwater levels. variable soil conditions, and problematic was proposed, using a cutter soil mix- Ten deep dewatering wells (designed and variable groundwater, the sequence ing ( ompression ring for the shaft by Bender Consulting) were installed in of Bertha’s repair was considerably more walls and jet grouting to seal the shaft a horseshoe shape in front of Bertha to involved than the highlights presented bottom. reduce hydrostatic pressure so that crews here. The overall wisdom gained from olm was concerned about achiev- could safely perform their inspection. Bertha’s rescue was that it’s essential to ing a high-quality soil mix in the clay lay- After pricing several dewatering de- tailor the construction techniques to the er, but ongoing quality control measures sign options suggested by STP, a second situation at hand, even as the situation indicated tha e ho- dewatering system was installed in Sep- changes. mogeneous, impermeable and achieved tember 2014 consisting of five extraction the required strength needed to ensure wells inside the shaft, plus five wells on the walls would perform as planned. the outside to draw down the ground- Tunneling Below a Major The bottom of both shafts was 60 ft be- water and thereby decrease hydrostatic Interstate low ground surface, and approximately pressures against the access shaft walls. Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) has 35 ft below the groundwater level. Jet As excavation of the shaft interior more than 42,000 miles of gas pipeline grouting proceeded in a circular pattern progressed, new concerns arose about throughout California. As part of its Gas with overlapping columns. To verify the groundwater pressure in silty sand seams Pipeline Replacement Program, PG&E effectiveness of the jet grout plug, a geo- that might cause the shaft bottom to opted to use a microtunneling technique phone test program was conducted to heave. Eight more wells were added to the to replace one of its 30-in. diameter lines measure the jet grout column diameter in outside of the shaft to reduce groundwa- in Fr alifornia, real time during installation. ter uplift pressure against the shaft’s bot- where it crosses Interstate I-880 near the Excavation of the shafts proceeded tom plug. Once the shaft was excavated, San Francisco Bay. without any external or internal dewa- a wellpoint system and horizontal drains The microtunneling operation re- tering. Water trapped within the shaft were also added to help relieve pressure. quired a jacking shaft at one end (30 ft in excavation was controlled and pumped The access shaft was completed in Feb- diameter) and receiving shaft at the other out using a small pump. ruary 2015, allowing full access to Bertha. (20 ft in diameter). Soil conditions at the PG&E was extremely pleased with this Repairs were completed in December site were predominantly interlayered access shaft system, with real-life proof 2015, and tunneling proceeded without sandy silty clay, sand and gravelly sand. tha e a more economi- further ado. Access shafts are often built with rein- cal and faster option for access shaft con- In this heavily congested urban area forced secant pile walls. After studying struction, and equally effective in con- with complicated site infrastructure, the options, a design-build alternative trolling groundwater.

Cutter soil mixing walls at the Port of Miami Tunnel project provided dry conditions for TBM entry and exit.

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Cutter soil mixing walls were an economical and faster construction technique for micro-tunneling access shafts on PG&E’s gas pipeline replacement project.

Holding Back the Ocean W-beam soldier piles and strand anchors. Today’s larger and more powerful Sixteen thousand vehicles now bypass Across the access face, perpendicular to ground improvement equipment have eets every day to the alignment, a grid of unreinforce enabled a huge advance in ground im- access the P ectly from In- panels was installe provement techniques. Larger elements, terstates 395 and 95. Trucks and cars pass about 9 ft by 4 ft, and up to 50 ft deep. through two parallel tunnels completed A 12-ft diameter unreinforced lean mix drilled shafts, and groundwater extrac- in 2014 (one in each direction) that travel concrete drilled shaft was then installed tion wells, can be installed more econom- beneath Biscayne Bay, connecting the in the center of each grid element, result- ically. Advances in quality control tech- auseway on Watson Island ing in a monolithic, watertight block. niques offer more confidence that ground with P dge Island. That took care of the walls, but high improvement systems are built and will The twin 42-ft diameter, 4,000-ft long groundwater still exerts uplift pressure perform as intended, reducing the risk to P unnel bores pass through on the excavation bottom. To counteract tunneling operations. highly permeable native silty sands and the uplift, a grid of drilled shafts was in- Every tunneling project is unique. The into multi-layered sands, cemented sands stalled along the shallow end of the exca- major takeaway is that tunnel owners and highly porous limestone. vation and micropiles in the deeper por- and prime contractors should rely on iscayne Bay. The tions. The drilled shafts and micropiles their ground improvement subcontrac- groundwater table is within a few feet of were tied into the concrete tremie slab to tor’s expertise to bring both innovation the ground surface, so proper dewatering create a relatively solid, watertight work- and proven techniques to bear when techniques were essential to the project. ing surface. wrestling with groundwater conditions. In general, tunnel mining can proceed The lesson learned from the P - For tunneling, it’s all about control. through groundwater and saturated soils. ami Tunnel is that creating relatively wa- But groundwater must be controlled at the tertight entry and exit points is the only oints. Under these way to build tunnels at sites with a high About the Authors conditions, groundwater control through groundwater table and permeable soil Matt Kennedy is Malcolm Drilling Dewa- pumping was simply not feasible. conditions. Using innovative construc- tering Division Manager and was project olm designed and constructed tion techniques are often the only way to a watertight alternative to traditional do that. manager on the Seattle State Route 99 dewatering using soil mixing. The tem- tunneling project (email: mkennedy@ porary excavation support system at the malcolmdrilling.com). Ihab Allam, PE, was tunnel ends served as access points for Tunneling Takeaway Malcolm Drilling’s project manager on the the and also helped to keep ground- Groundwater control techniques, both water out of the construction area. through extraction and exclusion, are an PG&E pipeline replacement project. Nick Par essential component of most tunneling Turus, PE, managed Malcolm Drilling’s work walls were installed and reinforced with projects. on the Port of Miami Tunnel project.

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24

Dewatering and the Geotechnical

By Gregory M. Landry, P.E. FEATURE STORY FEATURE The tunneling industry has done a good job of embracing the concept of the geotechnical baseline report (GBR). However, this positive development is undermined to a certain extent by a general misunderstanding of what constitutes a challenging vs. easy dewatering condition. This article will describe how a deeper understanding of the interaction between the dewatering system and the site geology can lead to improved geotechnical baseline parameters relating to dewatering.

Dewatering Design and the GBR The theory behind and basic operation of the three main tools of construction dewatering (wellpoints, deep wells and ejectors) have been well described elsewhere. Each type of system has pros and cons and is suitable for addressing dif- ferent project and site conditions. Because of this, many de- signers become fixated on whether their project needs well- points, deep wells, ejectors or some combination thereof. It is important to bear in mind that they all simply represent different ways of getting water out of a well. The truth is that the aquifer doesn’t know which type of system is installed or about the details of the plumbing that make it work. The aquifer feels only the following things: 1. The spacing of the dewatering devices. How frequent- ly is there a pick-up point where the groundwater may Figure 1. Effect of pumping a low vs. high hydraulic enter the system? conductivity aquifer. 2. The yield of the dewatering devices 3. Whether or not the device exerts vacuum on the for- mation. This presents a problem in terms of defining a baseline Furthermore, the design process for dewatering does not condition. Traditionally, flow rate is taken as a proxy for de- necessarily depend on the type of system selected and the watering difficulty and, all else being equal, higher hydrau- correct system may not become apparent until design is well lic conductivity corresponds to higher flow rate. Therefore, underway. The relevant question then is not “How can I best if a certain value of hydraulic conductivity is given as the get water out of the well or dewatering device?” but “How, baseline then the more onerous condition is assumed to be given the geological conditions at the site, can I ensure that the case where the actual conductivity is higher than the groundwater will flow to my dewatering system at a suffi- baseline. This is true to the extent that a higher hydraulic cient rate to achieve the drawdown required?” The answer to conductivity will require mechanical upgrades to the dewa- this question generally requires a good understanding of the tering system, i.e. bigger pumps, piping and electrical sys- aquifer’s properties, particularly hydraulic conductivity, and tems. However, given the information presented above, a the geometry of the aquifer relative to the project. scenario where the hydraulic conductivity is lower than the baseline value could require more dewatering devices Hydraulic Conductivity owing to the steeper shape of the drawdown curves. This Hydraulic conductivity is an intrinsic property of the aqui- gives the counterintuitive result that a more onerous condi- fer that measures how readily it will transmit water. Aquifers tion (for which the contractor is presumably entitled to ad- of lower hydraulic conductivity require pumping relatively ditional fees or schedule relief) could occur for hydraulic small amounts of water to achieve a unit decline in head but conductivity values both above and below the baseline. individual wells will a have small area of influence, meaning Figure 2 shows a tunnel shaft in a low hydraulic conductiv- they must be spaced close together. By contrast, higher hy- ity aquifer dewatered with tightly spaced low flow devices. draulic conductivity aquifers require a greater flow but may Figure 3 shows an excavation dewatered with a high flow be spaced further apart. system of widely spaced deep wells.

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Baseline Report – What You Need to Know

well/aquifer contact area to pump the A Suggestion for Moving Forward required flow. In Figure 5, however, the As many readers will know, the pur- excavation extends right down into the pose of a geotechnical baseline report impermeable soil, requiring the water to is to streamline the claims process by be drawn down as closely as possible to avoiding disputes. However, the ambi- the clay. This necessitates many devices guity described above could lead to dis- installed on close centers since each de- agreements between the parties as to vice will have very limited contact area whether or not the actual conditions on with the saturated portion of the aquifer. the project are more onerous than the baseline conditions. Therefore, in the case of hydraulic conductivity, we suggest that it is good practice to give a range of values rather than a specific value, and have the con- tractor be responsible for all conditions within the range but be compensated if the true value falls outside of that range. The practice of baselining a range as opposed to a specific value seems to be more and more common lately. Howev- er, it is undercut by the likelihood that it is driven more by uncertainty about the true value of conductivity rather than the rationale outlined above, and by the fact that the ranges given are typically too large (i.e. two to three orders of mag- nitude) to be practical. An alternative to this could be to baseline a range of flow (TOP) Figure 2. Tunnel shaft dewatered rates in lieu of hydraulic conductivity. with closely spaced ejector wells. The depth to the bottom of the aqui- fer (or aquifers) is generally much bet- (ABOVE) Figure 3. Excavation dewa- ter defined than hydraulic conductivity and can be interpreted directly from tered using widely spaced deep wells. boring logs. However, when uncertain- ty exists because borings are spaced too far apart or because borings did not ex- Aquifer Thickness (TOP) Figure 4. Excavation in a thick tend deep enough to reach the bottom A similar and related issue concerns aquifer. of the aquifer, we must bear in mind the depth to the bottom of the aquifer. All that a more onerous condition may be else being equal, a thicker aquifer with (ABOVE) Figure 5. Excavation in a thin lurking below. a deeper bottom will be more transmis- The suggestions given above will cer- sive, and require a higher flow to dewa- aquifer. tainly not eliminate all dewatering dis- ter, than a thin aquifer. If we again take putes. Reasonable and competent prac- flow rate as an indicator of dewatering titioners may still disagree on analysis difficulty, then a thicker aquifer should or methods of design. However, if we be regarded as the more onerous condi- Therefore, we once again have a situa- keep the foregoing in mind we can at tion. However, a thinner aquifer, while tion where the more difficult and costly least all begin from the same frame of being less transmissive, may well pres- dewatering scenario corresponds to a reference. ent the more challenging dewatering lower, not higher, than expected flow scenario. In Figure 4, the permeable soil rate. This situation is known to dewater- extends well below the excavation bot- ing practitioners as “the interface con- Gregory M. Landry, P.E., is Chief Dewatering tom. This allows a system of relatively dition” and is easily the most common Engineer for specialty geotechnical con- few widely spaced wells to have enough source of dewatering disputes. tractor Moretrench.

TUNNELINGONLINE.COM TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 FEATURE STORY 26 TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 // MAGAZINE BUSINESS TUNNEL TBM: Owner, thetunnel Designer, andthe cooperative effort whereby thetunnel facility.finished and,then,to buildthe underground space tocreateof theworkrequired both the all whereby theContractor accomplishes atwo-partprocess isalso construction be built. facilitywill the finished Tunnel insideofwhich the underground space tocreate structability criterianeeded con- for facilityandallofthe thefinished veloping allofthedesigncriteriarequired assiststheOwnerinde- tunnel Designer whereby the atwo-partprocess is itself facility.tion ofthefinished Tunnel design obtain thesatisfactory, long-termutiliza inorderto with what theOwnerneeds Tunnel primarily planningisconcerned ing planning,design,andconstruction. involv-tation process ofathree-step implemen- results from thesuccessful Intelligent Tunnel a is also Design tunnelingproject Every successful - ing of those nineelements: ing ofthose Tunnel andgiven is alist- Design© below then, are thebasicelementsofIntelligent facility. project completed still benefits fromfor many the decades thetunnelOwner from thescene peared and thetunnelContractor have disap long afterthetunnelDesigner In essence, for the key tunnelingprojects. tosuccess efficient design,but long-term value is ofeffective, through theuse minimized andshouldbe isaconcern Upfront cost long-term value for Owner. theproject facilitythatder toprovide afinished has tunnel Contractor worktogetherinor- 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. onthe above what, Introduction, Based Third Party Impacts Design Project Ground Behavior vs.Ground Control Subsurface Investigation LayoutProject ds By Dr. GaryS.Brierley andDr. J. Arthur McGinn © - project planning effortproject lay- istheproject tracting practices. con- financing,and project maintenance, rights-of-way, ofoperations and thecost environmental impact,landacquisition, are considerations for community and planning inproject included teria. Also operationala widevariety cri- ofspecific theestablishment upon of is dependent each ofwhich variety ofotherpurposes; anda access ies, museums, pedestrian for storage, librar- used be canalso space to atransportation facility. Underground radically differentwill be ascompared criteria for any form ofwater tunnel facility.finished thedesign For instance, ofthe onthepurpose highly dependent that is process an extremely complicated One oftheprimary outputs from the LayoutProject –Tunnel planningis 9. 8. 7. Project ProcurementProject The Contract Document TUNNELINGONLINE.COM 27 out. In essence, the project planning ef- Literally hundreds of papers, books understanding of the key project fort establishes the size, shape, depth and and articles have been written about constraints, and important require- alignment of the proposed tunnel struc- what is required to produce a satisfactory ments in the contract plans and ture that is required in order to fulfill the subsurface investigation for a tunneling specifications that need to be identi- Owner’s needs. Hopefully, and in many project and it is beyond the scope of this fied and addressed during bid prepa- cases, these sizes and shapes of openings, paper to discuss all of that information. In ration and construction; together with the tunnel portals and/or general, the authors of this paper prefer • assistance to the Contractor or DB shafts can be used to actually construct to perform the subsurface investigation team in evaluating the requirements those facilities. If not, then the tunnel in three phases related to tunnel plan- for excavating and supporting the Designer and Owner must provide the ning, tunnel design, and tunnel construc- ground; and Contractor with additional surface sites, tion culminating in the preparation of • guidance to the Owner in adminis- supplemental shafts, and/or additional two extremely important contract docu- tering the contract and monitoring rights-of-way in order to minimize the ments; the Geotechnical Data Report and performance during construction. cost of construction. The logistics as- the Geotechnical Baseline Report. sociated with constructing a tunnel are The Geotechnical Data Report (GDR) extremely complex and can add substan- is exactly what it says; i.e. a collection of The ASCE GBR publication also pro- tially to the project cost if the Contractor all of the field and laboratory data devel- vides an extensive collection of guide- is forced to work from remote locations oped for and related to the project. The lines about how to prepare a GBR that and/or from within restricted sites. In GDR is, therefore, a collection of facts that have established, for all intents and pur- the final analysis, the ultimate cost of an includes an introductory text describing poses, the professional standards for the underground project is established by how the work was performed followed preparation of this important contract what is required to be accomplished in by a collection of the results of that work. document. the contract document, but the Owner It is important to note, however, that all of Therefore, Intelligent Tunnel Design© and its Designer must perform their work the subsurface investigative efforts must includes the implementation of an ac- based on the realization that substantial be performed to exacting, accepted stan- curate and comprehensive program of amounts of money can be saved by mak- dards so that the data are reliable and that subsurface explorations for every un- ing the project as easy as possible to con- they accurately portray the engineering derground project and the preparation struct. properties of the various underground of both a GDR and a GBR for inclusion Unfortunately, it is beyond the scope deposits. It is also important to note that in the contract documents. In addition, of this paper to discuss all of the intrica- the GDR should not include any form and in accordance with accepted profes- cies of project planning, but what will be of geotechnical interpretation such as sional practice, no attempt by the Owner discussed herein is what the tunnel De- a subsurface profile connecting the test to disclaim any of this data and/or the signer needs to do in order to create the borings. The interpretation of subsurface related interpretations and baselines underground space needed for the fin- data is a separate part of tunnel design as should take place. ished facility. In general, most of the cost discussed below. In closing this section of the paper, it is and most of the risk associated with un- Beginning approximately thirty years also necessary to make reference to the derground construction is related to how ago, and formalized in an ASCE publi- topic of hazardous ma y geo- well and how effectively the Contractor cation entitled Geotechnical Baseline technical engineering companies do not can create the underground space needed Reports for Underground Construction specialize in the practice of evaluating the to construct the finished facility in the that was originally published in 1997 and possibility of encountering underground ground conditions that exist at the project updated in 2007, it was decided that the hazardous materials but the unanticipat- site. Intelligent Tunnel Design© is, there- project Owner and its tunnel Designer ed encountering of contaminated ground fore, a process whereby the Owner and should provide “interpretations” and or groundwater on a tunneling project is its Designer does that which is required “baselines” for the project data contained a very serious concern. If such a possibil- to assist the Contractor in accomplishing in the GDR. As provided in the 2007 edi- ity does, in fact, exist, then it is impera- the above objective. tion of the ASCE GBR document given be- tive that the project Owner authorize a Subsurface Investigation – Without low is the stated purpose of a GBR: hazardous substance investigation, and doubt, the single most important aspect similarly to the subsurface investigation, of Intelligent Tunnel Design© is the im- make that information available to pro- plementation of a comprehensive subsur- spective Contractors prior to bidding. face investigation. Almost every impor- The principal purpose of the GBR is to Ground Behavior vs. Ground Control tant decision relating to tunnel planning, set clear realistic baselines for conditions – Intelligent Tunnel Design© involves design and construction is dependent anticipated to be encountered during sub- an enormous amount of “brainstorm- upon one’s knowledge of the existing surface construction, and thereby pro- ing” associated with the best methods for ground condition. If major elements of vide all bidders with a single contractual constructing the proposed project in the the subsurface condition such as faults, interpretation that can be relied upon in ground conditions as described by the stratigraphy, weathering, groundwater preparing their bids. Other key objectives subsurface investigation. In order to build issues and/or hazardous substances are of the GBR include: a tunnel opening, it is necessary to pro- left undiscovered by the subsurface in- • presentation of the geotechnical vide satisfactory answers to each of the vestigation, then major problems with and construction considerations following three questions: significant cost and scheduling impacts that formed the basis of design for 1. What is the best method for excavat- are in the offing. In the final analysis, you the subsurface components and for ing the ground as revealed by the either know what exists underground specific requirements that may be test borings and to the dimensions or you do not, and trying to design an included in the specifications; required for the project? underground opening without adequate • enhancement of the Contractor’s 2. What is required in order to con- subsurface information is a fool’s errand. trol adverse ground behaviors from

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negatively impacting either the provide a final lining. And, finally, tun- the tunnel that might not be necessary tunneling operation itself and/or nel linings such as bolted and gasketed and might add considerably to the cost any overlying or adjacent, existing concrete segments can be used in con- of building the project. third party structures such as util- oth to support the For instance, many tunnel design- ity lines and building foundations? ground and to provide the final lining. ers like to specify the requirement 3. What is the best method for sup- However, and this is a big however, for probe hole drilling and grouting porting the ground after the re- project designers must be careful when from the face of a tunnel exca- quired openings are made in a specifying various construction proce- vated in rock. This approach might manner that is safe for the work- dures that they believe are “necessary” provide some comfort for the tunnel ers and stable for the third parties? in order to create the underground designer that he is covering all of his openings because this is where the in- bases and reducing project risk, but is Each of the three topics listed above terface between design and construc- it necessary? Probe hole drilling and involves a mind-boggling evaluation of tion can become highly problematic. grouting means that the entire tun-

FEATURE STORY FEATURE innumerable construction techniques Having been involved with the design neling operation must be halted and that might be appropriate for any given and construction of literally hundreds all of the costs associated with the en- underground project. Depending on of tunneling projects the authors of this tire project must be dedicated to this the size and shape of the various tun- paper have become well aware of two one activity. For some ground condi- nels and shafts and the various ground of the most critical aspects of the down- tions that might be required, but more conditions in which those structures side of tunnel design as listed below: often than not that is not the case. will be built, the tunnel Designer can 1. Lots of tunnel designers are simply Hence, and as discussed above, an ap- call upon a vast array of construction not aware of all of the construction propriate balancing of design risk and methods to excavate, to control and to techniques and procedures avail- construction methods is what is re- support that ground. In addition to the able to highly experienced con- quired for “successful” tunneling. actual tunneling methods themselves tractors for both controlling and Third Party Impacts – Overlying the Designer can also call upon various supporting the ground, and all of the above design and construc- ground improvement methods such as 2. Lots of tunnel contractors do not tion considerations is the issue of third dewatering, freezing, and/or grouting seem to fully appreciate the al- party impacts. Sometimes design and in order to make the ground easier to most unlimited ability for adverse construction procedures must be spe- control and support. ground reactions to cause trouble cifically tailored to the protection of In order to accomplish the ground for their proposed construction existing, overlying and adjacent third behavior vs. ground control brain- procedures. parties. For instance, if you are tunnel- storming effort, it is necessary to as- ing directly below an existing 6-foot- semble a team of highly experienced Without doubt, the appropriate and diameter sanitary sewer or adjacent individuals from different aspects of successful combination of the two to an historic church, it is necessary to the industry such as engineers, engi- considerations listed above is the key avoid doing anything that will cause neering geologists, estimators, suppli- to Intelligent Tunnel Design©. Tun- those structures to be damaged. For the ers, and construction personnel. One nel Designers should not specify more sewer, it might be possible to grout the of the most important concerns associ- than is required to build the proposed ground surrounding the sewer in order ated with Intelligent Tunnel Design© is openings and tunnel Contractors to make certain that that ground will the fact that the best way to know how should not do less than is required not be destabilized during tunneling. to design an underground opening is to to build those openings in a safe and For the church, it might be necessary to know how to build it. In no other area stable manner. In the final analysis, an underpin the church foundations prior of civil engineering expertise are the appropriate balancing of tunnel design to tunneling so that the tunnel will design and construction processes so requirements with tunnel construc- not cause detrimental settlements and intimately intertwined; i.e. the design tion procedures is the primary goal of cracking of the church. As above, this will guide construction, but the pro- Intelligent Tunnel Design©. interface between design requirements posed construction methods will also ds – Tunnel con- and construction methods can be dif- have a significant impact on how the struction is a complicated combination ficult to accomplish relative to existing project should be designed. of the work that needs to be performed third parties, but, when done is a prop- Project Design – As stated above, the in order to advance the tunnel heading er manner, it is a critical component of primary focus of this report is on the as quickly as possible and the logisti- successful tunneling. design procedures required to produce cal issues associated with accomplish- The Contract Document – The con- the openings inside of which the fin- ing that task. Working from inside the tract document for a tunneling proj- ished facility will be constructed. With space created for the tunnel and actu- ect is radically different as compared that goal in mind, it is important to note ally accomplishing something in that to a vertical building project for three that all of the temporary structural restricted space at the tunnel heading is important reasons: the contact with elements required for tunnel support not a simple task. Over time, and based the ground, the amount of temporary come into direct contact with and in- on actual on-site experiences, success- construction, and the complexity of teract with the ground. Steel ribs, rock ful tunneling contractors have become the finished facility. For a vertical bolts, and shotcrete are used most often very good at performing these pro- building, maybe 10% of the structure to support the rock, and steel ribs and cedures, but if the ground introduces comes into direct contact with the boards, steel liner plates, and jacked unanticipated problems for those pro- ground as compared to a tunnel where pipe can be used to support the soil. cedures then the cost of completing the 100% of every portion of the structure Sometimes, the temporary support can tunnel can quickly spiral out of control. has a ground/structure interface. For be augmented such as by providing ad- In addition, the contract documents a tunnel, anywhere from 2/3’s to 3/4’s ditional layers of shotcrete in order to can require work to be performed in of the cost and the risk of the project

TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 TUNNELINGONLINE.COM 29 is related to all of the temporary con- does everything as described in that con- resolution,” including litigation, if they struction needed to create the space in- tract then the Owner will be pleased with feel that the contract documents were side of which the finished facility will the outcome and the Contractor will be materially inadequate for any reason. be constructed as compared to a vertical paid for his work as outlined in the con- That being said, given below are some building where the space needed for the tract. If, however, the ground conditions of the important topics that a tunneling building is simply open air. And finally, themselves or the specified construction contractor will look for in the contract a vertical building requires a large num- procedures intended to deal with those document when deciding whether or not ber of design and construction special- ground conditions are inaccurate or inap- to bid a particular project: ties such as for the architectural, struc- propriate for some reason, then the Con- • Does the contract contain a valid tural, ventilation, lighting, mechanical, tractor will seek additional compensa- Differing Site Conditions clause? and finish work as compared to a tun- tion associated with those discrepancies. • Does the contract contain a compre- nel where the finished facility is, most Hence, when an Owner and its Designer hensive Geotechnical Data Report often, simply the final lining. put a contract out to bid for a tunneling without any disclaimers? As a result of the above, the contract project they must be satisfied, to the best • Is the Owner utilizing reasonable document for a vertical building project of their ability, that that contract paints and appropriate procedures for as- consists of three parts: the general con- a straightforward and consistent picture sembling a group of “qualified” Con- ditions, the specifications, and the draw- of what the Contractor needs to do in tractors to bid the project? ings. A single drawing showing the re- order for the project to be declared suc- • Are the third party requirements es- sults of test borings may be included and cessful. Such is the primary objective and tablished in the contract reasonable a geotechnical report summarizing the the challenge when preparing a contract and well defined? subsurface information and providing de- document for a tunneling project. • Is there a provision for partnering? sign criteria may be made available for in- Project Procurement – Successful tun- • Is there a reasonable amount of time formation, but most building contractors neling Contractors are, as a result of provided to prepare a responsive perform most of their work in the local sheer survival, highly sensitive to what bid? area and are frequently more knowledge- is presented in the contract documents • Has the Owner surrounded itself able about the local ground conditions and highly perceptive about what it will with well experienced tunneling than are the designers. take to be the low bidder for a particular professionals that will work with the For a tunneling project the contract project. In general, the tunneling industry Contractor during construction? document consists of five parts: the gen- can be described as a highly competitive • Does the contract contain provisions eral conditions, the specifications, and “fraternity” where all of the major play- for alternative dispute resolution the drawings, as listed above, and both ers know each other and all are quick to such as for a Dispute Review Board? the GDR and the GBR that become part either joint venture and/or to compete of the contract. For a structure that is depending on an enormous collection of One topic that is not listed above and 100% in contact with the ground and also contractual requirements and market for good reason is the Geotechnical Base- contains a differing site condition clause conditions for each particular project. line Report. Provided earlier in this pa- it is imperative for the project Owner to Tunneling contractors also have strong per is the ASCE stated purpose of a GBR, provide project specific contract indica- opinions about which Owners and which which, to summarize, should provide the tions for both the ground conditions and, Designers are “fair” with respect to re- Contractor with “realistic” descriptions to some degree, for the ground behaviors solving the inevitable discrepancies and of what he needs to know and needs to that the Contractor can expect to encoun- controversies that develop during con- do in order to bid the work in a proper ter during construction. Although this struction and are not the least bit shy manner; and, then, to build the work as commitment on the part of the Owner about resorting to all forms of “dispute described by the contract document. In establishes some “risk” for the Owner, this risk does not simply disappear if the Owner attempts to disclaim the subsur- face information. The majority of legal and DRB decisions associated with this topic clearly state that the Contractor has a right to rely on whatever subsurface information was obtained for the tun- nel despite any attempt by the Owner to disclaim that information. Hence, for tun- neling projects, there is a huge emphasis on both the amount and the accuracy of subsurface information that must be pro- vided in the contract document for bid- ding and construction purposes. It is hard to emphasis enough the impor- tance of preparing a contract document that is specifically tailored to tunneling if the Owner has any hope of completing the project without claims for extra costs and schedule extensions. Once the con- tract is prepared and released for bidding purposes, the Contractor has a right to rely upon the basic assumption that if he

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addition, the GBR should represent a “reasonable interpreta- tion” of the subsurface information assembled for the project that is compatible with and supportive of the plans and speci- fications included in the contract. Such is the overriding goal of a “good” GBR. However, and this is a big however, that is not always the case as sometimes the contract contains a “bad” GBR! By defini- tion a bad GBR represents one last, mistaken attempt by the Owner and it Designers to shed liability onto the Contractor by establishing extremely conservative and unreasonable “interpretations” and “baselines” for the work. Sometimes an Owner believes that by grossly exaggerating the information uncovered during the subsurface investigation he can create

FEATURE STORY FEATURE a wall of liability protection that will somehow “insulate” the Owner from a DSC claim. Unfortunately, and more often than not, this plan will backfire. For instance, it is highly likely that experienced tunneling contractors will realize what is happen- ing and 1) come to the realization that the Owner is not serious about working together, and 2) begin to carry large contingen- cies in its bid to cover the liability implications of a bad GBR. Even worse, if things do not work out in the field as the Owner anticipated, experienced tunneling Contractors can be both highly imaginative and highly aggressive in pursuing various claims against the Owner almost no matter what is written in Using the above flow chart in a manner as described in this the contract. In general, and based on experience, a majority of paper is the best way to pave the way for a successful tunnel- claim resolutions by DRBs and by the courts have been some- ing project. In summary, and as shown in the chart Intelligent what sympathetic to the Contractor based on a realization of Tunnel Design© consists of the following: how truly difficult it is to bid a tunneling project and to accom- plish all of the hard work and complex logistical requirements Project Layout – Create the space that is needed both for needed to build a tunnel in a proper manner. construction and for the final facility. Hence, a “good” GBR is a thing of beauty and will legitimate- Subsurface Investigation – Perform a comprehensive sub- ly contribute to the successful outcome of a tunneling project. surface investigation and prepare an accurate GDR and a A “bad” GBR does not. In fact, a bad GBR is less than worthless “Good” GBR. because it actually contributes to the creation of an adversarial Ground Behavior vs. Ground Control – Do a good job of relationship that is so highly detrimental to a successful proj- brainstorming all of the design requirements and construction ect. In conclusion, the concept of a good GBR, as defined by procedures needed to build the subsurface space in the exist- the ASCE Guidelines, is a positive part of a tunneling contract ing ground condition. while a bad GBR is not. Project Design – Establish all of the design criteria needed – The last topic that needs to be both to create a safe and stable underground opening and to discussed as part of Intelligent Tunnel Design© is construction provide a highly satisfactory finished facility. monitoring. It is absolutely imperative that the tunnel Owner Construction Methods – Specify only those construction assign experienced tunneling professionals to observe and methods that are necessary to construct the temporary facili- document every aspect of construction activity taking place ties in a safe and stable manner. in the field. In general, these activities consist of observing Third P e certain that proposed design ground conditions and ground behaviors, documenting con- criteria and construction methods are sufficient to safeguard struction means and methods, and monitoring the behavior of existing overlying and adjacent third parties. overlying and adjacent third parties. Contract Document – Assemble a contract document that Good construction monitoring is one more important part is specifically tailored to tunnel construction and which ad- of Intelligent Tunnel Design©. Accurate project records are equately describes everything that needs to be performed by essential to making sure that the work is being performed in the Contractor in order to accomplish the above design and accordance with contract requirements and that the ground construction requirements. conditions and ground behaviors are compatible with the geo- Project Procurement – Create a positive and cooperative technical documents. If trouble does develop, then both the environment for the successful completion of your tunneling Owner and the Contractor must have in their possession ac- project. curate and complete project records that can be used to help re- Construction Monitoring – Assign highly experienced tun- solve alleged claims either in the field, as a result of alternative neling professionals to monitor and record all aspects of con- dispute resolution (i.e., a Dispute Review Board), or, if all else struction activities. fails, as a result of litigation. It is the height of false economy for the Owner of a tunnel project to believe that a tunnel can If you actually do all of the activities listed above as part of be constructed without adequate professional observation and your plan for Intelligent Tunnel Design©, then there is every assistance in the field. reason to believe that you can and will achieve a successful tunneling project.

Given below is a flow chart that summarizes all of the top- ics discussed above and serves as the basis for Intelligent Tun- Dr. Gary S. Brierley is President of Doctor Mole, Inc. Dr. Arthur J. nel Design©. McGinn is President, Brierley Associates Corporation.

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including risk characteristics (prob- The base cost is developed by the abilities and consequences), cor- project team/estimator and is validat- Risk-Based relations, interdependencies, link- ed by an experienced cost estimator. age, risks occurring multiple times The risk assessment is developed in a Integrated Cost and and schedule/critical path analysis cost risk workshop by a set of partici- (Sander et al. 2016) pants including the project team, sub- The most recent step in advancing ject matter experts and experienced Schedule Analysis such risk-based methods was to add risk elicitators. full risk-based critical path schedule for Infrastructure and cost integration. This is the subject 2.2 Cost Components of this paper. Introducing a clear cost component structure allows for cost transparency Projects 2 Integrated Cost and and cost control. Cost components that RISK MANAGEMENT Schedule Model need to be addressed in the estimate are: 2.1 Cost-Risk Approach • Base cost – the cost if “all goes accord- By Philip Sander, Martin Entacher, Formerly, cost estimates, usually ing to plan” without contingencies John Reilly and Jim Brady deterministic with quantities and unit • Risk cost – the cost resulting from prices, accounted for risk based on the threats and opportunities that estimator’s experience and best judg- might occur Abstract ment without fully identifying and • Escalation cost – additional costs re- Key processes necessary to identify quantifying risks. Such program un- sulting from inflation and manage risks on complex projects certainties were included in a general A best practice cost component have been developed over the last 20 “contingency” to account for uncertain- structure for different project phases is years to implement risk-based ap- ties. The judgment of the level of such shown in Error! Reference source not proaches for better cost and schedule contingencies was related to the level found.. It consists of actual cost without estimation. Cost and schedule, however, of definition of the estimate (Estimate uncertainties (left part of the waterfall were mostly treated separately instead Classes as defined in AACE Interna- diagram: B0, A, I – Baseline Cost) and of integrating them into one model. tional 2016). uncertain components (right part of This integration is highly relevant as In CEVP (Reilly et al. 2014), estimates the waterfall diagram: B*, R, E – Uncer- schedule delays are very often the root are comprised of two components: the tainties). The sum of the uncertain cost cause for severe cost overruns. This pa- base cost component and the risk com- components is also called delta cost and per therefore presents a fully integrated, ponent (see section 2.2). The base cost is used for allowing for inclusion of un- probabilistic cost and schedule model to does not include “contingency” but does certainties in the project budget. While add a powerful tool for the management include the normal variability of prices uncertainties are high in early project of complex risk environments. and quantities. Once the base cost is phases, they reduce to zero upon proj- established, a list of risks is created ect completion. Escalation (prediction 1 Introduction and characterized (probability, conse- for inflation) becomes indexation cost Significant progress has been made quence) by the project team, including (contractual clause for compensation over the last 20 years in the identi- both opportunities and threats, and for inflation) and realized risks result in fication, characterization, mitigation are listed in a risk register. This risk as- actual additional cost. and management of risk for complex sessment replaces general and vaguely projects. Risk guidelines have been defined contingency with explicitly 2.3 RIAAT – Risk Administration developed (ITA 1992, 2004; ITIG 2006, defined risk events that include the as- and Analysis Tool, Process 2012; Reilly 2001, 2003, 2008, 2013; sociated probability of occurrence and Goodfellow & O’Carroll 2015) and are impact on program cost and/or sched- The process used for the integrated more routinely applied with increasing ule for each event. cost and schedule model is shown in success, such that the general process and application of risk management principles are now generally clear. Dur- ing this period, specific applications and detailed tools have been developed to assist with risk identification, charac- terization and mitigation, such as: • Risk-based cost estimating, e.g., WSDOT’s CEVP® cost estimating/ cost validation/risk management process (Reilly et al. 2004) • Risk management processes and procedures (ITA 2004, ITIG 2006, Reilly 2008, Goodfellow & O’Carroll 2015) • Streamlined software applications and integrated systems, e.g., RI- Figure 1: Waterfall diagram for cost component structure, planning phase (a), AAT 2017, that allow efficient ap- construction phase (b), project completion (c) plication of risk-based processes

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risk modeling and numerous options for visualization. Construc- tion schedules are fully integrated into the software. Risks are as- signed to tasks of the schedule from the project tree using drag- and-drop; updated simulation results are obtained within seconds and available “live” during workshops. Figure 3 shows the main interface of RIAAT, the subsequent figures in this paper were gen- erated using RIAAT. 3 Case Study – Construction of a Base Tunnel 3.1 Project Description A fictitious sample project is used in this paper to illustrate the process. It is based on experience from major European railway base tunnels. This 14-km, twin-bore tunnel consists of several tunnel boring machine (TBM) drives as well as drill-and-blast (D&B) drives in different geological formations, an access shaft, an emergency stop, various cross cuttings and (optional) inner linings. A linear project schedule is shown in Figure 4. In RIAAT, the base schedule is modeled as a Gantt diagram (Figure 5). The deterministic critical path is shown in red.

Figure 2: RIAAT – Process - (1) Base cost estimate is reviewed, associated with uncertainties and integrated into the WBS. (2) Risks are assessed (cost & time impact) and integrated into the WBS. (3) Risks are assigned to tasks in the project’s schedule. Subsequently, completion date, critical paths and delays from risks are simulated. (4) Cost impact from time delay is calculated with time-related cost and integrated into the WBS. (5) Project Cost including uncertainty is available on all WBS levels and for all cost components. Figure 4: Linear base schedule – horizontal axis: station, vertical axis: time Figure 2. In the first step, Base Cost is estimated and validated, subjected to uncertainties, and integrated into the Work Break- down Structure (WBS). Subsequently, identified risks and a markup for unknowns with cost and time impacts will be assessed and integrated into the WBS and the construction schedule. A probabilistic simulation of the construction schedule incor- porates all risks with associated time impacts. The results include a construction completion date, delays with respect to specific milestones, critical paths and near-critical paths. The results of the construction schedule are linked back to the WBS, where the time impacts can be associated with time-related costs to evalu- ate the cost impact of program delays. If RIAAT software (RIAAT 2017) is used, there will be a hier- archical project structure, full MS Excel import/export, advanced

Figure 5: Base schedule in RIAAT, deterministic critical path without risks is shown in red

3.2 Base Cost and Risk Register A deterministic base cost estimate is made by the design firm. It is reviewed, discussed and validated with the project team and a bandwidth is assigned to account for minor variability in the base cost estimate. Subsequently, risks are identified and assessed in moderated workshops with the project team and subject matter experts as described in section 2.1. The process is structured us- Figure 3: Sample main interface, RIAAT risk software ing “risk fact sheets” to gather and systematize information such as risk description, qualitative and quantitative assessment, risk

TUNNELINGONLINE.COM TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 RISK MANAGEMENT 36 TBM: TUNNELBUSINESS MAGAZINE //AUGUST 2017 is aslow as20%.Hence,any probability lower to than80equals represents theprobability VaR80.Thisisbecause ofoccurrence 10%. TheleftendofRiskNo.1(TBMMainBearingDamage) bar, represents VaR95).Eachcolored section aprobability of case(leftendofbar,best VaR5)totheworst case(rightendof of eachbarrepresents from the thebandwidthofariskimpact (inthiscasetime). totheircostortimeimpact Thewidth spect Range ImpactDiagramRange not displayed inTable 1andFigure 6. independency. For clarity, similarindependentriskevents are age” for four different separately TBMsare modeled toensure Duffey (1999).Independentriskssuchas“MainBearingDam- dependenciesinscheduleswas explainedto model by Dorpand tasks inthesameway). ofthecapabilityboth Theimportance dependent(i.e.,theriskwillimpact to more thanonetaskwillbe lustrate thefullbandwidthofeachrisk.Risksthat are assigned Figure 6shows thesamerisksinarange diagram impact toil- to give oftheongoingprocess. teamaclearpicture theproject (ETA, FTA). Theriskregister isupdated duringtheworkshops usingevent orfault modeled (e.g., trees dependencies)canbe mostlikelypoint estimate (best, andworst case). Complex risks with aPoisson distribution)andcost/time usingathree- impact 100%) orexpected rate ofoccurrence (e.g., 1,2,3,etc.,modeled ment typically consistsofeitherprobability ofoccurrence (0– strategy andriskmitigation measures. Thequantitative assess- Range impact diagramsRange impact are usedtocompare riskswithre- Table 1shows thequantitative assessment ofthetop10risks. Table 1: Sample quantitative assessment of top 10 identified risks risks, bandwidth:VaR5¬¬¬–VaR95 identified 10 top for diagram impact RIAATRange 6: Figure ber anymore,andisthus representedber itcontainsuncertainties contract). Thelengthofeachtaskisnotadeterministicnum- green for contractor risksandpurplefor tenderrisks(pre- the type ofassigned risks,inthiscasebluefor owner risks, are assignedtothebaseschedule(Figure 7).Thecolorsindicate on the criticalpath. will be zero. The%valueindicates thechancethat therespective risk risk itself(seeTable 1).Inadditiontothat, adelay onthecriti- caused specifically by onerisk event iscalculated withinthe ule are shown inFigure time-related 10.Direct costthat is completionmilestone ofthebasesched- original construction longer thanexpected (risk7). thecasewhenfaultmuch This willbe zoneturnsoutto critical. onlyhasa12%chanceofbecoming portal the north critical.TheD&B drives willbecome drive fromthe TBMnorth south drive, but therechance (green isalsoa30% +red)that yellow) that determinedby thecompletiondate theTBM willbe given inFigure 9.Inthisexample, there isa60%chance(blue+ possible criticalpaths. Agraphical example for interpretation is ofall Award”Contract ismadeupofallcolors.Hence,itpart ofmore thanonecriticalpath,color ispart e.g.,thetask“Tender, Each colorindicates onecriticalpath. Ataskwithmore thanone 4 Simulation. Carlo currence for variouscriticalpaths are calculated usingMonte different possible.Theprobabilities criticalpaths become ofoc- Duetotheassigneduncertainties, with adistributionfunction. risk impact Figure 7:RIAAT schedulewithassignedrisks, colors indicate color indicatesone possiblecriticalpath Figure 8:ResultsofcriticalpathsimulationinRIAAT, each After the risk register is complete, all risks with time impact After theriskregister iscomplete,allriskswithtimeimpact The construction completiondate andthedeviationThe construction tothe Simulation results for thecriticalpaths are shown inFigure 8. Results TUNNELINGONLINE.COM 37

Figure 9: Interpretation of critical path simulation results

Figure 12: Probabilistic project cost (Base Cost, Risk, Total Project Cost)

be delivered at or under this number; a 20% chance that they will Figure 10: Construction completion date (left), Deviation to be delivered over this number). The P-level will depend on the his- torical experience of the agency and if the project is a large com- milestone (right) plex project – perhaps P80 (Reilly 2016) or a set of smaller more routine projects – perhaps P60. Beyond the planning and design phases, the use of RIAAT will enable tracking progress, construction change orders and cash- flow with a risk-based approach. Integrated change order man- agement can be applied, and probabilistic look-aheads can be used to update the project’s budget certainty. Changing P-levels (initial P80 budget decreases to P30/initial P80 increases to P95) are paramount for controlling the project’s budget, i.e., increasing or reducing it. Advances in risk-based cost and schedule estimation and man- agement are being implemented due to more widespread recog- nition of the need to apply risk-based methods, the advantages Figure 11: Delay on critical path from owner’s risks is multiplied of using such processes and the publication of risk guidelines by with time related cost and added to the overall risk cost of international associations (ITA, ITIG), as well as U.S. federal and the project state agencies. Application of these principles and process has been approved and is being used by major U.S. government agen- cies (FHWA, FTA, Corps of Engineers, state departments of trans- portation) and they are also being applied internationally. cal path causes additional time-related cost. This cost is now calculated using the overall project delay on the critical path. 6 Conclusions In this case, this was done by taking into account only the por- A software-supported risk process was presented on a sample tion of the critical path delay caused by the owner’s risks (see tunneling project that has the capability to enhance risk-based Figure 11). project management in the U.S. and internationally. The main After including time-related cost, a probabilistic cost forecast conclusions are: for all cost components can be made. The results are shown in • A fully integrated cost-schedule model is available that can Figure 12. The vertical blue line represents the deterministic analyze risk impact on construction schedules and can enable base cost without uncertainties. Taking into account uncertain- the integration of delay cost. ties related to the base will result in the blue curve. Adding risk • Probabilistic schedule simulations can be used to determine cost results in the red curve. Finally, escalation cost is added to major critical paths and their respective probabilities. obtain the total project cost. Delta cost is obtained by compar- • Model results can be used for budgeting in the planning and ing the total project cost with the deterministic base cost. In this design phases. case, a certainty level of VaR80 was chosen to determine the • Budget control with integrated risk/change order manage- project’s budget. ment can be used during execution.

5 Discussion Philip Sander and Martin Entacher are with RiskConsult GmbH The above describes a clear risk process that, in general, is being (www.riskcon.at; [email protected], [email protected]); John used by a significant number of projects and agencies in the plan- ning and design phases. The CEVP-RIAAT process can be used to Reilly is with John Reilly International (www.JohnReilly.us; John@ establish a realistic budget (e.g., setting the budget for a program JohnReilly.us); and Jim Brady is with Aldea Services (www.Aldeaser- of projects at the P80 level – an 80% chance that the projects will vices.com; [email protected]).

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By Lok Home & Desiree Willis A Change of Conditions: Risk Management in Tunneling from the TBM Manufacturer’s Perspective

Let’s face it: tunneling projects are in- So, how can we ensure that the opera- cept risks far disproportionate to what herently risky. The actual geology can tion is done effectively as often as pos- the business can sustain. harbor unforeseen conditions even with sible? There must be a more objective way rigorous testing, and even when a high- Changes in the structure of contract for owners and contractors to view risk, ly-qualified consulting company creates other than looking for the lowest equip- the Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR). would be a good start. All too often the ment price and highest willingness to ac- en tunnels, the machine owner, along with an over-zealous con- cept risk fr . In fact, a and the crew operating it are key com- sultant, tries to pass unfair risk on to the correctly designed will be the key ponents of the risk management strat- contractor. In turn the contractor, who to a project’s success, and correct ma- egy olated piece of has won the bid based on lowest price, chine design, even with increased initial equipment—with its mechanical action attempts to pass risk responsibility on to cost, is part of that formula to success. it can change the soil properties just in the machine supplier with the hope that Field results have shown, time and front of the cutterhead through injec- this will reduce overall risk during tun- again, tha tion of grout and additives. By improper neling. This risk can be passed by unrea- insurance”-type features (such as probe opera o over-ex- sonable payment terms and by forcing drills, shield lubrication, etc.) can have cavate or under-excavate the ground unreasonable liability clauses. In some a huge impact on a project’s success in around the tunnel. cases the supplier must be willing to ac- terms of schedule, cost and safety. It is

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(LEFT) The recently completed Tunel Emisor Poniente (TEP) II project in Mexico City using a Robbins Crossover TBM is a good example of what a customized machine and prudent planning can accomplish when unforeseen obstacles occur.

(RIGHT) Shifts in the rock mass and rock support are minimized the faster a lining is put into place after excavation—this is a well- accepted concept in soft and mixed ground tunnels with their specified segmental linings, but we see it less often in hard rock tunnels.

far better to build features into the machine from the start as part of a comprehensive risk management strategy, than to add them in the tunnel after an unforeseen event has occurred or the machine has become stuck.

Soft and Mixed Ground Risk Management In soft and mixed ground conditions, as in all geologic condi- tions, an accurate GBR is key to project success. As many projects in soft ground are in urban settings below building foundations, utilities, existing tunnels and other structures, the GBR becomes all the more important. It is also imperative to change the ground only as much as necessary to precondition the soil for pressur- ized tunneling, through additive injection and bentonite injec- tion. Concurrently there must be a rigorous monitoring of sensi- tive structures. Because of the finesse required, properly trained tunnel man- erators are the key to effective risk reduction. ost overruns in these conditions are caused by operator error or inexperienced management, not by machine compo- nent breakdown. To that end, Robbins and other companies are involved in developing training programs, together with univer- sities such as the Colorado Scho t will teach tech- nicians and operators how to drive EPBs in a variety of ground conditions through computer simulations. In mixed ground conditions, and in solid rock conditions under water pressure, a customized strategy is neede o City’s Túnel Emisor Poniente (TEP II) Project, which has been written about in previous issues T e- muck flow restrictions only increase cutterhead and cutting tool cord-breaking Crossov quipped with features that wear, and therefore increase the need for interventions. It is pos- enabled it to get through several known and unknown features. sible to reduce the need for such interventions by relying more The hybrid-type machine could operate as a non-pressurized heavily on modern grout materials and grouting techniques. To essurize ending on do this, however, we will need more balanced risk sharing be- conditions. tween the owner, c er that sup- When the crew, operating in rock mode, detected an unfore- ports the use of new and different concepts. seen large cavern of at least 90 cubic meters in size, the machine A promising development in this is area is what is being de- was stopped and the cavern was filled using a mixture of pea signed and tested a elaware Aqueduct Repair, gravel, bentonite, and grout. Polymer was injected through the where a R has the capacity to hold plus tterhead to consolidate ground directly in front of the 20 bars of water pressure while grouting and pressure reduction machine, and by using the EPB featur ble to ef- oc e sealed against potential water inflows fectively negotiate this section at a reduced advance rate with and high water pressures, and this, combined with extensive minimal delays. This is an example of what a customized ma- grouting capabilities using down-the-hole hammers for drilling chine, and a predetermined strategy, can do when obstacles pres- under pressure, can stem the tide of water ahead of the machine. ent themselves. Once this has been shown effective the project can be used as a Because of the customization required for mixed ground case study for more cost-effective risk reduction in rock tunnel- conditions, strategies that would work for soft ground, such as ing under water pressure. planned hyperbaric interventions, may not work well—particu- larly in very hard, abrasive rock that is water bearing. The cur- Reducing Risk in Hard Rock rent practice of designing cutterheads with a long distance from In hard rock, a competent GBR is equally necessary. However, the face to the muck transport system inhibits smooth muck flow in mountainous conditions, and in remote locations, an accurate through the cutterhead, and should be reconsidered. GBR can be impossible to obtain. When an adequate GBR is lack- The cost for hyperbaric inventions on large diameter tunnels ing, a push for continuous probe drilling should be made by all in hard rock can be tremendous. These massive cutterheads with parties involved. Writing continuous probe drilling into the con-

TUNNELINGONLINE.COM TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 40 RISK MANAGEMENT

Requiring continuous probe drilling—and the creation of an in-tunnel GBR—may be one of the best ways to reduce risk in tunnels where an adequate GBR cannot be obtained.

tract can and has effectively reduced of the options available. risk—but we need more buy-in from the The effects of DGS may be most industry. Through continuous probing, evident when they are not in use—for crews can generate an in-tunnel GBR example, a decade ago at the Pajares concurrent with advance. This GBR High-Speed Rail Tunnel in Spain, a 10 could be used to analyze trends and pre- dict upcoming transition zones. The re- many unforeseen obstacles for which it quirement for an in-tunnel GBR would was ill-equipped. The machine encoun- effectively force contractors to take the tered blocky ground from the outset time to analyze what is ahead of them— that blocked the cutterhead multiple a small price to pay when a big feature times, requiring several weeks of time is detected in time to save the tunneling over a period of months to clean the operation. front and back of the cutterhead so it Even when risks are considered low, it could continue on. is still better to equip the machine from Every time the cutterhead became the outset with the tools needed to get blocked, the contractor would spend through unforeseen conditions. These weeks stabilizing the ground with geo- tools have been tested in the field and foam, then cleaning the cutterhead be- can mean the difference between project fore attempting to move forward. Steve success and failure. Robbins currently Chorley, Robbins Field Service Director, is equipping several shielded hard rock who was at the jobsite, commented that ifficult Ground Solutions “If two-speed gearboxes had been in- (DGS)—a suite of options that can prevent stalled, the contractor could have saved a machine from becoming stuck and at least two months on the overall com- can enhance visualization of the ground pletion time of the tunnel. They would ar have provided the breakout torque At New York’s Delaware Aqueduct Repair, For example, two-speed gearboxes al- needed to get the machine freed up a lot a Robbins Single Shield TBM will operate low a rock machine to shift into a high quicker.” in 20+ bars of water pressure. Pressure torq de to get through Indeed, we have seen the two-speed compensating disc cutters, a unique fault zones and collapsing ground with- gearboxes advance machines through sealing system, and a comprehensive out becoming stuck. Shield enhance- similar ground in Turkey at the Kargi ments such as external shield lubrication Hydroelectric Project with great suc- grouting program will be used rather using bentonite, and emergency thrust cess. Such design improvements can be than a pressurized TBM and hyperbaric systems, can be deployed when ground added to a machine prior to launch for interventions. convergence occurs. These are just some a fraction of the cost that two months’

TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 TUNNELINGONLINE.COM 41 delay would be likely incur. Yet another development in risk reduction for hard rock tun- nels involves the final tunnel lining. Shifts in the rock mass and rock support are minimized the faster a lining is put into place af- ter excavation—this is a well-accepted concept in soft and mixed ground tunnels with their specified segmental linings, but we see it less often in hard rock tunnels. Concurrent, continuous concrete lining with tunnel boring operation for hard rock has been proven, but the process is of- ten complex and only efficient for larger tunnel diameters due to the required space for concrete forms. However, there have been developments in the process, and studies are underway to accommodate concurrent lining and boring efficiently in smaller tunnels. In Conclusion Contractors would do best to arm themselves with knowledge and case studies of what has and hasn’t worked on projects simi- Probe drilling results can be used to create an in-tunnel GBR, lar to theirs. Planning ahead for unforeseen events should be a key component of their strategy. But not all of the change needs allowing contractors to identify trends and predict upcoming to occur in contractor viewpoints of what risk is: risk should also transition zones. be distributed more fairly between suppliers, consultants, con- tractors and owners. Contracts should be awarded by owners after giving equal sharing and management can be done, even on a “mega-project” weight not only to cost, but also to technical merit and risk miti- with multiple machines in operation. If they can do it, so can we. gation strategies in the proposed bid. We have seen this strategy It’s time tha et, ask applied successfully in other markets abroad, such as the U.K. for a much-needed change: one of sharing risk more equally, es- The Crossrail project developed a risk management strategy pecially on complex projects. before contracts were awarded, and thus equipment in the pro- curement stage was designed with an eye toward risk reduction. Lok Home is owner and president of The Robbins Company. Desiree Innovative projects like Crossrail show that successful risk Willis is public relations manager of The Robbins Company.

TUNNELINGONLINE.COM TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 UPCOMING PROJECTS 42 TBM: TUNNELBUSINESS MAGAZINE //AUGUST 2017 php ca.us/interlake_tunnel/interlake_tunnel. Web: cost is$76million. in early 2019.The estimated projectbegin is scheduledto Construction the projects. nary engineeringanddesignservices for GEI, Inchave retained for been prelimi- McMillenJacobsAssociatesproject. and the agencyasProgram Managerfor the been hired Consultants has by firm EPC feet ofwater storage. Theengineering tonio toaddanadditional60,000acre- a spillway modification at Lake SanAn- alsoincludesout totheocean.Theproject San Antoniothat would otherwiseflow waterNacimiento by diverting intoLake downstream ofLakeduced flooding increased surface water supplyandre- include oftheproject voir). Thebenefits Lake SanAntonio(SanReser- Nacimiento (NacimiemtoReservoir) to tures that would water divert from Lake gravity-flow tunneland related struc- prises an11,000-ftlong,10-ftdiameter, WaterCounty Agencycom- Resources Interlake Tunnel Nacimiento clearwater/ Web: of2018.. or thefirstquarter of2017pated tooccurinthelastquarter advertisingProject andbiddingisantici- existing OceanOutfall System facilities. totheand endofthetunnelwillconnect located Structures at thestart of Carson. JWPCPlocatedthe Districts’ in theCity donefrom asingleshaftlocatedwill be at mented linedtunnel.Alltunnelingwork lf, 18-ftIDpost-tensionedconcrete seg- 8- and12-fttunnelswithanew 37,000- nel isenvisioned toenhancetheexisting the year 2050.TheEffluentOutfall Tun- the needsofitsJointOutfall System to ofLostricts analyze to County Angeles extensive effort by theSanitation Dis- ofanent Outfall ispart TunnelProject Pollution Plant(JWPCP)Efflu- Control Tunnel Clearwater Program EffluentOutfall Los Angeles CALIFORNIA PROJECTS UPCOMING The Interlake Tunnelfor theMonterey The Clearwater Program’s JointWater http://www.mcwra.co.monterey. http://www.clearwaterprogram.org/ to mitigate theoccurrence ofsewer flood- Decree andwouldthe Consent alsoserve pacity for theAnacostiaRiver by required vide thelastincrement ofCSOstorage ca- relief.provide flood TheNEBT would pro- trol water objectives, quality standards,and dered combinedsewer overflow (CSO) con- long-term control plantomeetcourt-or- is amajorcomponentofDCWater’sproject Washington DISTRICT OFCOLUMBIA Web: by 2033. anticipated thefacilitiesoperational willbe awarded underthisprogram. Itiscurrently contracts willbe to sixtunnelconstruction the firstcontract award. Approximately five approximate 6-monthintervals following advertised packages on willbe construction tunnel bids inmid/late-2020. Subsequent advertised contracts for being construction mence inmid-2019withthefirsttunnel 2017. Tunneldesignisanticipated tocom- finalized at theendofJune tobe pected completedandtheEIR/EISwerebeen ex- rent conceptualengineeringefforts have alongeachtunnelreach. Cur- constructed a seriesofventilation/access shaftswillbe addition tolaunchingandreceiving shafts, proximately 150ftbelow ground surface. In with tunnelinvert depthofaveraging ap- ured inaparallel arrangement, twinbore main conveyance config- tunnelswillbe at theterminusofmaintunnels.The and a9,000cfspumpingfacility located miles of40-ftIDmainconveyance tunnels, and 40-ftIDtunnels,approximately 60 approximatelystructures, 10milesof29-ft The program consistsofthree river intake to move thewater southward intheDelta. on aseriesofimproved channelsandcanals current water that diversion activities rely components ofthisprogram willreplace the The plants inthesouthendofDelta. ramento River tothemajorexportpumping to 9,000cfsofwater from directly theSac- tunnels that willallow for ofup transport gram includeaseriesofwater conveyance region.Delta Key componentsofthepro- conveyance intheSacramento-San Joaquin comprehensive effort toimprove water California Water Fix California Water Fix Sacramento The Northeast Boundary Tunnel (NEBT) Boundary Tunnel (NEBT) The Northeast BoundaryTunnel Northeast The CaliforniaWater FixProgram isa https://www.californiawaterfix.com/ the highesttechnicalscore andlowest price ImpregiloSalini based on andS.A.Healy wasproject awarded toajointventure of late airflow inthetunnelsystem. lation control toregu- facilities constructed the tunnelduringstormevents; andventi- existing sewer system flows anddivert to areas to relieve sited nearchronic the flood surface usingaTBM;diversion facilities nel depthsof50-160ftbelow theground diameter reinforced concrete tunnel;tun- clude: Installation of27,000-ftlong,23-ft Boundary drainage area. ing andbasementbackupsintheNortheast public works –was project awarded toa Wayne, Indiana–thecity’s largest-ever flow Tunnel(3RPORT) Reduction in Fort Fort Wayne INDIANA Treatment Plant. to theBluePlainsAdvanced Wastewater Potomac River Tunnelwouldconveyed be ft below ground. CSOscaptured by the located approximatelyTunnel willbe 100 initsentirety.project The Potomac River cluding a2025deadlinetoimplementthe Rivers in- Project, ties undertheDCClean River TunnelandotherCSOcontrol facili- ofthePotomacschedules for construction Decree establishes TheConsent Project. (LTCP), alsoknownRivers astheDCClean nent ofDCWater’s long-termcontrol plan Potomac River Tunnel Project in any given year. from approximately to7percent 50percent intheareas itserves the chanceofflooding oftheNEBTwillreduce the construction to controlling combinedsewer overflows, reduced by Inaddition will be 98percent. sewer overflows totheAnacostiaRiver tunnels alreadycombined constructed, totheother Once theNEBTisconnected ofJustice. tion AgencyandtheDepartment 2005 withtheU.S. Environmental Protec- Decree DCWater in theConsent signed two years aheadoftheschedulestipulated 2017withcompletionin2023, in September cent years. a contract type adoptedby DCWater inre- ue. The$580millionbidisfor design-build, proposal, therefore providing val- thebest In Jusy, DCWater announcedthat the Major characteristics oftheNEBTin- The Three Rivers andOver- Protection The Potomac River Tunnelisacompo- isexpectedWork ontheproject tobegin TUNNELINGONLINE.COM 43 joint venture of SA Healy–Salini Impregilo, track heavy rail tunnel along the Northeast of 25-ft diameter tunnel. The design the lowest of five bidders at $187,963,000. Corridor from the Bergen Palisades in New contract for this approximately $160 An official ground-breaking ceremony with Jersey to Manhattan that will directly serve million project was awarded to a joint city officials took place on June 15. Penn Station New York. It consists of three venture Mott MacDonald and MWH in 3RPORT is part of an EPA-mandated pro- major elements: the Hudson Yards right-of- fall 2015 and also includes a $28 million gram to reduce combined sewer overflows way preservation project, the Hudson Tun- 46-ft diameter, 200-ft deep submers- into area waterways. The project includes nel, and the rehabilitation and moderniza- ible Tunnel Dewatering Pump Station. a conveyance tunnel which will reduce the tion of the existing North River tunnel. The Westerly Storage Tunnel is sched- number of CSO occurrences from 71 down to The Hudson Tunnel Project is part of the uled to advertise for bid in 2017, the 4 in a typical year. Bids were received on the Northeast Corridor Gateway Program, a Westerly Tunnel Dewatering Pump project on February 16. series of strategic rail infrastructure invest- Station in 2019; The City of Fort Wayne Utilities is cur- ments designed to improve current service • Shoreline Storage Tunnel – 15,300 lf of rently evaluating bids for the construction and create new capacity. The Port Author- 21-ft diameter soft ground CSO tunnel. It of nearly 5 miles of 16-ft ID finished tunnel ity of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) is anticipated to bid in 2021; that is almost 220 feet deep, a pump station currently serves as the project sponsor, but • Shoreline Consolidation Sewer – 11,700 lf shaft, an upflow/working shaft, a retrieval the project is a joint undertaking that also in- of 9.5-ft diameter soft ground tunnel. It is shaft and nine drop shafts. Construction of cludes Amtrak and New Jersey Transit (NJ anticipated to bid in 2021; the tunnel and shafts will begin in 2017 and TRANSIT). • Southerly Storage Tunnel – 18,340 lf of be completed by 2021. The TBM is expected The existing North River Tunnel, opened 23-ft diameter CSO tunnel. It is antici- to be put into operation in 2018. Black & Ve- in 1910, is owned by Amtrak. NJ TRANSIT pated to bid in 2024; atch is currently working on the design of and Amtrak operate approximately 450 • Big Creek Storage Tunnel – 22,400 lf of the pump station which will be bid in 2020. trains each weekday through the tunnel that 18-ft diameter CSO tunnel. It is antici- carry over 200,000 daily passenger trips. pated to bid in 2029. The North River Tunnel presents reliability MISSOURI challenges due to damage from Superstorm Sandy in 2012, as well as the overall age the PENNSYLVANIA St. Louis tunnel and the intensity of its current use. Project Clear Tunnels Significant delays to a large number of trains Pittsburgh Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District (MSD) occur when problems arise. AL unnels has begun an ambitious program called Proj- The benefits of the Hudson Tunnel Proj- The Allegheny County Sanitary Author- ect Clear, a multi-billion dollar investment ad- ect are twofold. First, the new tunnel will ity (ALCOSAN) is designing a tunnel pro- dressing wastewater overflows. The system enable the closure of the existing tunnel for gram to control combined sewer overflows improvements include construction of nine reconstruction without causing a significant (CSOs) as part of a consent decree with EPA. tunnels to control sewer overflows. reduction of capacity. Second, once renova- The $2.8 billion system improvement pro- Project Clear reached a milestone in 2014 tions on the North River Tunnel are com- gram is expected to include tunnel segments with the completion of the tunnel portion of plete, its reopening will provide greater op- to store and treat overflows. The improve- the Lemay Redundant Force Main project erational flexibility and system redundancy ments are slated to be complete by 2026. (3,200 lf of 8-ft diameter tunnel). Currently in the event of malfunction. The tunnels include: Ohio River Segment under construction is the Maline Creek CSO Preparation of an Environmental Impact (1.9 miles, 12-14 ft in diameter, $84 million); Storage Facility, which includes 3,000 lf Statement is currently underway, and is Allegheny River Segment (3.6 miles, 12-14 ft of 28-ft diameter tunnel. That project was expected to be completed in March 2018. in diameter, $136 million); and Monongahe- awarded to SAK Construction/Goodwin The selection of a locally preferred alter- la River Segment (4.5 miles, 12-14 ft in diam- Construction JV and given NTP in May 2016. native and its incorporation into the re- eter, $152 million). Additionally the program The Jefferson Barracks Tunnel ($67 million) gion’s fiscally constrained long range plan will include interceptor and consolidation was awarded to SAK Construction. That is expected to occur in the first quarter of sewers, dewatering pump station and treat- project consists of 17,000 ft of 7-ft diameter 2018. The current schedule anticipates the ment plant improvements. To date, a formal tunnel. The Deer Creek Sanitary Tunnel has project will enter Engineering in the sec- agreement has not been reached, so plans also been bid and is awaiting award. A joint ond quarter of 2018, receive a Full Funding are not finalized. venture of Jay Dee and Frontier-Kemper Grant Agreement from FTA in spring 2019, was low at $151 million for the 21,000-lf, 19- and have both the new tunnel and the re- ft diameter tunnel. habilitated tunnel open for revenue service TEXAS Upcoming tunneling components of by 2028. Project Clear include (Project, Construction Austin Begin, Construction Cost Estimate, Tunnel Lake Travis Intake Length, Tunnel Diameter): OHIO The Brushy Creek Regional Utility Au- • Lower & Middle Des Peres Storage Tun- thority (BCRUA) has embarked on a multiple nel, 2019, $631,000,000, 9 miles, 30 ft dia Cleveland year program to increase capacity and man- • University City Sanitary Storage Facility, oject Clean Lake age concerns associated with recent historic 2018, $40,000,000, 1,250 ft, 30 ft dia Project Clean Lake for the Northeast Ohio low water levels of Lake Travis. The program • Lower Meramec Tunnel, 2020, Regional Sewer District (NEORSD) includes includes: a multiple level-screen deep water $170,000,000, 6.8 miles, 8 ft dia several major tunnel components to store intake assembly and shaft extending about • River Des Peres Tributaries CSO Tunnel, and convey combined sewer overflows. The 70-ft below lake bottom; approximately 2024, $375,000,000, 12,144 ft, 20 ft dia projects include: 10,000-ft of 96-in. diameter tunnel to convey • Upper River Des Peres CSO Storage Tun- • Doan Valley Storage Tunnel – 10,000 water by gravity from the intake to a new nel, 2028, $226,000,000, 8,976 ft, 24 ft dia ft of 18-ft diameter storage tunnel and on-shore pump station (which will multiple two 8.5-ft diameter conveyance tunnels raw water wet wells extending about 300 ft at 3,000- and 6,400-ft lengths. The proj- below grade); and 3,000-ft of 84-in. diameter NEW YORK ect was awarded to the lowest and best pressurized transmission tunnel. Final de- team – McNally/Kiewit DVT JV on April sign and construction are currently on hold. New York 6, 2017 at $142,320,000. NTP was antici- Final design could begin in 2019 or 2020. The Hudson Tunnel Project/Gateway pated for July 10, 2017; authority is proceeding with right-of-way The Hudson Tunnel Project is a new two- • Westerly Storage Tunnel – 9,600 ft easement acquisition.

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CALENDAR

August 2017 February 2018

14-16 10th Annual Breakthroughs in 5-8 25th Annual Microtunneling Short Course Tunneling Short Course Boulder, CO Chicago, IL Web: microtunnelingshortcourse.com Web: tunnelingshortcourse.com March 2018 October 2017 25-29 NASTT No-Dig Show 24-27 DFI Annual Conference Palm Springs, CA New Orleans Web: nodigshow.com Web: dfi.org April 2018 November 2017 20-26 World Tunnel Congress 13-15 AFTES International Congress Dubai, UAE Paris Web: uaesocietyofengineers.com Web: aftes2017.com June 2018 28-29 Risk Management in Underground 24-27 North American Tunneling Construction Washington, D.C. Washington, DC Web: www.smenet.org/uca Web: undergroundriskmanagement.com May 2019 December 2017 3-9 World Tunnel Congress 6-8 STUVA Conference Naples, Italy Stuttgart, Germany Web: ita-aites.org Web: stuva-conference.com

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BOOK RELEASE: The History of Tunneling in the United States Tunneling in the United States has a long and rich history. Of course, the roots of tunneling can be traced much further than the settlement of the Americas – back to ancient civilizations in Babylonia, Egypt, Greece and Rome – but the spirit of entrepre- neurship and expansion that thrives in America has left and a

BOOK RELEASE profound and lasting impact on how tunnels are built worldwide. In fact, from the invention of shotcrete to the tunnel boring machine, it can be argued that no other country has had such a significant impact on the way tunnels are built worldwide. Drill- and-blast tunneling, cut-and-cover, dewatering and other ground improvement techniques were indelibly impacted by tunnelers in the United States. To celebrate the legacy of tunneling in the United States, the Underground Construction Association of the Society for Min- The many tunneling ing, Metallurgy and Exploration (UCA of SME) recently published a book titled The History of Tunneling in the United States. The accomplishments book was compiled by a host of experienced tunneling profession- als and spearheaded by editors Michael F. Roach, Colin A. Law- rence and David R. Klug, and graphics editor W. Brian Fulcher. in the United States “We have an amazing history of projects that have been built involving innovative engineering and construction techniques, over the last few but yet a majority of people who rely on the infrastructure we build have no idea of the magnitude or the effort it took to get it built. As an industry, we have done a great job in getting things centuries rival those built, but we have not done a good job in showcasing our work. In compiling this book, we set out with the goal to highlight what of any country in we do,” Klug said. The History of Tunneling in the United States takes the read- er through all facets of tunneling in the United States, begin- the world. ning with the earliest projects and the economic conditions that drove them, through to today’s megaprojects and the modern – The History of Tunneling in techniques being implemented. Accompanying the text are rich photos and graphics that help tell the tale of U.S. tunneling the United States, Chapter 1 throughout all eras. “So far we have had a fantastic and very positive response to the book,” Fulcher said. “We wanted to create a comprehensive and visual publication – not a technical treatise – to show what the U.S. tunneling industry has accomplished and what it can do going forward to help decision-makers think of tunnels as solu- tions and improvements to society.” The History of Tunneling in the United States is broken down into nine chapters covering: 1. The Building of a Nation; 2. Societal Benefits; 3. Railroad Tunnels; 4. Transit Tunnels; 5. Highway Tun- nels; 6. Water Tunnels; 7. Wastewater Tunnels; 8. Innovations in Tunneling; and 9. The Future of Tunneling. The book beings with a graphical timeline of milestones and closes with an Appendix that lists tunnels constructed in the United States including name, location (city, state), length of tun- nel, date and owner. This exhaustive list covers 36 pages alone. It includes a forward from journalist and RETC keynote speaker Doug Most, author of The Race Underground: Boston, New York and the Incredible Rivalry That Built America’s First Subway, and a preface from the book’s editors. The 564-page, hardbound The History of Tunneling in the United States is available for purchase through the UCA web- site at www.smenet.org. The History of Tunneling in the United States is the perfect compendium for any tunneling professional.

TBM: TUNNEL BUSINESS MAGAZINE // AUGUST 2017 TUNNELINGONLINE.COM NASTT’S 2018 NO-DIG SHOW MUNICIPAL & Full Conference PUBLIC UTILITY Attendee SCHOLARSHIP HOTEL A PROGRAM CCOMMO DATIONS NASTT’s 2018 No-Dig Show Municipal & Public Utility Scholarship Award has TECHN been established to provide education and ICAL SES training for North American municipalities, SIONS government agencies and utility owners who have limited or no travel funds due to EXH restricted budgets. IBIT HA LL ENTRY Selected applicants will be awarded complimentary full conference registration E to NASTT’s 2018 No-Dig Show in Palm VENT AC Springs, California, March 25-29. One CESS day conference registrations will also be available. Registration includes full access to all exhibits and technical paper NETWO sessions… all you have to do is get yourself RKING to the conference! Selected applicants will also be eligible to receive overnight accommodations. Selection based on responses to the application as well as need.

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